5) the formation of a strongly elongated snout with numerous lateral 1 teeth in the saw-fish

105. Loss of the functional significance of an organ or structure of an organism leads to certain consequences. How does this loss affect the size of a given organ or structure?

1) increases 2) does not change

3) reduces

106. Aromorphosis has characteristic features that are not characteristic of other forms (methods, paths) of biological progress, name one of these features.

1) includes minor evolutionary changes

2) is accompanied by a simplification of the structure of organisms

3) is accompanied by an expansion of the zone favorable for the existence of organisms

4) provides adaptation to strictly defined and limited living conditions

5) is not accompanied by an increase in the complexity of the structure of organisms

107. Indicate the manifestation of E. Haeckel's biogenetic law.

1) the embryos of reptiles form a temporary organ - the amniotic membrane, which produces fluid that washes the embryo

2) the larvae of many insects are worm-shaped

3) the number of vertebrae in snakes is increased compared to their ancestors

108. Among the following, indicate the organisms that are currently developing in the direction of biological regression.

2) placental mammals

3) flowering plants

4) amphibians

5) bony fish

109. Barberry thorns - modifications of leaves and blackberry thorns - modifications of the stem bark; butterfly wing and eagle wing. Name a phenomenon exemplified by the above pairs of signs.

1) similar similarity

2) polymorphism

3) homologous similarity

4) divergence

* 110. The lung of cross-finned fish is idioadaptation, and the lung of terrestrial vertebrates is aromorphosis. Name the main feature, the presence of which allows the lung of terrestrial vertebrates to be considered an aromorphosis.

1) more complex structure

2) high prevalence among different groups of organisms

3) allows you to master a new habitat

111. Name an evolutionary phenomenon, examples of which are the following features observed in some individuals: the development of lateral digits in horses and hind limbs in cetaceans.

1) atavisms

2) rudiments

3) homologous organs

4) similar bodies

5) mutations

6) modifications

112. Among the following paleontological finds, indicate the one that is classified as transitional fossil.

1) animal-toothed reptiles

2) mammoths

3) ichthyosaurs

4) pterodactyls

113. In 1953. SL Miller and GK Yuri experimentally obtained some low-molecular organic substances by passing electrical discharges through a mixture of gases and water vapor. Indicate the gas that was absent in their experiments.

1) CH 4 2) NH 3 3) O 2

114. What is the latest period of the Cenozoic era.

1) paleogene

2) anthropogen

115. Name the term that denote the independent formation of similar traits in related organisms, based on homologous structures.

1) divergence

2) parallel evolution

3) convergence

4) mimicry

5) aromorphosis

116. What is evidenced by the similarity of the embryos of organisms of the two compared classes of animals?

1) about the formation of these embryos under the same conditions

2) on the presence and relationship and monophilic origin (from one ancestor) of these two classes

3) about the origin of these classes from unrelated ancestors

4) about polyphilic origin (from several ancestors)

117. Name a phenomenon, an example of which is the similarity of the body shape of a shark, ichthyosaurus and dolphin.

1) divergence

2) parallel evolution

3) convergence

4) mimicry

5) aromorphosis

118. The limbs of mammals of different species differ significantly from each other in structure, which is the result of adaptation of mammals of different species to different environmental conditions. Indicate a phenomenon exemplified by the above fact.

1) convergence

2) divergence

3) parallel development

119. Name the form (method, path) of biological progress, which includes the development of lungs in amphibians and a four-chambered heart in birds, the transformation of paired fins of fish into paired limbs of amphibians.

1) aromorphosis

2) idioadaptation

3) general degeneration

120. Determine the attribute by which all of the following pairs of attributes, except for one, are combined into one group. Indicate a couple of signs "extra" among them.

1) potato tuber and onion bulb

2) squid eye and horse eye

3) butterfly wing and elytra of the may beetle

4) spines of a cactus and scales of plant buds

5) forelimbs of an elephant and a monkey

121. There are several indicators (criteria) of the biological progress of a particular taxon - a systematic group of organisms (species, genus, class, etc.). Find these indicators among the answers and indicate the attribute that is NOT such an indicator (criterion).

1) an increasing increase in the number of individuals

2) expansion of the area

3) the formation of adaptations (adaptation) to narrow-local conditions of existence

4) an increase in the number of daughter (subordinate) groups within this taxon

122. The eyes of cephalopods and mammals are very similar, although these perfect sense organs arose in them in the course of evolution absolutely independently and from different tissues and structures. Indicate a phenomenon exemplified by the appearance of these organs.

1) convergence

2) divergence

3) parallel development

123. What is the contribution of AI Oparin to the development of ideas about the origin of life on Earth?

1) for the first time made an assumption about the composition of the primary atmosphere of the Earth and about the possibility of the formation of organic compounds from inorganic ones under the action of powerful electric discharges

4) proved the impossibility of the direct emergence of highly organized living beings from inanimate nature

124. Scientists divide the history of the Earth and life on it into several periods of time - geological eras. Which one is the youngest?

1) Paleozoic 2) Proterozoic

3) Archean

4) Cenozoic

5) Mesozoic

125. Which of the following is NOT an aromorphosis - one of the ways (paths) of biological progress?

2) the appearance of a flower in flowering plants

4) the appearance of thorns in cacti and rose hips

5) the formation of conductive tissues in terrestrial plants

126. Name the term used to designate in different types of organisms those organs that have the same structural plan, develop from similar primordia and perform both similar and different functions.

1) homologous 3) similar

2) non-homologous 4) alternative

127. The composition of the primary atmosphere of the Earth along with water vapor included several gases. Name the gas that was practically absent in it.

1) CH 4 2) CO 3) CO 2 4) H 2 S 5) NH 3 6) O 2 7) H 2 8) N 2

128. Name an evolutionary phenomenon, examples of which are the following animal organs: the pelvic girdle of a whale, the eyes of a cave proteus, the hind limbs of a python, a kiwi's wing.

1) atavisms

2) rudiments

3) homologous organs

4) similar bodies

5) mutations

6) modifications

129. Determine the sign by which all of the evolutionary phenomena listed below, except for one, are combined into one group. Indicate the "superfluous" phenomenon among them.

1) the emergence of a root in terrestrial plants

2) the appearance of seeds in seed plants

3) the appearance of photosynthesis in ancient cellular forms

4) the appearance of insectivorousness in some plants

5) the appearance of double fertilization in flowering plants

130. AI Oparin showed that in the presence of electrolytes, high-molecular organic compounds (polypeptides, polysaccharides and RNA) dissolved in water are separated from the solution in the form of coacervates — drops of an even more concentrated solution. He considered coacervates to be the precursors of cellular life forms. Coacervates possess the rudiments of those signs that are fully manifested in cellular organisms. Find them among the answers and indicate the feature that coacervates do not have.

1) concentration of chemical compounds

2) absorption of chemical compounds

3) isolation of chemical compounds

4) transformation of chemical compounds

5) reproduction of molecules that make up coacervates

6) reproduction: separation of large drops into smaller ones

131. In 1953. S.L. Miller and G.K. Yuri, proving the possibility of abiogenic synthesis of organic compounds at the early stages of the formation of life on Earth, experimentally obtained some low-molecular organic compounds from inorganic ones. What in their experiments served as a source of energy for synthetic processes?

1) ultraviolet rays

2) heat energy

3) electrical discharges

4) oxidation of organic substances

5) visible light

132. Modern taxonomy builds a natural classification of animals and plants, based on the relationship of representatives of certain systematic groups (taxa). There are several facts (phenomena) that are indicators of the relationship of organisms. Find such facts among the answers and indicate a phenomenon that is NOT classified as an indicator of the relationship of organisms.

1) organ homology

2) similarity of embryos

3) similar similarities

4) the similarity of adults

5) similarity to fossil forms

133. Determine the attribute by which all of the following pairs of attributes, except for one, are combined into one group. Indicate a couple of signs "extra" among them.

1) body shape in flounder and rays

2) the front limbs of a mole and a bear burrowing insect

3) body shape in dolphin and shark

4) bird wing and bat wing

5) squid eye and mammalian eye

134. Name a scientist who discovered the phenomenon of embryonic similarity and discovered the following pattern: the earlier stages of individual development are investigated, the more similarity is found between different organisms, which was later called the law of “embryonic similarity”.

1) E. Haeckel

2) Charles Darwin

4) I. I. Shmalgauzen

5) A. N. Severtsov

135. What is the contribution of F. Redi to the development of ideas about the origin of life on Earth?

1) for the first time made an assumption about the composition of the primary atmosphere of the Earth and about the possibility of the formation of organic compounds from inorganic ones under the action of powerful electric discharges

2) for the first time experimentally proved the possibility of the formation of amino acids from inorganic compounds

3) proved the impossibility of spontaneous generation of microorganisms

4) proved the impossibility of the direct emergence of highly organized living beings from inanimate nature

* 136. There are several definitions of the concept of "life". Which one belongs to Onsager and Morowitz?

1) living bodies that exist on Earth are open, self-regulating and self-reproducing systems built from biopolymers: proteins and nucleic acids

2) life is a property of matter, leading to the conjugate circulation of bioelements in the aquatic environment, ultimately driven by the energy of solar radiation along the way of increasing complexity

3) life is a way of existence of protein bodies, an essential point of which is a constant exchange of substances with the surrounding external nature

137. Indicate a phenomenon that clearly proves the existence of the evolution of the organic world and testifies to the presence of the following feature of the evolutionary process: evolution proceeds mainly by way of divergence - the independent formation of various characters in related organisms.

1) fossil forms

2) organ homology

3) relics - currently existing species with signs of long-extinct groups of organisms

4) similar similarities

5) similarity of embryos

* 138. Loss of the functional significance of an organ or structure of an organism leads to certain consequences. How does this loss affect the degree of variability of a given organ or structure?

1) increases 2) does not change

3) reduces

139. Name the term used to designate a relatively simplified, underdeveloped structure that has lost its main meaning in the body in the process of historical development.

1) mutations 2) modifications 3) atavisms

4) rudiments

140. What is evidenced by the presence of similar organs in two compared groups of organisms?

1) about their origin from unrelated organisms (ancestors)

2) about the formation of these groups in the same habitat conditions

3) about the presence of kinship and monophilic origin (from one ancestor) of these two groups

* 141. The unity of the organic world is confirmed by the existence of organisms that occupy an intermediate position between their large systematic subdivisions (taxa). These organisms combine the characteristic features of the structure of various taxa and are called intermediate forms. Find such living organisms among the answers and indicate the one that is NOT an intermediate form.

1) euglena Euglena viridis: has chromatophores, digestive vacuole and flagellum; it is capable of both photosynthesis and the capture of dense organic nutrient material and active movement

2) creeping comb jelly Coeloplana metsch-nikowi: has branching canals of the intestinal (gastric) cavity, ciliary cover on the abdominal surface

3) northern dolphin Lissodelphis borealis: has a streamlined body with a fin -

mi and smooth skin, four-chambered heart and mammary glands; is viviparous

4) peripatus Peripatus laurocerasus: its body consists of identical segments, each of which has excretory tubules, trachea with spiracles and short bilobed outgrowths of the body, which serve for movement

* 142. Biological progress, according to A. N. Severtsov, is achieved in four different ways. These are aromorphosis, idioadaptation, general degeneration and cenogenesis. Cenogenesis is the development of purely embryonic adaptations that ensure the life of embryos and young individuals and are not preserved in the adult state. Find examples of coenogenesis among the answers and indicate a structural feature that is NOT coenogenesis.

1) development of external gills in amphibian larvae

2) the formation of the yolk sac in fish, amphibians and other terrestrial vertebrates

3) the formation of gill slits in mammalian embryos

4) the formation of the amniotic membrane of reptiles, birds and mammals

5) the accumulation of a large amount of yolk in the oocytes of cartilaginous fish, reptiles and birds

143. What is the name of the form (method, path) of biological progress, which is accompanied by a simplification of the structural and functional organization of living beings, atrophy of their organs, which are associated with active functions of the organism?

2) general degeneration

Human Origins

1. Man belongs to the class of mammals; it has features that are characteristic of all representatives of only this class of vertebrates. Name one such symptom.

1) five sections of the spine

2) two circles of blood circulation

3) outer ear

4) three auditory ossicles in the middle ear

5) ribbon muscles

2. Name the scientist who was the first to determine the systematic position of man and place him in the group of primates along with semi-monkeys and monkeys.

1) K. Linnaeus

2) J.-B. Lamarck

3) Charles Darwin

3. One of the proofs of the origin of man from animals is the presence of rudiments in humans. Indicate a sign of a person that is a rudiment.

2) tails

3) multi-nipple

4) highly developed canines

5) cloaca, which forms in the embryo

4. How much brain volume did the Neanderthals have?

1) about 450 cm3 4) about 1400 cm3

2) 500-800 cm3 5) about 1600 cm3 3) 800-1400 cm3

5. Name the form (method, path) of biological progress, through which, in the course of evolution, representatives of the Caucasian race have formed the following signs: a narrow face, a narrow and strongly protruding nose, soft hair, light or dark skin type, thin lips, developed hair on face and body.

1) aromorphosis 3) idioadaptation

2) degeneration

6. The person has signs associated with upright posture. Name one of these signs.

1) arched foot

2) fused sacral vertebrae

3) well-developed collarbones

4) small brow ridges

5) wide-spread finger

7. One of the proofs of the origin of man from animals is the presence in humans of signs that serve as a manifestation of the biogenetic law. Name one of these signs.

2) appendix

3) the gill slits of the embryo

4) mnogososkovost

5) excessive hairiness in some people

8. Which of the following human ancestors is the most ancient?

1) a skilled person

2) pithecanthropus 3) australopithecus

4) neanderthal

5) Cro-Magnon

9. The ape-like ancestors of man had a number of features that served as a prerequisite for the evolution of man; on the basis of these features, specific human traits were formed. Find these features among the answers and indicate a sign that is NOT such a feature. organic the world results evolution organic the world directions evolution organic the world basic patterns evolution organic the world A3. Aggregate ...

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    6. NON-ORGANISMIC SYSTEMS. EVOLUTION ORGANIC WORLD 1. The physiological criterion of a species is manifested in the fact ... 1) the adaptability of organisms to the environment 2) diversity organic the world 3) hereditary variability 4) the formation of new species ...

  • Knowledge consolidation tests. The vestigial organs of animals are evidence of the evolution of the organic world

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    ... evolution organic the world 1) embryological 3) biogeographic 2) paleontological 4) comparative anatomical Analogous animal organs are evidence evolution organic the world ... evolution organic the world include ...

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    Option 1

    1) glands that produce milk 3) eyes that distinguish colors

    2) skin, which absorbs oxygen 4) skeleton, which consists of sections

    2. Bats in dark caves navigate in flight using

    1) the organ of vision 3) the sense of touch, which catches air currents

    2) acute sense of smell 4) ultrasound captured by the hearing organs

    3. What sign indicates the complexity of the organization of mammals in comparison with reptiles?

    1) constant body temperature 3) division of the body into sections

    2) closed circulatory system 4) internal skeleton

    4. Due to the adaptability to life in the soil, the hair cover in moles

    1) reduced

    2) consists only of coarse guard hair

    3) formed by long guard hair and undercoat

    4) consists of a dense undercoat, tightly fitting when the mole moves to its body

    5. Where are the representatives of the pinniped class indicated

    1) whales and dolphins; 3) walruses and fur seals;

    2) sperm whales and sharks; 4) seals and penguins

    6. Are the following judgments about the similarity of mammals and reptiles true?

    A. In mammals and reptiles, the organs of chemical sensitivity are well developed, and sight and hearing are practically absent.

    B. In mammals, as in reptiles, the intestines, ureters and reproductive organs open into the cloaca.

    1) only A is true 3) both statements are true

    2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong

    1) power source 3) nature of movement

    2) method of reproduction 4) circulatory organs

    8. What features have developed in cetaceans in connection with living in the aquatic environment? Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

    1) breathing atmospheric oxygen 4) a thick layer of subcutaneous fat

    2) conversion of limbs into flippers 5) streamlined body shape

    3) the presence of a diaphragm 6) feeding the cubs with milk

    9. It is known that the common (river) beaver is a semi-aquatic mammal from the order of rodents, feeding on plant food. Using this information, select three statements from the list below that describe these traits for this organism. Write down the numbers corresponding to the selected answers in the table.

    1) The body length of the beaver is 100-130 cm, and the weight is up to 30 kg.

    2) Beavers can live alone, in families and in colonies.

    3) The beaver knocks down trees, gnawing their trunks with sharp and large incisors.

    4) At the bottom of the dam, the beaver stores food for the winter: young branches.

    5) Builds "huts" and dams from branches, trunks and land on small rivers and streams.

    6) By the beginning of the 20th century, beavers were almost exterminated, but now their numbers are recovering.

    10. It is known that the platypus is a mammal from the order of monotremes, perfectly adapted to a semi-aquatic lifestyle. Using this information, select three statements from the list below that describe these traits for this organism. Write down the numbers corresponding to the selected answers in the table.

    1) The platypus weighs 2 kg, and its body length is about 40 cm.

    2) Males are about a third larger than females.

    3) The body of the platypus is covered with hair. The facial part of the head is extended into a flat leathery beak 65 mm long and 50 mm wide. The limbs are five-fingered with a swimming membrane.

    4) The echidna and the platypus have a cloaca, into which the intestines, ureters and genital tract open, which allows them to be classified as monotremes.

    5) After mating, the female platypus digs a brood hole, which ends with a nesting chamber, and she clogs the entrance to it from the inside with several earthen plugs 15-20 cm thick to protect against predators.

    6) The female platypus usually lays 2 eggs. She has no brood pouch. She feeds the hatched cubs with milk.

    1. Kangaroo is a representative of marsupial mammals. 2. They live in Australia and South America. 3. Kangaroos feed mainly on insect larvae. 4. After giving birth, the baby kangaroo crawls into the bag where it feeds

    milk. 5. This method of bearing is due to the fact that the kangaroo has a poorly developed placenta. 6. When moving, the kangaroo rests on four legs, which allows it to make long jumps.

    12 ... Give a detailed answer to the question:" A rabbit's egg cell is 3,000 times smaller than a frog's egg cell and contains few nutrients. Why doesn't a rabbit embryo die from a lack of nutrients?

    Examination on the topic "Mammals"

    Option 2

    1. What feature of vertebrates is characteristic only for representatives of the class Beasts (mammals)?

    1) the heart, which consists of three chambers

    2) leather, which consists of three layers

    3) limbs that have joints

    4) the digestive system, which opens into the cloaca

    2. The mammalian embryo receives nutrition for its development through the organ system

    1) blood circulation 3) respiration

    2) digestion 4) discharge

    3. The number of vertebrae in the cervical spine of a giraffe and a mouse

    1) the same 3) in a giraffe it changes with the growth of the animal

    2) the giraffe has more 4) both changes with growth

    4. The limbs of mammals are located

    1) both pairs under the torso

    2) both pairs on the sides of the torso

    3) one under the body, the other on the sides

    5. Identify artiodactyl non-ruminants

    1) mountain goats and argali; 3) pigs and cows;

    2) domestic goats and rams; 4) wild boars and pigs.

    6. Are the judgments about the mammalian circulatory system correct?

    A. The mammalian heart has four chambers.

    B. Venous blood from organs and tissues is collected in the veins and enters the right atrium, and then into the ventricle.

    1) only A is true

    2) only B is true

    3) both statements are true

    4) both judgments are wrong

    7. Study the table for two groups of animals:

    Which of the following was the basis for the division (classification) of these animals into groups?

    1) the nature of movement 3) domestication

    2) body cover 4) power source

    8. Which of the following changes led to the emergence of mammals? Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

    1) feeding the young with milk 4) the appearance of warm-bloodedness

    2) the emergence of a cover of keratinized scales 5) the emergence of skin respiration

    3) the formation of five-toed limbs 6) the appearance of the second circle of blood circulation

    9. It is known that the common mole is a soil mammal that feeds on animal food. Using this information, select from the list below three statements that describe these characteristics of this animal. Write down the numbers corresponding to the selected answers in the table.

    1) The body length of the animals is 18–26.5 cm, and the weight is 170–319 g.

    2) Adult animals are quarrelsome with each other, attack relatives who have fallen on their site and can bite them to death.

    3) The offspring of moles are born blind, naked and helpless. At this time, the female feeds him with milk.

    4) The nest chamber is located at a depth of 1.5–2 m.

    5) Along the river valleys, the mole penetrates to the north to the middle taiga, and to the south to typical steppes.

    6) The mole eats earthworms, eats slugs, insects and their larvae in smaller quantities.

    10. The Australian echidna is known to be an oviparous mammal that preys termites and ants with its long tongue. Using this information, select three statements from the list below that describe these traits for this organism. Write down the numbers corresponding to the selected answers in the table.

    1) Echidna weighs up to 5 kg and measures up to 50 cm.

    2) Echidna was first described in 1792, mistakenly ranked as an anteater.

    3) The first echidna was found in an anthill, where with its long sticky tongue, stretching 18 cm from a narrow elongated muzzle, she caught ants.

    4) The front paws of the echidna are shortened, the fingers are equipped with powerful flat claws, adapted for breaking the walls of termite mounds and digging the ground.

    5) The echidna moves the egg from the cloaca to the brood pouch, where there are mammary glands without nipples, so the young lick the milk from the mother's fur.

    6) In case of danger, the echidna curls up into a ball, hiding its stomach and exposing thorns outward.

    11. Find errors in the text given. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made, correct them.

    1. The mole lives in underground passages, which he digs himself. 2. Due to his lifestyle, he has a number of adaptations. 3. The paws of the mole are adapted for fast movement. 4. At the same time, the mole's sense of smell and vision are very weak. 5. This is due to the fact that the mole does not use them for orientation in space. 6. The whiskers of a mole are necessary for him to touch.

    12. Give a detailed answer to the question:" The mole has a keen sense of smell and hearing, but almost no vision. Explain why evolution has led to this combination. "


    1) What is the peculiarity of the intraspecific struggle for existence?

    2) What is the result of the interspecies struggle for existence?

    3) What is the evolutionary significance of dealing with adverse environmental conditions?


    STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE

    Under the name of the struggle for existence, Charles Darwin introduced into biology a collective concept that unites various forms of interaction of an organism with the environment, which lead to a natural selection of organisms. The main reason for the struggle for existence is the insufficient adaptation of individual individuals to the use of environmental resources, for example, food, water and light. The scientist identified three forms of struggle for existence: intraspecific, interspecific and struggle with the physical conditions of the environment.

    The intraspecific struggle for existence is a struggle between individuals of the same species. This struggle is the most bitter and especially stubborn. It is accompanied by oppression and displacement of less adapted individuals of a given species. For example, this is how there is a competition between pines in a pine forest for light or males in the fight for a female. In the process of struggle, organisms of the same species constantly compete for living space, food, shelter, and a place for breeding. The intraspecific struggle for existence intensifies with an increase in the population size and an increase in the specialization of the species.

    The relationship between species is complex, as all species in natural communities are interconnected. The relationship can be antagonistic and symbiotic. So, plants cannot exist without cohabitation with certain types of fungi, bacteria and animals.

    The fight against unfavorable environmental conditions is manifested in various negative effects of inanimate nature on organisms. So, plants growing in deserts are affected by a lack of moisture, nutrients in the soil and high air temperature.

    For evolution, the significance of various forms of struggle for existence is unequal. The interspecific struggle for existence leads to the improvement of some species in comparison with others. As a result of such a struggle, the victorious species remain, and the losers die out. The intraspecific struggle for existence causes an increase in the diversity of intraspecific characters in individuals, reduces the intensity of competition for the same environmental resources.

    Live birth (with rare exceptions), the presence of a placenta, the presence of hair, warm-bloodedness (as in birds), feeding the cubs with milk, the presence of a highly differentiated dental system. And one more thing: in other vertebrates, both urine and feces are excreted through one opening, called a cloaca. In mammals, the urethra and anus exist separately, without forming a cloaca.

    1. The presence of the cervical spine 2. two circles of blood circulation 3. feeding the cubs with milk 4. warm-bloodedness and a four-chambered heart. Active movements provide vertebrates with the opportunity to change habitats depending on changes in conditions of existence and needs at different stages of their life cycle, for example, during development, puberty, reproduction, wintering, etc. These general biological features of vertebrates are directly related to the peculiarities of their morphological organization and with physiology. The nervous system is much more differentiated than in the lower chordates.

    All animals of this subtype have a developed brain, the functioning of which determines higher nervous activity - the basis of adaptive behavior. Vertebrates are characterized by the presence of diverse and complex sense organs, which serve as the main connection between a living organism and the external environment. The development of the brain and sense organs is associated with the emergence of the skull, which serves as a reliable case for these extremely delicate and important organs. Instead of the notochord in the vast majority of animals, a more perfect and durable formation functions as an axial skeleton - the spinal column, which plays the role of not only a supporting rod of the body, but also a case that encloses the spinal cord.

    In the region of the anterior part of the intestinal tube, moving parts of the skeleton arise, from which the oral one is formed, and in the vast majority - the jaw apparatus, which ensures the seizure, retention of food, and in higher vertebrates, its crushing. Vertebrates are united by a common morphophysiological organization. In all organ systems of these animals, it is possible to trace the features of successive changes in connection with the evolutionary transformation of organs. Below is a general plan of the structure, functioning and establishment of individual organ systems in ontogeny.

    they are viviparous (except for the platypus) and feed the cubs with milk 🙂

    Tests

    702-01. The number of vertebrae in which part of the spine proves that a person belongs to the class Mammals?
    A) cervical
    B) chest
    B) lumbar
    D) sacral

    702-02. What trait allows us to classify a person as Mammals?
    A) pulmonary respiration
    B) two circles of blood circulation
    C) the brain, consisting of five divisions
    D) the division of teeth into incisors, canines and molars

    702-03. A person belongs to the class Mammals, since he
    A) has mammary glands
    B) has a cellular structure

    702-04. Man belongs to the class of mammals, since he
    A) bears a fetus in the uterus
    B) has articulate speech
    B) has a cellular structure
    D) feeds on ready-made organic substances

    702-05. What animals have developed differentiated teeth in the process of evolution?
    A) birds
    B) reptiles
    C) amphibians
    D) mammals

    702-06. Most mammals differ from other vertebrates
    A) constant body temperature
    B) the formation of the placenta
    C) mastering all the environments of life
    D) caring for offspring

    702-07. What sign indicates the complexity of the organization of mammals in comparison with reptiles?
    A) constant body temperature
    B) internal skeleton
    C) division of the body into sections
    D) closed circulatory system

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    What class have teeth performing different functions?
    A) Bony fish
    B) Amphibians
    C) Birds
    D) Mammals

    702-09. What class do vertebrates belong to, the diagram of the structure of the skin of which is shown in the figure?

    A) Amphibians
    B) Reptiles
    C) Mammals
    D) Birds

    What is the characteristic of vertebrates only for representatives of the class Beasts (mammals)?
    A) skin that absorbs oxygen
    B) the skeleton, which consists of departments
    C) the glands that produce milk
    D) eyes that distinguish colors

    702-11. Mammals can be distinguished from other vertebrates by their presence
    A) hairline and auricles
    B) bare skin covered with mucus
    B) corneous carapace or scutes
    D) dry skin with horny scales

    702-12. What trait is characteristic only of mammals?
    A) viviparity is developed
    B) take care of the offspring
    C) internal fertilization occurs
    D) cubs are fed with milk

    702-13. The figure shows the dental system of an animal. Representatives of what class have such a set of teeth?

    A) Gastropods
    B) Amphibians
    C) Mammals
    D) Reptiles

    702-14. Are the judgments about the traits of mammals correct?
    1. The skin of mammals is dry, has a complex structure, in the majority only the coccygeal gland is developed.
    2. All mammals have a well-developed placenta.
    A) only 1 is true
    B) only 2 is true
    C) both judgments are true
    D) both judgments are wrong

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    Distinctive features of mammals

    »Animal Science» Distinguishing Features of Mammals

    Class Mammals(Mammalia) - the highest class of living organisms on Earth. The most developed creature on the planet, man, also belongs to mammals. The mammalian class includes many orders, families and species, which have significant differences in appearance and structure. At the same time, all mammals share some common features.

    The main features of the class of mammals:

    • a high level of development of the nervous system, which ensures good adaptability to environmental conditions, well-coordinated interaction of all organs of the body and a higher level of intelligence;
    • the vast majority of mammals are viviparous (exceptions: oviparous platypus and echidna);
    • they have special mammary glands that secrete a nutritious substance (milk) intended for feeding babies, which is why they got their name;
    • have a perfect system for regulating their own body temperature;
    • the body surface of most mammals is covered with hair;
    • the lower jaw consists of only one (dentary) bone, the teeth are divided into incisors, canines and molars;
    • the heart is four-chambered, with one (left) aortic arch;
    • in the middle ear cavity there are three auditory ossicles: the malleus, incus, and stapes.