What is the time in virtuality, or the Subjunctive mood in Greek. Verb. Ancient Greek Conditional mood in Greek

Today our topic is the subjunctive mood in Greek.

I am often asked: and in what time is it necessary to put a verb after the particle να? The answer to this question can be said to be philosophical.

So, first, let's figure it out: where does the verb go when it is placed after να? It hits ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΙΚΗ. This is subjunctive mood... What kind of thing is that? In Russian, we use it to express a desire like:

I want to be presented with a ball.

"Gave" in this sentence is no past tense. Nobody has presented the ball yet. This wish exists exclusively in our head - in our imagination. And until it is implemented in practice, it has a very weak relationship to real life. That's what it is Subjunctive mood- such a virtual reality, in general.

In Greek, Υποτακτικ (a verb in personal form after the particle να) is blown out for this area of grammar and syntax.

BUT what time in virtuality? That's right - no.

So υποτακτική has no time, but only a VIEW:
imperfect and perfect.

Imperfect View: Shows the duration or repetition of an action. Like this:
Θέλω να χορεύω ταγκό κάθε μέρα. - I want to dance tango every day.
Perfect view: shows the action in its completeness, completeness (once). Like this:
Θέλω να χορέψω ένα ταγκό μαζί σας τώρα! - I want to dance one tango with you now!

Let's take a close look at the verb in υποτακτική and what we see:

να χορεύω (υποτακτική ενεστώτα) - to dance
να χορέψω (υποτακτική αορίστου) - to dance

The difference is obvious.

How will it be in Russian? Υποτακτική can be translated into Russian in all sorts of different ways, for beginners it is important to know the following:

infinitive (indefinite verb)
Θέλω να χορεύω τανγκό. - I want to dance tango.
a complex sentence with "to":
Θέλω να χορέψεις (να χορέψει, να χορέψουμε κλπ) - I want you to dance (he danced, we danced, etc.)
order, request, wish:
Να χορέψεις! - Dance!
Να είσαι καλά! - Be healthy!
Να ζήσετε! - Long years to you! (wish for a wedding), etc.

Here are the main verbs and expressions, after which we put Υποτακτική:
θέλω - I want, μπορώ - I can, ξέρω να - I can, έχω να - I need, πάω να - I'm going, λεω να - I'm going, προσπαθώ - I'm trying, σκέφτομαι - I think, προτιμ - I prefer - επω χρειάζεται - necessary, μου αρέσει να - I like it.

Mortgages are very flexible and you can do almost whatever you want with them. But there are cases when she is stubborn, and can ONLY be imperfect or perfect. After certain words. Everything is logical there.

ONLY in the imperfect form we put the verb after the words and expressions:

αρχίζω να - start
μου αρέσει να - I like
μαθαίνω να - I'm learning
σταματάω να, παύω να - I stop
συνεχίζω να, εξακολουθώ να - continue

We have ONLY the perfect form of mortgage after such words and expressions:

είναι ώρα να - it's time ...
ακόμα να - not yet ...
έχει να - not long ago ... (χρόνια έχω να σε δω - haven't seen you for a long time)
παραλίγο να - almost ...
περιμένω να - I am waiting for ...
πριν, πρωτού να - before ... and the like.

In general, he knows how to mortgage and can MUCH more than the above. It is almost rubber, and you will get to know its other features for a long time - even at advanced levels.

The verb expresses an action or state and denotes them in the categories of voice, person, number, time, mood. In sentences, verbs are predicates.

The pledge is valid means that the action comes from the subject ( boy sees a book). The passive voice denotes that the action is directed to the subject (in the nominative case) ( work is done).

When conjugating, the face, number, tense and mood of verbs change (for Russian verbs in the past tense and subjunctive mood, in contrast to Greek, the gender also changes). The face and number indicate who or what, one or more, is performing the action. All these features are characteristic of both Russian and Greek verbs. However, the Greek verbs also have their own characteristics, some of which, inherited from the Indo-European base, were also in the Old Russian language, but disappeared as it developed. Until the end of the XIII - the beginning of the XIV centuries. Russian verbs used the past tenses characteristic of the Greek language: aorist, imperfect, plus-quamperfect, which were later supplanted by one past tense, formed on the basis of perfect.

Some Greek verbs are not used in all tenses or in all forms and are therefore called insufficient. If you need to express the action conveyed by them, then for the missing tenses they use the synonyms of the verb. This phenomenon helps to understand why in irregular verbs some tenses are formed from a different stem - it may indicate a different, synonymous root.

Greek verb to be conjugated as follows

Some of the verbs are conjugated with great features. First of all, this applies to verbs ending in -mi:

Verb to give

When conjugated, the present tense verbs have the following endings (the omicron in front of mu and nu or epsilon in other cases serves as the connecting vowels):

The medial voice corresponds to the reflexive form of verbs in Russian, which means that the action takes place in one's own interests. It is formed using the endings used for the passive voice:

Some verbs exist only in the medial-passive form, but have a meaning that must be translated with an active voice. Such verbs are called suspension verbs, since their meaning is, as it were, separated (deposited) from the sign of the grammatical passive form (passive voice).

Present tense (praesens)

Continuous verbs on-έw.

Merge rules

Omicron fused verbs.

Merge rules

Present (medial voice)

The imperfect (the past tense of an imperfect form) was inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language, and in addition to Greek, it also passed into all Slavic languages. However, then all the East Slavic languages, including Old Russian, lost it. Imperfect denotes an action in the past, long-term, sometimes repeated, but not limited to some period of the past, some length of time.

The imperfect has two features: at the beginning of a verb that begins with a consonant, the vowel epsilon appears. In addition, all verbs have endings that do not quite coincide with the present tense:

If the verb begins with a vowel: a> h, e> h, o> w. These vowels sound almost the same, but take longer to lengthen. In diphthongs, only the first sound is lengthened: ai> ῃ, oi> ῳ, au> hu.

For verbs with prefixes, the increment does not appear in front (i.e. not before the prefix), but before the root (i.e. between the prefix and the stem). In this case, the last vowel of the prefix appears not before the consonant, as before, but before the vowel, and therefore drops out (as unnecessary, for euphony). Exceptions are the prefixes pro-, peri-, where the last vowel does not change.

The verb to have (ἔcw) takes the form eἴcon.

Imperfect verb to be

The middle (medial) and passive voice of the imperfect. Before the endings, verbs in this tense have the same increment (epsilon before consonants or vowel lengthening) as in the past tense of the active voice.

Endings are joined using the same connecting vowels as in the medial and passive present tense. These connecting vowels interact in fused verbs according to the rules of fusion.

Past tense imperfectum

Passive voice. Past tense imperfectum

Active voice

Medial voice

Aorist- This is the form of the past tense, which is inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language. In addition to Greek, it was used in all Slavic languages, including Old Russian, but all East Slavic languages have lost it. With the help of the aorist, an action performed in the past was designated, which was considered completely finished.

In Greek, as well as in Old Russian and Old Church Slavonic, there were two forms of the aorist. The sigmatic (or first) aorist before the endings had the sigma suffix (in Old Russian - the sound s), which interacted with other sounds, causing vowel lengthening. In some verbs, the aorist is formed from a different stem (the so-called second aorist).

The first aorist of active and medium collateral.

For many verbs, the aorist is formed with the suffix -sa and an increment. The increment for verbs that begin with a vowel, and for verbs with prefixes, occurs according to the rules of the imperfect past tense. If the verb begins with a vowel: a> h, e> h, o> w. These vowels sound almost the same, but take longer to lengthen. In diphthongs, only the first sound is lengthened: ai> ῃ, oi> ῳ, au> hu. For verbs with prefixes, the increment does not appear in front (i.e. not before the prefix), but before the root (i.e. between the prefix and the stem). In this case, the last vowel of the prefix appears not before the consonant, as before, but before the vowel and therefore falls out (as unnecessary, for euphony). Exceptions are the prefixes pro-, peri-, where the last vowel does not change.

First active voice aorist

First medium voice aorist

The interaction of consonants of the stem with sigma occurs according to the rules

In continuous verbs, the stem vowel is lengthened: pure alpha ceases to be pure; alpha impure> h; e> h; o> w. Exceptions: stem vowel is not lengthened in verbs: gelάw> ἐgέlasa kalέw> ἐkάlesa. Examples:

Irregular verbs: carry jέrw - ἤnhgka (ἤnegkon) give dίdwmi - ἔdwka (ἔdomen)

to proclaim ἀggέllw - ἤggeila.

Second aorist (asigmatic – AoristII) active and medium voice. For many common (irregular) verbs, it is formed from a special stem (specified in the dictionary, it must be memorized) with the help of an increment in front (as in the simple past tense - imperfect) and the end of the simple past tense (imperfect). As in the imperfect, in the aorist, verbs can be used in active or medial voice.

The increment for verbs that begin with a vowel, and for verbs with prefixes, occurs according to the rules of the simple past tense.

Second active aorist

Second medial aorist

Aorist Verbs (II)

Verb	Aorist	Verb	Aorist
run jeύgw		speak lέgw
take lambάnw		watch ὁrάw
know gignώskw		have ἔcw
find eὑrίskw		tolerate pάscw
take aἱrέw		lead ἄgw

Aorist (I – II) of the passive voice.

Aorist I is formed with suffix and endings

In continuous verbs, the stem vowel is lengthened before -J-.

Aorist II in the passive has the same endings, but they are attached immediately to the aorist stem without the suffix J.

Verb	Aorist passive	Verb	Aorist passive
take lambάnw		listen to ἀkoύw
know gignώskw		give dίdwmi
find eὑrίskw		carry jέrw
take aἱrέw		wish boύlomai
speak lέgw		remember mimnήskw
watch ὁrάw		learn didάskw
lead ἄgw		throw bάllw

Perfect is a form of the past tense, which is inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language both in Greek and in all Slavic languages, including Old Russian. In modern West Slavic languages, it has survived to our time. Perfect expresses an action in the present, which became possible as a result of some other action in the past ( I've come, those. I walked and now I have come... Russian verb walked used here with the prefix (came), thanks to which it gets a perfect look, answering the question what to do... So, in fact, with the Greek more complex system of tenses and the simplification of the same system, as the Russian language developed, it became possible to convey the perfect with the help of another verb characteristic typical of the Russian language - the form).

The perfect is formed with the help of special endings from a special base. According to general rules, the initial consonant sound of the root is doubled and joined in front of the previous root with the help of the connecting vowel epsilon.

If the root begins not with a consonant, but with a vowel, then this vowel is often not doubled, but simply lengthened (only sometimes it is repeated with lengthening). If the root begins with more than one consonant, then instead of doubling, sometimes an increment occurs. In continuous verbs, in addition to doubling the consonant, the last vowel of the stem is lengthened. For some verbs, the perfect stem is formed in a completely different way, so it is better to memorize it using a dictionary.

Verb	Perfect	Verb	Perfect
run jeύgw		have ἔcw
take lambάnw		tolerate pάscw
learn didάskw		carry jέrw
know gignώskw		give dίdwmi
find eὑrίskw		lead ἄgw
be born gίgnomai		call kalέw
wish Jέlw		listen to ἀkoύw
take aἱrέw		do prάttw
speak lέgw		exercise gumnάzw
watch ὁrάw

End of the perfect

Plusquamperfect (literally: "more than perfect") is also inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language both in Greek and in all Slavic languages, including Old Russian. Plus-quamperfect is used to indicate an action that occurred earlier than another action that occurred in the past.

This tense is formed from the basis of the perfect, but it, like in the simple past tense, has an increment.

Endings of verbs

Medially passive forms of PLQPF are formed by attaching the usual medially passive endings of the simple past tense to the perfect stem of the verb, and without connecting vowels.

However, in practice, these endings in perfect and PLQPF look different for each verb, since the rule is that the sigma between consonants drops out, therefore, for verbs with a perfect consonant stem -sJe> Je, -sJai> Jai. After that, the interaction of the last consonant of the stem with the endings begins according to the rules:

b, p, j + s> y-

b, p, j + m> mm- (< -bm-, -pm-, -jm-)

b, p, j + t> pt- (< -bt-, -jt-)

b, p, j + J> jJ- (< -bJ-, -pJ-)

g, k, c + s> x-

g, k, c + m> gm- (< -km-, -cm-)

g, k, c + t> kt- (< -gt-, -ct-)

g, k, c + J> cJ- (< -gJ-, -kJ-)

d, t, J + s> s- (< -ds-, -ts-, -Js-)

d, t, J + m> sm- (< -dm-, -tm-, -Jm-)

d, t, J + t> st- (< -dt-, -tt-, -Jt-)

d, t, J + J> sJ- (< -dJ-, -tJ-, -JJ-)

Future tense. The future tense is formed with the sigma suffix and regular endings.

Active voice

An indefinite form (infinitive) is also formed: before the usual ending, the sigma suffix -sein is added.

Middle voice

As with continuous verbs, the rules of merging apply, but now not between the stem vowels and the suffix or ending, but between the stem consonants and the sigma suffix. Therefore, at first glance, it may seem that the future tense is formed from a different basis.

Merge rules

In continuous verbs, the stem vowel is lengthened. Alpha is no longer clean. Alpha impure> h e> h o> w. Exceptions: stem vowel is not lengthened in verbs: gelάw> gelάsw kalέw> kalέsw

Future tense of the verb to be

Some verbs in the present tense have an active form, and in the future tense they exist only in the medial-passive voice. But when translated into Russian, this is not expressed (in Russian you can say: "I am going" or: "and I am going to myself, I am going" - the same shade of return, action in one's own interests is present in the Greek grammatical form) ...

Irregular future tense verbs have a special stem.

lέgw> ἐrῶ	jέrw> oἴsw
dίdwmi> dώsw	ἀggέllw> ἀggelῶ
ἐJέlw> ἐJelήsw	prάttw> prάxw

The imperative mood (imperativus) expresses an urge or order to do something. With a negative particle mή, it naturally expresses a prohibition on an action, a request or a call not to do it. This mood exists for the present tense verbs of active and medially passive voice, the aorist of active, separately middle and separately passive voice, the perfect of active and medially passive voice.

The imperative is formed with the help of special endings of the 2nd and 3rd person singular and plural. The speaker wishes that you or you, he or they did something ( do it, do it!). As for himself (i.e. in the 1st person), as well as in Russian, he says in an indicative inclination: i want to do or in the subjunctive: I would like, but is unlikely to say: let me do.

Endings of the imperative.

Active voice praesens

Imperative forms for a verb to be

Some irregular verbs have the same or similar imperative endings to be.

Singular		Plural
Praesens medial passive voice

(he she it)
Active voice aoristus I

(he she it)
Medial deposit aoristus I

(he she it)
Passive voice aoristus I

(he she it)
Perfectum active deposit

(he she it)
Perfectum medial passive voice

(he she it)

The inclination expresses the attitude towards the reality of the action that the verb conveys (real, probable, only supposed, even unreal). Until now, we have been talking about verbs in the indicative mood (indicativus), expressing real actions in the present, past or future. The Russian subjunctive mood expresses actions intended, possible or desired. There is a similar mood in Greek (coniunctivus). But instead of a simple particle ( would), as in Russian, in Greek it is formed in a special way.

Present tense conjunctiva of active and medial-passive pledges of ordinary and continuous verbs. The conjunctiva is used in both main and subordinate clauses. In the main (independent) sentences, it serves to express doubt or motivation.

To express negation in the conjunctiva (as in the imperative mood and optative) is not the particle oὐ, but the particle mh. (In the indicative mood, it is used to express a wish, about which it is clear that it cannot be fulfilled).

The conjunctiva is formed using long connecting vowels: - h- (instead of -e-) and -w- (instead of -o-), which append the usual endings for each pledge.

Regular verbs

Continuous verbs. The same merge rules apply to concatenated verbs.

Merge rules

Singular		Plural
Active voice to -άw
	-ῶ (< άw)		-ῶmen (< άwmen)
	-ᾷV (< άῃV)		-ᾶte (< άhte)
(he she it)			-ῶsi (n) (< άwsi)
Medial passive voice in -άw
	-ῶmai (< άwmai)		-ώmeJa (< aώmeJa)
	-ᾷ (< άῃ)		-ᾶsJe (< άhsJe)
(he she it)	-ᾶtai (< άhtai)		-ῶntai (< άwntai)
Active voice on -έw
	-ῶ (< έw)		-ῶmen (< έwmen)
	-ῇV (< έῃV)		-ῆte (< έhte)
(he she it)	-ῇ (< έῃ)		-ῶsi (n) (< έwsi)

Singular		Plural
Medial passive voice in -έw
	-ῶmai (< έwmai)		-ώmeJa (< eώmeJa)
	-ῇ (< έh)		-ῆsJe (< έhsJe)
(he she it)	-ῆtai (< έhtai)		-ῶntai (< έwntai)
Active voice on -όw
	-ῶ (< όw)		-ῶmen (< όwmen)
	OῖV (< όῃV)		-ῶte (< όhte)
(he she it)	Oῖ (< όῃ)		-ῶsi (n) (< όwsi)
Medial passive voice in -όw
	-ῶmai (< όwmai)		-ώmeJa (< oώmeJa)
	Oῖ (< όῃ)		-ῶsJe (< όhsJe)
(he she it)	-ῶtai (< όhtai)		-ῶntai (< όwntai)

Meaning particlesἄn. This particle, when used with a conjunctiva (subjunctive mood), conveys the meaning of generalization ( "Whoever says ..."). With an indicative mood (indicative), it gives a shade of opposition ( "I would say ..."). With a participle or an ifinitive, it conveys the possibility or the opposite of reality.

Coordination of inclinations. If in the main sentence the predicate is in one of the so-called main tenses (present, perfect, future), then in the subordinate clause it is necessary to use the subjunctive mood (conjunctiva).

This rule is applied most fully in clauses and clauses, which depend on the verbs of the main sentence with the meaning of fear (jobέomai). Such verbs with the meaning of fear to express the unwanted (what, so as not - "I'm afraid that this will not happen") are followed by the preposition mή. To express what you want (what is not - "I'm afraid it won't happen") they are accompanied by two prepositions: mή, oὐ.

In the additional clauses that depend on the verbs in the indicative mood (indicative) in the main tenses with the meaning "to feel" or "to speak" the conjunctions ὅti ( what), ὡV ( to). After these conjunctions, the indicative mood (indicative) is also used.

If the same verbs in the main sentence were not in the main tenses, but in the so-called historical (the past tense of the imperfect type is imperfect, aorist, more than the past is pluperfect), then in the subordinate clauses after the same conjunctions, no subjunctive is used -those, but the desired mood (optative).

In clauses, conjunctions ἵna, ὅpwV, ὡV ( to) and ἵna mή, ὅpwV mή, ὡV mή ( so as not).

Conjunctive of a verb to be

The subjunctive mood (conjunctiva) in the aorist is formed either with the help of sigma (sigma - I aorist) or from a special stem (II aorist). In both cases, this mood uses long connecting vowels (as in the conjunctiva of other tenses) and ordinary endings. However, unlike the indicative mood of the aorist, the aorist has no increment in the subjunctive, which makes it more similar to the present tense.

Singular		Plural
Conjunctiva I aorist. Active voice


(he she it)
Aorist I conjunctiva. Middle voice


(he she it)
Conjunctiva I aorist. Passive voice


(he she it)
Conjunctiva II aorist. Active voice


(he she it)
Conjunctiva II aorist. Middle voice


(he she it)

Conjunctival perfect is active. Conjunctival perfect can be formed in two ways. The first way is to attach ordinary endings to the perfect stem using the long connecting vowels characteristic of the conjunctiva:

The second way is a combination of a perfect active participle in the right gender and number with a verb. to be in the conjunctiva:

The perfect conjunctiva is medially passive. These forms are formed by combining a perfect passive participle in the desired gender and number with the verb to be in the conjunctiva:

MέnoV, -mέnh, -mέnon + ὦ	Mέnoi, -mέnai, -mέna + ὦmen
MέnoV, -mέnh, -mέnon + ᾖV	Mέnoi, -mέnai, -mέna + ἦte
MέnoV, -mέnh, -mέnon + ᾖ	Mέnoi, -mέnai, -mέna + ὦsi (n)

In the Greek language there is another mood for expressing those actions that in Russian we would convey with the subjunctive mood. This optativus is the desired mood. It is used:

1. In independent sentences for expressing desire (" If I did!»).

2. After the particle ἄn to express the possibility (" Could say»).

3. In subordinate clauses, if historical tenses are used in the main clause (imperfect past tense - imperfect, aorist, more than past - PLQPF).

4. With the negation of mή (as well as the conjunctiva) in the subordinate clauses of the goal and in the additional subordinate clauses expressing fear.

Regular verbs

Continuous verbs. Verbs on-άw. These verbs have the same fusion rules: a + o = w.

Singular		Plural
Active voice
	-ῷmi (aoίhn)			-ῷmen (< aoίmen)
				-ῷte (< aoίte)
(he she it)				-ῷen (< άioen)
Medially passive voice
	-ῷmhn (< aoίmhn)		-ῷmeJa (< aoίmeJa)
	-ῷo (< άoio)		-ῷsJe (< άoisJe)
	-ῷto (< άoito)		-ῷnto (< άionto)

Verbs on-έw These verbs have the same fusion rules: e + oi = oi. Therefore, in the optative, the signs of fused verbs disappear and the endings coincide with the endings of non-fused verbs.

Verbs ending in -όw. These verbs have the same fusion rules: o + oi = oi. Therefore, in the optative, the signs of fused verbs disappear and the endings coincide with the endings of non-fused verbs.

Optative of the active, medium and passive voice of the future tense. The future tense optative is used in indirect speech and in indirect questions after historical times (simple past - imperfect, aorist, long past - PLQPF).

Active voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are very simple - the future tense, as before, is denoted by the suffix sigma, and the usual endings of the optative of the active voice are added to it:

Middle voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are also very simple - the future tense, as before, is denoted with the sigma suffix, and the usual endings of the middle voice optative are added to it:

Passive voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are also very simple - the suffix -Je- serves as a sign of the passive, then the future tense, as before, is denoted with the suffix sigma, and the usual endings of the optative of the medial-passive (= middle) voice are attached to it:

The aorist optative (I and II) of the active, medium and passive voice.

I aorist. Active voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are simple - a sign of an aorist is the usual suffix -sa-, and the endings of the optative of the active voice are added to it, but due to the interaction with the vowel of the suffix, the omicron disappears from these endings and only iota remains (a + oi> i).

Middle voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are also simple - the usual for him suffix -sa- remains a sign of the aorist, and the endings of the optative of the middle voice are added to it, but due to the interaction with the vowel of the suffix, the omicron disappears from these endings and only iota remains (a + oi> i ).

Passive voice. The sign of a passive aorist is its suffix -J-; special endings of the optative are attached to it, in which the omicron disappears and the iota remains.

II aorist. Active voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are very simple - a sign of the aorist is its altered base, and the usual endings of the present tense optative of the active voice are added to it.

Middle voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are also very simple - a sign of the aorist is its changed base, and the usual endings of the present tense optative of the middle voice are added to it.

Passive voice. The sign of the aorist is its changed base, the endings of the optative of the passive voice of the first aorist are added to it:

Singular		Plural
			Eῖmen (= ίhmen)
			Eῖte (= ίhte)
	(he she it)		Eῖen (= ίhsan)

Optative of the perfect active and medial-passive voice. Active voice. These forms are formed in two ways. The first method (similar to the method of formation of the optative of the second aorist): the usual endings of the optative of the active voice of the present tense are attached to the base of the perfect.

The second way: the active optative of the present tense of the verb to be is added to the active participle of the perfect in the desired gender and number (this method is similar to the second way of forming an active perfect in the conjunctiva).

The indefinite form of the verb is an infititive, it simply indicates an action or state, without noting neither its time, nor its attitude to reality, nor the number of actors, nor who speaks (the actor himself, the interlocutor or a third person). Therefore, the infinitive does not express any time, mood, number, or person necessary for such an expression, i.e. does not have the grammatical features of the verb analyzed above.

The infinitive expresses only the meaning of the form (imperfect or perfect: write - write; to speak - to say), collateral ( wash - wash, see - seem). Since, as already noted, the Russian perfect form of the verb ( do, say) conveys such an action, which in a more complex ancient system of times, inherent in the ancient Greek language, was indicated by a perfect, it is natural to meet in Greek with a perfect infinitive.

But if this infinitive is understood and translated quite simply with the help of the Russian infinitive from the perfect verb, then more attention and abstract thinking requires understanding and translating Greek infinitives from those times that are not in the Russian language. Sometimes this will require, at least mentally and to begin with, to build a whole subordinate clause. And then it is worth thinking about the laws of literary translation, where cumbersome expressions are unacceptable, unless the author wants to specifically influence the reader in such a way as to tire and confuse him.

To express the perfect form of certain actions (for example, to speak - to say) in Russian, we use different stems or just different verbs, which in other ways look like synonyms (words of different sounding and spelling, but the same meaning). This helps to understand an important phenomenon for the Greek language - the existence of a large number of verb stems (for irregular verbs or for verbs with greater or lesser conjugation features), from which different tenses are formed.

These are the foundations of the present tense, the future tense of the active and middle voice, the aorist of the active and middle voice, the perfect of the active voice, the perfect of the middle and passive voice, the aorist of the passive voice - there are 6 bases in total. In an in-depth study of the Greek language, they need to be memorized, for example, as irregular English verbs. Textbooks have special reference tables of these basics, and in dictionaries they are indicated for verbs with conjugation features. According to the laws of the formation of these bases (similar changes in the interaction of vowels and consonants, the presence of suffixes, doubling of the stem or its completely different, unpredictable form for the student) Greek verbs are divided into several groups (classes).

A special group (IX) is made up of verbs ending in -mi; for the rest of the verbs, the most complex and irregular (with supplementary stems) are assigned to the VIII group, the simplest and practically correct ones to the I group. Accordingly, the load on memory for memorizing these basics increases or decreases: the closer to the correct group of the verb, the less you need to memorize exceptions and the more forms you can form yourself, knowing the rules of their formation. In the reference books, when systematizing, each group is divided into several subgroups that combine verbs with stems for specific sounds or their phonetic subsets.

Understanding this requires deeper knowledge than just familiarity with the Greek alphabet and the ability to read letters. It should be remembered that Greek sounds, like Russian ones (as well as sounds, for example, of modern European languages), are grouped according to the type of sound formation (pronunciation) with the help of the tongue, lips, larynx into posterior lingual (g, k, c), labial (b, p, j), anterior-lingual (d, t, J), etc.

In the role of a verb, the infinitive is combined with an adverb (showing how an action is performed); with a particle ἄn (showing possible, desirable, assumed or impossible actions); after the verbs meaning the transmission of thoughts, the future tense infinitive shows which future action this thought is expressed (construction like: I hope to give). The infinitive can be used in an imperative statement, acting instead of the imperative mood (construction like: tell your family = tell your family = tell your family); can be part of a compound verbal predicate (construction like: I want to relax); in introductory sentences (construction like: how to say how to be, be according to this).

In compound verbal predicates, the second (non-infinitive) part of the predicate, if it is expressed by a name (for example, a noun or pronoun), is placed in the nominative case, being the logical subject of such a predicate. In this case, a construction like a Russian saying: I do not want to remain in debt(by whom, what) in Greek is used in the form: I do not want to remain a debtor... In impersonal sentences with a compound verb predicate, its nominal part is used in the accusative (in a construction like: you need to be careful(by whom, what) in Greek attentive is put in the accusative case).

The Greek infinitive can play not only the role of a verb, but also a noun. It can be a subject (constructions like Russian: lying is bad); addition (like: I want to live); definition (constructs like: apt to listen), in particular, such a definition, which explains the measure, quality or degree (constructions like: not one to pretend; appointed to remedy the situation).

As a noun, the infinitive may even be accompanied by a neuter article. This infinitive with the article takes on the meaning of an abstract neuter verbal noun. To express the antithesis to this noun, you can use a negative particle (usually mή). You can even more diversify its use with the help of prepositions ( so that instead of etc.), and it is possible to qualitatively emphasize the verbal meaning of an action (strengthening, weakening, usefulness, etc. of an action) using an adverb (constructions like: learning = learning - light, not learning = not learning - darkness, learning = learning well - even better). This phenomenon is called substantiation.

In Russian dictionaries, the initial form of the verb is the infinitive. This is convenient, because such a form consists only of the stem of the verb and the ending, being the original for different grammatical forms (for example, speak). In Greek dictionaries, it is customary to indicate verbs in the 1st person singular form of the active voice of the present tense ( I say - lέgw). From this basis, you need to be able to form all other forms that arise during the conjugation of verbs according to the rules, you need to be able to bring the unknown verb encountered in the text during translation to it, replacing its suffix, ending, increment (if any) with the signs of this form , doubling (if any). Only then can you find out the meaning of the verb from the dictionary. The dictionary indicates those forms of the verb that are formed with some exceptions.

The indefinite form of verbs ends in -ein. The passive and medial infinitives have the ending -esJai.

In the future tense, the infinitive before the usual ending adds the sigma suffix -sein. In the middle voice of the future tense, the infinitive before its usual ending in the middle voice of the present tense adds the sigma suffix -sesJai.

Future tense of the verb to be(infinitive): eἶnai> ἔsesJai.

In the first aorist of the active voice, the infinitive has an ending: -sai. In the first aorist of the middle voice, the infinitive has the ending: -sasJai. In the aorist (I – II) of the passive voice, the infinitive has the ending -Jhnai. In the second active aorist, the infinitive has the same ending (but with a different stem) as in the present tense -ein. In the second aorist, the medial infinitive of the middle voice has the same ending (but with a different stem) as in the present tense -esJai.

The perfect is medially passive. Infitiniv is formed by joining the end of the passive infinitive of the present tense to the same base: -sJai.

The verb form is participium. The similarity with the verb is manifested in the fact that the participle denotes the action or state of a person or object, manifested in time ( speaking, running). In this case, the participle can convey verbal signs of the form (perfect or imperfect: seer - seer), voice (real - active or passive - passive: readable - readable) and different times (present, past, future: speaker, said, speaker). The difference from the verb is that the participle is not conjugated, but changes like adjectives, consistent with nouns. Since the participle combines the signs of a verb and an adjective, it is called a verb-nominal form. Other words can be agreed with participles in the same way as they were agreed with the original verb for it (direct addition: honoring parents - honoring parents; adverb: speaking loud - speaking loud).

In Greek, participles may not be combined with other members of the sentence, but convey the verb meaning of the action independently of them (the so-called absolute participle). The participle can be used with an article and substantiated, getting the meaning of a noun. In the Russian language, this phenomenon also occurs. For example, when meeting the expression all students of this school are transferred to the next grade, we forget that student- this is the origin of the participle, and we take it for a noun, for a synonym for the word student.

The Greek participle in the role of definition can be placed both before and after the word being defined. To convey different shades of meanings of the verb, the Greek participle can be combined, like a verb, with the particle ἄn. When translating various shades of a participle, sometimes you have to use verbose expressions, participles or participles with an infinitive. In Greek, not only compound verbs are possible, but also compound participial predicates (in Greek I want to make can be expressed with a construct like: I will do it, or unwilling those. against their will; or keen). Sometimes participles from verbs expressing certain feelings, recognition, acquisition have to be translated with whole subordinate clauses (such as: glad to know; I am glad that I find out literally in Greek, such a construction will look like I am glad to know).

The passive participle of ordinary and continuous verbs in alpha is formed from the stem of the verb with the help of the connecting vowel omicron and the endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter gender: -omenoV, -omenh, -omenon. The masculine and neuter gender declines in the II declension, the feminine in the I declension. In merged verbs, the connecting vowel before the ending changes when interacting with the vowel stem of the verb according to the rules of merging.

In the future tense of the middle voice, the sigma suffix -somenoV is added before the usual ending.

Active participles are formed from the stem of the verb by adding suffixes and endings: for the feminine gender -ousa, for the masculine gender -wn, for the neuter gender -on. The feminine participles are declined according to the 1st declension (genitive -oushV), the masculine and neuter participles are declined according to the III declension (genitive -ontoV). For fused verbs, the interaction of vowels occurs according to the same rules of fusion.

The active participles of the second aorist are formed in the same way, but from the stem of the verb in the aorist.

The active participles I of the aorist are formed with the help of other suffixes: for the feminine gender -sasa, for the masculine gender -saV, for the neuter gender -san. The feminine participles are declined according to the 1st declension (genitive -sashV), the masculine and neuter participles are declined according to the III declension (genitive -santoV).

In the aorist (I – II) of the passive voice, the participle has suffixes and endings: feminine -Jeisa; masculine -JeiV; neuter -Jen. The feminine participles are inclined according to the 1st declension. The masculine and neuter participles are declined according to the III declension (genitive in -JentoV).

The active future participle is formed using suffixes and endings: for the feminine gender -sousa, for the masculine gender -swn, for the neuter gender -son. The feminine participles are inclined according to the I declension (genitive -soushV), the masculine and neuter participles - according to the III declension (genitive -sontoV). Sigma interacts with the stem of the verb according to the rules of the future tense.

Active participle of the present tense of the verb to give- dίdwmi: feminine - didoῦsa, oύshV; masculine gender - didoύV, didόntoV; neuter gender - didόn, didόntoV.

Active participle aorist of the verb give: feminine - doῦsa, hV; masculine gender - doύV, dόntoV; neuter gender - dόn, dόntoV.

The active participle of the perfect has endings that are attached to the perfect stem: for the feminine gender -uia; for masculine gender -wV; for the neuter genus -oV. The feminine participles are declined in I declension (genitive -uiaV), masculine and neuter participles - in III declension (genitive -ontoV).