When Vvorobui was created who headed him. When the people know how to defend. To the anniversary of the Military Allow

In the history of domestic physical culture, a new period has come with the victory of the October Revolution. Having come to power, the Bolsheviks party was the main goal of the construction of a new socialist state. Solving the tasks of the reorganization of society, the Bolsheviks party and the Soviet government paid great attention to the transformation of physical culture. At this time, a fundamentally new type of physical culture is formed, the hallmark of which was the party and state leadership of its development. Physical culture was erected into the rank of state policy and completely subordinated to the tasks of socialist construction, and the physical education of the population was recognized as an important means of communist education conducted by both government and public organizations. For many years, it determined the ideological orientation of the Soviet physical culture, and was reflected in the formation of its organizational and methodological foundations.

One of the first decisions on physical education was the creation in November 1917 as part of the People's Commissariat of Enlightenment of the School and Hygienic Department with the function of introducing compulsory physical education and monitoring of the physical development of schoolchildren.

The peaceful construction of the new state was interrupted by the Civil War and Foreign Military Intervention. The emergency Congress of the RCP (b) in March 1918 in resolution "On War and the World" resolution decided that the first and most important task of the party under these conditions is the adoption of the most energetic, merciless decisive measures for a comprehensive, systematic, universal learning of the adult military knowledge.

Performing this decision, the Central Executive Committee in April 1918 issued a decree "On compulsory military art" of all citizens who do not exploit someone else's work. On this decree, the main management of universal military training and the formation of the backup parts of the Red Army was formed - Alpine. An integral part of military training was physical training. With all the military registration and enlistment offices, Vsevobuch's items were created, on which work on military-physical training was organized for pressable youth aged 16-18 years and conscripts of 18-40 years. For conscripts, a program was developed for 96 hours, which included classes on military field gymnastics, hand-to-hand combat and shooting. For the pre-examines, the program was designed for two years of regular classes of 480 hours (in the village of 340 hours). The content of the program included gymnastics, fencing, and athletic exercises, swimming, where the conditions, rowing and sailing work allowed, in winter, ski preparation.

The activity of All-Vobsuch was not limited to mandatory military-physical training. Vsevobuch authorities practically led the entire physical work of the country. They organized military sports clubs, where the working youth was already on a voluntary basis, in their choice was engaged in various, mostly applied sports and participated in sports competitions.

In the autumn of 1920, at the General Directorate of Vsevobuch, the Supreme Council of Physical Culture was formed - the deliberative body. The Council imposed the development of programs, charters and other documents governing the organization of physical education and sports events. Vse Vosca organized in Petrograd, Moscow and a number of other cities a network of courses and schools on the preparation of instructors for work in training points and military-sports clubs. In October 1918, a one-year institution of physical culture was formed on the basis of instructing courses, which was transformed in 1920 to a higher educational institution. In October 1919, the State Institute of Physical Education (GIFO) was established on the basis of the highest courses. Thus, in the early 20s, it was necessary to systematically prepare specialists in physical culture.

The Communist Union of Youth created in October 1918 was actively involved in organizing physical cultural and sports work. At the 2nd Congress in 1919, the RKSM adopted a resolution "On Physical Education and Skautism", which estimated the essence of the scouting system for the education of young people as bourgeois. The congress encouraged to fight against scout organizations and allocate political schools on the items of pre-examination and military sports clubs for political and educational work. Professional unions began an active role in the development of physical culture during these years. They created physical circular circles in factories and factories, in working clubs and provided them with the necessary material means.

The general efforts of Vsevobuch, Komsomol, trade unions in the country, despite the difficulties associated with the civil war, physical education was revived - sports work, sports holidays and competitions began to be held. Gymnastics, lightweight and weightlifting, ski, speed skating, football are obtained.

The first republican competitions were the skating championship held on January 20-21, 1918 in Moscow. I won at all distances I. Melnikov. On March 17-18, 1918, a draw of the championship of the republic for weightlifting took place. In May 1919, a parade dedicated to the anniversary of the Vsevobuch took place in Moscow in Krasnaya Square. It was the first physical center parade in the country. In winter, 1920, the first championship of the republic in skiing was held in Moscow. The teams of Moscow, Vladimir, Kaluga, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Podolsk, Rzhev participated.

By the end of the Civil War according to Vsevobuch, the number of physical culture involved in 143 thousand people. After the end of the Civil War, the country began to be peaceful and the tasks of military-physical training moved away. The main task of physical culture was the concern for the restoration of the health of the population undermined by hunger, diseases of the military years and preparation for its active work. For this, first of all, it was necessary to resolve the issue of new forms of physical cultural movement. The Vsevobucha authorities were disbanded and the issues of organized construction became paramount, as the success of solving the tasks assigned to physical culture was largely dependent on them. These years in connection with the holding of new economic policies (NEP), the activities of old bourgeois sports organizations have intensified. In contrast to them, Komsomol began to create his physical culture societies - "ant" in Moscow and Moscow province, Spartak in Petrograd and Novgorod, in Ukraine and in Transcaucasia, "Red Young" in Belarus, etc. The end of these searches for new organizational forms was laid in 1923 The Soviet government made a decision to create Supreme Council of Physical Culture With the All-Russian CEC. The Council was created on the Rights of the Permanent Commission to coordinate and unite scientific, educational and organizational activities on the physical education of various departments and organizations. The staff of the NFC included representatives of a number of drug addicts. The Chairman was appointed by the People's Commissar of N. Sememashko. Later, such advice were created in other Allied Republics of the USSR.

At the same time in 1923, the question of both organizational forms of amateur physical culture movement was allowed. The most rational and relevant this period was recognized circle of physical culture when trade union club. Old bourgeois sports societies and clubs were liquidated, and Komsomol physical education organizations were transferred to trade unions. The center of the entire cultural educational work among the workers in those years were trade union clubs. Therefore, work on physical culture was included in the overall plan of their activities. With the creation of club circles of physical culture, it was necessary to start the head-territorial principle of organizing an independent physical cultural movement that existed in the country until 1930. He headed the work of the Mug instructor appointed by the Board of the Club, that is, the circle did not possess organizational and legal independence. Despite this, the creation of circles contributed to the involvement of working youth into physical culture movement and revived sports work in the country. Thus, the organizational structure of the physical culture movement was determined. But the questions of the content and methods of physical culture and sports work remained unresolved. Their search also passed difficult, in sharp discussions and the struggle of opinions.

It was believed that the Soviet physical culture should be in a root differ from the bourgeois, it should reflect its proletarian essence. But how and in what? On these issues were a variety of points of view. Many were looking for differences between the bourgeois and Soviet systems of physical education in the physical exercises themselves. As a result, individual sports was announced by bourgeois, and Soviet exercises were artificially invented.

So a group of physical education workers, supporters "Prel Tole" He considered the main task of creating a special "proletarian" physical culture, all past achievements of physical culture and sports were offered to throw out "in the dump of history." They denied the sport and sports competitions as born in bourgeois building, it was believed that workers should not be engaged in sports gymnastics, heavy athletics, boxing, tennis, football and other sports, since they are classically alien to the spirit of the proletariat. In return, physical exercises, imitating labor movements like planing, sawing, shock hammer at the anvil, kosar movements and their like. Instead of gymnastic shells, various appliances and machines were offered, so that young people can exercise labor movements on them and cook themselves to physically.

Another position was adhered to representatives hygienicdirections that prevailed among school teachers and doctors. They simplifiedly understood the recreation orientation of the Soviet system of upbringing and recommended only easy exercises like charging, walks and simple rolling games. They explained their position by the fact that the health of the workers and their children is burdened with severe heredity due to the long-term operation of past generations. They considered unacceptable sports workouts and competition with high physical exertion. In schools, they introduced the so-called "normal" lessons, which, due to low physical exertion, excluded the physical development of schoolchildren, reduced their interest in classes.

We specifically understood the importance of physical culture and some club workers. They sought to turn classes in the circles of physical culture into naked theatricalization, in preparation for speeches on the club scene. The physical exercises were carried out in the form of building pyramids, acrobatic and dance movements, the "live newspaper", they should have resemble the movements of cars, hammets, reapers, Paras, etc. They actually imposed the filmed forms of physical education without taking into account their interests. The value of physical exercises as a means of physical development was minimized.

Such a narrow understanding of the means and methods of physical education, the critical attitude towards sports negatively affected the practice of physical movement. From the program of the first holiday of the physical culture of 1925, held in Moscow, competitions in gymnastics, boxing and football were excluded, and rather low standards in running 100 m - 14 seconds and height jumps - 125 cm in men, could not perform Third competitors. It was necessary to eliminate the dispersion in the interpretation of the purpose and content of the Soviet system of physical education and determine the ways of its development. The solution of these tasks was directed resolution of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) of July 13, 1925"On the tasks of the party in the field of physical culture."

The resolution presents ideological and theoretical, organizational and methodological foundations of the Soviet physical culture movement.

Determining the ideological orientation of physical culture, the party indicated that physical culture should be a means of cohesion of the wide masses around the party, trade union and Soviet organizations through which they were involved in socio-political life.

Based on this, physical culture should not be separated into some independent organizations, but should be included in the general plan of public and public organizations (public education, health, army, trade unions, Komsomol, etc.) who are obliged to actively participate in Its development.

As a means of physical education, gymnastics, and sports, and games, and natural nature factors, and physical culture should include public and personal hygiene, the right regime of work and recreation. The ruling indicated the importance of sports competitions. The role of sports was emphasized in the international education of workers and in the formation of international relations. The decision was the program of activity of physical culture organizations for many years.

In October - November 1926, the XV party conference criticized the work of trade union circles of physical culture and suggested switching to the sectional form of classes. Creating sections contributed to the revival of sports work.

In the summer of 1927, the All-Russian Summer Sports Holiday took place in Moscow. Since 1928, complex competitions began to be held, the name of Spartakiad. In early 1928, the winter sports day, which included ski races, a mountain diet, competitions of ski shooters, etc. The most major event of those years was the All-Union Games, who passed in Moscow in August 1928. Over 7 thousand athletes from the Allied republics, edges and regions. Over 600 participants amounted to guests - workers athletes who arrived from 14 foreign countries. The competition program included more than 20 types of sports, the competitions took place on the newly built Dynamo stadium. It was installed a lot of all-union records. The first place was taken by the RSFSR team, the Second - Ukraine, the third - Belarus.

Physical culture in the 30s.

In the 1930s, an organizational and methodological restructuring of physical culture movement occurred. It was associated with the socialist reorganization of society. The tasks of the fundamental reorganization of economic and cultural life demanded to increase the role of physical culture organizations, their active participation in the practice of socialist construction. At this stage, the All-Union Organ of the Guide of Physical Culture was absent. The highest advice of physical culture, created 1923-1924, existed on the rights of conciliation commissions and did not have the authority of the leadership and control over all physical education in the country. This caused a disaster and parallelism in the work of individual departments and public organizations. Some departments underestimated this work. For example, the drug addresses (People's Commissariat of Enlightenment) until 1927 did not develop programs on the physical education of schoolchildren, in many schools physical culture lessons were not held at all. There was an increase in records to the detriment of the mass of physical culture movement. Under these conditions, the further preservation of the old leadership forms was becoming inappropriate. September 23, 1929 Central Committee VKP (b) Adopted a resolution "On physical culture movement", in which he proposed to strengthen and centralize the state guidance of physical culture in the country and to participate in the physical culture movement of the wide working community.

In April 1930, the Presidium of the USSR CEC made a decision on the establishment of the All-Union Council of Physical Culture with the rights of state leadership and monitoring the work on physical culture with the rights of state leadership and monitoring the work on physical culture conducted by all the organizations of the country. At the same time, the issue of organizational restructuring of independent physical culture movement was solved. Therefore, since 1930, the transition began from the grinding and territorial principle of constructing physical cultural organizations to the production, which could provide the best conditions for the growth of mass and more close relationship of physical education with the tasks of socialist production. Instead of club circles in enterprises, in institutions, educational institutions began to be created physical teams culture who acted under the guidance of local trade unions. The teams of physical culture, unlike circles, were endowed with greater organizational independence, possessed wide opportunities for the use of physical culture in order to organize labor and recreation, the formation of a socialist attitude towards physical culture.

Work began on the introduction of physical education in the production process - production gymnastics. These events were considered as a factor in the scientific organization of labor, warning fatigue in the process of working shift, increasing labor productivity. A scientific study of the use of industrial gymnastics was organized. The best scientific power was attracted to work - A.N Sovrestov, S.P. Letunov, A.Ts.puni, I.M Koryakovsky, S.L. Fugin, S.V. Yananis, and others. By the mid-30s, production gymnastics was carried out more than 1000 industrial enterprises.

Important to the formation of the methodological foundations of the Soviet system of physical education was the introduction of a physical education complex "Ready for work and defense " (GTO). In May 1930, the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to develop a single criterion to assess the comprehensive physical fitness of young people, was proposed to establish special standards and requirements, and those who would perform them - reward the icon. In March 1931, the All-Union Council of Physical Culture approved the Regulation on the GTO Physical Complex. At first, the complex consisted of one stage and included 15 standards for various physical exercises and 3 theoretical requirements - acquaintance with the basics of Soviet physical culture, military affairs and self-control in exercise. In 1932, the second stage of the complex was introduced, which included 22 more complex practical standards and 3 theoretical requirements. In 1934, the step was introduced for schoolchildren. "Be ready for work and defense (BGTO), containing 13 standards and 5 requirements. The GTO complex was recognized as the program-regulatory framework of the Soviet system of physical education, became the core of programs on physical education in all educational institutions and training work in the sports sections.

The introduction of the GTO complex has created prerequisites for a comprehensive physical training of sports specialization. In 1934, the Government decided to establish the first sports title - the Honored Master of Sports of the USSR. In 1937, was developed and approved Unified All-Union Sports Classification (Evsk)which installed discharge noria and requirements for sports.

The introduction of the work of the GTO complex and Evsk to the practice of the work of the whole training and sports work, the system of sports competitions, contributed to the development of the mass of physical culture and the growth of the skill of athletes. In the 30s, the work on physical education and sports among young students improved. Based on the GTA complex, state programs on physical education in schools and other educational institutions were revised. Since 1930, physical education as a mandatory subject was introduced in all secondary special and higher educational institutions. The universities created the Department of Physical Education.

In 1934, the first children's sports schools (DSHS) appeared, on the basis of which out-of-school physical culture and sports work was built. By 1937, more than 200 DSH acted in the country. Sports competitions and schoolchildren are regularly conducted. In 1934, the All-Union Student Suprtakiad was held for the first time.

During this period, unfolded research and methodical work in the field of physical education and sports. In Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkov, and Tiflis, research institutes of physical culture were opened. The preparation of scientific and pedagogical frames through graduate school has begun. All this contributed to the introduction of scientific thoughts into the practice of physical education and sports. For the contribution to the development of the physical culture of Moscow (1934) and Leningrad (1935), the institutions of physical culture were awarded the highest government awards.

In the mid-30s, an organizational restructuring occurred, which changed state and amateur forms of physical culture management.

In May 1936, the Central Federal District has decided to create in the central committees of trade unions All-Union sectoral voluntary sports society (DSO), which united the teams of physical culture included in their branches. According to Dynamo (1923), "Spartak" (1935) DPO "Vodnik", "Lokomotiv", "Burevestnik", "Medic", "Neftyanik", "Food", "Shakhtar", were formed "Energy", etc. The formation of the DSO contributed to the organized strengthening of independent physical culture movement, the Charters of the DSO were developed, which determined the goals, objectives, principles of construction and structure, the rights and obligations of members of the DSO. The creation of DSO made it possible to combine qualified coaching and instructors, financial resources and the material base necessary for the development of mass physical culture and sports work and improving sports skills. The construction of stadiums, gymnastic halls, ski bases, etc. began.

Shortly after the creation of the DPO in June 1936 by the decision of the government, the All-Union Council of Physical Culture at the CEC was transformed into All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports at the Council of People's Comisiversary of the USSR.The creation of a new state body was dictated by the need to streamline the daily management of the activities of all organizations employed in the field of physical culture. The Committee was entrusted to the function of state leadership and control over the activities of all organs engaged in physical culture. His responsibilities included managing training and the organization of scientific research, the construction of sports facilities, the production of sports equipment, the development of basic regulatory documents, etc. Particular attention was drawn to the sport. In the apparatus of the committees, an educational and sports department appeared. The All-Union Calendar of Sports Competitions became richer. It featured competitions in 34 sports. The championship of the country was held alternately in the territorial and departmental sign. Sport began to successfully develop in the national republics, in the village, in the army, among students of young people and adults.

Since 1939, the All-Union Day of Physical Center began to be celebrated. All these changes contributed to the growth of mass - by 1940, the physical culture movement united more than 5 million years, and an increase in the skill of athletes - for 1937 112 All-Union Records were established, 44 achievements of Soviet athletes exceeded the official world records, but they were not registered, t. to. Soviet athletes were not members of international sports federations. The increased sportsmanship Soviet athletes demonstrated in international meetings that were mainly held in the framework of working sports. Only in 1938-1944. 250 foreign athletes visited the USSR. Soviet athletes were successfully performed at the ARTWERPEN OLYMPICADE 1937.

4.3. Physical culture on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War.

In the late 1930s, the international situation was significantly complicated. In connection with the real threat of war, the task of increasing the country's defense capability. An important role in solving this task was allocated to physical education organizations. All this required the revision of forms and methods of physical culture work, enhancing its military orientation. In the army, a new "instruction on physical training" was introduced, in accordance with which physical training was a mandatory part of the construction and tactical training of all kinds of troops.

The basis of the entire physical culture and mass work was still a set of GTO, but in the current conditions there was a need to revise its standards. In November 1939, the USSR SNK adopted a decree on the introduction of the new GTO set from January 1, 1940. It was significantly different from the previous one. In the new complex, the total number of norms was reduced, in each stage two sections were introduced - mandatory norms and norms on the choice. Mandatory standards for each passing included: gymnastics, running, swimming, overcoming the bar, shooting, walking on skiing (or hiking), as well as theoretical information about the basics of Soviet physical culture and hygiene. Norms on the choice consisted of groups of exercises aimed at the development of basic motor quality - forces, dexterity, speed and endurance. They included exercises on various sports, including applied. Based on the new GTA complex, programs were revised by physical education programs in educational institutions. In sports and mass work more attention began to be paid to the exercises of military-applied sports. Grow-based sport was widely widespread, automobile clubs, water-type, parachute, planer, began to develop mountaineering.

In February 1939, a All-Union Festival for Defense Sports was held - militarized games were held on the ground, contested contesions, motorcyclists, shooters, skiers, grenadelatometers, machers of hand-to-hand combat. In sports work, distant runs were popular, rugs, hiking, mass athletic and ski crosses.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, all activity of physical culture organizations was subordinated to the needs of wartime - "Everything for the front, everything for victory."

The main task was the massive military-physical training of the population. Since September 1941, universal military training has been introduced in the country. All physical education organizations were attracted to this work. They provided personnel specialists, sports bases, inventory and equipment. Future warriors were trained with bayonets, throwing pomegranates, overcoming the strip of obstacles, crossing the climb and rescue immersion. In winter, military ski preparation was added. In contact with defensive organizations, arrows - snipers, scouts, parachutes, motorcyclists, climbers, grenadelatometers, tank fighters are preparing. Accordingly, the conditions of military time were revised by programs for physical education in all educational institutions. In the GTO complex, some regulations were replaced by military exercises, the requirements for knowledge of the material part of the rifle, knowledge of the basics of topography and sanitation appeared.

Physical organizations actively participated in the work on the restoration of health and return to the system of wounded soldiers and officers by means of therapeutic physical culture (LFC). In hospitals, battalions of recovering and other medical institutions operated more than 2000 techniques of the exercise. The development of methods of its application was engaged in prominent specialists - Professor V.K. Dobrovolsky, I.M. Sarkizz-Serazini, and others. If in 1942 Therapeutic physical culture covered about 60% of the total number of wounded and patients, by the end of 1944. This indicator increased to 87%.

From the first days of the war, many athletes - pupils of sports societies, teachers and students of physical education institutions were mobilized into the army or left volunteers to the front. They went to the enemy's rear, fought in special units, partisan detachments. In the ranks of the defenders, there were a lot of famous athletes - Boxers N. Korolev, N Knyazev, in Galushkin, Wrestlers - G. Plunov, and Cantulin, Kokzczhetza - A. Kanchinsky, K. Kudryavtsev, Koltsov- A.Dolgushin, A. Sirnov, Htodgists - V.Krylov, N. Shahatov and many others. At the very beginning of the war from the number of students and teachers of the Institute of Physical Culture. P.F.LESGAFTA has been formed 13 special partisan detachments. They acted in extremely difficult conditions in the rear of the enemy, applying tangible blows. Only in the first year of the war, the Lesgafatov guerisans destroyed about 3,000 enemy soldiers and officers, blew 87 railway bridges, allowed more than 1000 wagons with troops and military loads under the slopes, made 24 attacks on enemy airfields. Particularly became famous for his military actions, headed by D. Kosicinous. The titles of the Hero of the Soviet Union were posthumously awarded by D.A. Balakhanov, V. Lyugkov, Klava Nazarov. For fighting feats in 1942, the institute named after P.F.Lesgafta was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

Of the teachers and students of the Moscow Institute of Physical Culture, a separate motorized rifle team of special purpose was formed, which committed bold sabotage against the enemy. For the manifested courage and skillful actions, 150 fighters of this brigade were awarded government awards, and those who died in one of the battles of the Hero of the Soviet Union were awarded. In memory of the dead athletes, sports memorials are held in our time.

In difficult years of war, sports work was stopped, she mainly moved to the rear regions - Transcaucasia, Central Asia, the Urals, Siberia. Crosses, runs, and other mass competitions continued there. In the busy days of battles near Moscow in December 1941, competitions were held at the Moscow Cup in Russian hockey, skating competitions. In the deposited Leningrad in 1942, a football match was held, which showed that the city was alive and struggling with the enemy.

Since 1943, when a radical fracture occurred during the war, competitions for the country's championship in 8 sports have resumed. When the territory of the USSR was completely relieved of the German-fascist invaders, the scale of sports expanded. In 1944, the USSR championship was conducted on 14 types of sports, the Council of the USSR Cup was resumed, the Leningrad "Zenit" was the winner. In 1945, the USSR championship was conducted on 22 sports, meetings and competitions between sports societies were held. In 1945, all sporting events passed under the sign of the victorious completion of the Great Patriotic War, the test in which with honor was withstanding with all the people and athletes of our country.

Questions for self-test

What changes in the development of physical culture occurred after October 1917?

How did physical culture movement develop during the civil war?

How did physical culture movement develop in the 20s? The value of the decision of the Central Committee of the RKP (b) of June 13, 1925 and the Central Committee of the CPP (b) of September 23, 1929?

How was the organizational foundations of the Soviet physical culture movement?

What is the importance for the improvement of the Soviet system of physical education was the introduction of a GTO complex and "Unified All-Union Sports Classification"?

How did physical culture develop in the 30s? What were the achievements of Soviet athletes?

The main directions of activity of physical culture organizations during the Great Patriotic War?

90 years ago, on April 22, 1918, the Vzik's decree in Soviet Russia was also enshrined and organizationally decorated from Vse Vosh (Universal Military Training of Citizens). In 1923, Vsevobuya ceased to exist, was revived in September 1941.

On April 22, 1918, the Central Executive Committee adopted the Decree "On Mandatory Military Art", in accordance with which a system of military training of the combat reserves of the Red Army was created. First of all, the preparation was to pass the youth of the pre-registered age (15-17 years). So the Vsevobacy appeared is the main management of universal military training of territorial troops.

The country was divided into regimental and battalion territorial districts consisting of areas (regular, platoon and separated). Each site highlighted the personnel military. They not only were engaged in military training, but also were a bones of future parts that could be deployed in case of mobilization. The leadership of the territorial districts was carried out through the departments of Vsevobuch, the provincial, county and volost military and commissaries.

At first, the Vsevobasi was involved in the main workers, from the spring of 1918 - a poor peasantry, and since the summer - already sedia. The trained (between the ages of 18 and 40) was distributed to groups: who had previously held military service and not passing out. The first partially dumped, and then many of them became instructors. Roths, as a rule, assigned names in the villages, from where there were most of the studies. They were taught first singles, then links, offices, rounded, beyond. At the end of occupations, a general demonstration teaching was carried out. Classes launched six or two hours daily - depending on whether trainees were torn off from production or not.

There were three official programs for the Vsevobuch - weekly, 7-week and 14-weeks.

The weekly 42-hour program provided for training in the rifle case (device of the rifle, caring for it), making firing, crashing (construction, team, the order of fire fight), field service (security, intelligence), an ingredient (digging of cells and trenches, use Garnet). If there was an opportunity to lengthen the training for another three days, 18 o'clock were also taught the offensive, night battle and subversive business.

The 7-week program at two hours of classes was every day consisted of 26 tactics hours, 35 - Rowing, 8 - Equal Case, 8 - on a grenade and machine gun, 8 - on the Charter, 13 hours to practical verification.

In 1923, pre-examination was temporarily discontinued and revived during the Great Patriotic War. From October 1, 1941, mandatory military training of all citizens of the USSR male were introduced from 16 to 50 years without separation from work in factories, factories, in state farms, collective farms, institutions. Classes were carried out on the 110-hour program, which allowed to get military knowledge and master practical skills in the volume of preparing a single fighter. Fighters experts were prepared in the Vsevobuch system: fighters of tanks, snipers, car guns, machine gunners, etc.

Vse vocality has become one of the powerful sources of replenishment of troops with reserves. In just over the war years, the total number of citizens covered by universal military training amounted to 9862 thousand people. This almost one and a half times exceeded the number of the army along with the rates reserves (as of early 1944).

There were three official programs for the Vsevobuch - weekly, 7-week and 14-weeks.

"In 1918, I went to the army with a volunteer," recalls KM Zhiboedov, - entered the training courses for the working regiments. Training lasted six months. When I graduated from them, I was sent to Sokolniki Railoenat. They enrolled as an instructor for the preparation of youth in the Vsevobuch system, he was then only organized.

My main responsibilities in the military registration and enlistment office were classes with the pre-tests of the Sokolnichesky district, October and Northern Railways. Classes took place at our stadium. Our leaders organized the preparation of the Instructors of the All-Russia and preparation of the pre-examines in the stadium. Young people taught building training, then - skis, shooting, well, and a number of sports concomitant military and physical fitness. Instructors were organized very well. We organized demonstration performances and competitions. We went to Ukraine brigade. We allocated a separate car. We collected athletes for all sports, and in the winter went to Slobodskoye (I do not remember what area), it is in the north. Ski brigades were sent there, the same was carried out with military units.

Graduated from these courses 500 people. And for each club received, in my opinion, for 20 rubles. By the way, in 1912, some pheckshenate allocated 10,000 gold rubles for the construction of our stadium. And as a result, it turned out that in 1920, when the first cadets assigned the title of instructors, Olls for 500 people also earned 10,000 rubles, which we "paid" with the patron (laughs). He gave 10,000 gold, and we returned 10,000 pieces of paper. "

ORDERChief ChiefUniversal Military Learning

1. In order to:

practical research of various sports, gymnastics and mobile games as a means of physical training of a warrior;
experienced verification, organizational events, programs and methods of the All-Russia in the physical preparation of the Red Army, pressable youth and senior groups of the military-rich population;
promoting the permission of other tasks of the All-Russia in the physical education and education of workers at the General Directorate of Vsevobuch.

Order:

Establish the "pilot-indicative naval playground."

2. To develop a position on the site, the plan of the closest activity and the adoption of other measures to establish a commission composed of:

tT. Calpus (Chairman), Frumum and Rumyantsev.

3. Head of the district department of Vsevobucha MVO:

transfer to the direct maintenance of the main department of the site and the ski station (Society of Ski Sports - Olls) in Sokolniki;
commit to the commission of the Commission of the Senior and two junior instructors of the pre-examination preparation.

4. Commissions Finish work within a week.

MAINCHIEFUniversal MilitaryLearning
Mehonoshin

On April 27, the orders of the USSR Revoensuit was published, in which, in particular, it was said: "In Moscow, under the central administration of military training, the central sports organization of the Red Army was created -" The experimental platform of the All-Russia (OPV) "was created. All Oll athletes became members of the OPD. The head of the OPD was appointed former chairman of Olls Dmitry Markovich Rebrik. The club has gained a new founder, which corresponded to the requirements for the reorganization of physical education in the country.

However, even before that, the base of Olls has served as a paragraph of the pre-examination preparation of Vsevobuch in the Sokolniki district. Moreover, the head of this item was all the same D.M. Rebrik. Many athletes, and including football players, during the civil war, worked as instructors on military-sports training and continued to play for their teams.

So the Oll team, in which Konstantin Zhiboedov, Pavel Savostyanov, Mikhail Isaev, Sergey Chesnokov, Peter Lebedev, Konstantin Tulipov, Goalkeeper of the Moscow national team Franz Shimkunas, Brothers Mikhail and Vladimir Ratov and their comrades, became the OPV team. They even retained until 1939, the shape - dark blue T-shirts and white panties.

The army team held his first match under the new name of the OPD, in the quarterfinals of the Moscow Spring Championship on June 17, 1923 (the tournament was held in the Olympic System) against Ruscalebel. The field was released: Goalkeeper - F. Shimkunas, defenders - M. Isaev and M. Grigoriev, midfielders - I. Smirnov, V. Ratov and B. Berdyaev, attackers - B. Dubinin, P. Savostyanov, M. Ratov, K. Tulips, K. Zhiboedov. The result of the match - 3: 1 in favor of "Ruscabel". On the account of Konstantin Zhiboedov - "The Golt of Prestige".

And on June 26 another significant match took place. At its native stadium, our footballers in a friendly match first met with the newborn team of Moscow Dynamo. The first meeting of the country's future strongest teams ended in a draw - 2: 2.

In the autumn championship, the OPPI footballers continued the subgroups. However, there were very valid reasons: the national team of the RSFSR, and with her the best OPP players Vladimir Ratov and Konstantin Zhiboedov, went to a long Scandinavian tour.

What was the Army team of the twenties?

Here is another testimony, to doubt the objectivity of which, there is no reason, for this is the testimony of the opponent. Andrei Starostin played against many of the Army teams in the 20s-30s, a lot of football stars have seen, and he has someone and with whom to compare.

"Such athletes, which were Pavel Savostyanov and his peers, undoubtedly, leave their mark in the history of the development of a native sports team.

The savory was low in tall and a cattle. He possessed inexhaustible energy and energetic. Faced him on the field, it is like a cast-iron table. Something I can not remember him just, as it often happens in the game, fallen. And if it happened and does not stand at the skates (he and hockey played for the teams), breaking around with the ball, then hockey gates will take away along with sides.

A completely different warehouse was another left inside - Konstantin Tulipov. Dark-haired, with thin features of the face, dryish, he was a type of a footballer playing due to the speed of action, technical equipment and acute thinking. These qualities allowed him to take a durable place in the interesting and effective three attack, headed by the central striker Boris Kovalev.

In football there is such a technical term - a plated blow. It determines the ball of the ball in the air. Unlike twisted, cut, chains, the so-called "dry leaves", when the ball flies in the air, rotating around its axis, changing the direction of flight along an arcuate curve up and to the side, in the explanatory case, the ball flies without rotating, in a straight line. This is an accurate, strong and beautiful blow. I do not remember the football player who would have been so honed and turned the blow like Boris Kovaleva.

Tight and proportionally tailored, medium height, Boris was not complete, but the outlines of his figures are remembered in some rounded lines: round shape head, rounded, rather wide shoulders and the same legs. It seems to look at them in the cross-section, you will think - they are bred by a circulation.

I had to play against Boris, and I remember his brown eyes and a short dark bang on his forehead, when he, approaching the actual line of fire, assessed the situation in the deployed attack. Slightly missed the fight - will follow the docking plated blow, most often in the lower corner. The ball will fly on shaking flight. All of this troika were candidates for the team of Moscow.

The colorable figure in the team was a popular goalkeeper Franz Shimkunas. The energy in it beat through the edge. To repay her, he, squeezing his fists, walked from the bar to the bar of the decisive gait: an angry tiger in a cage. He has eager battles, and the ball was on the other side of the field! It seemed that he was ready to rush in a strange gate and there to defend them from the blows of his attackers. He wanted to constantly "be in business," to restless the balls, his hot shower athlete affected it. He also entered the team of the Moscow team, competing with famous Nikolai Evgrafovich Sokolov and Boris Baklashev.

The role of the central midfielder in the team was brilliantly performed by Vladimir Ratov. He was distinguished by the fact that with a little height could successfully argue for a high flying ball with Fedor Selino himself, which, as you know, called the "king of air".

Most popular with wide circles of football lovers used the left extreme striker Konstantin Zhiboedov. Zhibo had an unusual football posture. During dribbling, he looked like a running spleen. Moving with the ball, he pulled the neck, lifting his head and pulling his hands back - to the sides, and his feet hurried for the torso fed. Natural left extreme, cunning and sharp in the attack, Jiban was well armed technically and advocated the main compositions of the national teams of Moscow and Russia.

Being a generation of younger veterans - Ratova and Zhiboedov, the two famous extreme Havbek Evgeny Nikishin and Konstantin Pakhomov appeared as part of Olls.

The first all Moscow knew under the name "Jack". He was flexible as a vine. He played squeezed, ran through the field, without reducing and not adding speeds, but not late at the right moment to the place of action. He had some amazing flavor in this respect. When the Moscow national team, first met with Czechoslovak professionals, led a heavy defense, while holding the advantage of one goal, Jack his measured allyur was up to the line of our gate just at one second when the goal seemed inevitable. He had time to beat off the ball from the line of the gate and, extending from fatigue, but without reducing the pace, moved with the ball for the organization of counteroffensive.

A completely different temperament possessed Pakhomov. It was a player with sporadic gusts, sharp in the struggle for the ball, an athletic warehouse, but by no means abused the rules of the game. He overtook his hairstyle and his followers for half a century. In the twenties, he was the only athlete who worn her hair dropping to the shoulders. But not the length of the hair defined his sports advantages. He loved football truly and always played his best. Here are these qualities and put forward by a candidate for the team of Moscow.

However, I do not list all the masters of football times Olls, there were many of them. Defenders of Isaev and Schmidt, attackers of Dubinin and Nazarets and others. Their senior and younger teammates can rightly be called the founders of football traditions of this wonderful sports team. "

Since 1924, due to the liquidation of Vsevobuch, the Army Sports Center became referred to as the "pilot testing site" (Abbreviation "OPPV" has not changed).

In the summer there was a change in the leadership of the club. The boss was appointed Bronislav Antonovich Vernikovsky. He worked in this post for almost 15 years.

1925 was remembered by unformed defeat, which the army team was learned by "Spartak" (at that time, at the Bauman district of Komsomol, the Sports Society was called). Here's how it describes the peripetia of that match the newspaper "Red Sport": OPV I - VARTAC I - 10: 1.

"Successful speeches" Spartak "in previous games and approximately equal forces gave a great interest in a meeting with an OPA, as the latest hopes for the" debunk of the new favorite "were restored. The game begins intense an OPA on the seventh minute to the result: after a beautifully spent combination, the center of the attack of the OPD is driven by the first ball, which is noisily welcomed by the numerous public. In continuation of the next 20 minutes, the game goes to no avail. In the game "Spartak" there is some confusion and the absence of ordinary rapidness. At the 25th minute, for the rudeness of the defender, the Judge Pospekhov appoints a 11-meter blow to the Gate of the OPDA, but "Spartak" can not use it. At the 27th minute, the combination of the left wing of the OPDA makes it possible to turn the second ball into the gate of the "Spartak", after which the OPD takes the initiative in his hands, not allowing attacks for the average line. In turn, the attack of the OPDA plays very confidently. And, starting from 35 minutes, i.e. 10 minutes before the break, spends five (!!!) balls into the gate, ending the first half with a record score 7: 0. The second half of the game again passes under the sign of the explicit advantage of the ODPV. At the eighth minute, Savostyanov drives the "Spartacus" of the eighth ball, but after this, the error of protection of the OPDA allows the "Spartak" attack to score the first and only ball. In the time remaining until the end of the game, the TPDA spends two more balls, finishing the game with a score of 10: 1. The second teams played 9: 0, and the third made a draw 4: 4. "

The new tournament success came to the army teams in 1926: among the 14 first club teams, Moscow Armeyman are the strongest. The OPDU Club ranked third, skipping the Astachov (RKIMA) and Dynamo working club forward.

In 1927, the main Army Football Team of the USSR held its first international match. On July 17, in Moscow, the OPDA football players took the team of Austria workers' teams. Honor of the Red Army was defended by V. Matveyev, M. Isaev, P. Khalkiopov, B. Pakhomov, V. Ratov, E. Nikishin, B. Dubinin, P. Savostyanov, B. Kovalev, K. Tulipov, K. Zhiboedov.

This year, CSKA footballers will have responsible games in the Champions League. And the first international match, which took place at the OPDA stadium in the distant 1927, the army team won with a score of 2: 1 from the team of workers of Austria.

"Red Sport" Most of the number devoted to this event (spelling and punctuation are saved):

"On July 17, a working team from Austria after a number of brilliant games in Ukraine made in Moscow against the ODP. Victory Austria over Kiev, Kramatorskaya and especially over Kharkov, forced to assume a very interesting game of Austrians. The match on July 17 did not meet these assumptions. We had to see the average team (this not a strong team in the next match on July 21 for the first time in history beat the RSFSR team, which led to the rage of the sports and party functionaries of the highest rank himself), who had a better than Saxony, who had recently celebrated from us. Rain, passed before the game, largely spoiled the game, with a significant proportion of possible speed.

The game begins at a slow pace, and the first minutes go in the middle of the field. The Austrians play confident, are thumbnail combined on the ground, but are fond of transverse combination, to the detriment of speed. At the Oppv players a lot of cut, the ball then goes into Out. By 10 minutes, players get used to the wet heavy ball and slip-down soil, and the pace accelerates. The teams attack alternately, but the advantage is felt on the side of the OPD: while guests are lost before the gate, Muscovites repeatedly deliver the opportunity to play the goalkeeper of the Austrians. The goalkeeper shows a one-sided game - it perfectly takes air balls and does not cope with blows on the ground. Almost until the very end of the first half, the Moscow attack cannot take into account and beats the riding. A number of favorable moments are overlooked due to the slowness of Kovalev and Tulipov. 7 minutes before the break, the goalkeeper "Majet" directed directly to the blow to the bundled tulip.

After the break, Austrians begin to attack, but after 5 minutes the initiative passes into the hands of Muscovites. For 14 minutes of tulips in meters 30 from the left edge, unexpectedly for all beats the gate. The goalkeeper who did not follow the game is unwritten late, and the ball goes into the gate. The OPB continues to attack, a number of heavy moments at the gate of Austria, but the Savostyanov, which is built by the game of attacks before the gate, can not make a single accurate blow on this day. In half Havtay, one of the Austrians takes place, damaging his face in the struggle for the air ball. Austria's attacks game is not glued, the transfer is made inaccurate, the speed is lost, individual players begin to play unnecessarily. It is clear that guests lost, the question is only in the ball account. At 25 minutes Isaev delays the ball with his hands in the penalty area and the Austrians "swing dry" from a 11-meter strike. Again, the attack goes into the hands of Muscovites who preserve superiority to the end of the game, despite the fact that 10 minutes before the end of the game they remain in 10 people (the judge removed Pakhomov from the field for conversations). "