The country is located in medium and high latitudes, which is why there is a clear division for the seasons. Atlantic air affects the European part. The weather is softer than in the east. The least of all the sun receives polar, the maximum value is achieved in the Western Predęciscusier.

The territory of the country lies at once in four major climatic belts. Each of them has its own temperature and precipitation rate. From the east to the West there is a transition of a monsoon climate to continental. The central part is characterized by a distinct distinction of the seasons. In the south, the mark of the thermometer in the winter is rarely lowered below 0˚C.

Climatic belts and regions of Russia

Map of climatic belts and regions of Russia / Source: Smart-poliv.ru

The defining role in the division on the belt is played by air masses. It is climatic areas within their limits. Among themselves they differ in temperature, heat and moisture. Below is a brief description of the climatic belts of Russia, as well as listed areas they include.

Arctic belt

It belongs to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. In winter, a strong frost is dominated, the middle January temperature exceeds -30˚C. In the western part, a little warmer thanks air from the Atlantic. In winter, the polar night comes.

The sun shines in summer, but due to a small angle of falling sunlight and reflective snow properties, the heat is not delayed at the surface. Many solar energy goes on melting of snow and ice, so the temperature of the summer period is approaching zero. The Arctic belt is characterized by a small amount of precipitation, the bulk of which falls in the form of snow. The following climatic areas are distinguished:

  • Intraartic;
  • Siberian;
  • Pacific;
  • Atlantic.

The Siberian region is considered the Siberian region, the Atlantic is soft, but windy.

Subarctic belt

It includes the territories of Russian and West Siberian plains, located mainly and forestedry. The values \u200b\u200bof winter temperatures increase from west to east. Summer indicators on average is + 10˚C, and the southern borders are even higher. Even in the warm season there is a threat of frosts. The precipitation is a bit, the main share falls on rains and wet snow. Due to this, there is a convergence in the soil. This climatic belt is distinguished by the following areas:

  • Siberian;
  • Pacific;
  • Atlantic.

In the Siberian region, the lowest temperatures in the country are recorded. The climate of the other two soften the cyclones.

Temperate zone

It includes most of Russia. Snowy winter, sunlight is reflected from the surface, which is why the air is heavily getting out. In the summer, the amount of light and heat increases. In a temperate belt, there is a significant contrast between the cold winter and warm summer. Allocate four main types of climate:

1) moderately continentalaway to the western part of the country. Winters are not particularly cold thanks to the Atlantic air, they often happen thaw. The average summer temperature is + 24˚C. The effect of cyclones causes a significant amount of precipitation in the summer.

2) continental climateaffects the territory of Western Siberia. Throughout the year, both arctic and tropical air penetrates into this zone. Winter cold and dry, summer roast. The effect of cyclones weakens, so precipitation is a bit.

3) sharply continental climate dominates in Central Siberia. Throughout the territory of very cold minor winters. Winter temperatures can reach -40˚C. Summer air warms up to + 25˚C. The precipitation is not enough, they fall out in the form of rain.

4) climate type monsoon prevails in the eastern part of the belt. In winter, continental air is dominated here, and in the summer - marine. Winter is small and cold. January indicators are -30˚C. Summer is warm, but wet, often run shower. The middle July temperature exceeds + 20˚C.

The following climatic areas are located within a moderate belt:

  • Atlantic-Arctic;
  • Atlantic and Continental European (Forest);
  • Continental West Siberian North and Central;
  • Continental East Siberian;
  • Monsoon Far Eastern;
  • Pacific;
  • Atlantic and continental European (steppe);
  • Continental West Siberian South;
  • Continental Eastern European;
  • Mining area of \u200b\u200bthe Big Caucasus;
  • Altai and Sayan mountain region.

Subtropical climate

It includes a small area of \u200b\u200bthe Black Sea coast. Caucasus Mountains do not miss the air flow from the East, so in winter in Russian subtropics heat. Summer roast and protracted. Snow and rain fall all year round, no arid periods. In the subtropics of the Russian Federation, only one area is allocated - the Black Sea.

Climatic zones of Russia

Map of climatic zones of Russia / Source: Meridian-Workwear.com

The climatic zone is called the territory on which the same climatic conditions prevail. The division arose due to uneven warming up the sun surface. There are four climatic zones in Russia:

  • the first includes the southern regions of the country;
  • the second includes the regions of the West, the North-West, as well as the Primorsky Territory;
  • the third includes Siberia and the Far East;
  • the fourth includes the extreme north and yakutia.

Along with them, there is a special zone, which includes Chukotka and territory behind the polar circle.

Climate of the regions of Russia

Krasnodar region

The minimum January temperature is 0˚C, the soil does not freeze. Fallen snow quickly comes off. Most of the precipitation falls in the spring, they become the cause of numerous floods. Summer temperatures on average are 30˚C, in the second half the drought begins. Autumn warm and protracted.

central Russia

Winter begins from late November and lasts until mid-March. Depending on the region, the January temperature ranges from -12˚C to -25˚C. There is a lot of snow, which melts only with the onset of thaws. Extremely low temperatures come in January. February is remembered by winds, often hurricane. Strong snowfalls in the last few years fall at the beginning of March.

Nature comes to life in April, but positive temperatures are installed only next month. In certain regions, the threat of frozins occurs in early June. Summer is warm, and lasts 3 months. Cyclones bring thunderstorms and livne. Night frosts happen in September. This month has a lot of precipitation. In October, there is a sharp cooling, the foliage takes place from the trees, they are raining, wet snow can fall.

Karelia

The climate is influenced by 3 neighboring seas, the weather for the year is quite a variable. The minimum January temperature is -8˚C. Many snow falls. February weather changed: cooling change thaws. Spring comes in April, the air is warm up to + 10 ° C. Summer is a short, truly warm days are only in June and July. September is dry and sunny, but on some sites there are already frosts. Finally cold weather is installed in October.

Siberia

One of the largest and most cold regions of Russia. Winter is a little snow, but very cold. In remote areas, the thermometer bar shows more -40˚C. Snowfalls and winds happen infrequently. The snow melts in April, and in the region with warmth comes only in June. Summer marks make up + 20 ° C, there is little precipitation. In September, the calendar autumn begins, the air quickly cools. By October, rains are replaced by snow.

Yakutia

The average monthly January temperature is -35˚C, in the Verkhoyansky district, the air cools up to -60˚C. Cold time lasts at least seven months. The precipitation is not enough, the light day lasts 5 hours. A polar night begins for the polar circle. Spring is short, comes in May, summer lasts 2 months. During the White Nights, the sun does not enter for 20 hours. Already in August begins rapid cooling. By October, the river is covered with ice, and the snow ceases to melt.

Far East

The climate is distinguished by a variety, it ranges from continental to monsoon. The approximate winter temperature is -24˚C, a lot of snow falls. At spring, there are little precipitation. Summer roast, with high humidity, August is considered a period of protracted rains. The fogs are dominated on Kurilah, white nights begin in Magadan. The beginning of autumn is warm, but rainy. Thermometer marks in mid-October are shown -14˚C. In a month, winter frosts occur.

Most of the country lies in a temperate belt, separate territories have their climatic features. The deficit of heat is felt almost in all belts. The climate has a serious impact on human activity, and it must be taken into account when conducting agriculture, construction, transportation of transport.

The climate of Russia has a special differentiation, incomparable from any other country of the world. This is due to the wide length of the country in Eurasia, the inhomogeneity of the location of water bodies and a large variety of relief: from alpine peaks to the plains underlying the sea level.

Russia is mainly located in medium and high latitudes. Through the weather conditions on most of the country harsh, the change of time is clearly, and the winter is long and frosty. The Atlantic Ocean has a significant impact on the climate of Russia. Despite the fact that its water does not come into contact with the territory of the country, it manages the transfer of air masses in moderate latitudes, where most of the country is located. Since there are no high mountains in the western part, the air masses are freely passion to the Verkhoyansky ridge. In winter, they contribute to mitigating frosts, and in the summer they provoke cooling and precipitation.

Climatic belts and regions of Russia

(Map scheme of climatic belts of Russia)

4 climatic belts are presented in Russia:

Arctic climate

(Islands of the Arctic Ocean, the seaside regions of Siberia)

Arctic air masses that dominate year-round, in combination with extremely weak exposure to the Sun are the cause of severe weather conditions. In winter, during the polar night, the average daily temperature does not exceed -30 ° C. In summer, most of the sun's sunlight reflects from the snow surface. Therefore, the atmosphere is not heated above 0 ° C ...

Subarctic climate

(Area along the polar circle)

In winter, weather conditions are close to the arctic, but summer is leaily (in the southern parts, the air temperature can rise to + 10 ° C). The amount of precipitation exceeds the amount of evaporation ...

Temperate climate

  • Continental(West Siberian Plain in the south and in the central part). The climate is characterized by a small amount of precipitation and a wide variation of temperatures in winter and summer time.
  • Moderately continental(European part). Western transfer of air masses brings air from the Atlantic Ocean. In this regard, winter temperatures are rarely reduced to -25 ° C, thawed. Summer warm: in the south to + 25 ° C, in the northern part up to + 18 ° C. The sediments fall uneven from 800mm per year in the north-west to 250 mm in the south.
  • Sharply continental(Eastern Siberia). Incontinental position and the absence of ocean influences explains the strong heating of air during a short summer (up to + 20 ° C) and sharp cooling in winter (reaching -48 ° C). Annual precipitation does not exceed 520 mm.
  • Monsoon continental(Southern part of the Far East). With the onset of winter, dry and cold continental air comes, which is why the temperature of the air decreases to -30 ° C, but there are little precipitation. In the summer, under the influence of air masses from the Pacific, the temperature can not rise above + 20 ° C.

Subtropical climate

(Chernomorsk coast, Caucasus)

The narrow strip of the subtropical climate is protected by the Caucasus Mountains from the passage of cold air masses. This is the only corner of the country where the air temperature is positive in the winter months, and the duration of summer is significantly higher than on the rest. Sea wet air produces up to 1000 mm of precipitation per year ...

Climatic zones of Russia

(Map of climatic zones of Russia)

Zoning occurs on 4 conditional areas:

  • First- tropical ( Southern parts of Russia);
  • Second- subtropical ( Primorye, Western and Northwest regions);
  • Third- moderate ( Siberia, Far East);
  • Fourth- Polar ( Yakutia, more northern regions of Siberia, Urals and the Far East).

In addition to four, the main zones exists, the so-called "special", which includes areas for the polar circle, as well as Chukotka. The division on the sections with approximately similar climate is due to uneven warming up the surface of the earth by the Sun. In Russia, this division coincides with meridians, multiple 20: 20th, 40th, 60th and 80th.

Climate of the regions of Russia

Each area of \u200b\u200bthe country is characterized by special climatic conditions. In the northern regions of Siberia, Yakutia, negative average annual temperatures and a short summer are observed.

A distinctive feature of the Far Eastern climate is its contrast. Traveling towards the ocean noticeably change from the continental climate to the monsoon.

In Central Russia, division at the time of year is clearly: the hot summer is replaced by a short autumn, and after a cool winter comes spring with a high level of precipitation.

The climate of the south of Russia is ideal for recreation: the sea does not have time to cool down the warm winter, and the tourist season begins at the end of April.

Climate and seasons of the regions of Russia:

The vitality of the climate of Russia is obliged to the extensity of the territory and openness to the Arctic Ocean. A large length explains the essential difference of average annual temperatures, the uneven effects of solar radiation and heating of the country. For the most part, severe weather conditions are noted with a pronounced continental character and a clear change of temperature modes and the amount of precipitation at the time of the year.

In accordance with the classification of climates B.P. Alisova, in various climatic belts on the landthe following main types of climate ( fig.10.).

Fig.10. Climatic belts of the Earth:

1 - Equatorial; 2 - subequatorial; 3 - tropical; 4 - subtropical; 5 - moderate; 6 - subarctic; 7 - subnutrctic; 8 - Arctic; 9 - Antarctic

Equatorial belt located in equatorial latitudes, reaching 8 ° latitude. Total solar radiation 100-160 kcal / cm 2 year, radiation balance 60-70 kcal / cm 2 year.

Equatorial roast wet climateit occupies Western and central parts of the mainland and the area of \u200b\u200bthe Islands of the Indian Ocean and the Malay Archipelago in the Equatorial belt. The average monthly temperatures +25 - + 28 ° all year, seasonal oscillations 1-3 °. CirculationMusson: In January, the winds of the Northern Rumbes, in July - South. The annual amount of precipitation is usually 1000-3000 mm (sometimes more), with their uniform losing over the year. Moisturizing enhancement. Constantly high temperatures and high air humidity make this type of climate extremely heavy for humans, especially for Europeans. There is an opportunity for year-round tropical agriculture with the cultivation of two crops per year.

FROM w. biscuat r animal belt located in the subeupvatory latitudes of both hemispheres, reaching 20 ° latitude, as well as in equatorial latitudes on the eastern outskirts of the mainland. Total solar radiation 140-170 kkal / cm 2 year. Radiation balance70-80 kcal / cm 2 year. Due to the seasonal movement of strokebarical education from one hemisphere to another, seasonal seats, winds and weather are observed after the sunsitic imposition of the Sun. In winter, each hemisphere is dominated by KTV, the winds of the trade service to the equator, the weather is anti-cyclonic. In summer, each hemisphere is dominated by computer, winds (equatorial monsoon) of anti-repository control from the equator, cyclonic weather.

Subscance climate with sufficient moistureit is adjacent directly to the equatorial climate and occupies most of the subequatorial belts, except for regions adjacent to tropical climates. The average temperature + 20 - + 24 °, in the summer - +24 - + 29 °, seasonal oscillations in the range of 4-5 °. The annualism of the precipitation is usually 500-2000 mm (maximum in Cherrypundy). The solar winter season is associated with the domination of continental tropical air, the wet summer season is usually associated with the equatorial monsoon and the passage of cyclones along the VTK line and continues more than six months. The exceptions are the eastern slopes of the Indostan Peninsula and Indochina and Northeast-Vrawn, where the maximum of winter precipitation, due to the wizzy of the winter continental monsoon over the South China Sea and the Bengal Bay. Moisturizing on average per year from close to sufficient to excess, but the seasons are distributed very unevenly. The climate is favorable for growing tropical crops.

Subscance climate with insufficient moisturee.niyit is adjacent to tropical climates: in South America -Kating, in Africa -Shelip-Ovatoval, in Asia - the Rostando-Ganga lowland and the North-West of Industan, in Australia - Yugpobasyazal.KarteniaIP-ovarneland High in the northern hemisphere (due to the extensive sleeps of the continents in these latitudes) +27 - + 32 °, slightly lower in southern - +25 - + 30 °; Seasonal fluctuations 6-12 °. The most of the year (up to 10 months) are dominated by KTV Janticlonichepogen. Annual precipitation 250-700 mm. The dry winter season is due to the domination of tropical air; The wet lednison is associated with the equatorial monsoon and continues lesspoligoda, in places only 2 months. Moisturizing everywhere insufficient. The climate makes it possible to grow tropical crops after conducting measures to increase soil fertility and with additional irrigation.

T. r opiculy e. belt located in tropical latitudes, reaching places 30-35 ° latitude; And on the western outskirts of South America and Africa in the southern hemisphere, the tropical belt is seduced, because here due to cold oceanic cells metropathic barydepression, all year round is located north of the equator and the SouthernSubtropyclimatic belt reaches the equator. Tropical mass and trampolization and trampling are dominant. Total solar radiation reaches on the planet of its maximum: 180-220 kkal / cm 2 year. Radiation balance of 60-70 kkal / cm 2 year.

Tropical climate B.e.regular desertit is formed on the western outskirts of the mainland under the influence of cold-pointed flows. Middle-temperature +10 - + 20 °, summer - +16 - + 28 °, seasonal oscillationsTexturorem6-8 °. The tropical sea cooled air is transferred all year after the shores. The annual amount of precipitation is not enough due to trade in inversion - 50-250 mm and only in places up to 400 mm. The preciputes fall predominantly in Keridos and fogs. Moisturizing is sharply insufficient. The possibilities of maintaining tropical agriculture are only in oases in artificial irrigation and systematic work on the increase in soil fertility.

CLandtropical Continental Desert Matit is characteristic of the internal regions of the mainland and is distinguished by the most vividly pronounced devilContinental and limits of tropical belts. The average temperature of winter +10 - + 24 °, summer - in the northern hemisphere +29 - + 38 °, in South - +24 - + 32 °; seasonal temperatures in the northern hemisphere 16-19 °, in southern - 8-14 °; Daily fluctuations often reach 30 °. The whole year domacy is domacy transferred by trade winds. Annual heights50-250 mm. The precipitate falls out episodically, extremely uneven: in a number of districts, it may not be rain for several years, and then take the shower. There are often cases when the rain drops do not reach the earth, evaporating into the air-proof approaching the sandy desert rocky surface. Moisturizing is sharply insufficient. Due to extremely high summer temperatures and dryness, this type of climate is extremely unfavorable for agriculture: tropical agriculture is possible only in oases on abundantly and systematically irrigated lands.

Climate Tropice.sky wetit is timed to the eastern outskirts of the mainland. It is formed under the influence of warm-cohoconal flows. Middle-temperature +12 - + 24 °, summer - +20 - + 29 °, seasonal temperature fluctuations 4-17 °. Completely dominated by the Ocean trade networks, which brought from the ocean. The annual amount of precipitation is 500-3000 mm, and the Eastern WoodClausClons receives precipitation is about twice as much as WesternLews. Highlighted. Highlighted all year at a summer maximum. Moisturized-proof, only in places on the leeward slopes are somewhat insufficient. The climate is favorable for tropical agriculture, but the combination of high temperatures with a large humidity of the air makes it hard tolerant for a person.

Subtropically e belly located behind tropical belts in subtropical latitudes, reaching 42-45 ° latitude. It is universally observed seasonal substitute mass: in winter, moderate air masters dominate, in the summer - tropical. Total solar radiation in the range of 120-170 kkal / cm 2 year. Radiation balance usually 50-60 kcal / cm 2 year, only in places it decreases to 45 kkal (in south-model) or rises to 70 kcal (on Florida).

Subtropical CPe.diemetic climateforms on Western colors of the adjacent islands. Average winter temperatures under the influence of invasion " °; Seasonal oscillationstems12-14 °. There is a seasonal change of air masses, winds and weather. In winter, every hemisphere dominates MOV, winds of Western transfer and cyclonic weather; Summer -Etva, the winds of the trade service and anticyclonical weather. The amount of precipitation is 500-2000 mm. The precipitation is extremely uneven: Western imaginary slopes are usually obtained by half the precipitation than oriental. Performance periods: wet winter (thanks to MOV and passing cyclones on the polar front) and dry summer (due to the predominance of KTV). The sediments fall more likely in the form of rains, in winter occasionally - in the visionary, moreover, sustainable snow cover is not formed and after a few days there is precipitated. Essential and insufficient and insufficient slopes. This climate is most comfortable for habitat on the planet. It is favorable for agriculture, especially subtropical (on the leeward slopes, irrigation is sometimes required), as well as quite favorable for human habitat. This contributed to the fact that it was in the areas of this type of climate that ancient civilization was born and a large number of population had long been focused. Currently, many resorts are located in the areas of the Mediterranean climate.

Subtropical Contine.ntual dry climateit is timed to the internal regions of the mainland in subtropical belts. The averagesmain readers in the northern hemisphere are often negative-8 - + 4 °, in southern - +4 - + 10 °; Summer seventerals with the northern hemisphere + 20 - + 32 ° and in southern - +20 - + 24 °; seasonal temperatures in the northern hemisphere about 28 °, in southern - 14-16 °. Continental air masses are dominated by the whole year: winter - temperate in summer - tropical. Annual precipitation in the northern hemisphere 50-500 mm, in the southern - 200-500 mm. Moisturizing is insufficient, especially abruptly insufficient in the northern hemisphere. In the conditions of this climate, agriculture is possible only with artificial irrigation, possibly pasture cattle breeding.

Subtropical equale.rNO wetmonsoon climateit is characteristic of Eastern Okrainmaterikovsubtropic Ways. It is formed under the influence of warm-coales. The average temperatures in winter in the northern hemisphere - 8 - + 12 ° and in southern - +6 - + 10 °, in the summer in the northern hemisphere +20 - + 28 ° and in southern - +18 - + 24 °; Seasonal-olebaniamperature resistant hemisphere 16-28 ° and in southern - 12-14 °. Seasonal change of air masses and winds is observed in year-round cyclonical shipments: in winter, the dominant, brought by the winds of Western terribles, in the summer -Pregenes, brought by the winds of Oriental Rumbers. Annual precipitation 800-1500 mm, in places up to 2000 mm. At the same time, precipitation falls throughout the year: in winter due to the passage of cyclones in the polar front, in the summer are brought by ocean monscons formed from the winds of the trade in the direction. In the winter in the northern hemisphere, precipitation in the vinesineg is dominated, in southern - winter snowfalls are very rare. In the northern hemisphere, it can be formed to be formed in the continuation of the mi-week to several months (especially in the inner areas), in the southern snow cover, as a rule, is not formed. Moisturizing sufficient, on the eastern slopes - somewhat excessive. This type of climate is favorable for habitat and for economic activities, however, in separate regions, winter frosts limit the propagation of subtropical agriculture.

Um r belt Located for subtropical belts in both hemispheres, reaching 28-67 ° C.Sh. In the northern hemisphere and 60-70 ° Yu.S. - in southern. Total solar radiation is usually within 60-120 kcal / cm 2 year and only over the northern part of Central Asia, due to domination there is anticyclonic weather, it reaches 140-160 kcal / cm 2 year. Annual radiation balance in the northern hemisphere 25-50 kcal / cm 2 and 40-50 kcal / cm 2 - in the southern hemisphere from the ban on suichaws, adjacent to the subtropical belt. Common air masses are dominant.

Diede.nna marine climateit is formed on the western outskirts of the continents and the adjacent islands under the influence of warm ocean flows and only in South America - a cold peruvian flow. Winter Soft: Middle temperatures +4 - + 8 °, Summer cool: Middle temperatures +8 - + 16 °, Seasonal oscillationsThemeter4-8 °. Completely dominated winds of Western transfer, air is characterized by high relative and moderate absolute moisture, frequent fogs. The precipitation is especially much receptive from the Western Exposition: 1000-3000 mm / year, 700-1000 mm fall on the eastern leeward slopes. The number of cloudy days a year is very large; The precipitate falls out all year at a summer maximum associated with the passage of cyclones on the polar front. Moisturizing enhancement in Western slopes and sufficient eastern. The softness and humidity of the climate is favorable for gardening and luracystroy, and in connection with this and dairy animal husbandry. There are conditions for year-round marine crafts.

Moderate climatee.ocemarine to continental, Forms in areas directly adjacent to the regions of the moderate sea climate. Winter is moderately cold: in the northern hemisphere 0 - -16 °, there are thaws, in southern - 0 - + 6 °; Summer is not roast: in the northern hemisphere +12 - + 24 °, in South - +9 - + 20 °; Seasonal temperature fluctuations in the northern hemisphere 12-40 °, in southern - 9-14 °. This transient climate is formed when weakening the influence of Western transfer as air moves to the East, as a result, the air is cooled in winter and loses moisture, it warms up in the summer. Precipitation drops 300-1000 mm / year; Maximum precipitation is associated with the passage of cyclones in the polar front: in higher latitudes in the summer, lower - in spring and autumn. Due to significant differences in the temperature mode and the amount of precipitation, moisturizing from excess to insufficient. In general, for habitability of man, this type of climate is quite favorable: possibly agriculture with the cultivation of the cultures of the short period of vegetation and animal husbandry, especially dairy.

Moderate continental climate Forms in the inner areas of continents only the northern hemisphere. Winter is the most cold in moderate belts, long-term, with resistant frost: average temperatures in North America -4 - -26 °, in Eurasia - -16 - -40 °; Summer is the most roast in moderate belts: medium temperatures +16 - + 26 °, places up to + 30 °; Seasonal fluctuations in temperature in North America 30-42 °, in Eurasia - 32-56 °. More severe winter in Eurasia is due to the larger size of the mainland in these latitudes and enormous spaces engaged in many years of Merzlot. Completely dominated by KUV, in winter, steady winter anticyclones with anti-cyclonic weather are established over the territory of these regions. The annual precipitation is more often within 400-1000 mm, only in Central Asia decreases to less than 200 mm. During the year, the precipitation falls unevenly, the maximum is usually timed to the warmth of the year and is associated with the passage of cyclones in the Polar Front. Moisturizing is heterogeneous: there are territories with sufficient and unstable moisture, there are arid areas. Habitat conditions are quite diverse: forestry, forest and fish craft are possible; The possibilities of agriculture and animal husbandry are limited.

Moderatemonsoon climateforming on the eastern outskirts of Eurasia. Winter cold: average temperatures -10 - -32 °, summer is not roast: average temperatures +12 - + 24 °; Seasonal oscillationsMerpertures34-44 °. Seasonal change of air masses, winds and weather is observed: winter, northwestern winds and anticyclic weather dominate in winter; Summer -MuV, southeastreterometers and cyclonicipes. Annual precipitation 500-1200 mm with a pronounced summer maximum. In winter, a small snow cover is formed. Moisturizing sufficient and somewhat excessive (on the eastern slopes), continentalityclimat increases from east to west. The climate is favorable for human habitat: agriculture and diverse animal husbandry, forestry and crafts are possible.

Moderate climate with cold and snowy winterit is formed on the northeastern outgrowthmotheric semispheres within a moderate belt under the influence of cold-federations. Winter cold and continuous: average temperatures -8 - -28 °; Summer comparatively short cool: average temperatures +8 - + 16 °; Seasonal temperature fluctuations 24-36 °. In winter, KUV dominates, sometimes a breakthrough; In the summer, MUV penetrates. The annualism of precipitation is 400-1000 mm. The preciputes fall out throughout the year: in winter, abundant snowfalls are generated by the mercilence of the Arctic front, prolonged and steady snow cover exceeds 1m; in the summer, the oceanic monsoon is precipitated and are associated with cyclones on the polar front. Moisturizing excess. The climate is hard for habitat of man and economic activity: there are conditions for the development of reindeer herding, breeding of riding dogs, fisheries; Agriculture capabilities are limited to a short vegetation period.

Suba r ctic belt located behind a moderate belt of SssucticChisters and reaches 65-75 ° C.Sh. Total solar radiation 60-90 kkal / cm 2 year. Radiation balance +15 - +25 kcal / cm 2 year. Seasonal substitutes: in winter, the Arctic air masses dominate, in summer - moderate.

Subarctic Marine climateit is timed to the incense areas of the continents of SusporticPoyan. Winter is long, but moderately harsh: all-temperature-14 - -30 °, only in Western Europe warm currents soften winter to -2 °; Summer short and cool: average temperatures +4 - + 12 °; Seasonal oscillationsTextrum26-34 °. Seasonal air change change: in the winter of ArcticProtane air, in summer, temperate sea air. The annualism of precipitation is 250-600 mm, and on the wind-shaped slope-grindors - up to 1000-1100 mm. The precipitates fall out throughout the year. The ministry is associated with the passage of cyclones on the Arctic front, which bring snowfall and buranges. A flying time of the sediment is associated with penetration. They fall into the sideways, but there are snowfalls, dense fogs are often observed, especially in coastal areas. Moisturized, and on the coasts - excessive. The conditions for habitat are rather harsh: the development of agriculture is limited to a cool short summer with the corresponding short growing season.

Subarctic Contine.ntalny climate Forms in the inner areas of continents in the subarctic belt. In winter, prolonged, harsh and stable frost: average temperatures -24 - -50 °; Summer cool and short: average temperatures +8 - + 14 °; Seasonal temperature fluctuations 38-58 °, and in some years they can reach 100 °. In winter, Kav dominates, which spreads in different directions from winter mainland anticyclones (Canadian and Siberian); In the summer, KUV prevails and the western transfer inherent in it. Precipitation drops 200-600 mm per year, the summer maximum precipitation is clearly expressed due to penetration at that time inside the mainland of MOV; Winter is a little snowy. Moisturizing sufficient. The conditions for habitat are very harsh: agriculture at low summer temperatures and the short vegetation period is difficult, there are opportunities for forestry and crafts.

Subanrtarctic belt located for a southern temperate belt and reaches 63-73 ° Yu.Sh. Total solar radiation 65-75 kkal / cm 2 year. Radiation balance +20 - + 30 kkal / cm 2 year. Seasonal air change: winter prevails Antarctic air, in summer - moderate.

Subanrtarctic Marine climateit occupies the entire subnutrctic belt, land only on Antarctic-Ovei on individual islands. Winter Long and moderately harsh: Middle temperatures -8 - -12 °; Summer short, very cool and raw: Middle temperatures +2 - + 4 °; Seasonal fluctuationsTeeter10-12 °. The seasonal change of air masses and winds is expressed: winter with AntarctiDectecus Inherent in the winds of Eastern transfer, while KAV, on measurement over the ocean, heats up slightly and transformed into the invent; in the summer, the winds of the Western transfer winds. Annual precipitation of 500-700 mm with a winter maximum associated with the passage of cyclones in the Poamintic front. Moisturizing excess. The conditions for habitat are severe, there is an opportunity for the development of seasonal marine crafts.

Arctic belt it is placed in northern sugar-chirms. Total solar radiation 60-80 kkal / cm 2 year. Radiation balance +5 - +15 kcal / cm 2 year. Arctic exploits are dominant.

Arctic climate with relatively soft winterit is timed to the areas of the Arctic belt, subject to the softening effect of the relatively warm water of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: in North America -Pasoremorobod, Severbaphinous and the coast of Greenland; In Eurasia - on the islands from Svalbard to the Northern Earth and on the mainland of Odd-Ovymal to West Taimyr. Winter long, relatively soft: medium-temperature -16 - -32 °; Summer short, average temperatures 0 - + 8 °; Seasonal temperature temperatures 24-32 °. Arctic, premature air masses dominate all year round, and mitigating influence has sea air. The annual precipitation of 150-600 mM arrivalsmiximum associated with the passage of cyclones in the Arctic front. Moisturizing sufficient and excessive. The climate for habitat is unfavorable by its severity and constancy of low temperatures, it is possible to conduct seasonal fisheries.

Arctic climate with cold winter It occupies the rest of the Arctic belt except the inland areas of Greenland, is under the influence of cold water of the Northern Ocean. Winter continuous and harsh: average temperatures -32 - -38 °; Summer short and cold: medium temperatures 0 - + 8 °; Seasonal temperature fluctuations 38-40 °. Communicatively dominated by Kav. Annual precipitation 50-250 mm. Moisturizing sufficient. The conditions for habitat are extreme due to constantly low temperatures. Life is possible only in the presence of sustainable external bonds to ensure food, fuel, clothing, etc. Possible seasonal seasography.

Arctic climate with the coldest winter It stands out in the inner regions of Greenland, is formed under the year-round influence of the Greenland ice shield and the Greenland anti-kilon. Winter continues almost all year, harsh: average temperatures -36 - -49 °; In summer, stable positive temperatures are absent: average temperatures 0 - -14 °; Seasonal temperature fluctuations 35-46 °. Year-round domination of the winds and spreading in all sides of the winds. Moisturizing sufficient. The climatic conditions for human habitat are the most extreme on the planet due to constant very low temperatures in the absence of local heat sources and food. Life is possible only in the presence of sustainable external bonds to ensure food, fuel, clothing, etc. there is no opportunity for fishing.

Antarctic belt it is located in the southern and latitudes, mainly on the continent of Antarctic, and the climate is formed with the dominant effect of the Antarctic ice shield and the Antarctic belt relative to the high pressure. Total solar radiation 75-120 kcal / cm 2 year. Due to the year-round domination of continental antarctic air, dry and transparent over the ice shield, and repeatedly reflected in the sunlight during the polar day in summer from the surface of ice, snow and clouds, the value of total solar radiation in the inner regions of Antarctica reaches the amount of total radiation in the subtropical belt. However, the radiation balance is -5 - -10 kcal / cm 2 years, and the whole year it is negative, which is due to the large value of the albedo surface of the ice shield (reflected up to 90% of solar radiation). Exceptions make up small oasises, freed from the summer. The Antarctic air masses are generally dominated.

Antarctic climate with relatively soft winterforms over the outskirts of the Antarctic continent. Winter is long and somewhat relaxed by Antarctic waters: average temperatures -10 - -35 °; Summer short and cold: average temperatures -4 - -20 °, only in oases summer temperatures of the surface air layer are positive; Seasonal temperature fluctuations 6-15 °. Mitigating effect on the climate has marine Antarctic air, especially in summer, penetrating with cyclones on the Antarctic front. The annual precipitation of 100-300 mm at a summer maximum is associated with cyclonic activity on the Antarctic front. The rainfall predominate in the form of snow. Moisturizing excess. The climate for habitat is adversely abruptly with its severity and constancy of low temperatures, it is possible to conduct seasonal fisheries.

Antarctic climate with the coldest winterit is timed to the internal regions of the Antarctic mainland. Temperatures are negative all year, there are no thaws: medium winter temperatures -45 - -72 °, summer - -25 - -35 °; Seasonal temperature fluctuations 20-37 °. The continental Antarctic air dominates yearly, the winds spread from the anti-cyclonic center of the karefferies, the southeast direction is dominated. The annual amount of precipitation is 40-100 mm, the precipitation falls in the form of ice needles and frost, less often - in the form of snow. All year anticyclonic clouded weather prevails. Moisturizing sufficient. Habitat conditions for a person are similar to the Arctic climate with a cold winter.

The climate is a long-term weather mode on a particular territory. That is, the climate and weather correlate as the general and private. In our case, it will be about climate. What types of climate exist on planet Earth?

The following types of climate distinguish:

  • equatorial;
  • subequatorial;
  • tropical;
  • subtropical;
  • moderate;
  • subarctic and subanctic;
  • arctic and Antarctic;
  • mountain climate.

Equatorial climate

This type of climate is characteristic of the terrestrial steam areas that are directly adjacent to the equator. For the equatorial climate, the year-round domination of the equatorial air masses is characterized (that is, air masses that are formed over the equator), weak winds, as well as hot and wet weather all year round. In areas with an equatorial climate, a strong shower is running every day, which causes unbearable stuffiness. The average monthly temperature ranges from 25 to 29 degrees of heat. For regions with an equatorial climate, a natural zone of wet rainforests is characterized.

Sub-screen climate

This type of climate is also characteristic of areas that are adjacent to the equator, or are a bit north / south of zero parallel.

In areas with a subequatorial climate allocate two seasons:

  • hot and wet (conditional summer);
  • relatively cold and dry (conditional winter).

Equatorial, and in winter - tropical air masses are dominated. Tropical cyclones arise over the oceans. The average monthly temperature is mainly from 25 to 29 degrees, however, in some areas with a subequatorial climate, the average temperature of the winter (for example, in India) is much lower than the average summer temperatures. For the subequatorial climate, the zones of alternate wet forests and savannah are characteristic.

Tropical climate

It is characteristic of latitudes that are adjacent to the North or South Tropics. Tropical air masses dominate all year round. Tropical cyclones arise over the oceans. There are already noticeable differences in temperature and humidity, especially on the mainland.

Distinguish such subspecies of the tropical climate:

  • Wet tropical climate. It is characteristic of regions that adjoin the ocean. Round year dominated tropical sea air masses. The average monthly air temperatures range from 20 to 28 degrees of heat. Classical examples of such climate are Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Miami (Florida, USA), Hawaiian Islands. Wet tropical forests.
  • Tropical desert climate. Mainly characteristic of intramicious regions, as well as coastal areas that are washed with cold currents. Dry tropical air masses dominate. Veliky daily air temperature differences. In winter, frosts occur very rarely. Summer is usually very roast with average temperatures above 30 degrees of heat (although not always). Winter is much colder, as a rule, not higher than 20 degrees. This type of climate is characteristic of the Sugar deserts, Kalahari, Namib and Atakam.
  • Tropical trade in climate. Characterized by seasonal change of winds (trade winds). Summer roast, winter is much colder than summer. Middle temperatures of winter months 17-19 degrees of heat, summer 27-29 degrees. This climate type is characteristic of Paraguay.

Subtropical climate

It is characteristic of the districts that are between tropical and moderate climatic belts. In the summer, tropical, and moderate air masses dominate. Significant seasonal differences in air temperature and humidity, especially on the mainland. As a rule, there is no climatic winter, but clearly highlighted spring, summer and autumn. Snowfalls are possible. Tropical cyclones arise over the oceans.

There are the following subspecies of the subtropical climate:

  • Subtropical Mediterranean climate. It is characterized by warm, wet winter and dry hot summer. The average temperature of the coldest month is from about 4 to 12 degrees of heat, the heat itself - about 22-25 degrees. This type of climate is characteristic of all countries of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus in the Tuapse-Sochi area, the southern coast of Crimea, as well as cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sydney, Santiago, etc. A favorable climate for growing tea, citrus, other subtropical cultures.
  • Sea subtropical climate. In the summer, tropical dominates, and in winter - moderate sea air masses. Winter warm and wet, and summer is non-jar. An example of a seabed subtropical climate can serve as New Zealand.
  • Subtropical desert climate. In the summer, tropical dominates, and in winter, temperate continental air masses. The precipitation is very small. Summer is very roast, the average temperature of the warmest month sometimes exceeds 30 degrees. Winter is pretty warm, but sometimes freezing occurs. This type of climate is characteristic of the south-west of the United States, the northern regions of Mexico, some countries of Central Asia (for example, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan).
  • Subtropical monsoon climate. It is characterized by a seasonal shift of winds. In winter, the wind blows from sushi to the sea, and in the summer - from the sea to the land. Summer roast and wet, winter dry and cool, sometimes the average temperature of the coldest month falls below zero. Examples of this climate: Seoul, Beijing, Washington, Buenos Aires.
  • Temperate climate. It is characteristic of moderate latitudes, from about 40 to 65 parallels. Moderate air masses are dominated all year round. Non-invasion of the arctic as well as tropical air. In the winter, snow cover is formed in winter. As a rule, winter, spring, summer and autumn are clearly pronounced.

Eliminate such subspecies of temperate climate:

  • Moderate marine climate. Moderate sea air masses are reigning all year round. Winter soft and wet, summer is non-jar. For example, in London, the average temperature of January - 5 degrees of heat, July - 18 degrees above zero. This type of climate is characteristic of the British Islands, most countries of Western Europe, the extreme south of South America, New Zealand, Tasmania Islands. Characterized zone of mixed forests.
  • Moderately continental climate. Dominate both sea and continental moderate air masses. Clearly expressed all seasons. Winter is pretty cool and long, the average temperature of the coldest month is almost always lower than zero (can be lowered up to 16 degrees of frost). Summer is long and warm, even roast. The average temperature of the warmest month varies in the range from 17 to 24 degrees of heat. Natural zones of mixed and deciduous forests, forest-steppes and steppes are characteristic. This type of climate is typical mainly for Eastern European countries and most of the European territory of Russia.
  • Sharply continental climate. It is characteristic of most of the territory of Siberia. In winter, the so-called Siberian Anticyclone or Asian maximum dominates over the territories with a sharply continental climate. This is a stable field of increased pressure, which prevents the penetration of cyclones and promotes a strong cooling of air. Therefore, winter in the same Siberia is long (five to eight months) and very cold, in Yakutia, the temperature can drop to 60 degrees of frost and below. Summer is short, but warm, even roast, frequent shower and thunderstorms. Spring and autumn are short. Characteristic Taiga's natural zone.
  • Monsonic climate. It is characteristic of the Far East of Russia, North Korea and the Northern part of Japan (about. Hokkaido), as well as China. It is characterized by the fact that in winter the wind blows from sushi to the sea, and in the summer - from the sea to the land. In view of the fact that the Asian maximum mentioned above is formed over the continent in winter, winter is clear and rather cold. Summer is quite warm, but wet, frequent typhoon. Moreover, the summer begins quite late - only at the end of June and ends in September. For spring, it is characterized by a dishthele, and the autumn pleases the clear and verses.

Subarctic and subnatrical climate

This type of climate is characteristic of areas that are directly adjacent to the North and Southern Polar Circle. Summer is missing, for the average monthly temperature of the warmest month does not reach 15 degrees of heat. In winter, the Arctic and Antarctic air masses are dominated, in the summer - moderate.

There are two subspecies of the subarctic and subnatrical climate:

  • Subarctic (subnutrctic) marine climate. It is characterized by a rather soft and wet winter and cold summer. Early air masses are dominated all year round. For example, in Reykjavik (Iceland) the average temperature of January 0 degrees, July 11 degrees of heat;
  • Subarctic (subnutrctic) continental climate. It is characterized by very cold in winter and cool summer. The precipitates falls little. Continental air masses dominate. For example, in Verkhoyansk (Yakutia), the average January temperature is 38 degrees of frost, July 13 degrees of heat.

For the subanctic and subnatrotic climate, the natural zone of the tundra and forest tundra is characterized. (Dwarf Iva, Birch, Moss - Yagel).

Arctic (Antarctic) climate

It is characteristic of the districts that lie for the polar circle. Arctic air masses are dominated all year round. All year round is frosty weather, especially the frost in Antarctica. In the Arctic, periods with a temperature above zero are possible. The zone of the Arctic desert is characteristic, Antarctica is almost completely abandoned by ice. The Arctic (Antarctic) marine and arctic (Antarctic) continental climate is distinguished. It is not by chance that it is in Antarctica that is a pole of a cold on Earth - the East station, where the temperature was fixed minus 89 (!) Delianos of Frost!

Mountain climates

Characterized for areas with high-rise lower resistance (mountain areas). With increasing height, the air temperature drops, the atmospheric pressure decreases, and the natural zones alternately replace each other. Alpine meadows predominate in high mountainous areas, the peaks of the mountains are often covered with glaciers.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that the main types of climate are equatorial, tropical, moderate and arctic (Antarctic). Transient climate types include subequatorial, subtropical and subarctic (subnutrctic) types of climate.

What changes the climate of the Earth - video

On Earth determines the nature of many features of nature. Climatic conditions also strongly affect the life, the economic activities of people, their health and even biological features. At the same time, the climates of individual territories do not exist apart. They are parts of the whole for the entire planet of the atmospheric process.

Climate classification

Earth climates having similarities are combined into certain types that replace each other towards the equator to the poles. In each hemisphere, 7 climatic belts are isolated, of which 4 basic and 3 transition. Such a separation is based on the placement on the globe of air masses with different properties and features of air movement in them.

In the main belts, one air mass is formed all year. In the equatorial belt - equatorial, in tropical - tropical, in moderate - the air of moderate latitudes, in the Arctic (Antarctic) - Arctic (Antarctic). In transition belts between the main, in different seasons of the year, alternately come from the adjacent main belts. Here, the seasons change conditions: in the summer, they are the same as in the next latter belt, in winter - the same as in the next - coolest. Together with the change of air masses in transitional belts, weather changes. For example, in the subequatorial belt in the summer, hot and rainy weather prevails, and in winter - cooler and dry.

The climate inside the belts is heterogeneous. Therefore, the belt is divided into climatic areas. Over the oceans, where sea air masses are formed, areas of oceanic climates are located, and the continental continental. In many climatic belts on the Western and Eastern coasts of the mainland, special types of climate are formed, differing from both continental and oceanic. The reason for this is the interaction of marine and continental air masses, as well as the presence of ocean flows.

It is roast. These territories are constantly obtaining a significant amount of heat due to the large angle of falling sunlight.

Equatorial air mass is dominated in the equatorial belt. The heated air in conditions is constantly rising upwards, which leads to the formation of rain clouds. Here the rainseed rainfalls fall daily, often with. The amount of precipitation is 1000-3000 mm per year. This is more than moisture to evaporate. In the equatorial belt one season of the year: always hot and humid.

In tropical belts, the tropical air mass is dominated all year. In it, the air is lowered from the upper layers of the troposphere to the earth's surface. Running, it heats up, and even over the oceans, clouds are not formed. Clear weather predominates, in which the sun's rays heat the surface strongly. Therefore, on land, the middle day is higher than in the equatorial belt (up to +35 ° FROM). Winter temperatures below summer due to a decrease in the angle of falling sunlight. Due to the lack of clouds throughout the year, very little precipitation, so tropical deserts are common on land. These are the hottest areas of the Earth, on which temperature records are marked. The exception is the eastern shores of the continents, which are washed by warm currents and are under the influence of trade winds that have passed from the oceans. Therefore, there are many precipitation here.

The territory of the subequatorial (transitional) belts in the summer occupies a wet equatorial air mass, and in winter - - dry tropical. Therefore, there is a roast and rainy summer and dry and also hot - because of the high standing of the sun - winter.

Moderate climatic belts

Occupy about 1/4 of the surface of the Earth. They have more sharp seasonal differences in temperature and precipitation than hot belts. This is due to a significant decrease in the value of the angle of falling solar rays and the complication of circulation. In them, the air is the air of moderate latitudes all year, but frequent invasions of arctic and tropical air are noted.

In the southern hemisphere, the oceanic temperate climate with a non-slicer summer (from +12 to +14 ° C), soft winter (from +4 to +6 ° C) and abundant precipitation (about 1000 mm per year). In the northern hemisphere, large areas occupy mainland moderate and. His main feature is sharply pronounced changes in temperature for seasons of the year.

On the Western banks of the continents, the wet air from the oceans, brought by Western temperate latitudes, comes around the wet and ocean, here there are many precipitation (1000 mm per year). Summer is cool (up to + 16 ° C) and wet, and winter is wet and warm (from 0 to +5 ° C). In the direction of the West to the East, the climate becomes more continental: the amount of precipitation decreases, summer temperatures increase, and the winter decreases.

On the eastern banks of the continents, a monsonic climate is formed: the summer monsions bring abundant precipitation from the oceans, and with winter, funny from the continents on the oceans, frosty and drier weather is connected.

In the subtropical transition belt in winter, air of moderate latitudes comes, and in the summer - tropical air. For the mainland subtropical climate, it is characterized by roast (up to +30 ° C) dry summer and cool (from 0 to +5 ° C) and a slightly woeful winter. The precipitation over the year falls less than it can evaporate, therefore deserts prevail and. On the coasts of the continents, there are many precipitation, and on the Western shores the rainy in winter thanks to Western winds from the oceans, and in the eastern - summer thanks to the monscons.

Cold climatic belts

In the earth's surface during the polar day, there is little solar heat, and during the polar night does not heat up at all. Therefore, the Arctic and Antarctic air masses are very cold and contain little. Antarctic mainland climate is the most severe: exclusively frosty winter and cold summer with negative temperatures. Therefore, covered with a powerful glacier. In the northern hemisphere similar climate in, and over-sea arctic. He is warmer by Antarctic, as ocean waters, even coated with ice, give extra warmth.

In the subarterctic belts in winter, the Arctic (Antarctic) air mass is dominated, and the air of moderate latitudes. Summer is cool, short and wet, winter is long, harsh and low.