INTRODUCTION

When developing corporate knowledge management systems, the bottleneck is not the program aspect, as many people think, but the task of extracting, formulating, structuring and presenting information, i.e. data and knowledge. Group methods actively help in extracting the necessary information and knowledge.

The main advantage of group methods is the possibility of simultaneous "absorption" of knowledge from several enterprise specialists or experts, whose interaction introduces an element of fundamental novelty into this process: individual or personal knowledge, different views and positions significantly enrich the general field of knowledge. However, it should be noted that these methods are much more time-consuming and expensive than individual ones, due to the complexity of their organization.

Active group methods are usually used as a kind of spicy condiment at the stage of knowledge extraction, they cannot in themselves serve as a source of more or less complete knowledge. They are used as an addition to traditional individual methods (observations, interviews, etc.), in order to activate the thinking and behavior of enterprise specialists.

The exchange of views on controversial issues has a long tradition in the history of mankind (recall ancient Greece, India). Literary monuments related to the discussion of controversial issues have survived to this day (for example, Protagoras' "The Art of Arguing", the works of the sophists) and served as the fundamental basis of dialectics - the science of conducting a conversation, arguing, developing a theory. The very word discussion (from lat. discussio - research) contains an indication that this is a method of scientific knowledge, and not just disputes (for comparison: polemic, from the Greek polemikos - militant, hostile)

One of the most well-known and widely used methods for finding ideas through the creative collaboration of a group of specialists is the brainstorming method. Being a single brain, the group tries to storm the difficulty that prevents solving the problem under consideration.

The purpose of the work is to consider the method of brainstorming in the analysis of the work of a food enterprise.

The essence of brainstorming

"Brainstorming", or "brainstorming" - one of the most common methods of liberation and activation of thinking. Other methods (method of focal objects, synectics, method of control questions) are used much less frequently due to their lower efficiency.

To have the maximum effect, brainstorming must follow certain rules, otherwise brainstorming turns into a regular meeting. Brainstorming is very effective in solving organizational and managerial problems, such as finding a new use for a product, coming up with an appropriate response to a competitor's action, improving advertising, etc.

Brainstorming is a method of increasing the number of sentences. The purpose of this method is to generate as many ideas as possible, even "crazy" ideas, some of which may be surprisingly useful.

It is difficult to create something new relying on one's own strength. It is much easier (both in marketing and in any work in general) to look for a solution with the whole team or a team of like-minded people.

If a group of people are locked early in the morning in some room, then the only thing they can invent is new curses about their work in general and the task in particular. Or even worse: some of them will be struck by a thought that is no good at all, and the rest will enthusiastically seize on it and defend it with the sole purpose of saving themselves the need to think. If you hope to awaken the creativity of your colleagues, it is better to use a structured collective method. This means that you must convince the group to take part in activities known as brainstorming and brainstorming. When using this method, people very often resist attempts to involve them in the discussion. But there is no need to panic. Don't give up without a fight. Ask colleagues what they will lose by spending half an hour discussing your idea. By applying one of the methods of generating ideas suggested below, they will see for themselves how much more productive team creativity is and will take part in a group discussion.

The brainstorming method was developed in 1953 by Osborne, an American advertising consultant. The main principle of this method is the uncontrolled generation and spontaneous interweaving of ideas by participants in a group discussion of a problem. For the successful application of this method, a number of conditions must be met:

The meeting should be attended by 7 to 12 people;

The optimal duration of the meeting is from 15 to 30 minutes;

The number of offers is more important than their quality;

Any participant can adopt and develop the ideas of another;

Criticism in any form is prohibited;

Logic, experience, arguments "against" only get in the way;

The hierarchical level of participants should not differ too much, otherwise psychological barriers may arise that interfere with communication and association building.

Brainstorming is one of the most effective forms of group discussion. This method is intended for the collective generation of a large number of ideas to solve a particular problem. Research has revealed the fact that the number and quality of alternatives put forward increase significantly when the initial generation of ideas is clearly separated from their evaluation and final formulation. It is this principle that underlies the brainstorming method, which is also known as brainstorming (brainstorming), collective idea generation, idea conference, opinion exchange method.

All participants in the solution of the problem are preliminarily divided into two groups - "generators of ideas" ("dreamers") and "critics". The fact is that some people are more inclined to generate ideas, others - to their critical analysis. In ordinary discussions, "dreamers" and "critics" find themselves together and interfere with each other. Therefore, during brainstorming, the stages of generating and analyzing ideas are strictly separated. The task of "idea generators" is to put forward as many suggestions as possible about the problem being solved. Among the ideas received, there may be many stupid, fantastic and even absurd, but "stupid ideas are easily excluded by subsequent criticism, because competent criticism is easier to receive than competent creativity." The task of the "critics" is to systematize and critically analyze the proposals received, followed by the selection of the most valuable ideas among them, used to solve the problem. It is possible that individual participants in the discussion can work in both groups.

The main rules for brainstorming include the following provisions: a complete ban on any criticism and comments about the participants and their speeches; the need to get rid of the idea that the problem under discussion has only one solution; the need to express as many different ideas as possible; consideration of all ideas, even the most incredible and absurd, regardless of their authorship; brevity and clarity of experts' statements, optional detailed justification; the right of each of the participants to speak many times; giving the floor, first of all, to those persons who had ideas under the influence of the previous speech; prohibition on reading in a row a list of proposals that can be prepared in advance.

There are six main stages of brainstorming. At the preparatory stage, groups of brainstorming participants are formed. As experience shows, the optimal size of the group of "generators of ideas" is 10-15 people. A group of "critics" can number up to 20-25 people. The most stringent requirements are imposed on the personnel of the first group. The main selection principles for this group are broad erudition, flexibility of thinking, imagination, a tendency to fantasize, as well as a variety of professions, qualifications and experience of participants. It is not recommended to invite people who think categorically, as well as outside observers and employees with strong differences in official position. At the same time, it is desirable to include in this group active-minded amateurs who are able to offer a fresh, original solution. The group of "critics", as a rule, is formed from narrow specialists with an analytical mindset and a sober assessment of the real possibilities of implementing the proposed ideas.

At the stage of setting the problem, brainstorming participants should familiarize themselves with the problem being solved and tune in to active mental activity. To do this, the organizers of brainstorming provide them with a comprehensive description of the problem situation, including: a statement of the essence of the problem; analysis of the causes of the problem and the possible consequences of the development of the problem situation; analysis of experience in solving similar and related problems; classification of possible approaches and ways of solving the problem; the formulation of the main constraints and objectives of the decision.

At the idea generation stage, brainstorming organizers must create an atmosphere of benevolence and support that frees participants from excessive constraint. The environment in which the discussion takes place should be conducive to the open and free expression of various ideas, opinions and suggestions. The facilitator should once again make it clear to the participants that any ideas are welcome, that many ideas are needed, and that brainstorming participants should try to combine or refine the ideas put forward by others.

At first, each member of the group works independently, thinking about the problem posed. The facilitator then asks the participants to speak. However, he can use forced polling to arouse their activity faster. After that, the process of generating ideas develops, as a rule, spontaneously and like an avalanche. The facilitator plays a passive role in this process, passing the floor to those who wish to speak and coordinating the work of the group. The next speaker reads out his ideas, the rest listen and write down on separate cards new ideas that arose under the influence of what they heard. In addition, all ideas can be recorded by the secretary on a special board or screen. After a burst of activity in the discussion process, there may be some lull. This does not mean that all ideas are over - just thinking is going on. The facilitator can again activate the participants by inviting them to read the notes on the board or pre-prepared questions on the topic of discussion on special cards. Moreover, these cards with questions can be issued both before starting work, and directly during the brainstorming session. After a short delay, there is usually a rise in creative activity again. The flow of new ideas grows like a snowball. The ideas of each of the participants generate in the minds of the others a specific reaction, which, due to the prohibition of criticism, is formed as a new, missing idea. Moreover, ideas that are directly related to previously expressed thoughts or have arisen as a result of their combination have the greatest value. The effectiveness of brainstorming is amazing. Studies show that collective thinking under the conditions of the prohibition of criticism produces 70% more valuable ideas than a simple sum of ideas received individually. In one hour of work, the group can put forward up to 150 new ideas. This is due to the basic concept of brainstorming - to give new ideas a way out of the subconscious. At the stage of systematization of ideas, the following actions are performed: a general list of all expressed ideas is compiled; each idea is formulated in generally accepted terms; recurring and complementary ideas are identified, which are then combined into one complex idea; signs are formed according to which various ideas can be combined into groups; ideas are grouped; there is a systematization of ideas in groups. At the same time, in each group, ideas are written from more general to more specific, complementing or developing general ideas.

At the stage of criticism of ideas, a group of "critics" begins to work. At this stage, each idea is subjected to comprehensive criticism, due to which there is a “destruction” (destructuring) of unpromising and unrealistic ideas. The main principle is to consider each idea only from the point of view of obstacles to its implementation, i.e. the participants in the discussion must put forward arguments that refute the idea under discussion. But in the process of "destroying" the idea, it is important to preserve its "rational kernel" (if it exists) and obtain, on its basis, a counter-idea containing a real proposal for solving the problem. The output of this step is a list of criticisms of each idea or group of ideas, as well as a list of counter ideas.

Finally, during the alternatives development phase, all the ideas, countermeasures, and criticisms received are evaluated in order to compile a final list of practically acceptable alternatives aimed at solving the problem. To this end, a list of indicators is being developed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of each idea. For example, ideas can be judged on responsiveness, human resources, technology, financial costs, value added, ethical and legal considerations. Only those ideas that satisfy all the established restrictions are included in the final list. These ideas play the role of alternative choices and are presented to the decision maker (head of the organization) for deeper analysis and decision making.

The brainstorming method has many varieties and modifications. In particular, one of its variants is the so-called 635 method. This method is characterized by a fixed number of participants and a certain procedure for interaction between them at the idea generation stage. The group consists of 6 people. Each of them is given a special collection of ideas. All participants write down 3 main ideas on their form and pass it around to the next participant, who studies the received form and supplements it with three new ideas, etc. After 5 iterations, all forms are filled in and as a result contain 108 ideas that are transferred to the “critics”. The practice of using the "method 635" shows that the ideas presented in writing are more reasonable and clear than those expressed orally, although they are often less original.

Despite the fact that this method is a group procedure, however, it can be applied individually. Sometimes ideas fly so fast that a tape recorder is recommended. In the next two or three days, the brainstorming ideas can be printed out for careful analysis. A network of predetermined criteria is then established and the most promising standards are selected.

Research shows that significantly more good ideas come from brainstorming (both individual and group) than more conventional approaches to generating them.

Thus, the advantage of the "brain attack" method is the high efficiency of obtaining the required solution. Its main drawback is the complexity of organizing an examination, since it is sometimes impossible to bring together the required specialists, create an uninvited atmosphere and eliminate the influence of the

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brainstorming method

The brainstorming method refers to intuitive and creative methods. It was developed in 1939 by the American Osborne, the founder of the Institute for Creative Teaching Methods, and a consultant in the field of advertising. The method is based on a group discussion of the problem under the guidance of a facilitator. Initially, the method worked well in the development of military equipment.

The main principle of the method is the uncontrolled generation and spontaneous interweaving of ideas by participants in a group discussion. One expressed idea is based on the previous one and generates the next one. As a result, a flow of ideas arises, chains of associations appear that can lead to an unexpected solution to the problem. Research has shown that, according to the principle of synergy, groupthink generates 70% more valuable new ideas than the sum of individual mindsets. Brainstorming is not an exercise in absurdity, but the purposeful work of a group seeking to come up with new ideas. Ideas expressed during the session are subject to revision. Some of them are discarded, and a new list is compiled, starting with good ideas.

The organizational conditions for the implementation of the method are quite numerous and strict in relation to both the participants and the leader:

1) the group includes 8–10 specialists from various fields;
2) the level of qualification of the participants should not differ greatly;
3) ideas are written down;
4) work is carried out according to the principle "the more ideas, the better";
5) there is an exchange of thoughts and a combination of ideas. Group members should try to develop the ideas of their colleagues, build one idea on top of another and try to combine some ideas in various combinations;
6) criticism is prohibited. The remarks "this has already been sold", "no one will buy this" or "this will not work" are prohibited;
7) the duration of the session is from 15 to 30 minutes;
8) there are no copyrights on ideas - any participant can develop the ideas of another participant;
9) the ideas expressed are not discussed immediately;
10) the facilitator encourages the expression of the most unexpected ideas;
11) the leader should not emphasize his awareness;
12) the leader should not subordinate people to his will.

One of the options for brainstorming - the "635" method - means that there are six participants, there are three proposals, five proposals are transmitted in a circle. Six participants submit in writing at least three proposals for solving the problem within 5 minutes. As a result, there are 18 original sentences, which vary five times from different points of view.

Other Idea Search Methods

Let's consider two methods of searching for ideas - the method of synectics and the method of systematized integration of solution elements.

Synectics method focused on finding unexpected, original solutions as a result of a group discussion of the problem. In translation, synectics means a combination of different and inconsistent elements. The method is also group. Members of the group are selected from different fields of activity. Each member of the group contributes a preconceived idea. When an interesting idea comes up, the leader directs the discussion to develop it. The difference between synectics and the brainstorming method is that a small number of ideas (two or three) are searched for, which are then considered in detail. The leader plays a key role in the discussion process.

Ideas are taken from various fields of knowledge. The manuals on the method note that, for example, when considering a snow removal system, it is useful to discuss how to move soil and remove leaf litter. Considering the construction, it is useful to discuss the structure of the bee hive. An example of the successful application of synectics in technology is the invention of the vertebral antenna. When designing a twenty-meter antenna that could be carried by one person and which, when assembled, would take up little space, the participants in the discussion remembered the backbone of a dinosaur. The idea was further developed, and as a result, an antenna was constructed from plastic parts, through which a cable was passed. By the way, a similar principle is applied in the design of the Ostankino TV tower.

One of the areas of application of synectics is the search for a new use of the product. This problem arises, in particular, in a situation where a product ends its life cycle. Successful examples of new uses of goods are known, such as chewing gum, which was originally perceived as a kind of candy for children and a fashionable soothing "chewing gum" to introduce independent adult men, usually non-smokers, to the clan. Now chewing gum is positioned differently. In some countries, it is sold only in pharmacies. Consumers are guaranteed fresh breath and no cavities. The reader is invited to find examples of new applications for himself, which is quite interesting and exciting.

Method of systematized integration of solution elements allows you to integrate the strengths of many participants. Synergistic effects occur when many individual decisions must be made to make a complex decision. The method is implemented within the framework meetings consisting of 5-10 participants and lasts half a day.

The steps for applying the method are:

each participant develops a possible solution within 20 minutes;
each participant explains his decision;
all participants note the strengths in each solution;
the group tries to find an integrated solution by combining the advantages of the considered individual solutions;
the group is trying to find additional ideas by arbitrarily combining proposals not used in integrated solutions.

The "brainstorming" method is widely used for the systematic training of creative thinking and its activation.

It is known that criticism or even fear of criticism interferes with creative thinking. Of course, any new idea can be wrong. If the author is afraid of criticism, which may be caused by the fact that his idea is bad, he will not express unverified thoughts. In this case, many potentially good ideas will be lost. In order to eliminate the fear of criticism when generating an idea and the consequences it causes, A. Osborne developed a method of so-called "brainstorming". His book Applied Imagination, published in 1957, was adopted as the basis for lecture courses at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as in other US institutions of higher education, in colleges, research institutes and industrial companies.

The method proposed by A. Osborn is used to identify as many original ideas as possible. In essence, it is a modified method of free association. The emphasis is on relaxing attention to the critical evaluation of the value of individual ideas. What matters is not their quality, but quantity. Criticism of the ideas put forward is made later, after the "creative session" is over.

The main rules for holding meetings (sessions) using the "brainstorming" method are recommended:

Formulate the problem in basic terms, single out a single central point.

Do not declare false and do not stop researching any idea.

To take up an idea of any kind, even if its relevance seems dubious at the time.

Provide the support and encouragement that is so necessary to free participants from their inhibitions.

Evaluate and select ideas only after the end of the session with the help of a group of experts, preferably not participating in the session.

The success of a brainstorming meeting largely depends on its leader, who must be able to conduct meetings in accordance with certain rules, master the necessary techniques, be able to ask questions, suggest or clarify ideas submitted, make sure that there are no big pauses in the expression of ideas, or so that the expression of ideas does not go only in a rational direction (if this happens, the leader must take preventive measures, for example, suggesting a deliberately fantastic or impractical idea, directing reasoning along a less rational channel with a leading question).

The allowed number of participants in the meeting is from 4 to 15 people. The duration of the meeting according to the method of direct collective "brainstorming" - from 15 minutes to 1 hour, depending on the nature and complexity of the problem. A secretary is assigned to record the ideas expressed or a tape recorder is used.

The group of experts carefully studies the statements of the participants in the meeting, paying special attention to the possibility of using original, although, at first glance, unrealistic ideas. Experts first select ideas that can be implemented at a given state of the art, then they select the best ideas for application in specific conditions.

In the event that it is necessary to identify shortcomings and contradictions in the technical object to be improved, a reverse "brainstorming" is carried out. In reverse brainstorming, in contrast to direct brainstorming, the main attention is paid to critical remarks, and the choice is made not of a general, but of a purely specific technical (or technological) task.

The Soviet researcher A. Alexandrov proposed an analog method with a destructive relative valuation. Its essence lies in the activation of the creative potential of the inventor in the collective generation of ideas with the subsequent formation of counter-tides. This provides for a step-by-step sequential implementation of a number of procedures:

the first stage is the formation of a group of participants in the dialogue, optimal in size and composition;

the second stage is the creation of a problem situation analysis group, the formation of an initial broadly defined inventive problem, the communication of the problem along with a description of the method of destructive related evaluation to all participants in the dialogue;

the third stage is the generation of ideas according to the rules of direct collective brainstorming, special attention at this stage is paid to creating a creative atmosphere and a relaxed atmosphere; a pre-prepared list of ideas is not allowed to be read out; each participant can perform several times, but not in a row;

the fourth stage is the systematization of ideas by the problem situation analysis group; in the process of systematization, a nomenclature list of the expressed ideas is compiled; each idea is formulated using commonly used terms, after which it is analyzed in order to identify duplicate and (or) complementary ideas; the main, duplicating and (or) supplementing ideas are combined and formulated in the form of complex ideas; signs are studied by which complex ideas can be combined, according to these signs, ideas are classified into groups, a list of groups of ideas is compiled that express the general principles of the approach to solving the problem;

the fifth stage is the destruction of ideas, i.e. assessment of their feasibility in the process of "brainstorming"; "brainstorming" at this stage is aimed at a comprehensive consideration of possible obstacles to the implementation of ideas;

the sixth stage is the evaluation of the critical remarks made during the previous stage, the compilation of the final list of practically used ideas, only those ideas that were not rejected due to critical remarks, as well as counter-ideas, are included in the list.

The method of dialogue with destructive related evaluation was used in teaching students of a number of universities. At the same time, it was found that the most effective results are achieved when all participants in the brainstorming session are rationally divided into three groups: generating ideas, analyzing the problem situation and evaluating ideas, generating counter-reviews. Groups can work independently. In some cases, effective results are obtained by repeating the meetings with some modification of the wording of the same task and at the same time replacing the functions performed by the groups (for example, transferring the responsibilities of the idea generation group to the analysis group, the responsibilities of the countermeasure generation group to the idea generation group and the responsibilities of the generation group to the countermeasure generation group). ideas).

The "brainstorming" method is usually used as a group method using analogy, fantasy, inversion, empathy, but there are reports of its individual use. This method gives the best results when searching for solutions that are not exact, special, but are of a general or organizational nature. Sometimes simple inventive problems are solved with the help of this method.

The most famous method of psychological activation of thinking is "brainstorming", proposed by A. Osborne (USA) in the 40s.

"Brainstorming" is a collective method of searching for inventive solutions and new business ideas, the main feature of which is the division of participants into critics and "generators", as well as the separation of the process of generating and criticizing ideas in time. In addition, "brainstorming" involves the implementation of a number of rules:

1. You can not criticize the proposed ideas, disputes and discussions are prohibited.
2. Any ideas are welcome, including fantastic ones. There are no bad ideas.

The development, improvement and combination of other people's ideas is encouraged.

Ideas should be stated briefly, without interrupting the baton of ideas.

The main goal is to get as many ideas as possible.

Mandatory conditions for conducting a brainstorming session are the creation of favorable conditions for overcoming psychological inertia and the fear of expressing ridiculous ideas for fear of their criticism, attracting specialists of various profiles to the group, and their inclination to creative work. The group leader (leader) should be a specialist in the methods of technical creativity.

"Brainstorming" is a fairly universal method, which can be used in scientific, technical, administrative, commercial, advertising activities, both to search for non-standard solutions in technology, and to search for new business ideas.

Methods for finding new ideas and solutions. Brainstorm

Brainstorm- one of the most famous methods of collective search for solutions. It is used when searching for solutions in various areas of human activity with a lack of information.

Other names: brainstorming, direct brainstorming (Brainstorming). The author of the method is A. Osborne (USA), late 1930s. XX century.

Purpose of the method

Stimulate the group to quickly generate a large number of diverse ideas.

The essence of the method

· Separation in time of the process of generating ideas and the process of their evaluation.
·Group ideation process.
· The process is managed by a professional facilitator who is able to ensure compliance with all conditions and rules.
· Ideas are not yet a solution to a problem, but the emergence of a direction for its solution.
· The universality of the method is inversely proportional to its effectiveness.

Action plan

· Select a group of people to generate ideas and a group of people to evaluate ideas (4-8 people each).
· Familiarize participants with the rules of brainstorming.
·Clearly formulating the problem and presenting it in a form that is most convenient for the participants.
Strictly follow the rules of brainstorming.
·After the meeting of "generators" ideas are considered by a group of experts in the field.

Rules for Brainstorming

· Quantity of ideas is preferable to quality.
· Criticism of ideas at the stage of generation is prohibited.
· There should be no boss in the idea generation group.
· No bad ideas! Any ideas are welcome.
· Any idea should be developed, even if its relevance seems doubtful at the moment.
· Encouraging jokes, puns, fantastic ideas.
·Providing support and encouragement for the release of meeting participants from constraint.
· Keep your ideas short.
· All put forward ideas are fixed and then edited.
· When evaluating ideas, obviously erroneous and unrealistic ones are discarded.

Stages of brainstorming

1. Preparation

o Appointment of leader.

oSelection of participants for working groups.

o Selection of factual material.

oTraining and briefing of participants.

o Ensuring the activities of the participants.

2. Putting forward ideas

o Clarification of the task.

o Generation of ideas.

o Elaboration and development of the most valuable ideas.

o Recording proposals.

oEditing the list of ideas.

3. Evaluation and selection of ideas

o Understanding the problem.

o Definition of evaluation criteria.

oClassification and evaluation of ideas.

o Development of ideas based on analysis.

· Ease of development and simplicity in the address.
· Insignificant expenses of time for carrying out.
·Universality of the method.
· Most effective in solving organizational problems, as well as technical problems of a low level of complexity.

Flaws

· Solving relatively simple problems.
· Absence of criteria giving priority directions for putting forward ideas.
· No guarantee of finding strong ideas.

Brainstorming is a method that is incredibly popular today. With it, you can find alternative ways to solve complex problems. In addition, it allows the individual to reveal his inner potential. This method is most often used in large teams at meetings when you need to come to a specific decision.

Brainstorming is a method that implies that all participants in the process will show pronounced activity. The situation when employees of one enterprise express their individual opinion in turn allows everyone not to stand aside and be heard. In the conditions of modern reality, when the boss often does not have the opportunity to devote time to each employee, this method is just a godsend.

History and description

The method of brainstorming (brainstorming) first appeared in 1930, and it was described much later - in 1953. The author of this concept is the American researcher Alex Osborne. At one time, this scientist defended free speech and recommended his method mainly for the correct planning of any entrepreneurial activity. Brainstorming is still used by leading businessmen to organize and conduct business. Its usefulness is noted: labor productivity is growing, profits are increasing, new ideas appear as if by themselves.

The essence of the brainstorming method is as follows: managers and employees gather in the meeting room. The general task to be solved during the meeting is voiced. Each of the participants has the opportunity to openly express their point of view, challenge the partner's concept, discuss the results, and make additional assumptions. From the outside, it seems that colleagues deliberately oppose different concepts to each other in order to reach a new understanding of the essence of things.

direct brain attack

This is the most common option that allows you to quickly solve an urgent problem. Direct brainstorming implies that during the process the most significant and relevant issues related to the implementation of certain projects, the development of activities, etc. will be discussed. Not many modern leaders realize that it is possible to hold regular meetings, planning meetings and various gatherings, using creativity. One has only to add a little variety to the boring course of professional everyday life, as employees begin to generate stunning ideas themselves. The leader can only wonder where all this potential has been hiding so far. The use of this method allows you to improve relationships in an established team, overcome various psychological barriers and barriers.

Reverse brainstorming

It is used in the case when a certain concept turned out to be unprofitable for some reason, reached a dead end, and it is urgently required to develop a new one. This implies that the participants in the process will actively challenge each other's thoughts. Disputes and polemics are allowed here. Reverse brainstorming is useful when there are unresolvable contradictions in the enterprise that require radical intervention.

Employees can express whatever they really think, their freedom is not limited by anything. It is hardly possible to find something as effective and efficient as the method of reverse brainstorming. The description of the problem, the concentrated attention to the details of several people at once will allow you to approach the solution of the issue in time and from the best side.

individual brainstorming

It can be applied in the case when a person urgently needs to reach a specific result, but for some reason a professional crisis has befallen him. Brainstorming is a method that a creative person can use in moments of temporary loss of productivity. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that it effectively acts even on one person who is alone with his own thoughts. You can have internal dialogues with yourself and come up with bold, unexpected solutions. The result of such actions will soon pleasantly surprise you. All that is required is to allow yourself to think in a limited time frame (say, a few minutes), with a specific, well-defined task in front of you. Unfortunately, many people from childhood get used to thinking in common stereotypes. Brainstorming methods allow you to overcome the stereotyped perception of the world and reach a higher level of worldview.

Carrying out technology

This concept includes three main periods. They must be carried out consistently and with great care.

1.Formulation of ideas. At this stage, the goal is formulated, the necessary information is collected. Participants in the process should be aware of what kind of information they are offered for consideration. All voiced ideas, as a rule, are fixed on paper so as not to miss anything important.

2. Formation of a working group. Participants are divided into idea generators and experts. The first are people with a developed creative orientation, imagination. They offer non-standard ways as a solution to the problem. Experts discover the value of each idea put forward, agree with it or not, motivating their choice.

3. Analysis and selection of proposals. Criticism and active discussion of proposals are appropriate here. First, the generators of ideas speak out, after that the floor is given to the experts. Proposals are selected based on inference and creativity. Any non-standard approach is welcome and therefore considered with particular interest.

The leader must control the process, observe the progress of the discussion of the problem. In the event of controversial issues, he necessarily brings clarity, clarifies the details, directs the further development of thought.

Additional terms

Despite the emerging desire of young and promising leaders to immediately start using this psychological tool, a competent approach is required here. You can not use it too often, otherwise it will lose the element of novelty and will be perceived by employees as something ordinary and everyday. One of the main conditions for conducting is the surprise of use. Participants should not specially prepare for the meeting, think over the moves used.

The leader needs to know the general direction of the conversation, but he will not be able to determine in which direction the discussion will go in any case. Topic brainstorming techniques are great because they allow you to openly express your point of view. At the same time, people may not be attached to the consequences of what was said.

Brainstorming method: reviews

Participants of this concept note that with its use any meetings are more interesting and productive. The method is reminiscent of the simultaneous inclusion of several "light bulbs" that light up in the heads of different people at once. Brainstorming allows you to take into account not only the judgments of specialized specialists, but also related industries. In other words, it covers many spectrums, helps to consider the same situation from different angles. In addition, after the introduction of the method, relations in the team become more open and trusting.

Involvement in the process

Usually at meetings and planning meetings there is a “one-man theater”. One boss is speaking, and subordinates are forced to listen to long monotonous lectures and agree with him. This is incredibly tiring and unnerving for the latter. The personality of employees is suppressed, it turns out to be squeezed into the narrow framework of official duties. Sometimes employees, for one reason or another, prefer not to voice the ideas that arise in their heads, do not strive for self-expression.

As a result, the motivation to work “with a twinkle” is lost, putting the soul into the process. The brainstorming method allows you to remove psychological clamps and barriers, makes it possible to manifest the individuality of employees. Being psychologically involved in the process, a person increases his productivity.

Creativity

Agree, this concept cannot be called everyday and often used. Most of all, it is resorted to when the issue requires some kind of ambiguous solution. The method has received wide distribution in creative teams, where there is a need to move away from everyday life and immerse yourself in a solution. As a rule, a positive result does not take long to wait.

There are a large number of such concepts that imply different meanings. This is where brainstorming comes in handy.

Grade 11

The technology for introducing the concept of Alex Osborne can be used to organize classes for graduates. At the senior level, students are often offered tasks that contribute to the awakening of non-standard ideas. This is a very useful acquisition, since individual characteristics of the individual are taken into account, existing abilities are developed, and the necessary skills are strengthened. The more freedom will be provided for the implementation of the thoughts that arise in the head, the more courageous the undertakings of young researchers can become. The method provides that students themselves will strive to achieve the goal. Feedback from the participants is purely positive, as teenagers appreciate the attentive attitude towards them.

Instead of a conclusion

Brainstorming is a method that has gained popularity relatively recently. More and more leaders choose to use a non-standard approach in solving everyday moments.

When and how is brainstorming used? Brainstorming method, or brainstorming: the essence, rules and stages of the brainstorming method A feature of the brainstorming method is