The concept and factors of speech etiquette

In a broad sense, speech etiquette performs a regulatory function in the process of communication (for example, communication by age status, youth or professional norms).

In a narrow sense, speech etiquette is a semantic field of the functional type of a polite model of behavior in the following acts of communication: address, acquaintance, gratitude, request, apology, etc.

The richness of synonymous series of units of speech etiquette is due to the entry into contact of communicants of different social characteristics during different social interactions.

Factors considered in speech etiquette:

  • Pragmatic, a unit of etiquette, in which a speech act acts, taking into account the principle of politeness and cooperation;
  • Linguistic, differentiates the unit of etiquette as a word, phrase, correctly pronounced from the point of view of language;
  • The stylistic factor delimits the forms of communication among the public, generations, partners, etc .;
  • Culturological, considers speech etiquette as an integral part of folk culture and norms of behavior inherent in a given territorial community.

Rules and requirements of speech etiquette

There are two types of communication rules:

  • Prohibitive - the rules of behavior in a closed communication system (in an organization, in a family, in a team, etc.);
  • Recommended - the rules of verbal communication in an open communication system (in society, at cultural events, etc.).

At the same time, requirements, prohibitions and recommendations are formed for the culture of speech behavior.

Speech requirements include:

  1. Correctness and purity of pronunciation in accordance with the literary norms of the language;
  2. Accuracy of speech in terminology and professionalism;
  3. The relevance of speech in the choice of tone and style of communication;
  4. Communication and expediency, avoiding rudeness, tactlessness and unclear pronunciation;
  5. Ethics of communication, taking into account the rules of treatment, consent and praise.

Speech bans to avoid a conflict situation and improve the comfort of communication include:

  1. Ban on tonality (neglect, lisp);
  2. Prohibition of expressions (rude, offensive);
  3. Ban on gestures (intimidation, resentment);
  4. Prohibition of voice (stuttering, illegibility).

Commandments of communication and special cases

The main commandments of successful and productive communication, the main provisions of speech etiquette:

  • Avoid verbosity and monotony of speech;
  • Speak simply, understandably, understandably;
  • Know why and what to talk about;
  • Know how to find a common language with every person;
  • Politeness is the basis of success in any area of ​​human life;
  • Learn to listen.

Particular cases of application of the rules of etiquette:

  1. Establishing contact is associated with ethical and kind treatment of others. The main word in this case should be “hello”, “welcome”, “good afternoon / morning / evening”. To attract attention, it is allowed to use phrases: “let me contact”, “excuse me”, etc.
  2. Appeal to the opponent. At present, it is considered more appropriate to address by name and patronymic, position. It is not allowed to indicate the personal characteristics of the communicant - his gender, age, faith and others;
  3. Completing the contact should leave a positive impression on the narrator. It is considered important not only to politely say goodbye, but also to leave words of gratitude, a warm atmosphere for further cooperation or dialogue.

An important component of successful verbal communication is the speaker's knowledge of the norms of etiquette verbal communication. Regardless of the formulas of politeness, the language has a certain set of statements, fixed by the tradition of using the language, which "prescribe" a certain form of response to the addressee.

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Living and working together, people constantly communicate: they exchange knowledge, thoughts, feelings, agree on joint work, consult with each other. At the same time, they listen to someone or speak to someone, read what another person wrote, or write about something to the addressee, that is, they use speech in one language or another.

Thus, communication is a conversation, a conversation between at least two persons. Communication, accompanying a person from the very initial stages of his development, created the preconditions for the formation of a human collective, which was called upon to perform various functions that ensure his life. Therefore, perhaps, communication manifested itself primarily as a relationship between people, as a person's relationship to a person, as an interaction between “I” and “others”.

The rules of verbal behavior are governed by verbal etiquette by a system of stable expressions that has developed in language and speech, used in situations of establishing and maintaining contact. These are situations of address, greeting, goodbye, apology, gratitude, congratulations, wishes, sympathy and condolences, approval and compliment, invitations, proposals, requests for advice, and many others. etc. Speech etiquette encompasses everything that expresses a benevolent attitude towards the interlocutor that can create a favorable and pleasant climate of communication. A rich set of language means makes it possible to choose a form of communication that is appropriate for a speech situation and favorable for the addressee, you or you, to establish a friendly, relaxed or, on the contrary, the official tone of the conversation. This is due to the need of people to know how to behave in a particular environment, how to correctly establish and maintain speech, and through it, business, friendly, etc. contact.

The broad concept of culture certainly includes what is called the culture of communication, the culture of verbal behavior. To master it, it is important to understand the essence of Russian speech etiquette.

Rules for successful speech communication.

Rules of speech communication- this is knowledge, the ability to use the rules of linguistic culture in various circumstances (negotiations, acquaintances, greetings, requests, appeals, farewells, etc.) The effectiveness and culture of verbal communication is assessed according to the following criteria: accuracy, accessibility, correctness, expressiveness, diversity, aesthetics.

Literacy - this is the fundamental criterion of the culture of verbal communication. In any communication, illiteracy does not make it possible to clearly state the essence of a proposal or task, it annoys the interlocutor. This is expressed in the inability to choose and use the right words, to clothe them in the correct grammatical form, the inability to formulate their thoughts.

Listening to such a speech, the interlocutor involuntarily arises a desire to prompt and correct, but restrains the likelihood of resentment or misunderstanding, such verbal communication is unlikely to contribute to the development of relations. The use of the local dialect, especially words, the use of which is limited to some locality, does not contribute to this either. The habit of using separate foreign words in conversation especially contradicts the rules of verbal communication. Apart from bewilderment, this style of communication cannot cause anything else, although it is very popular and widespread.

Literacy is very important in verbal communication in any field and business relationships are no exception. Moreover, it is generally accepted that the more significant the business negotiations, the more significant the business, the more literate your speech should be. If you want to improve it, then read more highly fictional literature. This is not only a cognitive opportunity - in the process of reading you learn the correct structure of speech, visual memory helps you improve your spelling, your vocabulary is enriched when you come across unfamiliar words.

In this case, it is imperative to work with dictionaries, mastering the pronunciation of words and the rules for their use in verbal communication. If you come across an unfamiliar word in various situations, do not hesitate to ask your colleagues about its meaning - this will be regarded as curiosity and interest in knowing the duties you perform.

Always call your interlocutor by first name, patronymic and never by last name, even if it is your subordinate. In verbal communication, such phrases are perceived as incorrect. And if to the name, patronymic of the interlocutor, you add words expressing courtesy - "please, you", "be kind", then this will only contribute to the dialogue and business. Shouting and rudeness in this case is counterproductive, as opposed to being kind.

When verbal communication, use your vocabulary so that the essence of the question you are posing is clear. Do not overload your speech with clerical, moderately using special terms, without distortion and ingenuity, since words that you understand, accepted among professionals or their analogue in the form of professional slang may be incomprehensible to your interlocutor.

In verbal communication, value judgments should be avoided if they are not encouraging. Negative judgments, as a rule, cause rejection, aggression is a direct path to a quarrel, confrontation, so it is recommended to avoid them in the business world. An alternative to negative judgment is, first of all, a recommendation to avoid expressing open discontent, as well as to build verbal communication with elements of constructivism (there were shortcomings, give a proposal for their elimination).

In verbal communication, the decisive factor in a successful dialogue or negotiation is sometimes your ability to admit your mistakes. Apologize for your oversight. If you, having made a mistake, do not consider it necessary to apologize, then this will be regarded as selfishness, disrespect, which threatens the loss of business reputation.

To achieve success in negotiations, the rules of verbal communication consider it necessary to be able to listen effectively, namely:

If you keep talking, you will not hear anyone. Stop talking !;
- listen, emphasizing interest and willingness to listen, listening, do not look for reasons for objection, but try to grasp the essence of the proposal;
- create an atmosphere of friendliness, freedom, so that the interlocutor is liberated;
- do not perform actions that distract attention, annoy (fiddling with objects on the table, knocking on the table);
- restrain emotions, under their influence you can misinterpret the essence of what was said;
- to emphasize interest, to cheer up the interlocutor, ask questions;
- if you want to lose, win the argument. Therefore, do not argue or criticize, as the interlocutor at best will take an unconstructive position, and at worst, he will stop the conversation.

Learn to properly perceive criticism in your address. Do not accuse the speaker of idiocy, emphasizing your scholarship and genius. The rule of verbal communication in this case sounds like this: "Take someone else's point of view and look at yourself from the outside." This will help you to critically evaluate your actions. Do not take criticism as a reason to quarrel, but as an opportunity to evaluate your actions. The ability to criticize correctly is equally important.

The rules of verbal communication recommend starting a critical statement with a positive about the partner, noting that there is mutual confidence in success. Then, very concretely state doubts about the effectiveness of some of the partner's actions and the possible consequences. After that, more effective actions are proposed that will ensure a positive result. Avoid harsh assessments that would provoke your partner to retaliate criticism that complicates the relationship.


A person's speech is a very important characterological feature; it can be used to determine not only the level of education, but also the degree of his responsibility and discipline. Speech betrays his attitude towards other people, himself, his work. Therefore, any person who wants to achieve success in communicating with other people needs to work on their speech. The rules of speech etiquette, the summary of which each of us learns in childhood, contribute to better understanding between people and help establish relationships.

The concept of speech etiquette

Etiquette is a set of norms and rules of behavior, usually it is an unwritten code that each person learns along with the culture. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette is usually not required by anyone to execute in an order or in writing, but they are mandatory for everyone who wants to improve relationships with other people. Speech etiquette prescribes the desired verbal design for typical communication situations. Nobody invented these rules on purpose, they were formed in the course of human communication over the millennia. Each etiquette formula has its own roots, functions, and variations. Speech etiquette, the rules of etiquette are a sign of a well-mannered and polite person and subconsciously tune in to a positive perception of the person using them.

History of origin

The word "etiquette" came to French from Greece. Etymologically, it goes back to the root meaning order, rule. In France, the word was used to designate a special card on which the rules of seating and behavior at the royal table were spelled out. But in the time of Louis the Fourteenth, the very phenomenon of etiquette, of course, does not arise, it has a much more ancient origin. The rules of speech etiquette, a brief summary of which can be described by the phrase "successful communication", begin to form when people had to learn to build relationships and negotiate with each other. Already in ancient times, there were rules of behavior that helped the interlocutors to overcome mutual distrust and establish interaction. So, the code of good behavior is described in the texts of the ancient Greeks and Egyptians. The rules of etiquette in ancient times were a kind of ritual that prompted the interlocutors that they were "of the same blood", that they did not pose a threat. Each ritual had a verbal and non-verbal component. Gradually, the original meaning of many actions is lost, but the ritual and its verbal design are preserved and continue to be reproduced.

Functions of speech etiquette

A modern person often has a question about what the rules of speech etiquette are for? Briefly, you can answer - to please other people. The main function of speech etiquette is to establish contact. When the interlocutor observes the general rules, this makes him more understandable and predictable, we subconsciously trust more what is familiar to us. This goes back to primitive times, when the world around was very unsecured and danger threatened from everywhere, the observance of rituals was then extremely important. And when the communication partner performed a familiar set of actions, spoke the right words, it removed some of the mistrust and facilitated contact. Today, our genetic memory also tells us that the person who obeys the rules can be more trusted. The rules and norms of speech etiquette perform the function of forming a positive emotional atmosphere, help to have a beneficial effect on the interlocutor. Speech etiquette also acts as a means of demonstrating respect for the interlocutor, helps to emphasize the status distribution of roles between communicants and the status of the communication situation itself - business, informal, friendly. Thus, the rules of speech etiquette are a tool Part of the tension is removed by simple etiquette formulas. Speech etiquette as a formal part of ethics performs a regulatory function, it helps to establish contacts, and influences people's behavior in typical situations.

Types of speech etiquette

Like any speech, etiquette verbal behavior is very different in its written and oral form. The written version has stricter rules, and in this form, etiquette formulas are more mandatory. The oral form is more democratic, some omissions or replacement of words by action are allowed here. For example, sometimes instead of the word "Hello", you can get by with a nod of your head or a slight bow.

Etiquette dictates the rules of behavior in certain areas and situations. It is customary to distinguish several different types of speech etiquette. Official, business or professional speech etiquette determines the rules of speech behavior when performing official duties, in negotiations, when drawing up documents. This type is rather highly formalized, especially in its written form. The rules of Russian speech etiquette in an official and informal setting can be very different, the first signal of the transition from one type of etiquette to another may be the change of address to "you" to address to "you". Everyday speech etiquette is more free than official, there is a great deal of variability in key etiquette formulas. There are also such types of speech etiquette as diplomatic, military and religious.

Principles of modern speech etiquette

Any rules of conduct are based on universal principles of morality, and speech etiquette is no exception. The golden rule of speech etiquette is based on the main moral principle formulated by I. Kant: act in relation to others as you would like to be acted in relation to you. Thus, polite speech should include such formulas that the person himself would be pleased to hear. The basic principles of speech etiquette are relevance, accuracy, brevity and correctness. The speaker should select speech formulas in accordance with the situation, the status of the interlocutor, the degree of familiarity with him. In any case, you should speak as briefly as possible, but not lose the meaning of what was said. And, of course, the speaker should be respectful of the communication partner and try to build his utterance in accordance with the rules of the Russian language. Speech etiquette is built on two more important principles: benevolence and cooperation. treats other people with an initial attitude towards goodness, he should be sincere and affable. Communicators on both sides should do everything to make communication productive, mutually beneficial and enjoyable for all participants.

Etiquette situations

Etiquette regulates behavior in various situations. Traditionally, speech differs significantly in the official setting and in everyday life, as well as in different forms of its existence: in written or spoken. However, there are general rules of speech etiquette in various speech situations. The list of such cases is the same for all spheres, cultures and forms. Standard etiquette situations include:

Greetings;

Attraction of attention and appeal;

Introduction and acquaintance;

Invitation;

Offer;

Request;

Gratitude;

Refusal and consent;

Congratulations;

Condolences;

Compassion and consolation;

Compliment.

Each etiquette situation has a stable set of speech formulas that are recommended for use.

National peculiarities of etiquette

Speech etiquette is based on universal, universal moral principles. Therefore, its basis is the same in all cultures. Such universal principles, characteristic of all countries, include restraint in the manifestation of emotions, politeness, literacy and the ability to use standard speech formulas appropriate to the situation, a positive attitude towards the interlocutor. But the private implementation of universal human norms can vary significantly in different national cultures. Variability usually manifests itself in the speech design of a standard situation. The general culture of communication influences the national speech etiquette. The rules of etiquette, for example, in Russian presuppose the maintenance of a conversation even with strangers if you happen to be with them in a confined space (in a train compartment), while the Japanese and British will try to remain silent in the same circumstances or speak on the most neutral topics. In order not to get into a mess in dealing with foreigners, you should, when preparing for a meeting, familiarize yourself with their etiquette rules.

Establishing contact situation

The basic rules of speech etiquette at the beginning of a conversation are associated with the speech design of the greeting and address. For the Russian language, the main greeting formula is the word "hello". Its synonyms can be the phrases "welcome you" with an archaic connotation and "good afternoon, morning, evening", which are more sincere in comparison with the main wording. The stage of greeting is one of the most important in establishing contact, the words should be pronounced with a sincere intonation, with an attachment of notes of positive emotionality.

Means of attracting attention are the words: "allow / allow to apply", "forgive", "excuse me" and the addition of an explanatory phrase to them: representations, requests, proposals.

Situation of treatment

Appeal is one of the difficult etiquette situations, since it is not easy to choose the appropriate name for the person to whom you need to contact. In Russian today, the address "mister / madam" is considered universal, but in speech they do not always take root well due to the negative connotations in Soviet times. The best address is by first name, patronymic or first name, but it is not always possible. Worst case: handling the words "girl", "woman", "man". In a situation of professional communication, you can refer to the name of the person's position, for example, "Mr. Director". General rules of speech etiquette can be briefly described as striving for the comfort of communicators. In no case should the appeal indicate any personal characteristics (age, nationality, faith).

Contact termination situation

The final stage in communication is also very important, it will be remembered by the interlocutors and you need to try to leave a positive impression. The usual rules of speech etiquette, examples of which we know from childhood, recommend using traditional phrases for parting: "goodbye", "see you soon", "goodbye". However, the final stage should also include words of gratitude for the time spent communicating, possibly for working together. You can also additionally express hopes for continued cooperation, say parting words. Speech etiquette, the rules of etiquette recommend, when terminating a contact, to maintain a favorable impression, to create an emotional atmosphere of sincerity and warmth. This is helped by more stable formulas: "It was very pleasant to talk to you, I hope for further cooperation." But stereotyped phrases should be pronounced as sincerely and with feeling as possible so that they acquire true meaning. Otherwise, goodbye will not leave the desired emotional response in the memory of the interlocutor.

Presentation and dating rules

The situation of acquaintance requires a solution to the issue of treatment. Business communication, contacts with unfamiliar people presuppose an appeal to "you". According to the rules of speech etiquette, the "you" can only be within the framework of friendly and everyday communication. The presentation is made out with such phrases as "let me introduce you", "please get acquainted", "let me introduce you". The representative also gives a brief description of the person being represented: "position, name, place of work or some particularly noteworthy detail." Acquaintances must necessarily, in addition to voicing their name, say positive words: "glad to meet you", "very nice".

Congratulations and gratitude rules

Modern rules of speech etiquette in Russian offer a fairly large assortment of formulas for From simple "thank you" and "thank you" to "infinitely grateful" and "very grateful." It is accepted as a great service or a gift to add an additional positive phrase to the words of gratitude, for example, "very nice", "I am touched", "you are so kind." There are a lot of formulas for congratulations. When composing a congratulation on any occasion, it is worth thinking over individual words, in addition to the usual "congratulations", which would emphasize the peculiarity of the occasion and the personality of the person being honored. The text of the congratulation necessarily includes any wishes, it is desirable that they are not stereotyped, but correspond to the personality of the hero of the occasion. Congratulations should be pronounced with a special feeling, which will give the words great value.

Rules of invitation, proposal, request, consent and refusal

When inviting someone to take part in something, you should also follow the rules of speech etiquette. Situations of invitations, offers and requests are somewhat similar, in which the speaker always slightly lowers the status of his role in communication and emphasizes the importance of the interlocutor. Stable expressions of the invitation is the phrase "we have the honor to invite", which notes the special importance of the invitee. For invitations, offers and requests, the words "please", "be kind", "please" are used. In the invitation and the offer, you can additionally say about your feelings for the invitee: "We will be glad / happy to see you", "We offer you with pleasure." A request is a situation in which the speaker deliberately lowers his position in communication, but you should not overdo it, the traditional form of a request is the words: “I ask you”, “could you”. Consent and refusal require different verbal behavior. If consent can be extremely laconic, then the refusal must be accompanied by softening and motivating language, for example, "unfortunately, we are forced to refuse your offer, because at the moment ...".

Condolence, sympathy and apology rules

In dramatic and tragic etiquette, the rules of etiquette recommend expressing only. Usually, regret and sympathy should be accompanied by encouraging words, for example, "we sympathize with you in connection ... and sincerely hope that ...". Condolences are brought only on truly tragic occasions, in which it is also appropriate to tell about your feelings, it is worth offering help. For example, “I offer you my sincere condolences for… this loss caused me bitter feelings. If necessary, you can count on me. "

Approval and praise rules

Compliments are an important part of building a good relationship; these social strokes are an effective tool for building a good relationship. But complimenting is an art. What distinguishes them from flattery is the degree of exaggeration. A compliment is just a slight exaggeration of the truth. The rules of speech etiquette in Russian state that a compliment and praise should always relate to a person, and not to things, therefore the words: "how does this dress suit you" are a violation of the rules of etiquette, and a real compliment will be the phrase: "how beautiful you are at this the dress". You can and should praise people for everything: for skills, character traits, for the results of activities, for feelings.

Major foreign scientists G.P. Grice and J.N. Leach formulated maxims (rules) and principles that establish the speaker's obligations in relation to the addressee and vice versa in verbal communication. The most important criteria of the communication code are:

the criterion of truth, which is defined as fidelity to reality;

the criterion of sincerity, which is defined as being true to oneself.

The main principles of the communication code are:

the principle of cooperation by G. Grice;

J. Leach's courtesy principle.

The principle of cooperation by G.P. Grice includes 4 maxims:

maxim of completeness (quantity) of information;

maxim of information quality;

maxim of relevance;

maxim of manners (fashion).

The maximum of information completeness is associated with the dosage of information necessary for the act of communication. The postulates to this maxim are as follows:

the statement must contain no less information than is required;

the statement should contain no more information than is required.

The maxim of information quality is concretized by the following postulates:

do not say what you think is false;

do not say what you have no good reason for.

The maxim of relevance actually implies only one postulate:

don't stray from the topic.

In the real process of communication, it is not at all built around one topic: in a real speech act, there are frequent transitions from one topic to another, going beyond the currently discussed topic, interference from the outside. Nevertheless, as a strategic task, "non-deviation from the topic" is of paramount importance precisely to maintain contact. Psychologists are well aware that the attention of the audience is scattered if it is not able to connect the utterance being spoken at the moment with the topic announced by the lecturer.

Maxima of manners involves an assessment of the way information is conveyed and is associated not with what is said, but with how it is said. The general postulate of this maxim is to express yourself clearly, and the particular postulates are as follows:

avoid incomprehensible expressions;

avoid ambiguity;

be brief;

be organized.

The damage to clarity can arise from unacceptable complexity or poor wording and an imbalance between the known and the unknown.

Grice's maxims deepen ideas about the traditional criteria of speech culture (correctness, accuracy, relevance, expressiveness, brevity), although they are not identical to them: these are not only the rules of speech culture, but also aesthetic, moral, social postulates.

The principle of courtesy. If the principle of cooperation characterizes the order of joint operation of information in the structure of a communicative act, then the principle of politeness is the principle of the mutual disposition of speakers in the structure of a speech act. J. Leach, formulating the principle of politeness, provided the following maxims:

maxim of tact;

maxim of generosity;

maxim of approval;

maxim of modesty;

maxim of consent;

maxim of sympathy.

Compliance with the principle of politeness creates an environment for positive interaction, provides a favorable background for the implementation of communication strategies.

Maxima tact assumes compliance with the boundaries of the personal sphere of the interlocutor. In the composition of each speech act there is an area of ​​general speech actions and an area of ​​private interests. Maxima tact recommends that the speaker be careful with respect to the speech strategy and the area of ​​private interests of the interlocutor.

Maxima of generosity (maxim of not burdening the interlocutor). In fact, it protects the interlocutors from domination during the speech act.

The maxim of approval is the maxim of positivity in evaluating others. The discrepancy with the interlocutor in the direction of assessing the world greatly affects the possibility of implementing one's own communication strategy.

The maxim of modesty is the maxim of rejection of self-praise. Realistic self-esteem is one of the conditions for the successful deployment of a speech act.

The maxim of consent is the maxim of non-opposition. Instead of deepening the contradiction that arose in the course of communication, this maxim recommends the search for agreement in order for the act of communication to receive a productive conclusion.

Culture of speech behavior

There are two types of rules for the social use of language in communication:

· prohibiting inherent in closed systems;

The culture of verbal behavior can be viewed from ethical, speech and ethical-speech positions.

At the same time, requirements for the culture of behavior (including speech), prohibitions and recommendations are formed.

Speech requirements (teacher):

1. Correctness and purity of speech... Correctness is the compliance of speech with the norms of the literary language.

2. Accuracy of speech... This is, first of all, terminological accuracy.

3. Relevance of speech... Precise choice of tone and style of communication.

4. Communicatively expedient speech... Roughness, tactlessness, full pronunciation style, in which words are pronounced carefully and distinctly, are not allowed.

5. Speech ethics. This is the use of polite addresses, words of greeting and goodbye, expressions of apology, gratitude, agreement, approval, praise.

To prevent disrespectful attitude towards someone (student), acts interlocking system eets. Their goal- to help participants in communication to avoid confrontation, opposition, to create a favorable psychological climate in the classroom.

1) prohibitions on tone(offensive, contemptuous, dismissive, angry, lisp);

2) prohibitions on words and expressions(rude, insulting, mocking);

3) prohibitions on gestures, facial expressions(scary, offensive, ugly);

1. Avoid verbosity.

2. Speak simply, understandably, understandably.

3. Always know why to speak.

4. Avoid monotony of speech.

5. Be able to find a common language with any person.

6. Remember that politeness is the basis of success in any area of ​​a person's life.

7. Be able not only to speak, but also to listen.

Speech etiquette- a system of stable communication formulas that are prescribed to society to establish verbal contact between interlocutors, maintain communication in the chosen tone according to their social roles and role positions relative to each other, mutual relations in an official and unofficial setting.

In a broad sense, speech etiquette plays a regulatory role in the choice of one or another register of communication, for example “ you" - or " you»- forms of address by name or with the help of another nomination of the way of communication adopted in rural everyday life or urban environment, among the older generation or youth, etc.

V narrow sense of speech etiquette constitutes the functional-semantic field of units of benevolent, polite communication in many communicative situations:



Appeal and attraction of attention,

· acquaintance,

Greetings, goodbyes,

Apologies, thanks,

Congratulations, wishes,

Requests, invitations,

· Advice, suggestions,

Consent, refusal,

· Approval, compliment,

· Sympathy, condolences, etc.

System organization thematic(and synonymous) series-formulas of speech etiquette occurs at the semantic level, for example, in Russian:

“Goodbye”, “goodbye”, “see you”, “all the best”, “all the best”, “goodbye”, “let me say goodbye”, “let me take leave”, “I have the honor”, ​​“ours for you” etc.

The richness of synonymous series of units of speech etiquette is due to the entry into contact of communicants of different social characteristics during different social interactions.

When studying speech etiquette, the following factors are taken into account:

· Pragmatic factor;

· Actually linguistic;

· Sociolinguistic;

· Stylistic;

· Culturological, etc.

From a pragmatic point of view unit of speech etiquette represents speech action (speech act): uttering an expression of speech etiquette is equal to performing specific actions, for example:

Forgive me - an act of apology;

I ask you to hand over the magazine- act of request, etc.

Speech etiquette answers pragmatic principles of communication- the principle of cooperation and the principle of courtesy. For speech etiquette principle of courtesy turns out leading... Politeness in speech etiquette appears as:

1) Ethical category- the moral quality of a person who observes external norms of communication (the more formal the relationship, the less familiar the communicants, the more politeness is necessary) and showing personal benevolence;

2) Show of sincerity.

Hey higher, for example, by rank;

Address by name and on " You"Where a name-patronymic is expected and" You" etc.

The actual linguistic nature of expressions of speech etiquette is determined by their essence as statements-actions carried out under the condition of direct communication: when partners “ I AM" and " You"Meet" here" and " now". These indicators are reflected in the semantic and grammatical structure of units of different design: congratulations;

Happy Holidays!

I would like to congratulate you and etc.

Each of the statements reflects “ I AM"The speaker and" You"The addressee, the real modality of the correspondence of the situation of the speech act, the moment of speech (" now"), The point of contact of the communicants (" here»).

From a sociolinguistic point of view, units of speech etiquette reflect the constant social characteristics of participants in communication, their age, degree of education, good breeding, place of birth, residence, as well as variable social roles (comrade, patient, client, policeman, etc.). Compare:

Good health- greetings from the older inhabitants of the ancient;

My deepest apologies- in the speech of intellectuals of the middle and older generations;

Hi! Firework- greeting the youth;

Appeals Kuzmich, Ivanovna(by patronymic) - to the elderly villagers from the side of the bearers of the vernacular.

Stylistic properties units of speech etiquette are closely related to sociolinguistic factors, therefore, the sociolinguistic characteristics of the units of speech etiquette are distinguished:

Let me take my leave- stylistically high, typical of the older generation of intellectuals;

I greet you on behalf of… - stylistically high, characteristic of public communication;

Bye- stylistically reduced when communicating with an equal partner, etc.

The culturological aspect of speech etiquette is associated with the fact that speech etiquette is an integral element of the culture of the people, an important part of the culture of behavior and communication, it is a product of a person's cultural activity and an instrument of such activity. The speech etiquette reflected not only the national specificity of culture, but also the historical experience of the people (compare:

Units of speech etiquette of the 19th century:

Your humble servant;

I bow down the lowest;

I beat my brow.

Speech etiquette as a whole is phraseological, it contains a lot of actual phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, for example:

Welcome;

Enjoy Your Bath;

I ask you to go to our hut;

please love and respect;

long time no see!

Non-verbal behavior (facial expressions, gestures, intonation)

« Each movement of the soul has its own natural expression in voice, gesture, facial expressions", - wrote Cicero.

Non-speech funds perform informative and regulatory functions in the process of communication. Verbal the channel is used to transmit information, and non-verbal (non-verbal) - to "discuss" interpersonal relationships.

The main indicator of feelings is facial expressions, that is, facial expression (eyes, eyebrows, lips).

Eyes help to establish eye contact. During a conversation, the speaker and the listener either look or turn away from each other, feeling that a constant gaze prevents the interlocutor from concentrating. When discussing unpleasant things, we do not look at the interlocutor out of politeness. Persistent and intent gaze is perceived by us as interference in personal affairs.

Brows very mobile: a person can raise one or two eyebrows up and down, bring them to the bridge of the nose. Such movements can have different meanings: the desire to attract attention, the expression of surprise, facial expressions accompanying the question, the expression of dissatisfaction, etc.

Lips people are especially expressive. Tightly compressed lips reflect thoughtfulness, curved lips reflect doubt or sarcasm. a smile usually expresses friendliness.

Gestures Are expressive hand movements. A gesture can say a lot: it can characterize the addressee making the gesture from the side of national, territorial, and proper social characteristics.

Researchers in gestural communication distinguish between:

Gestures replacing speech,

· Gestures accompanying speech.

You can say “ Goodbye”And shake hands, but in some countries they are limited to a handshake - a bow. In some situations, speech etiquette is manifested more gestures, in others - less. In some situations, complete replica replacement is acceptable, in others it is not.

Intonation(from Latin Intonare - to pronounce loudly) - rhythmic and melodic side of speech, serving in a sentence as a means of expressing syntactic meanings and emotionally expressive coloring. Composite elements intonations are:

1) Melody of speech, carried out by raising or lowering the voice in a phrase;

2) Rhythm of speech, that is, the alternation of stressed, unstressed, long and short syllables (compare prosaic and poetic speech);

3) Intensity of speech, that is, the strength or weakness of pronunciation;

4) Speech rate, that is, the speed or slowness of the pronunciation of speech in time and the pause between speech segments (compare slow speech and tongue twister);

5) Timbre of speech, that is, the sound coloration that gives speech certain emotional and expressive shades (the timbre is cheerful, playful, gloomy, etc.);

6) Phrasal and logical stress, serving as a means of highlighting speech segments or individual words in a phrase;

Intonation always lies on the border of the verbal and the non-verbal, the said and the unsaid. In intonation, the word directly touches life, and first of all, it is precisely intonation that the speaker touches with the listeners: intonation is social (for the most part).

Control questions

1. What do you mean by verbal communication?

2. What is the structure of verbal communication?

3. What is a communication situation?

4. What do we mean by speech activity?

5. What do we mean by speech behavior?

6. What is called speech etiquette?

7. What do we mean by non-verbal behavior?