There is a huge number of situations, things, or the people who do not suit us for a long time in life. Perhaps this is a relationship that has long been in tightness. This is a job that has long been tired. These are people who are constantly submitted, mindlessly and hopeless ... But for some unknown reasons, we often cling to the sinking ship in the hope that he may be swimming someday, spending the remaining nerves, time, money.

Of course, once you need to show perseverance and not give up. "Patience and work, everything is a little", but only in the case when you put a reasonable framework: how much will it cost you and to what time you plan to get the result. Theoretically, you can find gold jewelry on the garbage, but to find them, you need to dig on the hump over the years. Will you do this project? Show persistence? - Do not do this, this is no longer perseverance, but stupidity.

If you understand that the relationship itself was outlined, theoretically, you can squeeze something with years of them, but in fact it is to dig in the garbage in the hope of finding gold jewelry there. Ancient Indian Proverb says about it short: the horse died - get out of it!

But, of course, you can still go to bed. Then we start doing the following things:

We bind a beautiful bows to the dead horse.
We suggest to consider jumps on a dead horse temporary compromise solution.
We declare a dead horse with family member and tired of supporting family values.
We declare that to call a dead horse Dauchla firmly correctly.
We declare that refuses to jump on dead horses are discrimination against dead horses.
We buy for a dead horse gold horseshoes.
We are recorded on courses on the revival of dead horses.
We threaten the dead horses of the nicotine drop.
Throlly find out the relationship with the dead horse.
We persuade a dead horse not to be dead.
Select anti-crisis financing for dead horses.
We carry out large-scale studies of the phenomenon of a dead horse.
I interview public opinion about whether this horse is dead.
We write a technical regulation establishing the criteria for degrees of milking for horses.
We try to change two dead horses in places and see what happens.
We say that we are always so jumping - on dead horses ...
We invent devices for a dead horse, imitating her running.
We assure that automation and computerization will revive the dead horse.
We arrange the museums of the dead horse.
Proclaim that a dead horse "is better, faster, cheaper."

All this we do instead of going and find yourself another horse. Probably, it is still stupid. New relationships and new people in your life will appear only when you get free from the old one. Do not revive a dead horse, start creating a new life!

Source: www.psychologos.ru.

Wheel wagons existed already during prehistoric; They are mentioned in the most ancient sources as subjects of well-known. So, in one of the oldest poems of the Veds, a comparison was used: "The wheel is rolling behind the horse, so both peace for you."
In Asia, the wagons were used long, simultaneously with the rigging and comfort animals. Greeks at the time of Homer used chariots. The details of the design of ancient carts remain unknown; Only the external form of combat two-wheeled chariots is well depicted on many preserved bas-reliefs and other images.

Ungewitter, Hugo (1869-C.1944)
A Noblewoman Alighting Her Carriage, Signed and Dated 1906.

There is no doubt because of many places of ancient authors, which wheeled wagons used for the carriage of goods. So, Homer narrates that Navitsya asked the wagon from his father to carry clothes to the shore of the sea. The carts of this kind were two- and four-wheeled: their invention of Pliny attributes to frigians. The wheels of such "plaustrum" were firmly attached to the axes, which are spitting together with them, like our railway cars, in bearings, motionless attached to the body. Such wagons, very bad, and now exist on the O-vesa.

Tseretelli, Zurab (B. 1934).

Ancient Persians existed properly organized postal gang; The royal deaths quickly delivered commands in other ancient states, but the properly organized transportation of passengers on horseback is known more than since the Romans. The excretion of this kind contained private people (crew; "cisium") was two-wheeled, with a breath, like a cabriolet, but without springs, with a seat suspended on the belts. It was climbed by horses, and not from behind, as in chariot; Cizium images are found already on Etruscan Vases. In such crews, we traveled very soon: according to Testimonia, the emperor drove into the lungs "Meritoria Vehicula" distances up to 150 V. per day.

V.serov. Odyssey and Navykaya

Much more information we have about the frontal crews of the Romans. In the ancient generally, the use of parade chariots was the privileges of high-ranking faces and priests; The images of the gods during the processions also drove in special chariots. Private persons assigned themselves this right only during the time of the decline of the morals, and with the empire decorated their crews with everything possible luxury. The most ancient type is "Arcera", it is mentioned in the laws of twelve tables; It was a four-wheeled open trolley; For women, she was done on two wheels. As ancient and stretcher, which later began to give such a luxurious device, that Caesar found it necessary to publish a law limiting this luxury.

Engraving with the image of the postal diligence in the black and red colors of the post office in the vicinity of Newmarket (Suffolk) in 1827. Behind the guard is visible.

Someone later was invented "Surrentum", a two-wheeled carriage with a semi-cylindrical lid, and "carruca", the springchalter of modern carriages, a four-wheeled wagon with a coated body, raised above the course on four columns; From behind there was a seat for two persons, and I was sitting in front, the gentlemen below, or walked around. From Galov, Romans borrowed Tarautka with a body woven from Willow - "Sirpea", and from the inhabitants of the northern coast of Europe - the chariot "Essedum", which included in front; She served for peaceful, and for military purposes.

Salvador Dali - Ghost Wagon

In the era of the resettlement of peoples and at the beginning of the Middle Ages, the crew was considered a sign of stockiness; Moving moves on horseback, and spiritual and women traveled on donkeys. Chronicles of this era only very rarely mention the crews. So, Eginard tells that the Meroving King Halperick everywhere went to the Roman "Surrentum", harmful by bulls; English Bishop St. Erkenwald in VII century. I went and preached in the wheel wagon, as it was old and unreleased. Only after the crusades, the fashion for the crews is beginning to revive, but they are allowed only for solemn cases, for high-ranking individuals, and ordinary people prohibit them to use them.

"Arrival postal carriage" Boual Louis Leopold

The wagon is the most common collective name of various vehicles driven by the muscular force of animals, regardless of the design features, area and use objectives.

In terms of application, the carts are divided into passenger and freight (previously there were military wagons), by the number of wheels - on two-wheeled (uniaxial) and four-wheeled (biaxual), as well as without wheels - on the clashes.

Willem de Zwart (1862-1931) - Carriages Waiting (Unknown Year)

The carrying capacity of the wagon can reach 750 kg (for uniaxial) and up to two tons (for two-axis).

Modern carts are often equipped with pneumatic tires, and sometimes pneumatic or hydraulic brakes.

Passenger wagons.

Types of crews.

Coach - closed passenger carriage with springs. Initially, the body was suspended on the belts, then for the subressing began to use springs (from the beginning of the XVIII century), and since the beginning of the XIX century began to use springs. Most often used for personal use, although from late Middle Ages in Europe began to be used as well as public transport. Example - Diligence, Omnibus and Shaban. The most common type of diligence can be considered a postage carriage.

The word "carriage" came to Russia along with German Kareti, when, from the middle of the XVII century, they began to import German merchants in a massive order and became more and more popular among Moscow nobility. It is most likely that the word was used and earlier along with other common words at that time (for example "Kolymaga"), moreover, the word was used in Ukrainian, Staroslavlyansky and Polish.

(Borrowed in the middle of the XVII century from Polish, where Kareta< итал. caretta, суф. производного от carro «воз» (из лат. carrus «повозка на четырех колесах»)). Переход с коня (для мужчин) и колымаги (для женщин) на карету для обоих полов символизировал допетровскую европеизацию русского дворянства.

Dramsez is a large carriage for long-distance trips with bedrooms.
Dramsez (translated from French "Sleeping") was a spacious coach with bedrooms, designed for long journeys. Such a coach inherited from his parents was at L.N. Tolstoy, as his eldest son recalled, six horses were taken. The road crews were at the top there were vazhi, or yours, - boxes for booties, and from behind Gobb, who also served to place baggage.

Panoneacher Adolf. "Dust reached from under Dormeza and a baby hid": IL. to poem TG Shevchenko "Kobzar" (translation of N.V. Gerbel). Engraving with rice. N.N. Karazin. 19th century

Diligence is a large multi-seat passenger or postage wagon, widely used in the XIX century.

Military wagons * - attached to field troops for the transport of military supplies, spare things and tools necessary for maintenance in the health of the material part on the campaign and in battle, provincial, forage, stationery, monetary treasury, patients wounded.
In the main features, they consist of the move on which the body or box of the cart is installed; The stroke is formed from the main frame made up of several longitudinal beds associated between the transverse pillows; The lathers are attached axis with wheels.
Military wagons * For the transport of essential items, followed with troops, making the 1st discharge conversion; These include: 1) Charger boxes, single-wheel shealing and paired cartridge twirls (fighting supplies), 2) Military tool wagons * (hiking forge, tools in horseshoes), 3) pharmacy bob; 4) Lazarette line and 5) officer bark.

Winter ves

This magnificent multi-family crew in the form of a wagon on long shears was made by Master Jean Mishele in Moscow in 1732. It was intended for long distances in winter time. It was on it that in February 1742, Peter I, Elizabeth, hurried to Moscow from St. Petersburg to his coronation. The luxurious breakdown was decorated with gilded carvings and sculptural details, the roof is crowned with bassines, and the walls are decorated with painting with double-headed eagles and other attributes of state power. A comfortable and beautiful habit was performed truly royal luxury. Until now, he is impressive with a lush of the decor and the grace of forms.
Height - 185 mm., Length - 450 mm.

Summer "fun" carriage

A miniature summer carriage made in Moscow in 1690-1692, with a thin gold pattern on a gentle-blue background looks like an elegant toy. "Funny" called crews that were intended for entertainment. According to the "inventory of the royal stable treasna", the carriage belonged to a two-year-old Tsarevich Alexey - the son of Peter I. Despite its belonging to toys, the carriage is made in all the rules and with all the intricacies of a complex technical solution. She has a device for turning - "cervical swan" - and a swivel circle. The "funny" sophistication carriage of the shape and the subtlety of the decor is not inferior to real worst, which emphasizes the high social position of its small owner.

Berline type carriage

The elegant four-seater "Berlin" was used for important solemn departures of Catherine II. It was performed by the well-known Petersburg master of German origin by the Iogen Conrad with a letter in 1769 and is equipped with the latest constructive techniques - vertical and horizontal leaf springs. A carved gilded decor decorates cornice, descents and platbands. The windows and the upper half of the doors are closed with mirror glass. On the front and back of the mill and on wheels, the gilded carving almost completely hides the structural details. It is no coincidence that this coach served for the frontal departures of the Empress and the courtyard.

Kolymaga

Kolymaga is widespread in Russia and weathered from the XVI century the type of crews, with an almost quadrangular body on a high axis. This four-seater kolymag is made by masters in the 1640s, which is reflected in the form, and in the decoration. The national peculiarity was particularly bright in the Decort of Kolymagi. The body of strict silhouette is covered with crimson velvet and decorated with filling the entire surface with the pattern from squares laid out with copper gilded cloves with convex hats. In the center of each square characteristic only for Russian crews of that time ornament in the form of an eight-pointed star from silver Galun. The combination of raspberry velvet with silver and gold creates a surprisingly harmonious and festive appearance appearance, which complement the salivary ends, decorated with openwork lining in the form of stars and double-headed eagles.

The interior decoration is not inferior in its luxury external - the upholstery of the walls and seats is made of an expensive Turkish golden velvet, which in Russia loved for the extraordinary drawing of the pattern. The first owner of the crew was the Bryansk elder, the subjects of the Russian state Francis Lesnovolsky. In all likelihood he received it as a reward "By the Name Great Soviet Decree". The Other owner of Kolymagi was the boyar Nikita Ivanovich Romanov, who played a significant role at the court of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich.

Winter "funny"

Winter racing age - a unique crew created in Moscow in 1689-1692, which is similar to those in any museum of the world. Warning is a "room" with small windows and fairly wide doors on the clamns for the convenience of movement in the snow. The "funny" vessel served for the games and the fun of young children of King Ivan Alekseevich - Brother and Coodor of Peter I. The body of the body retains an ancient traditional form - a strict and clear silhouette and rectangular outlines. However, he is decorated very picturesque in accordance with the fashionable at that time the Baroque style. Leather upholstery was performed by the masters of the Moscow Kremlin. An embossed gilded embossed pattern of flowers, fruits, covers the entire surface of the walls and doors. An elegant crew was perfect for winter fun of royal children and at the same time corresponded to the high status of the owners, which was emphasized by the sophistication of expensive finishing and high skill of execution.

Yes, this is the teachings of Gerder, "said Prince Andrei," but not the soul, my soul, convince me, and life and death, that's what convinces. It is convinced that you see an expensive creature to you, which is connected with you, before which you were to blame and hoped to justify (Prince Andrei trembled his voice and turned away) And suddenly this creature suffers, suffer and ceases to be ... Why? It may not be that there is no answer! And I believe that it is .... This is what she convinces, this is what convinced me, "said Prince Andrei.

Well, yes, well, yes, "said Pierre," isn't the same thing and I say! "

Not. I only say that you are convinced of the need for a future life not argued, but when you go in my life hand in hand with a man, and suddenly this person will disappear there in anywhere, and you yourself stay in front of this precipice and look there. And, I looked ...

Well, so! Do you know what is there and what is someone? There is - a future life. Someone is there - God.

Prince Andrei did not answer. The stroller and horses have long been bred to the other side and have already laid, and the sun hid to half, and evening frost covered the stars of the puddles from a pass, and Pierre and Andrei, to the surprise of Laces, Kucher, and carriers, still stood on the ferry and said.

If there is God and there is a future life, that is, the truth is virtue; And the Higher happiness of a person is to strive to achieve them. We must live, you have to love, you have to believe, "said Pierre," that we live now only on this block of the Earth, but lived and we will live forever there in everything (he pointed to heaven). Prince Andrei stood, clinging to the railing of the ferry and, listening to Pierre, not showering his eyes, looked at the Red Sun Globes on the Blue Spill. Pierre Savor. It was completely quiet. The ferry has long been stuck, and only waves of lads with a weak sound hit the bottom of the ferry. Prince Andrei seemed that this rinse of the waves to the words of Pierre sentenced: "True, believe it."

Prince Andrei sighed, and a radiant, nursery, tender gaze looked into the painted enthusiastic, but all the timid facing the primary friend, the face of Pierre.

Yes, if it were so it was! - he said. "But let's go sit down," Prince Andrei added, and leaving the ferry, he looked at the sky on which Pierre pointed him, and for the first time, after Austerlitz, he saw that high, the eternal sky he saw lying on the Austerlitsky field, And something long ago fell asleep, something is the best in him, suddenly joyfully and young woke up in his soul. This feeling disappeared how soon the prince Andrew came again into the usual living conditions, but he knew that this feeling he did not know how to develop, lived in him. A date with Pierre was for Prince Andrei Epoch, which began although in appearance and the same, but in the inner world of his new life.

Already mumbled when Prince Andrei and Pierre arrived at the main entrance of the Lyssogorsk house. While they approached, Prince Andrei with a smile drew the attention of Pierre on the turmoil, which took place at the rear porch. A bent old woman with a kittombo on his back, and a low man in black robe and with long hair, having seen the driving stroller, rushed to run back into the gate. Two women ran out for them, and all four, looking at the stroller, frightened to the rear porch.

These are the cars of God people, "said Prince Andrei. - They accepted us for the Father. And this is the only thing that she does not obey Him: He makes chasing these wanders, and she takes them.

What are God's people? - asked Pierre.

Prince Andrei did not have time to answer him. The servants went out to meet, and he asked about where was the old prince and would soon be waiting for him.

The old prince was still in the city, and they were waiting for every minute.

Prince Andrei held a Pierre on his half, always in full health that was expected in his father's house, and he went to the nursery.

Prince Andrei sighed, and a radiant, nursery, tender gaze looked into the painted enthusiastic, but all the timid facing the primary friend, the face of Pierre.

XIII.

These are the cars of God people, "said Prince Andrei. - They accepted us for the Father. And this is the only thing that she does not obey Him: He makes chasing these wanders, and she takes them.

What are God's people? - asked Pierre.

Prince Andrei did not have time to answer him. The servants went out to meet, and he asked about where was the old prince and would soon be waiting for him.

The old prince was still in the city, and they were waiting for every minute.

Prince Andrei held a Pierre on his half, always in full health that was expected in his father's house, and he went to the nursery.

Let's go to my sister, "said Prince Andrei, returning to Pierre; - I have not seen her yet, she is now hiding and sits with her God. Himself she, she will confuse, and you will see God's people. C "EST CURIEUX, MA PAROLE. [ This is curious, honestly . ]

QU "EST CE QUE C" EST QUE [ What ] God's people? - asked Pierre

And you will see.

Princess Marya really confused and blushed spots when they entered her. In her cozy room with lamps in front of kyotami, on the sofa, a young boy with a long nose and long hair was sitting next to her, and in Monastic Ryas.

On the chair, beside, sitting wrinkled, leaving the old woman with a gentle expression of a kindergarten.

Andre, Pourquoi Ne Pas M "Avoir Prevenu? [ Andrei, why not warned me? ] - she said with meek reproach, becoming in front of his wanderers like a poultry there.

Charmee de vous voir. JE SUIS TRES CONTENTE DE VOUUS VOIR, [ Very glad to see you. I'm so pleased that I see you , ] She said to Pierre, while he kissed her hand. She knew his child, and now his friendship with Andrei, his misfortune with his wife, and most importantly, his good, a simple face was located to him. She looked at him with his beautiful, radiant eyes and seemed to say: "I love you very much, but please do not laugh at my" Exchanges in the first phrases of greetings, they sat down.

A, and Ivanushka here, "said Prince Andrei, pointing to a smile on a young wanderer.

Andre! - Praglessly said Princess Marya.

Il Faut Que Vous Sachiez Que C "EST UNE FEMME, [ Know that this is a woman , ] - said Andrei Pjar.

Andre, Au Nom de Dieu! [ Andrei, for God's sake! ] - Repeated Princess Marya.

It was seen that the mocking attitude of the prince Andrei to the wanderers and the useless intercession for them, the princesses of Maryi were familiar, established between them.

Mais, Ma Bonne Amie, "said Prince Andrei, - Vous Devriez Au Contraire M" Etre Reconaissante De CE Que J "Explique a Pierre Votre Intimite Avec Ce Jeune Homme ... [ But, my friend, you will have to be grateful to me that I explain to Pierre your proximity to this young man . ]

Vraiment? [ Truth? ] - Pierre said curiously and seriously (for which he was especially grateful was the princess of Marya) peering through glasses in the face of Ivanushka, who, realizing that it was about him, looked at everyone with cunning eyes.

Princess Marya perfectly embarrassed for his. They are not at all roblates. The old woman, lowering his eyes, but glancing at the included, tilting the cup upside down on the saucer and putting a blurred piece of sugar, calmly and motionless sat on her chair, waiting for her to offer more tea. Ivanushka, drinking from a saucer, improving loyal, watched young people with female eyes.

Publications of the section Literature

Encyclopedia of the uncommotible life in Russian literature

D about the invention of cars and the widespread railway traffic on distant (and not very) distances in Russia most often performed on horse crews. The encyclopedia of Russian irregular transport in the literature was Sophia Bagdasarov.

Vladimir Sologub in the story of "Seryozha" wrote: "Here rushes the cart - the violent youth of Russian roads; Blicch is over the Saratov landowner after lunch; Here proudly performs a wide carriage, like some rich sputcher; So Dramsez, that's a stroller, and behind them a fat merchant-diligence, drinking fourteen cups of tea on the mail yard ". In Russia, in fact there were many types of equestrian crews, which, besides in different regions, were made in their own way. They also differed in the appointment, design and status of the owner.

B - Brica

This is the word of Polish origin, it denotes a light four-wheeled road carriage, sometimes without springs. The bright body could be both open and closed: leather, wicker or wooden.

It was in the British who traveled the main character of the "Dead Souls" Nikolai Gogol - Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. His bright was "Pretty beautiful, spring"Yes, and with amenities: the top of the body was "From the rain, they dance with leather curtains with two round windows defined on the viewing of road species". It was a completely decent road crew for such an official, as chikhikov, like his rank, even if they would say, "not a representative class."

Perhaps, therefore, many Russian classics described the brittle as extremely noisy transport. Lion's brush lean bounted, Sholokhov, she thundered or thoroughly, and Alexander Serafimovich wrote that "It mounted intolerantly sultry and ringing rattling behind it.. David Burluk, devoting verses of a certain bird with an unbearable voice, compared her with an old broken brittle.

In - Vot

Sergey Ivanov. Boyar chopers. 1909. Collection of Rostropovich and Vishnevskaya

The term was used for the winter type of transport - covered wagon on the clamges. Warning is praised for heat, it is comfortable, you can go lying - "Falling into the warp under the fur ponfon" (Amphitheatres). It "Filled with perina, pillows, etc." (Viktor Shompulev). According to the windows, he could do a bear fur, so as not to blow, but from the inside to separate the red cloth or even velvet.

Fedor Koni had a water waters "Careat, or at the dawn, they escort the mind" On the importance of transport for prestige.

K - Kibitka
Nikolay Cherchkov. Casting storms. GRM

In a word, borrowed from nomads, in Russia called the covered wagon. Often, she was on her arcs and could recline - resembling "Babushkin Capchik" (Nikolay Teshov). Good kibitka means "With a spacious wolf and a double corporal canopy" (Ivan Lazhechnikov) or "With leather riding and tightly fastened apron" (Pavel Melnikov-Pechersky).
It was in the shaking kibitka that Radishchev was driving: "Lying in a kibitka, my thoughts were addressed to the immeasurability of the world. It was separated sincere from the ground, the casuala to me that kybital blows were easier for me. "

Vyazemsky dedicated her a whole poem, very angry: "A moving this caasemate, / and moving this torture, / which is called: KBIBIT". Pushkin more cheerful: "Fluffy bluffing brazdes, kbiotka flitter flies". On the other hand, in its "road complaints", he worsens: "For a long time I walk in the light of the light in the wheelchair, then riding, / then in a kibitka, then in the carriage, then in the cart, then on foot?"

K - stroller
Nikolay Cherchkov. Riding in the stroller (Alexander II with children). Yaroslavl Art Museum

In Russia, under the "strollers" understood many types of spring open crews. For example, the species of urban carriage were Lando and Phaeton. In Europe, on the contrary, the "stroller" called a specific type of fashion crew.
The stroller became the heroine of the same name of Gogol: the owner brags there that it is easy as a feather, but the springs are such as "nannika you in the cradle". As a result, it turns out that boasting is empty. The poem of the same name was dedicated to Vyazemsky to her: "Light stroller is rushing, / and it's easily with it". Beautiful stroller is a prestigious question: Dolly Oblostskaya and her kucher are shy to their old, capped crew during a visit to the Vronsky village.
L and D and I (looking out the window). Wait! What is this stroller? Lace! Is it really Maman for me? What a charm, what a luxury! Ai! I faint. It's not a stroller, it's a dream. You can hide from happiness to sit in this stroller. What about me?
Alexander Ostrovsky. "Mad money"
All this ends with technical progress: "Elegant stroller, in electricity, / elastic rustle on highway sand" (Igor Northerner).

L - Lando
The stroller, named after the German city, was a four-seater, with a rising top, who, at will, turned it into a carriage. Zhukovsky in the "trip to maneuvers" tells how the roof somehow refused to reveal: "There, here, Lando is stubborn; / He reversed all the ladies, / forced them to move them / without a ceremony to another, / and he himself went empty ".
A beautiful foreign word marked the fashionable type of transport, mandatory for a person from society. The hero of the Mine-Siberian needed exactly Lando to "show them all that I can ride how they are all."
Grigorovich read: "How much expenses, my God, how much expenses! I had to hire new horses and exchange our carriage on Lando; People of the famous position are embarrassed otherwise to appear in the evenings on music; So accepted in Peterhof "(" City and Village ").

C - Sani.
Ivan Pelevin. Children in Sanya. 1870. Nizhny Tagil Museum of Fine Arts, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk region

Another vehicle vehicle, prescribed in poetry for a long time. "And mocking the neck, Sanya is waiting, / when they harness" (Zhukovsky); "To the city of Ryazan / Katya Three Sani, / Sani Rubble / Arc Paints" (Mei). Unlike the woods, in the sleigh you can notice not only the peasants. The nobles own their own sleigh and go to them, it seems more comfortable and wrapped in a warm paste and blankets.