Concept "National Idea". National idea for Kazakhstan: laconic, simple, understandable and emotional National idea in Kazakhstan what unites us
Nurkanova Bakytzhan Zhambyrbaevna
History and Geography Teacher
MSI "Secondary School No. 2 of the city of Taiynsha"
Topic: National idea " Mangilik el »As a vector of development of Kazakhstani society.
1. In his Address to the people of Kazakhstan dated January 17, 2014 "The Kazakhstani way -2050: common goal, common interests, common future", the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev proposed to develop and adopt the Patriotic Act "Mangilik El".
"Mangilik El" is the national idea of our common Kazakhstan home, the dream of our ancestors. For 22 years of sovereign development, the main values have been created that unite all Kazakhstanis and form the foundation of the future of our country. They are not taken from transcendental theories. These values are the experience of the Kazakhstani Way, which has stood the test of time, ”the Head of State said.
The current 2016 year is marked by an important event - the 25th anniversary of the Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan. All the achievements made over these years are the merit of the Kazakhstani peaceful people, who, thanks to the far-sighted policy of ours, ate basy-Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev, created a single country - a loving peace, aspiring to a bright future. The national idea should unite our aspirations, worldviews, spiritual values, national priority areas of the economy ..
Time has shown that the most reasonable way is to combine the interests of all citizens of the country, regardless of their ethnicity. The country's transition to a civil state of society, the formation of a single people in Kazakhstan becomes the core of the national idea.
Any national idea is a capacious, but at the same time extremely succinct formula, from which the basic ideological concept is developed, which determines the life of the state, society, citizens for the long term. The following signs of a national idea are considered generally accepted. It must: have a visual image - a symbol and be based on ideology; belong to ancestors through history, legends, legends; to be beneficial to a person, society, and government; not contain deliberate unrealizability and lies; be brief; be understandable to the child.
All this is embodied in the idea of "Mangilik El".
The idea of "Mangilik El" -it is national unity, peace and harmony in our society. Secondly, it is a secular society and high spirituality. It is economic growth based on industrialization and innovation. This is the Society of Universal Labor, a common history, culture and language, this is the national security and global participation of our country in solving global and regional problems. Thanks to these values, we have always won, strengthened our country, multiplied our great successes. The ideological basis of the New Kazakhstani Patriotism lies in these state-forming, national values ”.
Scientific, cultural figures, the intelligentsia of our country are considering and creating various directions in the implementation of the national idea "Mangilik El". And I think the main focus is modern education.
From 2017, the country will provide guaranteed free technical education for young people, and a system of dual technical and vocational education is being developed. In addition, the priority of trilingualism, that is, the study of the Kazakh, English and Russian languages, was confirmed. As the Leader of the Nation emphasized, secondary general education schools should catch up in terms of teaching to the Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools.
The education of the modern younger generation depends largely on the social structure of the state. Much is being done in our country for the benefit of tomorrow's future.
The modern school has more technology - computers, interactive whiteboards, the Internet, multimedia classes, which has a positive effect on the quality of lessons and various events, and gives positive shifts in the process of teaching the subject.
Another innovation in education is that attention is paid to small schools, resource centers are being created, and a lot of work is underway on pre-profile and specialized training of students. A student from a rural area, coming to a city school, can pull up those subjects in which he was at a loss before.
Our country is fighting for the right to be a competitive state, which is why international studies are carried out in schools.TIMSS, PISA, PIRLSand other testing of schoolchildren. The natural-mathematical, reading and functional literacy of schoolchildren is checked. Based on the results of international research, a national report is drawn up, as a result of which changes for the better are coming in our schools. I believe that such independent assessments of ZUN will give a real picture of modern education in the country and help raise the level of education of our younger generation.
The modern pedagogical community of Kazakhstan is undergoing major reforms in coursework. Learning according to Cambridge technology gives the teacher a new outlook - the worldview, the consciousness of what a teacher and student should be like, is changing. Teachers are trained at 1 advanced, 2 basic and 3 basic. New technologies in teaching and upbringing of children give a great boost to the teacher in his teaching practice. The integration of the seven modules into pedagogical work is the main goal of the courses.
The efforts of the administration and the teaching staff are aimed at creating conditions for the development of the child as a free, responsible and creative person based on the variability of programs, textbooks, training courses, the use of innovative technologies, the individualization of the educational process, and the formation of a healthy lifestyle. The main attention is paid to improving the qualifications of teachers and high-quality education of schoolchildren. This is also facilitated by work in various forms to improve the pedagogical skills of teachers, the development of practical skills of students in the classroom and in associations of interests, the participation of children and adults in seminars, conferences, the organization of exchange of experience, certification of teaching staff and school graduates.
A stable tendency in the personnel policy of the school was established, aimed at the formation of a professional teacher, a creative personality.
Formed a positive attitude of teachers to continuous psychological and pedagogical education and self-education
In the context of the transition to 12-year education, the dissemination of innovative pedagogical experience has acquired a new quality and is considered as one of the possible forms of teaching teachers.
Tomorrow's school is the school of the future. I think that such a school is Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools, where gifted and talented children have the honor to study, who can get further higher education anywhere in the world. It is gratifying that such schools are opening in all regions of our country.
2 .I believe that the idea of "Mangilik El" can be traced in the teaching and upbringing of the younger generation, starting with preschool education.
Specifically within the curriculum:
In the lessons of the natural and mathematical cycle, various types of work in mathematics are used - word problems, where the text contains patriotic content,
In the informatics lesson, students are faced with data on the population in the regions of Kazakhstan, in practical classes, texts about Astana are used.
In geography lessons, demographic data on the size and ethnic composition of the population for each region of Kazakhstan are often used. There is also historical data on the population.
At the lessons of mathematics, knowledge of the world in primary school, children learn from vivid examples of friendship of the peoples of Kazakhstan, the tasks contain a text about our homeland, the capital, national rituals, customs, traditions of different ethnic groups.
The lessons of the humanitarian cycle - the Kazakh language and literature, the Russian language and English, the history of Kazakhstan - reflect peaceful cooperation, patriotism, good neighborliness of representatives of different nationalities, ethnic groups.
"Kazakh halқy Assambleyasy", "bir astynda Shanyrak", "Birlik foams Yntymak Eli", "Ұltaralyқ kelіsіm" - Kazakh tili sabaғynda өte kөp taқyryptar zhasөspөrіmderdі tatulyқ foams yntymaқtastyққa tәrbieleydі.Zhoғary synyptarda Kazakh tili sabaғynda yes "Mәngіlіk eat-til mәngіlіk ideyasy" , "Tauelsizdik tolgauy", "Nurly dol" siyakty tahyryptar ogylyp өtedі. Various Olympiads, competitions of regional, regional and republican significance reflect intercultural and interethnic ties: Abai and Pushkin readings, Makhambet take our readings, "Zharkyn" participation, win prizes.
Extracurricular activities are aimed at fostering tolerance, mutual understanding, respect for national traditions and customs of the peoples of Kazakhstan.
High school students actively participate in district debate tournaments, where the main topics are moral principles.
Understanding and mutual assistance between ethnic groups and religions in our country has grown into strong friendship, cohesion of a single people, and mutual respect. This is evidenced by the festive new date - the Day of Gratitude, which is celebrated on the day of the creation of the Assembly of the Peoples of Kazakhstan - March 1.
May 1 - Day of the Unity of the Peoples of Kazakhstan every year at the school is held very solemnly children represent many nationalities - in the concert program songs are played in different languages. Nauryz meiramy united all the nationalities of our country, every year you can see representatives of different ethnic groups on the stage.
All valuesupbringing the growing upgenerations - respect, friendship, tolerance, love and mutual assistance, readinesshelp - starts with the family.It is becoming a good tradition to hold events dedicated to Family Day within the walls of the school - these are round tables with parents and children.
3. In the "Plan of the Nation - 100 Steps to Implement Five Institutional Reforms", 85 and 89 steps are devoted to the idea of Mangilik El in the form of a task to create a draft patriotic act and the task of introducing the values of Mangilik El into existing school curricula.
Teachers should play an important role in the implementation of the "Mangilik El" program, voiced by the President, and teachers of the social and humanitarian cycle are primarily responsible for promoting the national idea among the younger generation. The new 2015-2016 academic year in all organizations of secondary education of the republic began with the Day of Knowledge, where a peace lesson was held on the topic "Values of Mangilik el"
This event contributes to the formation of citizenship and patriotism among students, fostering a sense of love for their homeland, respect for its history and culture, respect for the nature of their native land, pride in the achievements of modern Kazakhstan.
In modern conditions, the civil-patriotic education of students is gaining special importance, the role of educational organizations in the upbringing of young citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan is growing.
To this end, school history teachers hold debate tournaments among high school students. In the lessons of geography and the optional course of local history, children are instilled with love for their homeland, a sense of responsibility for the future of their homeland.
Class teachers spend class hours dedicated to the events of our country:
Independence Day of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Victory Day.
20th anniversary of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan;
20th anniversary of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan;
Holding the International Exhibition "EXPO-2017".
When carrying out extracurricular activities, I consider it productive to apply new teaching technologies and active forms of learning, studied in the courses of the third (basic) level of the Program for advanced training of teachers of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the developers of which are AEO Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools and the Department of Education of the University of Cambridge.
Thus, all events organized for the implementation of the "Mangilik El" program will be aimed at the formation of an educated person with developed leadership qualities, ready to independently make decisions in a situation of choice, capable of cooperation and intercultural interaction, with a sense of responsibility for the fate of the country, actively participating in achievement of the main goal of the Strategy "Kazakhstani way - 2050: common goal, common interests, common future".
The national idea "Mangilik El" is a vector of development of Kazakhstani society, which should be guided by a modern teacher.
Its foundation must be laid in the school. As part of the implementation of this idea, it is necessary to purposefully conduct educational and educational work at school. The study of subjects should be aimed at the formation of spiritual and moral qualities and patriotic feelings, civic responsibility of students, the development of national self-awareness and tolerance, the strengthening of secular values and the formation of a conscious rejection by young people of the idea of terrorism and extremism, the ability to communicate in a multi-ethnic Kazakhstan.
Pedagogical efforts should be aimed at raising a creative and talented person, who loves relatives and friends, his people, his homeland, a real citizen of his country. To achieve efficiency, it is necessary not only to give knowledge and skills that contribute to the formation of appropriate ideals, principles and worldview, but also to develop the necessary personal qualities, the spiritual world of children and students so that they become worthy citizens of their country.
To be a citizen and patriot of your homeland means to have an active civic position, competently use your rights, honestly and conscientiously fulfill your duties. Be hardworking to maintain a decent standard of your own life and take care of those who need your help and protection, feel your responsibility and involvement in the past, present and future of your country.
It is noteworthy that at the end of the message, the President addressed the younger generation. The following words were spoken to them: “I am especially addressing our youth. This Strategy is for you. You participate in its implementation and you reap the rewards of its success. Get involved in the work, everyone at their workplace. Don't be indifferent. Create the destiny of the country together with all the people! "
References:
Teacher's Guide "Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools", 2012
Republican essay competition "Constructivist Learning: Present and Prospects". Essay "Education: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow"
Message to the people of Kazakhstan dated January 17, 2014 "Kazakhstani way -2050: common goal, common interests, common future"
4. (website )
The national idea is designed to consolidate society. To develop it, it is necessary to unite all Kazakhstanis, without dividing anyone along ethnic lines. One of the fundamental documents, the principles ( "One country - one destiny", "Different origins - equal opportunities", "Development of the national spirit") which formed the basis for the formation of the national idea, was the "Doctrine of National Unity of Kazakhstan", adopted in 2010.
In early 2014, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, speaking with a message to the people, urged residents to work to achieve the goals of the strategy "Kazakhstan-2050", aimed at creating a welfare society based on a strong state, a developed economy and opportunities for universal labor, as well as number of the 30 most developed countries in the world. One of the features of the speech of the Leader of the Nation was that he said: “We, the people of Kazakhstan, are one people! And our common fate is our Mangilik El, our worthy and great Kazakhstan! "Mangilik El" is the national idea of our common Kazakhstan home, the dream of our ancestors. " Thus, N. Nazarbayev proposed to develop and adopt the Patriotic Act "Mangilik El" ("Eternal Country"). In his opinion, over 22 years of sovereign development, the main values have been created that unite all Kazakhstanis and form the foundation of the country's future. They are not taken from transcendental theories. These values are the experience of the Kazakhstani Way that has stood the test of time. The president referred to them:
Firstly, this is the Independence of Kazakhstan and Astana;
Secondly, national unity, peace and harmony in society;
Thirdly, it is a secular society and high spirituality;
Fourth, economic growth based on industrialization and innovation;
Fifthly, it is the Society of General Labor;
Sixth, the commonality of history, culture and language;
Seventh, it is national security and the country's global participation in solving global and regional problems.
According to Elbasy, thanks to these values, Kazakhstanis have always won, strengthened the country, multiplied great successes. These state-forming, national values are the ideological basis of the New Kazakhstani Patriotism. Thus, the President called on all Kazakhstanis, especially young people, to make every effort to achieve a great common goal, a common future. At the same time, instructions were given to organize the development and adopt the "Mangilik El" Patriotic Act.
In fact, this document is the national idea of Kazakhstan, which has its own peculiarity. It relies on polyethnicity. Only the observance of the interests of all citizens of the republic will lead to the transition to a civil society and to the formation of a single people, which is the basis of the national idea. Only together will the people of Kazakhstan be able to build a successful and prosperous Kazakhstan. Therefore, "Mangilik El" is a state ideology.
In January last year, the development of the concept of the national idea began. For this, a working group was created from representatives of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the government, the Assembly of the People, the national movement "Kazakhstan-2050". The main task of the concept "Mangilik El" was the formulation of the principles of the unity of Kazakhstani society, and the document became the basis for the patriotic education of the country's residents.
On the eve of the early presidential elections held in April 2015, Nursultan Nazarbayev announced the need to legally formalize the concept of the national idea. The same proposal was voiced by him before the delegates of the Assembly of the People of the Republic. The development of such a document was considered unique, since there is no state in the world that would fix a national idea in the form of a normative legal act. “There is no such experience anywhere, and we are ahead of everyone else,” the Leader of the Nation said in this regard.
The other day, at the XXIV session of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, the program document "Mangilik El" was adopted, documenting the national idea of the state. “The Patriot Act is a collection of the most important values that directly affect today's life and the future. The Patriotic Act is a mandate to future generations of the founders of independence. We must work for the sake of rooting these values in the minds of every Kazakhstani, ”Nursultan Nazarbayev said. It is symbolic that the national idea appeared in the year of the 25th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Thus, the national idea is built on the values that allowed the Kazakh people to achieve historical success. Following it will allow Kazakhstan to become a participant in the decisions of all significant, both regional and global issues. As N. Nazarbayev noted, national unity, peace and harmony, history and culture, the integrity of the language are a guarantee of unity and stability in the state, since the foundation of a new patriotism is laid on the basis of the named values.
Ruslan Khadimullin
(N.A. Nazarbayev)
Foreword……………………………………………………………………………………. 7
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Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… .... 9 Chapter 1.National policy and national idea« Mangilin El "..v light c strategic documents and messages of the President to the people of Kazakhstan …… ..16. 1. To a question O national idea"Мгілік Ел" ……………………………………… .. ..16 2. The essence of the concepts "national idea", "national spirit", "national ideal". “National leader”, “national elite” …………………………………………… 19 3 .Ethno-cultural and civic understanding of the national idea and national …… ideal in a multiethnic society. Their unity and interrelation ………………………… .. 22 4. The national idea of Kazakhstan: from ethnic identification and consolidation to harmony ……………………………………………………………………………………… ... 24 .. 5. Competitiveness as the most important component of the national idea …………… 27. 6.Education of a new Kazakhstani patriotism in the context of the national idea Mangilin El ………………………………………………………………………………… 32 7.Kazakhtan as a philosophical and methodological basis of the national idea "Mangilin El" .................................... .................................................. .................................................. ......... 36 Chapter 2. National education of future specialists in the context. national idea... "Mangilik El" .............................................. ........................................... 41 1. National education of future specialists: purpose, objectives, content .................. 41 2. The essence of the concepts of "education", "ethnic education", "national ………… .. upbringing"……………………………………………………………………………………. 43 3. Actualization of national education of future specialists in the context of ………… national educational ideal ............................................... .................................... 47. 4. The model of the formation of the national self-awareness of future specialists in the context of the three components of the national idea "Мgіlіk El" ……………………………………… 49 5. The national idea "Мgіlіk El" is the methodological basis of national education ……………………………………………………………………………………… 52 .. Chapter 3. The mentality and mentality of the Kazakh nation and a single people ……………. Kazakhstan …………………………………………………………………………………… .61 1 .The essence of the concept of "mentality" ............................................ ................................................. 61 2. The mentality of the Kazakh people and factors influencing its formation ……………… .65 3 . The concept of "El" in the Kazakh mentality ……………………………………………………. 67 4 . Yeltan as a system for the development of the mentality of Kazakh youth in ........................... modern conditions ................................................ .................................................. ................ 70 5 .Modern aspects of the development of the mentality of the Kazakh people and the people of Kazakhstan people of Kazakhstan ................................................ .................................................. ....................... 73 Chapter 4. Forming an ideaKazakh Eli and the history of its development ........................................ 80. 1. From the history of the concept "ate" (in Russian transcription - "El") in the era of its origin. 80 2. The emergence of the idea "Turik Eli" ............................................ .................................................. 84 3. Islamic civilization and filling the concept of "eating" with new content ......................... 87 4. The emergence of the "Kazakh idea" as a national idea .......................................... ................ 89 5. The idea of “Kazakh Eli” in the era of “Zar Zaman” ………………………………………………………… .95 6. Movement "Alash" and the idea of "Kazakh Eli" ………………………………………………………… ... 97 7. Soviet power and the idea of "Kazakh Eli" .......................................... .............................................. 99 8. Independent Kazakhstan:andact "Kazakh Eli" as a response to the challenge of time ..............................103 Chapter 5. National identity in the structure of human consciousness .......................... 105 1. National identity of the individual and the people: concept, content ............................. 105 2. General characteristics of the national self-awareness of the Kazakh people ..................... 110 3 .Psychological aspects of the national identity of the individual ................................... 116 4. Formation of national self-awareness of a student's personality as a subject …………. self-development and self-improvement in the pedagogical process of the university ……………… .. 120 Chapter 6. Ethnic socialization and identification as a basis development of the national self-awareness of the individual ………………………………………. 129 1. Ethnic socialization is a process of personal development and self-development ……………… .. in the course of mastering ethnosocial roles ……………………………………………………… 130 2 .Ethnic "I-concept" as a process of self-identification of the nation …………………… 137 3. Types and types of ethnic identity. Factors and mechanisms of formation ... ... ... .... ethnic identity of the student's personality ………………………………………… ...... 142 Chapter 7Kazakh national culture and its role in the formation national self-awareness of the personality of a future specialist ...................................... 151 1. General characteristics of the essence and purpose of national culture, its components 2. Traditional culture and its functions ………………………………………………… ... 154 3. The traditional culture of the Kazakhs and its features ..................... 158 4. The influence of the philosophical thought of the Kazakh people on the formation of its ………………… spiritual culture ………………………………………………………………………… .. 174 Chapter 8.National language askernelnational consciousness ………… .191 1. The essence of the concepts "national language", "state language" and ............................ 191 "Language of interethnic communication" …………………………………………………………. 2. The role of the Kazakh language as a national value and heritage .......................................... 192 3. The history of the Kazakh language .............................................. ............................. 196 3 .Language as the main unifying feature of the nation. Tolerant attitude towards language other peoples ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 200 4 .The model of trilingualism in modern Kazakhstan …………………………………………. 202 5 . Multilingualism is the path to the development of multicultural education of modern youth ... 206 Chapter 9.The system of child education in the Kazakh family……………………………….208 1 ... Kazakh family. The structure of the Kazakh family ............................................... .................... 208 2 .Principles of education and continuity of generations in the Kazakh family ..................... 211 3. Methods and means of education in a Kazakh family ........................................... ................. 219 4 . The system of education in the Kazakh family ............................................ ................................... 223 Chapter 10. Basics of etiki in Kazakh folk pedagogy ………………………… 233 1 .The essence of the concept of "ethics" ………………………………………………………………… 223 2. Ideas of ethics in Kazakh folk pedagogy ............................................ ....................... 235 3 .Principles and features of Kazakh ethics ……………………………………………… 239 4 .Kinds of Kazakh ethics ………………………………………………………………… .. 244 Chapter 11. Religion - a constituent part of the national culture of the Kazakh ………. of the people and its role in the formation of the national self-consciousness of the people ..................... 253 1. The concept of religion. World religions …………………………………………………… .253 2. The spread of Islam on the territory of Kazakhstan …………………………………… .. 263 3. The place and role of Abai and Shakarim in the system of Kazakh spirituality ..................... 267 4. Confessional situation in modern Kazakhstan ………………………………...274 5 . The problem of religious self-determination of youth ……………………………………. 276 Chapter12.Culture of interethnic communication ………………………………………… 281 1. The concept of "culture of interethnic communication", its structure, functions and meaning .. 281 2. Historical roots of the culture of interethnic communication in Kazakhstan …………… .. 284 3. The culture of interethnic communication as a result of national ………… .............. politicians………………………………………………………………………………………. 288 4 .The process of forming a culture of interethnic communication ……………………… .. 296 5 .Kazak ate "- the idea of national consolidation, interethnic communication and …………. public consent …………………………………………………………………… 300 Chapter1 3 . ZdoorthLifestyleyouth - the basis for the formation of a healthy nation ... 306 1. Youth health as an intrinsic value of modern society ........................ 306 2. Socially dangerous diseases among young people: signs and consequences ................... 309 3. Formation of a healthy lifestyle among young people is a prerequisite for a professional ………… personal development of the student …………………………………………………………… 317 Chapter 14. Development of the intellectual potential of future specialists ………… .. the basis of the nation's competitiveness ………………………………………………… 320 “Intellectual Nation - 2020” …………………………………………………………… 320 2. Theoretical foundations of the intellectual development of a person ............................................................. 322 3 .Information society and the need for the development of intellectual potential .... personality ……………………………………………………………………………………. 330 4. Innovative technologies in the formation of intellectual potential …………. future specialists …………………………………………………………………… 333 |
Foreword
With the acquisition of independence, the life prospects of the people of Kazakhstan have become more diverse and in many respects real. Preserving the integrity of the republic as a social organism at the level of the nation and society remains the main task in the period of strengthening the stability, prosperity and security of the country. Strengthening civil and spiritual, ethnic and national identity, accelerating the socio-cultural and sociopsychological activity of the population are the priorities for the development of Kazakhstani society.
The principle of a single beginning and a single spirit in a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional state, the principle of diversity in a single direction of their activities - this is what stimulates the life prospects of the person and people of Kazakhstan in the 21st century.
Kazakhstan in the XXI century cannot be imagined outside the Kazakh way of life, outside the national life of the Kazakhs. The history of the social and cultural evolution of the Kazakh people is rich, gradually developed at the junction of civilizations of the East and West, Asia and Europe, in the space of steppe and urban culture, under the strong influence of Turkic traditions and Islamic spiritual values.
From time immemorial, it was the Kazakh people who owned and still owns the territory of Kazakhstan. The Kazakhs, protecting their native land, strengthened the foundation of a peaceful life, acquired social strength and thoughts in unity. The Kazakh nation is the only state-forming nation with a high mission of consolidating around itself representatives of other ethnic minorities living in the republic. The image, style and standard of living of the Kazakhs should form the core, the root of the Fatherland and the main support, the center line, the attractive force of Kazakhstan.
The whole history of Kazakhs, and now the history of independent Kazakhstan, is a history of unity, harmony and unity, mutual understanding with neighboring countries. The past of his people is not forgotten by the one who stands for peace and equality, who recognizes the power of the wisdom of his people and looks with hope to the future of his country.
The fundamental foundations of the self-determination of a nation and a country were and remain: 1) the path to independence, the revival of the traditions of the "Great Silk Road"; 2) Universal labor, the unity of the people, the uniqueness of history, culture and the state language with respect for the languages of all ethnic groups; 3) the national culture of the Kazakh people. The Kazakhstani way of reforming society is recognized by the world community.
New time dictates a revision of views on the essence and correlation of the following postulates: 1) there is no Kazakhstan outside the Kazakh people and their culture; 2) the prospect of Kazakhstan will not be durable and attractive without a coordinated and joint life of all Kazakhstanis; 3) the success of socio-economic transformations, the driving force of culture are laid in mutual respect and mutual support, in the effectiveness of integral efforts. These postulates of folk wisdom have an objective historical meaning and adherence to the attitude of friendship and unity is mandatory for all the people of Kazakhstan. The development of the country is a period of implementation of ideas and traditions of cultural relations in society.
The main ideas of a peaceful policy as motto andprinciples international relations of the XX1 century. was put forward by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev: this is - trust, tradition, transparency and tolerance. On their basis: a) the optimal balance of international relations was specified; b) the substantive partnership of Kazakhstan with the key UN participants was strengthened; c) effective resistance was developed not only to the external manifestations of modern challenges and threats, but also productive work with the sources of their origin. This attitude was reinforced by: a) increasing the continuity of generations and values; b) commitment to the priorities of social harmony and international cooperation; c) an effort to implement the principles of cooperation and stability.
In the XXI century. unfolded in parallel, a twofold process - national revival and ethnicization. Both trends are a natural response to globalization and economic integration. They are based on an interest in preserving national values and enhancing a distinctive ethnic culture. Awareness of the main thing is growing among the population of the republic: the renaissance of the onomastic space is an impetus to the revival of the linguistic, original intellectual culture and national identity, which does not allow dissolving into a faceless consumer society.
The identification features of the indigenous and numerous nation, which shaped the appearance and image of Kazakhstan, should now determine the pace of development of the republic. The fate of a country is determined by both the dynamism and effectiveness of national factors and the presence of a national idea.
INTRODUCTION
In the "Strategy" Kazakhstan-2050 "- a new political course of an established state", updating the issues related to the problems of spiritual unity and continuity of generations, the formation of her national identity and new Kazakhstani patriotism, the President of the country N.A. Nazarbayev emphasized that this is a necessary condition for building in a civilized way, in the near future, Strong and Powerful State of Kazakhstan.
Putting special responsibility for the implementation of the new strategic course "Kazakhstan-2050" on the Kazakh people as a state-forming nation, the President emphasized that an adequate response to the challenges of the time can be given only if the cultural code (language, spirituality, traditions) of the nation is preserved. “If the nation loses its cultural code , then the nation itself is destroyed ”. Only a worthy history, the memory of glorious ancestors will help us overcome the difficulties of the coming time. " In this regard, the position of many scientists that national ideologies live a long time and nations fight for them as for their own "I" is quite legitimate, without which there can be no talk about the nation and the prospects of its historical life.
Determining the priority directions of the new political course of the established state, raising the role and responsibility of youth in building (in the coming years) a Strong and Powerful State of Kazakhstan, the President quite clearly actualized the problem of the all-round formation of its national identity and historical consciousness.
And this is quite legitimate, since the national component is an integral part of the consciousness of a modern person. In all civilized countries, the meaning of modern education is the upbringing of a person of national culture who is able to engage in various forms of activity and thinking, to enter into dialogue in order to search for various cultural meanings.
In scientific research on the problems of national education of student youth, it is noted: the national self-awareness of the individual expresses the idea of national identity, attitude to the historical past of the nation, its present and future, activity in mastering the native language, in the study of folk culture, in the awareness and acceptance of national interests and values. orientations.
Taking into account the above, it should be noted that in recent decades, society has been going through a painful period associated with the intensification of the moral and spiritual crisis of youth in all its aspects: moral, social, physical and mental.
The grounds for this statement are:
1) the presence of a low level of national identity, mentality, citizenship and patriotism among a certain part of the current youth of Kazakhstan. This is especially true of that part of the Kazakh youth who not only does not know their native language, but also does not properly know the history, customs and traditions of their people. Thus, neglecting the simple truth: for the death of a people, its complete physical destruction is not at all necessary - it is enough just to take away its memory, thought and word - and the soul of the people will be killed.
Historical experience shows that ignorance of the culture of one's people, its past and present leads to the destruction of the connection between generations, the connection of times, which causes irreparable damage to the development of a person and the people as a whole;
2) the growth among young people of religious views of the most varied kinds; the growth of juvenile delinquency, alcohol abuse, tobacco smoking, drugs; increased incidence of suicide, prostitution, manifestation of cruelty, anger, aggression, etc.; a steady tendency of young people not ready to defend the Fatherland, which is manifested in a negative attitude towards military service and military professions, a decrease in the level of their physical training.
It is not spiritual, but material values that are becoming a priority. In practice, this is manifested in the fact that young people are irresponsible in the performance of the most important civic responsibilities, demonstrate social immaturity and lack of spirituality;
The decline in the moral and spiritual level of young people is directly reflected in the level of: 1) the health of the nation; 2) the intellectual potential of the nation; 3) the competitiveness of the nation; d) national security of the country as a whole.
Today it should become an axiom - the path to a country with competitive human capital, the path to the Society of Universal Labor, the path to a completely different quality of life — is possible only through the moral and spiritual rebirth of the nation.
National self-awareness as a complex structural formation of a person is formed under the influence of education and upbringing, is determined by its content, orientation and teaching methods, which should be the object of attention of an independent scientific discipline, which has both theoretical and applied significance.
In solving this issue, the introduction of the subject "Mangilik El" as compulsory, not only at the level of secondary, but also higher education should play an invaluable role.
Importance of subject introduction "Mangilik El" in universities of Kazakhstan is justified by the authors of the textbook and by the fact that:
a) today in our state, there are active processes of globalization and integration into the world educational space. And this increasingly aggravates the problem of educating a new generation of specialists, socially active members of society with a high level of intellectual potential, responsible for the development and preservation of the spiritual values of the national culture, with a high culture of interethnic communication, capable of overcoming stereotypes of national identity and building a constructive dialogue with representatives of other cultures. ...
b) youth is the generation on which the future fate of our state depends. Throughout the world community, youth is considered as the most important subject of social change, as a moral barometer of society, as a huge innovative force and strategic resource. And therefore, we are not indifferent to what will be the level of formation of national self-awareness and, accordingly, patriotism and citizenship among today's youth, especially students.
When determining the name of the subject "Mangilik El" the authors proceeded from the decisions of the last two Messages of the President of the country to the people of Kazakhstan:
1) "Kazakhstani way - 2050: common goal, common interests, common future" (January 17, 2014), which speaks of the need for development and adoption of the patriotic act "Mangilik El". The head of state called "Mangilik El" a national idea . At the same time, he called on all Kazakhstanis, each in his workplace "" to actively get involved in the work on the implementation of the main directions of the "Strategy" Kazakhstan-2050 ";
2) “Nurly Zhol - the way to the future” (November 11, 2014), where it is noted that “The national idea“ Mangilik El ”should become a strong ideological basis not only for the Strategy“ Kazakhstan 2050 ”, but also an inviolable, unshakable ideological basis for the formation of the Kazakh state XXI century.
The idea of the subject « Mәңgilik El "- to give future specialists a holistic idea of the origins of folk traditions and interests of the Fatherland, to reveal the essence of Kazakh life in the socio-cultural space, to reproduce the social and internal life of a person, based on an open system of equal relationships and the unity of the community of people in a certain place of residence - atameken.
Item setting value « Mәңgilik El "- in a systematic understanding of the traversed path of the Kazakh people in the context of the formation of a nationality and nation; in the methodological generalization of the stages and evolution of Kazakh culture in the historical and socio-cultural contexts; in determining the place and role of the Kazakh people in society and human civilization.
Purpose of the subject « Mәңgilik El "- to reveal the national value of the Kazakh life and the Kazakh way of life, to spread the Kazakh content of the life of generations of people, to form civic activity and national identity among young people.
Against this rich and real background of modernity, the following are outlined installations subject, in particular:
By updating the knowledge of future specialists about historical and national experience, teach them to identify and correct steps towards the future;
To root in the minds of young people that we have one country - one destiny;
Revive the feeling of a master among young people in their native land, a sense of responsibility before compatriots;
To intensify the moral-spiritual and intellectual-creative activity of future specialists as the most important means of their professional and personal development.
The fundamental problem of the subject "Mәңgilik El" is an raising the national idea "Mangilik El" to the status of a national program.
The new subject clarifies the meaning and content of concepts, provisions and attitudes in the renewing world, adjusts the parameters for coordinating different views within the framework of social demands.
The logic of the subject proceeds from the identification of the similarity of the singular, particular and general in the national experience.
In three dimensions - social, innovative and regulatory the potential reveals more fully the national and pedagogical and educational significance of the subject "Mangilik El".
In the methodological context, the subject area "Mangilik El" contains the principles: the transition from monism to pluralism, from one-sided approaches to multilevel analysis and interdisciplinary comprehension.
Multilevel, intersubject imply a transition from an abstract idea of the country to a concrete understanding of its essence and development prospects; deepening the knowledge of future specialists in line with the national spirit, national life and innovative endeavors; enrichment of theoretical views with living creativity and the need for active and creative activity.
These rules contain an innovative undertaking - the unity of historical memory, methodological culture and social orientation.
From these positions, the subject "Mangilik El" is a new phenomenon aimed at the formation of a high level of national identity, national spirit, intellectual potential and new Kazakhstani patriotism in the minds and activities of future specialists in demand by the new socio-cultural conditions of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Feature subject"Мgіlіk El" is that its content:
a) is documentary, historical in nature: the goals, objectives, content of the national education of future specialists were determined and formed on the basis of a retrospective analysis of the main provisions of strategic documents and the Messages of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan, starting from the day the independence of our state was established;
b) is aimed at the all-round formation of a high level of national identity, patriotism and civic consciousness of future specialists;
c) the entire content of the subject "Mangilik El" was built taking into account the most important components of the national idea (ethnoforming, civil and national), as well as the six main directions of the "Strategy" Kazakhstan 2050 ", which should be adopted when building a Strong and Powerful State of KAZAKHSTAN. First. Education of new Kazakhstani patriotism. New Kazakhstani patriotism is something that should unite the whole society, beyond ethnic differences. Second. Equality of rights of citizens of all ethnic groups. We are all Kazakhstanis with equal rights and equal opportunities. We are directly responsible for ensuring that peace and tranquility reign in our land. Third. Development of the Kazakh language and the trinity of languages. Responsible language policy is one of the main consolidating factors of the Kazakh nation. The Kazakh language is our spiritual core and it is necessary to actively develop it, using it in all spheres. Fourth. Revival of culture, tradition and identity. Tradition and culture are the genetic code of a nation. Fifth. Raising the role of the national intelligentsia. The intelligentsia should become the leading force in strengthening national values at the stage of an established state. Sixth. Strengthening the secular character of the state is an important condition for the successful development of Kazakhstan.
As a result of studying the discipline, the student should know:
The essence of the basic concepts of the subject "Mangilik El"(ethnos, nation, mentality, national mentality, national idea, national education, national identity, ethnic consciousness, national culture, culture of interethnic communication, healthy lifestyle, intellectual potential, competitiveness, etc.)
The essence of the national idea of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Mangilik El" in the context of its three most important components (ethno-forming, civil, national), the essence of the national ideal of the Republic of Kazakhstan; the essence of the system of spiritual values adequate to the status of an independent state of Kazakhstan; the essence of the main factors that transform the national idea into a national reality and the historical fate of the people;
The essence of teaching kazakhtan as a philosophical and methodological basis of the national idea "Mangilik El"
The essence of the methodological foundations for the development of national self-awareness of future specialists;
The essence of the model of the formation of the national identity of the individual in the context of the three most important components of the national idea (ethno-forming, civil, national);
The student should be able to:
Reflect and determine the level of formation of: a) ethnic identification at the level of "I" - a representative of the Kazakh people "; b) civil identification at the level "I, We" - representatives of the State of Kazakhstan; c) nationwide (nationwide) identification at the level of “I, We, Together” - an intellectual, competitive nation.
Identify problems at each level of identification and find ways to solve them.
It is worth living in a civil society, respecting the rights and freedoms of the individual, values common to all Kazakhstani ethnic groups.
The student should be aware of:
-what the formation of a high level of national identity at the level of ethnic identification requires deep study of the essence of the national culture of the Kazakh people, the most important components of which are history, language, customs and traditions, the identity of the Kazakh people, as well as a conscious acceptance of national interests, national values and value orientations of the Kazakh people;
That the formation of a high level of national identity at the level of civil identification requires: 1) active study and mastery of the Kazakh language as the state language, as a basic element of national identity, the core of spirituality and unity of all the people of Kazakhstan; 2) the development of a respectful attitude to the language, history, traditions, customs, national culture of all peoples and nationalities living together; 3) development of a high level of national dignity, patriotism and citizenship, tolerance and humanism; 4) readiness for interethnic, interfaith and intercultural dialogue; 5) the need to follow such fundamental human values as life, freedom, conscience, faith, love, happiness, fixing the "eternal" ideals of Good, Truth, Beauty, contributing to the preservation of peace, tranquility and non-violence on earth;
That the formation of a high level of national self-awareness at the level of national (nationwide) identification requires a deep understanding of the fact that in the modern socio-cultural conditions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, an intellectually developed, competitive, creative and healthy personality with a pronounced: a) need for self-improvement, self-development, self-affirmation, self-realization is in demand essential forces: b) the readiness to master new knowledge, produce and initiate new ideas and put them into practice for the benefit of their fatherland.
The student must own:
Ethnopedagogical, ethnocultural, polycultural competence, culture of interethnic harmony and communication;
Socio-political competences;
Information, communication competencies;
Problem-solving competence.
Item"Mangilik El" in universities of Kazakhstan should wear meta-subject character ... This will allow for the continuous formation of national identity among student youth in the context of its implementation in schools in Kazakhstan.
Item"Mangilik El" has full scientific and methodological support (in Kazakh and Russian): concept of the subject, typical program, work program, silabuss, short lecture notes, glossary, new generation textbook "Mangilik El".
In the context of life philosophy - the subject "Mangilik El »Replies with new challenges of the time - to enter the 30 most developed countries of the world by training highly qualified, intellectually developed, competitive specialists with a high level of national identity, citizenship and patriotism, ready and open to cultural dialogue on equal terms.
Chapter 1. National policy and national idea "Mangilik El" in the light of strategic documents and messages of the President to the people of Kazakhstan
1. To a question O national idea"Mangilik El"
2. The essence of the concepts "national idea", "national spirit", "national ideal", "national leader", "national elite".
3 . Ethnocultural and civic understanding of the national idea and national ideal in a multiethnic society. Their unity and interconnection.
4. National idea of Kazakhstan: from ethnic identification to consolidation and harmony.
5. Competitiveness as the most important component of the national idea.
6. The upbringing of a new Kazakhstani patriotism in the context of the national idea and the meaningful activity of the national ideal.
7. Kazakhtan as a philosophical and methodological basis of the national idea "Mangilin El".
1.To the question of the national idea "Mangilik El". The idea of forming the national idea "Mangilik El", expressed by N.A. Nazaprbayev in the Messages "Kazakhstani way - 2050: Common goal, common interests, common future" (January 17, 2014), "Nurly Zhol - the way to the future" (November 11, 2014) .) found a wide response among domestic political scientists, philosophers, historians, etc.
Thus, domestic political analysts note that the national idea "Mangilik El" - determines the worthy future of the Kazakh people and allows Kazakhstan to stand on a par with the successful countries of the developed world. This is a new period of the Kazakhstani path, which should be based on national unity and peace, strengthening the economy, social protection of the people, national security, development of culture, language ... At the current stage of the country's development, the national idea "Mangilik El" is a bold step into the future. It should unite the aspirations and strengths of all Kazakhstanis in solving the urgent tasks facing society in the implementation of the "Strategy" Kazakhstan - 2050 ".
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan developed, creating its own economic and cultural base. And all this time, the creative intelligentsia, scientists, ordinary people pondered the essence of the national idea. Therefore, "Mangilik El" is the result of all the years of independence, and its roots go back to ancient times. " The idea of "Mangilik El" presents Kazakhstan not just as a country, but as a nation, as a whole. We must develop not only economically, but also spiritually. And, despite its multinationality, Kazakhstan managed to create a single, common idea. And this is what we have been looking for all our lives. "Mangilik El" is the essence of the state ideology at the present stage of the formation of Kazakhstan (G. Sultanbaeva)
The idea of "Mangilik El" as eternal people, eternal land is based on the centuries-old dream of our people, on the concrete results of the country's development. The mobilizing force of "Mangilik El" is:
1) in preserving their identity, their roots, their national spirit and their unique path of development;
2) in consolidating their role in the world community;
4) in an effort to solve urgent problems on a large scale and on a truly large scale.
Her priorities - support for traditional values; the formation and development of moral guidelines that determine national identity, strengthening the intellectual potential of society.
The main parameters are humanism and justice, social and moral progress (Zh.Zh. Moldabekov).
When the President speaks of the future of Kazakhstan as "Mangilik el", he puts the issues of the historical consciousness of the nation on one of the first places on the agenda. The deeper the historical memory, characterized as a social and cultural category, and the deeper the roots of historical consciousness, the person himself and society as a whole become richer spiritually.
In order to understand the present and foresee the future, one must know the past. The life and civic principles of a person are most clearly defined if he deeply penetrates into the essence of the socio-cultural experience accumulated by previous generations.
Kazakhstan's aspiration to create "Mangilik el" in the conditions of fierce competition of the globalizing world requires, along with political, socio-economic sovereignty, the achievement of spiritual independence.
For this, in order to ensure the vital activity of such a complex system as a nation, it is necessary to form (through the revival of the national worldview, spiritual sources that make up the essence of the original history and culture) the historical consciousness inherent in this society.
History is linked to the past, human memory and social consciousness. It is possible to revive historical consciousness only through the study and study of original history, through the development of fundamental values that form the basis of national culture. Along with the native language, which awakens people spiritually, it is necessary to revive traditions, to fully restore the historical past of the people - this is the path of the formation of historical identity, which constitutes the spiritual platform of Independence (B. Satershinov).
The philosophical and political foundations of the concept of "Mangilik el" given in the Message of the Leader of the Nation "Kazakhstan-2050" originate from the times of the Sakas, Huns, and ancient Turks. To the state of Kazakhstan (on the territory where in the past ruled by the mighty empires of the Saks, Huns, Turks, Chinggis Khan, Altyn Orda), the idea of "Mangilik El" is inherited from the ancestors. “Serving this idea has saved our land at all times from invaders, and this connection in time and in history must not be interrupted. For “only under the condition of maintaining continuity between the deeds of our heroic ancestors, the achievements of the present and the bright future of future generations, we can become“ Mangilik el ”(N. Nazarbayev).
The idea of "Mangilik El" has always been the bridge that connected the great nomadic empires with a glorious history with world civilization. It was implemented on the Great Silk Road, on the path of development of a nomadic civilization, which is characterized by such universal human qualities as humanism, the preservation of the unity of the people with its inherent breadth of soul and kind-heartedness.
In today's era of globalization, ... the idea of "Mangilik el" is a guarantee of the revival of our ancient Turkic worldview - being, the foundations of the civilization of nomads in their modern form, the flourishing of our country as an advanced, strong state. After gaining independence, our country received a historical chance to implement this idea.
This means that independent Kazakhstan, known to the world community as striving for good-neighborliness, peace-loving, state, has a huge potential that has not yet been appreciated by anyone and has not yet been fully utilized. And this means that the idea of "Mangilik el" is the key to our national code (Kubash Sagidolluly)
In Astana there is a majestic arch "Mangilik el". This composition was created by the project of the designer Sagyndyk Zhanbolatov and the sculptor Kanat Korganov. The concept "Mangilik el", S. Zhanbolatov believes, has deep historical roots and great ideological and philosophical content. In the Turkic historical and linguistic understanding, the word "mugi" corresponds to the semantic meanings of such concepts as "Tir", "day", "Alla", he believes. Thus, the concept "Mangilik el" means "the country, the people of the Almighty." Today we, fixing our eyes on the future, have set ourselves a goal - the construction of "Manilik El". To achieve this goal, unity is needed. It is our strength.
“The national idea“ Mangilik El ”was proclaimed, born of all the thousand-year historical experience of the Kazakh people, the Kazakh path traversed during the years of independence, says the Appeal of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan to the citizens of the country.
The common goal is to strengthen "Mangilik El", to strengthen the Independence of our Motherland - Kazakhstan! Common interests are our common values, the desire to live in a free and prosperous country! The common future is the flourishing of "Mangilik El" - our common home - the Republic of Kazakhstan.
"Mangilik El" is a powerful mobilizing beginning for the implementation of the strategic task - the entry of Kazakhstan into the number of the 30 most developed countries in the world.
The Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan emphasized: 1) the implementation of the strategic tasks facing the people of Kazakhstan can be achieved thanks to a unique model created in Kazakhstan - a model of social harmony and national unity; 2) to fulfill new breakthrough tasks - building a stable, prosperous Kazakhstan, creating a society of prosperity in our blessed land, rallying and unity is necessary (Astana, January 17, 2014).
If we consider the essence of the national idea "Mangilik El" in the context of the above provisions, then the following can be noted: Mangilin El "is the history of the Kazakh people, which is a state-forming nation of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Kazakh Eli. And this is at the same time the history of the formation of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a multinational state, striving for world recognition and taking its rightful place in the world community on an equal footing, and this is also the history of Kazakh Eli.
For a deeper understanding of the essence of the national idea "Mangilik El", one should understand its most important components.
2. The essence of the concepts "national idea", "national spirit", "national ideal", "national leader", "national elite". In numerous studies on the essence of the concept of "national idea" it is noted:
The national idea determines the meaning of existence of this or that people, ethnos, or nation. Any state or society that builds its future must necessarily rely on its national idea in this. A society that does not rely on its own national idea is doomed, it will certainly go out of its way. Therefore, if it is defined correctly, it will be fateful, historical and creative for the nation;
A genuine national idea is the idea of perfection, and above all of the spiritual perfection of the people. And this idea is absolutely universal. In this aspect, the concept of a national idea can be considered as a principle of the organization of the life of the people. This is a principle of the organization of life that corresponds to the mind, mind and soul of the people. This is the principle of the organization of life, which is not sufficiently productively implemented in the present. It is a constructively expressed dream of living generations for the future, which is one with the dreams of the future of previous generations. This is the principle of the life support of the people, which is associated with the prudent use of the wealth of the native land;
The national idea is a complex of orientations, values and ideals of a world outlook aimed at consolidating the people, sustainable socio-economic development of society, strengthening the security and independence of the state. It’s impossible to just come up with a national idea. Its components are contained in the depths of national self-consciousness, reflecting the picture of national life, it finds its expression in philosophy, history, science, poetry, literature, music, painting, dance, art, the language of the people;
History confirms that a state with a national idea and ideology is much stronger than a state dominated by de-ideologization. The idea acts as a strategy for success. As the eastern wisdom says, "if you do not know where you are sailing, then not a single favorable wind will help you."
As you can see, being a special, specific form of national self-awareness, the national idea, as a component of the spiritual life of society, performs meaning-forming, ethno-forming, value-orienting and socially consolidating functions. It is based on such values as the spirituality of the nation, love for the historical image and creative act of its people, faith in its spiritual strength, its spiritual vocation, people's understanding of their cultural identity and spiritual mission, the depths and prospects of social development, the unity of historical memory and the image of the future.
In this regard, the position of Russian scientists that national ideologies live a long time and nations fight for them as for their own "I" is quite legitimate, without which there can be no talk at all about the nation and the prospects of its historical life.
National spirit. When an attractive national idea embraces the entire people, then it acquires the phenomenon of a national spirit. National spirit – it is the cumulative result of the qualitative state of the national reality . The spirit of a people who is in constant humiliation, dependence and submission will never be elevated. This lofty feeling is associated with the defense of the Fatherland, the heroic struggle of the people for the fate of the country ... In extreme situations, the national spirit turns into a kind of magical magic force.
National ideal. The concept of national ideal is closely connected with the concepts of national idea, national spirit. The concept of the national ideal as the highest model, as the basis for a person to build his life strategy, was developed by I. Kant, who asserts that "the idea gives the rules, and the ideal serves as a prototype, for all-round imitation of it." Kant noted the practical power of ideals: “we compare, evaluate ourselves with the ideal and improve, however, never being able to become on a par with it (ibid.).
“There are times in the life of mankind when deep upheavals, a huge upheaval, are capable of stirring up society to the very depths of its foundations. At such times in history, a person begins to realize that it is impossible to drag on the same life further. It is necessary that some great events suddenly interrupt the thread of history, throw humanity out of the rut in which it is stuck, and push it on new paths - into the unknown, in search of new ideals. " In this regard, it should be noted that human nature necessarily presupposes a striving for the ideal, which is reflected in myth-making, folklore, folk culture, philosophical and political thought, and, finally, ideology.
In the modern era, the national ideal is a category of paramount importance, since it is becoming one of the main instruments of progressive social innovation and transformation. The national ideal is designed to ensure the development of national identity. The national "ideal contributes to the comprehensive strengthening of statehood and the successful development of the nation, for it is closely related to the criterion of the progressiveness of the state system, with the understanding of what constitutes the really leading trends in the development of our time. Consolidation of society and the strengthening of social unity on the basis of a generally recognized national ideal have a positive effect on interethnic and interethnic relations, which are one of the most difficult aspects of social life of any multinational state.As we see, the bearer of the national idea, the active subject of its practical implementation is a person, nation, society as a whole.
National leader and national elite. At the same time, in scientific and philosophical works, such a factor as the factor of a national leader is considered as the main force that turns a national idea into a national reality and historical fate. “Only a person of a truly historical scale, capable of acting both as the personification of a certain set of key values of the nation, and as a strong and strong-willed source of non-standard political decisions, can save the state from complete collapse or dismemberment. Only a major statesman is able to save the nation, to bring its idea to life ”. The national leader plays an irreplaceable role in the implementation of the national idea with the help of clearly defined goals, as a defining vector of movement.
Unity in the issue of fundamental values supported by the people and keenly felt by the political leader is an invariable condition for the stability and development of the state.
At the same time, it should be noted that the development and management issues in the modern world are carried out mainly on the principles of elitism. The decisive role of an elite with high status and ability is a scientific axiom. The elite is a community of people distinguished by their intellectual, political, cultural, economic, psychological, moral, organizational abilities (writers, scientists, philosophers, artists - humanitarians who take responsibility for the spiritual and political development of their state), more in comparison with other groups serving the mission of statehood.
The national elite of an independent state can unite around the national leader, consolidate the potential energy of the people, and mobilize it for creative work. In society, the elite is conventionally divided into political, military, economic, cultural, technocratic and others. However, there is no need to prove that all of them should be united by the service of the national statehood.
Today, in developed countries, intellect and politics, united in a united front, serve the interests of statehood. The guarantor of the success of these countries is precisely the fact that the elite puts the development of statehood above all else. This includes the formation of a national idea, serving its implementation, the advancement of new ideas and concepts for the development of society in new conditions, the presentation of an image in which the ideals and values of the entire society are combined.
The political leader and the elite are directly present in all three parameters of the national idea: 1) awareness of the national idea; 2) its scientific and theoretical presentation; 3) the definition of the national ideal linking the past, present and future of the people.
3 . Ethnocultural and civic understanding of the national idea and national ideal in a multiethnic society. Their unity and interconnection. Today in Kazakhstan we are talking about the model of national building of Kazakhstan, and in the future, the Powerful Kazakh state, around the state-forming ethnos - the Kazakhs.
The formation of a single people of Kazakhstan, as a civil society, around the Kazakh ethnos, is a fundamentally important issue for Kazakhstan. “One of the largest contemporary ethnopolitical scientists and theorists of the nation, Anthony Smith, notes that the real practice of nation-building in various states of the modern world is based on the principle of“ and - and ”. This method of nation building, one of the most widespread in the world, is called the “dominant ethnic group” model.
The relevance and priority of understanding the essence of the national idea, in the unity of its ethnocultural and civic components, with the dominance of ethnocultural, is determined by the fact that the “Concept of the formation of the state identity of the Republic of Kazakhstan” notes: “The ethnic center of Kazakhs is Kazakhstan. Nowhere in the world do they have another statehood that would show concern for the preservation and development of Kazakhs as an ethnic group, about their culture, way of life, language, traditions. "
The Doctrine of National Unity of Kazakhstan (2010) states: “Kazakhstan is the only legal and historical heir to the centuries-old statehood of the Kazakh people and a natural continuation of its political and state structure. Kazakhstan is taking all measures to protect its independence and strengthen its national statehood. The history of the country remembers many dramatic pages. There was a time when the very existence of the people, their language and culture was facing the threat of extinction. The Kazakh people, having gone through difficult trials, not only survived, but also created their own state, gained independence. "
At the same time, the Declaration "On the State Sovereignty of the Kazakh SSR" and the Constitutional Law "On the State Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" proclaimed two principles that determined the foundations of the sovereignty and further consolidation of the nation: first, the right of the Kazakh people to self-determination, which became a condition for the creation of the state of Kazakhstan, and secondly, equal opportunities for all citizens of the country.
In this regard, it should be noted: in a multiethnic (multinational) state, which is Kazakhstan today, the national idea cannot be focused only on the state-forming nation. The main function of the national idea, as mentioned above, is not only ethno-forming, but also consolidating, meaning-forming, aimed at uniting all citizens of the country, regardless of their ethnicity, into a single people of Kazakhstan, based on the commonality of their Kazakh citizenship. This approach is called in modern ethnopolitical science "the civic understanding of the nation."
In this regard, the positions of Doctor of Philosophy A.N. Nysanbayev and R. Kadyrzhanov are significant, which substantiate the need, need and interests of Kazakhstani society in strengthening civic national identity in close unity with ethnicity, as follows:
“First, the inclusion of the idea of a civil nation in the national idea of Kazakhstan contributes to the internal security and stability of society. The formation of a civil nation as an interethnic community of people will help smooth out contradictions and conflicts of interests and values of ethnic groups, overcome dividing lines, borders and distances between them.
Secondly, the formation of a civil nation in Kazakhstan will have the most positive effect on the identity of all Kazakhstanis, regardless of their ethnicity, with their home country - the Kazakh state. One nation, the people of Kazakhstan, will become a real embodiment of the slogan "Kazakhstan is our common home". New Kazakhstani patriotism, high morale, the spirit of the nation will become real attributes of civil identification, that is, they will not be good wishes and dreams, but a real social and political force.
Third, a mature civil society should be an important result of the formation of a civil nation in Kazakhstan. Civil nation and civil society are closely linked, mutually presuppose each other and cannot exist without each other. In social terms, this is due to the fact that both the civil nation and civil society are based on horizontal ties, and not on vertical ties in society. "
Today, the ethnic policy of Kazakhstan, in close unity with the supra-ethnic, is aimed at developing the multicultural consciousness of Kazakhstanis, at their identification with the Kazakh state. Where a person, no matter what nationality he belongs to, while maintaining his nationality, must identify himself as a representative of the Kazakh state.
The Kazakh people, in the context of globalization, should become a “backbone” in the consolidation of Kazakh society, the formation of an adequate level of both ethnic and civil identity of the country's citizens.
4. National idea of Kazakhstan: from ethnic identification to consolidation and harmony. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the destruction of the Soviet past were accompanied by mass disorientation, loss of identification, both at the individual level and at the level of society as a whole. On the one hand, there was a crisis in the identity of individuals as citizens of the USSR, which had ceased to exist. On the other hand, new identification guidelines have appeared associated with the acquisition of independence by Kazakhstan, the beginning of the transition to a market economy. Therefore, at the initial stage of independence, the leadership of Kazakhstan is making attempts to formulate the basic principles of a new national idea, which was supposed to prevent a spiritual crisis from becoming an important mechanism for consolidating society.
A comprehensive study of the fundamental documents also indicates that from the first days of independence, the main tool for building a new statehood in Kazakhstan was not only the idea of self-determination of the Kazakh people at the level of ethnic identification, but also the idea of consolidating power and consolidating society as a whole.
In fact, in the early 90s, Kazakhstan, like many post-communist republics, faced the problem of defining a new state ideology. Ideological consolidation was an important aspect of the consolidation of the political system and was carried out through the development of a national idea
For this purpose, in 1993, the concept "Ideological consolidation of society as a condition for the progress of Kazakhstan" was prepared and promulgated. In this document, the following goals and directions were highlighted:
Ensuring stability and inter-ethnic harmony as an indispensable political condition for the successful implementation of reforms;
Development of a society that ensures an adequate level of well-being for all citizens;
Development of ethnic identity and preservation of the national and cultural diversity of Kazakhstan;
Deepening democratic transformations, ensuring pluralism in politics.
On May 23, 1996, the Concept of Formation of the State Identity of the Republic of Kazakhstan was approved. The Concept noted: “... The main ideas of the state should be the unity of the people, civil peace, social stability, interethnic and interfaith harmony, compromise and tolerance. The society should establish spiritual values based on universal human moral norms, national traditions, fostering civic responsibility and patriotism ... ”At the same time, an important point of the Concept was the provision that“ a strategic trend in the development of state identity is the formation of a state in the future. -nation ". The idea that Kazakhstan is our common homeland must finally be firmly established in society. "
On October 10, 1997, the famous and fundamental Message of the Strategy "Kazakhstan-2030" was announced, where the main ideas were: prosperity, security and improvement of the welfare of all Kazakhstanis. " The strategy "Kazakhstan-2030" corresponded to the socio-economic and spiritual situation of the 1990s. and had to inspire society to overcome the crisis and social cohesion for the sake of future achievements, building an independent, prosperous, politically stable state, with national unity, social justice and economic well-being of the entire population. This Strategy assumed the formation of a new single civic consciousness and a new type of self-identification of Kazakhstanis.
In fact, the Strategy "Kazakhstan - 2030" became a conceptual, strategic and programmatic document of the state, which served as a powerful impetus in the formation of the state ideology of Kazakhstan, and to a certain extent contributed to the mobilization and consolidation of Kazakhstani society. The proclaimed national ideas appealing to the emotional and sensory component: "Kazakhstan is our common home", "Our great historical past" contributed to: a) prevention of possible social, ethnic, confessional conflicts; b) the formation of social and political stability in Kazakhstan, as a unique experience of the world coexistence of many ethnic groups.
During this period, the provisions expressed by domestic social scientists that: 1) the integration of citizens of different nationalities should be based on the preservation of their ethnic characteristics, language and culture, traditions and customs were significant. The path to spiritual harmony in a multinational society lies through the education of the national dignity of each individual as a subject of the system of social relations and the historical development of society. Self-respect is a source of understanding of universal human values, which determines respect for representatives of other nations.
The development of elements of such an integrating and integrated ideology went on and is going on, relying on the dominant of patriotism, Kazakhstani patriotism in particular, which is based on ideology of social harmony, internationalism and humanism as universal values(Menlibaev K.N., Akhmetova L.S., Bekturov A., Bizhanov A., Kasenov U., Zhusupov S, Dyachenko S, Adygaliev B., Yeshanov D., Musin O., Karymsakov E.).
Kazakhstani patriotism is viewed by domestic social scientists as a consolidating spiritual and political factor, as a new paradigm of state policy and ideology. Its appearance and approval is associated with the approval and strengthening of the independence of Kazakhstan. For there has never been, and there is no state that does not need the patriotism of its citizens.
Subsequently, throughout the years of the formation of our states, the idea was expressed and expressed that “... the unifying national idea of Kazakhstanis really becomes independence of the country(The political life of Kazakhstan last week. Official press release of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan // "Nomad", December 24, 2002), interethnic unity, a booming economy and a wealthy country(Interethnic unity, a rising economy and a rich country - this is the national idea - the Head of Kazakhstan // Kazinform, August 24, 2005)
This position found its deep sounding in the Doctrine of the Unity of the People of Kazakhstan (2010), which says: 1) our great goal is to unite and become a great nation regardless of our ethnic origin, carefully preserving and passing on to our descendants the most precious thing we have, - sovereign and independent Kazakhstan. This means that every citizen, society and state must realize their responsibility to the people and future generations and take all the necessary effective measures to ensure: awareness by all citizens of the country of their unity and deep connection with the Motherland - the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The main guidelines for achieving this goal were: cohesion; inviolability of the constitutional order, territorial integrity and unitary structure of the republic; strengthening the economic, political security and spiritual sovereignty of the country, further consolidation of all citizens of the republic around the Kazakh people aimed at strengthening the independence of the state; priority of national interests in the field of international cooperation based on the inviolability of the country's sovereignty; respect for the main wealth - independence, land, unity and spirituality.
As the basic principle of national unity, it was designated strengthening and developing the spirit of the nation as a unifying and strengthening principle. The spirituality is the force that unites the nation into a single whole. The stronger the spirit of the people, the higher the prospects for its statehood. This is the main engine of history and our destiny. It is the spirit of the nation that determines the uniqueness of the appearance of any country, sets the direction and gives impetus to development. To raise our national spirit, the main priorities should be: the spirit of tradition and patriotism, the spirit of renewal, competition and victory; reliance on traditional values (respect for language and culture, morality, family, connection between generations, patriotism and tolerance) as the spiritual foundation of society.
In accordance with the Strategic Development Plan of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2020, the Doctrine becomes the main instrument of the process of consolidation of Kazakhstani society. Ensuring national unity is an important condition for the creation of a democratic, secular, legal and social state. Economic growth, social progress and democratic development of the country are possible only with the consolidation and preservation of the unity of society. To solve this problem, Kazakhstan, as an independent, sovereign and world-recognized state, has the political will and all the necessary economic and social resources. The preservation of independence and strengthening of statehood, equality of opportunities and protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, the creation of an intellectual nation and the development of the national spirit should become the cornerstone of our national unity and the life principles of each of us. All this will create the basis for the country's dynamic development in the coming years, says the Doctrine of National Unity of Kazakhstan.
In the “Strategy“ Kazakhstan-2050 ”, placing great responsibility on the Kazakh people for the preservation of peace and tranquility in our society, the President says:“ We must understand that the era of mono-national states has sunk into oblivion. Kazakhstan is our land. This is the land that from time immemorial belonged to our ancestors. Land that will belong to our descendants. And we are directly responsible for ensuring that peace and tranquility reign in our land. We must be the real owners of our land - hospitable, cordial, generous, tolerant. If we want to see our country as a Strong and Powerful state, we must not rock the boat ourselves, destroy fragile peace and order. We must not allow anyone to sow discord and fear in our blessed land.
We must live in peace and harmony - this is the requirement of the times. We need to continue working on the formation of the historical consciousness of the nation. All-Kazakhstani identity should become the core of the historical consciousness of our people. Today, a Kazakhstani of any ethnic or religious background is an equal citizen of his country. The Kazakh people and the state language act as a unifying core of the developing Kazakhstani civic community. We are creating such a just society in which everyone can say: "I am a Kazakhstani, and all doors are open for me in my country!" Today all doors, all opportunities, all roads are open for our citizens. There are many of us, and we are all one Country, one People. To be useful to your country, to be responsible for the fate of your Motherland is a duty and honor for every responsible politician, for every citizen of Kazakhstan. We have made the values of unity and harmony the foundation of society, the basis of our special Kazakhstani tolerance. We must carefully transfer these values to every future generation of Kazakhstanis.
5. Competitiveness as the most important component of the national idea. In November 2011, the Leader of the Nation N.A. Nazarbayev he especially emphasized that four factors should be based on the national idea. "The first is national unity, the second is a strong competitive economy. The third is an intelligent, constructive society." If we want to be on a par with everyone and survive in the global world, we must have an intelligent society. " The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan called the fourth component the building of Kazakhstan as a respected state. "We must build our society - these are the four foundations of the successful development of our Motherland."
It should be noted that the idea of the nation's competitiveness was outlined by the Head of State in his Address to the people of Kazakhstan back in March 2004. Then, a deeper presentation of it was carried out in the Address “Strategy for Kazakhstan's entry into the 50 most competitive countries of the world: priorities and ways of their implementation” (March 2006). In this program document, the competitiveness of the nation is considered as a prerequisite for the successful integration of Kazakhstan into the world economy and community. At the same time, Kazakhstan's achievement of a high level of competitiveness is presented as a nationwide project designed to consolidate a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional society at a new level.
But as fundamental, competitiveness as the main national idea was proclaimed in October 2006 within the framework of N.A. Nazarbayev's speech at the 12th session of the Assembly of the Peoples of Kazakhstan. At this session, the Head of State noted: “We have formed as a single Kazakh people,” and set a new task, in which he clearly defined the next step - “we must become a competitive nation. This is a fundamentally new task that will require the further development of our culture, the development of each individual citizen. "
The idea of the need to increase national competitiveness in a globalizing world received a new, deeper development in the Address "New Kazakhstan in a new world" (Astana, February 28, 2007). This Address in many respects continued and developed the "Strategy for Kazakhstan's entry into the list of the 50 most competitive countries in the world." At the same time, special accents were made in it: the transition of the Kazakhstani economy to a qualitatively new technological level; all-round development of Kazakhstani science and improvement of the entire education system; the main goal of all transformations is competitiveness of the nation.
In this Address it was noted: by the intensification of the processes of globalization, competition between states has acquired a new quality, transforming into competition in the quality of intellectual resources and in the quality of education, the system for the development of quality education services at the level of world standards has been raised to the rank of priority areas. The competitiveness of the state consists of the competitiveness of individual individuals - its citizens. The infrastructure of the “smart economy”, the knowledge economy and high technologies will require new social standards, culture and human mentality ”. It is about bringing up a new, competitive generation. “Our youth should be well educated, aimed at success and self-improvement. She must be active, healthy, fluent in languages in order to effectively integrate into the international environment and there, successfully competing, take a leading position. "
This idea is further developed in the Concept of Achieving a Qualitatively New Level of Competitiveness and Export Opportunities of the Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2008-2015, approved on December 28, 2007 by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This document directly states: "the national idea of Kazakhstanis is to become competitive, work in competitive enterprises and live in a competitive country." At the present stage, it consists in the fact that Kazakhstan is striving for "further consolidation of society and the formation of a single Kazakhstani competitive nation."
As a consequence of the previous messages, in January 2008 one of the fundamental program documents "Intellectual Nation - 2020" is published. The goal of this project is to transform Kazakhstan into a country with competitive human capital; upbringing of Kazakhstani people of a new formation: possessing a high level of creative thinking, able to process knowledge, give birth to new solutions, technologies and innovations; able to initiate, generate, create original ideas and implement.
In the context of this document, three points were identified, outside of which the formation of an intellectual nation is impossible: innovative development of education, information revolution, spiritual and moral education of youth.
The issues of developing Kazakhstan's competitiveness are reflected in the Doctrine of National Unity of the People of Kazakhstan. So it says: today, time makes more and more stringent demands on countries and nations. Hope for an independent future has only those of them who, without losing their traditions and values, are focused on constant renewal, modernization, and strengthening of competitive advantages. This is the imperative of the times, and we must comply with it. Modernization and competitiveness based on tradition are the basis for the rise of our national spirit in the 21st century. Only nations aiming at achieving the super-tasks of a global scale achieve success. Therefore, a focus on competitiveness should become an essential part of our national spirit. This is the basis and guarantee of moving forward, breaking through the nation to new horizons. Every citizen of Kazakhstan should feel this as a desire to become better, richer, smarter, as a need to do everything to make his country prosperous. Everyone should develop this quality, everyone should do everything to make this spirit of victory a part of his life, the life of society and the state.
Competitiveness can be achieved only through the modernization of all spheres of society. But the most important thing is that modernization as a constant striving for renewal should become an integral part of our consciousness. This is our response to the challenge of the times, because a nation devoid of striving for development is doomed. We need an intellectual breakthrough that will awaken the potential of the nation. It is vitally important to change attitudes towards knowledge, science and innovation. In the 21st century, only an intellectual nation can count on success. Only in this way, relying on traditions, constantly improving and setting high standards for ourselves, will we ensure the unity of the nation and the strengthening of the national spirit.
The final clause of the Doctrine of National Unity of Kazakhstan notes: “The Doctrine serves as the basis for creating an integral system of legal, socio-economic, political, state-administrative measures aimed at strengthening the unity of the people, developing democracy, dialogue of cultures and civilizations. The implementation of the doctrine is aimed at activating and mobilizing the human, intellectual potential of the country in order to accelerate the development of Kazakhstan, achieve a decent standard of living for each of us, respect and protect the rights and freedoms of citizens guaranteed by the Constitution of the republic.
In this regard, special importance should be attached to the lectures (the relevance and significance of which are not lost today), with which in May 2006 the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayeva delivered a speech at the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. “We have to adapt to the demands of the new century and be prepared for tough competition. The modern world is going through a period of globalization - an era of all-round unification of mankind in a single space of information and communications, the transformation of the entire planet into a single economic market.
Globalization has brought vulnerability and fragility to the modern world. Terrorism, drug trafficking, information wars, epidemics, environmental disasters also know no borders and have become global challenges to all mankind. No state in the world is capable of confronting these challenges on its own. Globalization makes extremely high demands on the competitiveness of the national economy.
Noting that the main indicators of the country's competitiveness are the high level and quality of life of the population, the President focused on the fact that the nation's ability to maintain a modern and effective education system, to increase the intellectual component of the workforce through training becomes critical for competitiveness. And also that the most difficult question for the political leadership of any country striving for high competitiveness is not only to declare political will, but also to mobilize people and institutions to carry out the necessary transformations.
At the same time, special attention of students and teachers was drawn to the fact that:
1) in the near future, our state will need thousands of highly qualified specialists and certified scientists. Competitiveness is primarily a quality issue. The system of Kazakhstani education must be integral and consistent, meet international standards;
2) the task of Kazakhstan joining the number of the most competitive countries in the world can be solved if it is implemented by highly qualified specialists ... Educated, literate people are the main driving force of human development in the 21st century. And today's students, who tomorrow will be scientists and managers of Kazakhstani companies, should understand this very well;
3) in the modern world, the "life cycle" of knowledge and skills is very short. As a consequence, continuing education and regular professional development are becoming increasingly important. In the scientific literature of the United States, for example, a special unit of measurement of the obsolescence of a specialist's knowledge appears - the so-called "half-life of competence." This term, borrowed from nuclear physics, in this case means the length of time after graduation from the university, when as a result of the obsolescence of the knowledge gained, as new information appears, the specialist's competence decreases by 50%. At the turn of the 80s - 90s. this period was 5-6 years for engineers in enterprises with advanced technology, and for physicians and biologists only 3-4 years. And today the permanent mastery of new knowledge is becoming for a specialist the primary condition for maintaining qualifications;
4) someone who does not develop, does not move forward, will have to give up his place to another, more competitive specialist. As the consultants of one of the leading international consulting companies "McKinsey" say: "Forward, or aside." It is this principle that guides the modern competitive world. And this principle should largely determine your position in life;
5) the competitiveness of Kazakhstan should lead not only to material, but also to the spiritual enrichment of the nation. The prosperity of the economy should be followed by the flourishing of culture and art, the native language, traditions and life philosophy of our people;
6) it is necessary to live in a global world, respecting the culture and traditions of other peoples. We need to value interethnic harmony in Kazakhstan. Always remember that stability in society is the main condition for our development. The word "Kazakhstan" should sound powerfully on the world arena, personifying the new youth of our ancient country, the confident step of our people in the new history.
The idea of developing competitiveness on the basis of mastering three or more languages is embedded in such a strategic project as the "Trinity of Languages". For the first time this idea was announced in October 2006 at the XII session of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. Then it was said: knowledge of at least three languages is important for the future of our children.
In the 2007 Address "New Kazakhstan in a new world" it was proposed to start a phased implementation of this cultural project. Along with the spiritual development of the people of Kazakhstan, it was singled out as a separate direction of the internal policy of the state. It emphasized that: a) Kazakhstan should be perceived throughout the world as a highly educated country whose population speaks three languages. Kazakh is the state language, Russian is the language of interethnic communication, English is the language of successful integration into the global economy ”; b) the idea of the trinity arose not just as a beautiful concept and a new format of language policy, it was developed in connection with vital necessity. Today, those countries are successfully developing that are introducing the so-called smart economy and are open to the world. And successes in these areas and new knowledge are given precisely through mastering the languages dominant on the planet. Knowledge of several languages has always expanded the communication and integration capabilities of countries and peoples.
Taking a course towards mastering three languages by citizens, Kazakhstan proceeds from today's realities:
The trinity of languages should be evidence of the country's competitiveness;
In the conditions of multinational Kazakhstan, the trinity of languages is an essential factor in strengthening social harmony;
The state language is the same symbol as a flag, coat of arms, anthem from which the Motherland begins. Called to unite all citizens of the country; 2) knowledge of the state language is a factor of personal competitiveness, career advancement in any field of activity "(From the speech of N.A. Nazarbayev at the XII session of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, 2006).
6. Education of a new Kazakhstani patriotism in the context of the national idea and substantive activity of the national ideal. One of the fundamental documents through which the main provisions of the national idea run like a red thread is the "State program of patriotic education of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2006-2008." This document is given special significance by the goal outlined in it: the formation of high patriotic consciousness among the citizens of Kazakhstan, a sense of pride in their country, education of readiness to fulfill civic duty and constitutional obligations to protect the interests of the Motherland through the purposeful development of a system of patriotic education.
In this Program, special emphasis is placed on the fact that the solution of a number of problems in the life of the country largely depends on the level of development of civil society, the formation of a high patriotic consciousness among young people, a sense of pride in their country, fostering readiness to fulfill their civic duty to protect the interests of the Motherland.
The core of this Program is the idea expressed by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev: "Kazakhstan is our common home", aimed at consolidating society, maintaining social stability, strengthening civil peace. Particular attention in this document is drawn to the need to increase the spiritual potential of society, upbringing of a citizen with a positive, creative worldview, which is expressed in a sense of responsibility, the ability to make informed choices and make independent decisions aimed at the good of the Fatherland, society, his family, himself; the formation of a constantly improving personality with a strong moral core, but at the same time capable of adapting to changing conditions and receptive to new ideas.
In this Program, special emphasis is placed on the fact that one of the main vectors of personality socialization should be identification of the individual with the Motherland. At the same time, the concept of "Motherland" should be associated not only with the native land, relatives and friends of a person, but also perceived in the aspect of emotional and psychological feelings (feelings of love, patriotism, devotion, national pride and others). In this regard, the results of the monitoring of the socio-political situation in Kazakhstan, presented in the Program, presented in the period from 2003 to 2005, which showed that the absolute majority of survey participants (92.9%), regardless of nationality, associate their citizenship with Republic of Kazakhstan. Civil identification with the Republic of Kazakhstan indicates that the majority of the population of Kazakhstan has a sense of patriotism, which should become the foundation of an active civic position, conscious participation in the life of the country.
At the same time, this document draws special attention to the presence in Kazakhstan of the intensification of the activities of non-traditional religious associations and extremist organizations, aimed primarily at involving young people in its ranks. It is also noted that in the last decade, various extremist actions have been carried out related to religious postulates disseminated in the country through foreign propaganda, as well as the interest of individual citizens. The interest of young people in associations that are not traditional for Kazakhstan, such as Hare Krishnaites, Jehovah's Witnesses, as well as extremist organizations, for example, the religious-political association "Hizb-ut-Tahrir" and others, is associated in the Program with the psychological impact of activists-supporters of these associations and organizations on the minds of young people. Therefore, it is said about the need to develop clear mechanisms for regulating pressing problems arising in the religious sphere, every possible increase in political literacy and high political culture of young people. A high level of political literacy and political culture should be considered as sources of internal political stability and interethnic harmony.
As indicated in the Program for solving existing problems, in matters of patriotic education of the younger generation:
A fundamentally new approach to education as a whole is required: the image of the country and the feeling of its inseparable connection with the homeland should be formed by the state and society through various mechanisms and institutions, primarily education;
The activities of educational institutions and organizations should be aimed at educating students in the spirit of Kazakhstani patriotism, at popularizing the state symbols of the country, using the state language, at their awareness of the role of the Kazakh language as the foundation on which the entire building of our statehood is built.
The success of the implementation of this Program was associated with the formed in Kazakhstani society of such properties and qualities as: tolerant mentality of Kazakhstanis; spiritual openness as a dominant feature of the mentality of Kazakhstanis; courage in relation to innovations, interethnic harmony and friendship, political stability; stable and dynamic economic growth of the country, as a guarantee of guaranteed overcoming of poverty for the majority of the population, providing optimism and faith in the future.
Within the framework of the patriotic education of students in the context of the national idea, another national project is significant "Cultural heritage”, Which has been implemented in Kazakhstan for several years. This large-scale government program , in which a special emphasis is placed on the fact that "the new culturological paradigm of education should not recognize knowledge by itself, in isolation from its cultural-historical and personal-semantic context." "Cultural heritage" should become the basis for the formation of a full-fledged fund of humanitarian education, their patriotism and citizenship among the current young generation of citizens of Kazakhstan.
The problem of patriotic education found its new meaning in the Address "Strategy" Kazakhstan-2050 ". The new political course of the established state (December, 2012).
As the President notes, the main goal of the new Kazakhstani patriotism is to preserve and strengthen social harmony. This is an indispensable condition for our existence as a state, as a society, as a nation. The foundation of Kazakhstani patriotism is the equality of all citizens and their shared responsibility for the honor of the Motherland.
Every citizen of our country should find a sense of master on his land, a sense of pride in the country and its achievements. At the same time, the Head of State emphasized that by 2050 we need to build a political system in which every citizen of Kazakhstan must be firmly confident in the future, in the future. Our children and grandchildren should prefer life at home, because it is much better for them here than in a foreign land. Because here they and every citizen of Kazakhstan are guaranteed quality of life, security, equal opportunities and prospects.
Addressing all Kazakhstanis, the leader of the nation N.A. Nazarbayev noted: “We are all Kazakhstanis with equal rights and equal opportunities. New Kazakhstani patriotism is something that should unite the whole society, beyond ethnic differences. We are a multicultural society. And in the issue of interethnic relations there should be no double standards. Everyone should be equal in the state. There should be no good or bad by ethnicity or other characteristics. If someone was infringed on an ethnic basis, then it must be considered that all Kazakhstanis were infringed. There will not be and should not be any preferences for any ethnic group, everyone has the same rights and obligations. We are building a society of equal opportunities, a society where everyone is equal before the law. We should never even admit the thought that admission to school, employment and career development will be determined by ethnicity. There is only one criterion - the highest ethics and professionalism. In our society there should not be "superfluous" or "strangers", "ours" and "not ours". We cannot leave any citizen of our country "overboard". Every Kazakhstani should feel the support and support of the authorities. Anyone who is trying to drive a "wedge" into the interethnic accord of the nation should be prosecuted. And here a special responsibility lies with us, Kazakhs.
In his lecture at the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, addressing the youth, the Leader of the Nation, the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan said: “Our ancestors defended and inherited the vast territory of present-day Kazakhstan, a distinctive culture and a special spirit of perception and knowledge of life. ... This spirit of love of freedom and steppe valor was not wasted on abrupt changes in history, it was managed to be preserved by previous generations, which had unprecedented trials. Each of them has fulfilled its historical mission.
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the great Abai paved the way to the big world and awakened the galaxy of titans of the Alash-Orda. Those, in turn, were able to raise high the self-awareness of the people and formulate ideas that allowed the Kazakhs to rise from the environment of backwardness and historical oblivion. They became the forerunners of a remarkable generation of writers and thinkers of the 1930s-40s, whose efforts helped the nation to preserve itself in the face of the destructive breakdown of age-old foundations, hunger and war. Post-war generations not only raised industry, mastered virgin lands, but also created a solid foundation for development in the form of a system of education and science. Kazakhstanis have become a nation of engineers and scientists, builders and geologists, metallurgists and doctors. Now is your time. You build and develop Kazakhstan in the 21st century. … I believe in our youth. I am sure that your knowledge, your energy and your work will work to build a strong and prosperous Kazakhstan. I hope that you will fulfill the behest of the great Abai well: "You need to study to learn what other peoples know, to become equal among them, to become a protection and support for your people."
7.Philosophical and methodological basisnational idea« Mangilin El ". The philosophical and methodological basis of the national idea "Mangilin El" is the teaching of the kazakhtan. The concept of "kazakhtanu" (knowledge of Kazakhs) should be understood as a reflection of the life path of the Kazakh people in the context of self-knowledge and self-realization and its cultural and spiritual revival, which is demanded by the realities of the modern civilizational world. Hence, the subject area of kazakhtan is the rational substantiation of the prospects for the development of the people and society in a single and complex channel of the past, present and future.
That is, this is a deliberate penetration into the spirit of the Kazakh people, the people of Kazakhstan as a whole.
In the context of the kazakhtanu, the Kazakh as an individual, a member of an ethnic group and a bearer of national culture, the historical consciousness of the nation, becomes both an object and an active subject of a self-aware and self-asserting people, striving to reveal the universal origins of their revival.
The philosophical meaning of this position lies in self-knowledge:
As an ethnos, as a part of human civilization; bearing social and individual responsibility (sensitivity) for peace and quiet in their native land;
As a bearer of the centuries-old humanistic values of the Turkic world (humanism, spirituality, freedom and philanthropy), which does not alienate itself from others as equals and similar to itself.
That is, the basis of the kazakhtan is the desire of the Kazakh people, the people of Kazakhstan to self-identify themselves (in the multinational world), taking into account the historical, social and cultural realities of the modern world, in the space of universal human values.
The subject of kazakhtan is the individual personality and the “collective person”, guiding both rational and irrational considerations. The subject of kazakhtanu is not a mechanical sum of numerous individuals, but a bearer of culture. The subject carries out its activities openly, jointly and purposefully. In both cases, the bearer of culture is formed through the interaction and coordination of the conscious actions of many people or ethnic groups and at the same time is called upon to correctly assess the rationality of actions, organizational activities and national culture. A correct assessment of the rationality of the actions of the carriers of social actions is the search for an organized subject of national culture.
The subjective-activity approach in culture is productive and promising, because: activity in the development of the subject appears to be the leading one; coordination of the tasks of the personality and the integrative capabilities of the subject is mandatory; the expansion and development of the subject's activity is comprehended at different stages of human life; the subjectivity of a person is delimited by the parameters of the personality and the subject; the activity of the subject is determined by the direction of his activity.
The path to self-realization helps each of us survive and identify with our people. Such a path is possible and real, when you know your spiritual and moral foundations, you strive to take all the best, reasonable and real from another culture, you find your place in the spiritual renewal of a person.
The sphere of kazakhtanu is the existence of the spirituality of the people and the comprehension of the meaning of their wisdom, life philosophy.
The philosophical, methodological and educational value of kazakhtan lies in the fact that it:
Is an subject to various positive disciplines(Kazakh literature and Kazakh language, Kazakh philosophy, history of Kazakhstan, ethnopedagogy and ethnopsychology);
Adapts the conclusions of world philosophy, literature and poetry to their needs and requirements;
Aims at the spiritual revival of the Kazakh backgammon, the people of Kazakhstan in a single space of humanity;
Considers Kazakh national culture as part of world culture;
Studying the national revival of Kazakh backgammon, backgammon of Kazakhstan from the standpoint of personality-activity, subjective, ethnic, ethnocultural, multicultural, cultural, axiological, sociological aspects in their unity and interdependence;
An individual undertaking reduces to a collective beginning with the goal of acquiring oneself and one's place in this huge cultural diversity;
Spreads knowledge about the Kazakh as the main bearer of the national and spiritual revival of the Kazakh backgammon, the people of Kazakhstan as a whole.
Feature kazakhtan is that the growth of the national self-awareness of the Kazakh people, the united people of Kazakhstan, the level and rate of its interference in the course of world history is considered from the standpoint of: the development of its intellectual potential and co-competitiveness; expanding dialogue with different cultures of humanity; to act and look at the world through the prism of the perspective of one's development; preventing self-isolation, self-alienation and self-restraint, striving for a better life.
Kazakhtanu as a teaching does not erase the cultural differences of different civilizations, comprehends them through the prism of traditional forms of cultures and preserves civilizational differences in the context of self-identification. In this regard, the kazakhtan as a socio-humanitarian doctrine is intended to offer a national model of the educational system in the socio-humanitarian block.
Kazakhtan should be viewed as a principle of restoring the national and cultural world of the independent republic of Kazakhstan in a rapidly changing dynamic world.
Such search efforts are aimed at: 1) reviving the spiritual interaction of generations, 2) modernizing the system of their interconnections, 3) ensuring the substantive, semantic and ideological and value unity of the people of Kazakhstan as a whole.
The modernization of the system of the national idea, in the context of the kazakhtanu theory, in the unity of its three most important components (ethno-forming, civil and national) is aimed at a strategy of conflict-free, safe development of Kazakhstan in the realities of the modern world.
It is attractive as a form of dialogue of the national life of the Kazakh people through value-oriented interaction with different cultures, social orientation towards the future through: a) the development of a culture of interethnic, interethnic, interfaith communication; b) the formation of human resources and human capital; c) focus on humanization and humanization of the educational process of educational institutions (at all levels) of the Republic of Kazakhstan, aimed at fostering national self-awareness, national spirit, patriotism, citizenship, humanism, tolerance, social responsibility of each individual for the preservation of peace and quiet on earth among students.
Methodologically, kazakhtanu deals with the human, social and historical experience of the formation of the Kazakh people, Kazakh statehood as a whole. The formation of its subject is largely determined by the ratio of the national idea, national ideology and national policy of Kazakhstan in the context of the development of the national self-awareness of the Kazakh people as a state-forming nation, and the entire people of Kazakhstan as a whole, which is part of the world community.
Production ideology to kazakhtan ( eltanu) means the establishment in the life of Kazakhstani society and its citizens of the system of dominant ideas, foundations, attitudes, norms and principles of the moral, ideological and religious life of Kazakhstani society. The ideology promoted to the kazakhtan has its own accessible and clear language, bright and close to the soul of Kazakhstani symbols; expresses the political thought of the leader and systematically promotes his political initiative as a set of beliefs and norms of the elite of society.
Based on what has been said in this chapter, conclusions of the following order can be drawn.
1. Today in Kazakhstan there is a clearly defined national idea "Mangilik El" in close unity and interconnection of such its most important components as:
a) ethno-forming, suggesting a high level of ethnic identification and socialization for representatives of the state-forming nation;
b) civil, presupposing supra-ethnic identification both for representatives of the state-forming nation and for representatives of other nationalities;
c) national identification focused on the development of an intellectual competitive nation.
2. In the context of these components of the national idea, the main national ideal of the Republic of Kazakhstan is to build an independent, prosperous, politically stable and competitive state, with national unity, social justice and economic well-being of all the people of Kazakhstan, united by the idea: “Kazakhstan is our common homeland "," Ours is a common home. "
3. In order to effectively integrate into the international environment and take a leading position, "Kazakhstan should be perceived throughout the world as a highly educated country." For this, a system of spiritual values should be established in society, adequate to the status of an independent state, based on the national traditions of the Kazakh people and universal norms of morality, which are based on the unity of the people, civil peace, civil responsibility and patriotism, social stability, interethnic and interfaith harmony, compromise and tolerance,
4. The factor of the national leader is considered as the main force that turns the national idea into a national reality and historical destiny. “The national leader plays an irreplaceable role in the implementation of the national idea with the help of clearly set goals, as a defining vector of movement.
5. Issues of development and management in the modern world are carried out mainly on the principles of elitism. The elite is a community of people distinguished by their intellectual, political, cultural, economic, psychological, moral, organizational abilities (writers, scientists, philosophers, artists - humanitarians who take responsibility for the spiritual and political development of their state), more in comparison with other groups serving the mission of statehood.
The decisive role of an elite with high status and ability is a scientific axiom. The national elite of an independent state should unite around the national leader, consolidate the potential energy of the people, and mobilize it for constructive action.
6. The main goal of the national education system is to transform Kazakhstan into a country with competitive human capital.
7. The philosophical and methodological basis of the national idea "Mangilik El" is the teaching of the Kazakhtan.
Questions for self-control
1. Uncover with the narrowness of the concepts "national idea", "national ideal", "national leader", "national elite".
2 . Expand the ethnocultural and civic understanding of the national idea. Their unity and interconnection.
3 . What is the role of the national leader and the national elite in the practical implementation of the national idea?
4. How the development of the national idea went in the lightcstrategic documents and messages of the President of Kazakhstan in the period of formation of independence?
5.What is the “nation code” and why is it necessary to preserve it?
5. Expand the essence of the new Kazakhstani patriotism in the context of the national idea and the meaningful activity of the national ideal.
6. Expand the content of the three basic principles of the Doctrine of National Unity of Kazakhstan.
7. What meaning did the President put into the words “The special responsibility for the implementation of the new strategic course“ Kazakhstan-2050 ”lies primarily with the Kazakhs?”.
Literature
1.Kuddusov Kh.S. The national idea and its specific features in the conditions of gaining independence. - Diss. Cand. political sciences - Dushanbe, 2002 - 146s
2. Telemtaev M. National idea of the Russian people. ... Publishing House "ECO", Moscow, 2005, 406 p.
3. Nysanbaev A.N. National idea: world experience and Kazakhstan. - The national idea of Kazakhstan: the experience of philosophical and political analysis. / Edited by A.N. Nysanbaev. - Almaty: Computer Publishing Center of the Institute of Philosophy and Political Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2006. - 412 p.
3. Nysanbaev A., Kadyrzhanov R. National idea of Kazakhstan: civil or ethnic? http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1166999820
4. Aslanova R.A. National idea: on the path traversed from the symbol of independence to the future model of development // 1news.az/authors/oped / ... copy
5. Kant I. Critique of Pure Reason. SPb, 1993.- S. 341 /
6.Kropotkin P.A. M, 1999.S. 11.
7. SI Glushkova Specificity of the national ideal in the national philosophical, legal and social thought.
8. Kumykov A.M. The national ideal of Russian statehood: a socio-philosophical analysis.
9. The concept of the formation of the state identity of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (Approved by the order of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on May 23, 1996 N2995.) // Kazakhstanskaya Pravda. 1996.29 May.
10.Lapenko M.V. Ideological consolidation of the Kazakh society http://www.contur.kz/node/161
12 Message from the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan-Leader of the Nation N.A. Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan "Strategy" Kazakhstan-2050 ". New political course of the established state - December 2012
14.Lecture of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev at the Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilyov, May 2006.
Kazakhstan is a multi-ethnic and multicultural state, and its national idea should be based on the unity of all nations and ethnic groups inhabiting its territory. Despite the fact that the issues on the formation of the national idea in the country have been discussed for more than a dozen years, the unequivocal decision of scientists about what constitutes kazakhstan model of national idea, still no.
1. Some domestic scientists and political scientists believe that the Kazakh national idea should be based on the concept of "nation building", that is, the formation of a single nation from a society that is polyethnic in its composition.
2. Others disagree, believing that building a single nation is fundamentally impossible. The ethnic identity of people will always prevail over identity with the state or other ethnic groups. This group of scientists is sure that in Kazakhstan there is only one nation - the Kazakhs, while the rest of the nationalities are diasporas living in the country. From this they conclude that the national idea of Kazakhstan should be identified with the Kazakh national idea and become the basis for the revival of the Kazakh nation. This approach has received the name in science "Ethnocultural understanding of the nation" where the Kazakh nation is presented as the title nation. Accordingly, its culture and language are priority and important for the state. For the promotion of their national idea, the supporters of this approach attach particular importance to the state, which, in their opinion, is designed to protect the culture of the indigenous ethnic group from the influence of other cultures and globalization, and also to create all conditions for the culture of Kazakhs to become the basis for the development of the culture of a multinational country ...
3. A completely different point of view is presented in the approach "Civil nation"... Its supporters believe that the national idea of a multiethnic and multiethnic state cannot be the idea of only one people. In Kazakhstan, in their opinion, the national idea should become nationwide, that is, aimed at uniting and consolidating all members of society, regardless of ethnicity and race. The basis for this unity, in their opinion, will be Kazakhstani citizenship and equal participation of Kazakhstanis in the political and economic life of society.
The two above-mentioned approaches are the main ones in determining the nationality of Kazakhstan and none of them is given priority. As world practice shows, both approaches are equally important, and therefore should complement and not mutually exclude each other. The construction of a national idea is most effective if it goes according to the principle of "and-and" rather than "either-or" and includes both concepts - civil and title.
In Kazakhstan, the national idea is presented both through the Kazakh nation and through other ethnic groups inhabiting its territory. Moreover, the Kazakhs, being the titular nation, politically have no more rights than other peoples of Kazakhstan, and therefore we can say that both approaches are presented - both the titular and the civil.
The role of the subject of nation-building is still assumed by the state. It also regulates interethnic relations and, on the basis of the Constitution and Laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan, all processes taking place in the national sphere. At the same time, the state is guided by the principle of a compromise between the interests of the Kazakh part of the population and other ethnic groups of Kazakhstan and does not allow confrontation of ideologies.
The Kazakh national idea is reflected in the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in the Strategy "Kazakhstan-2050", as well as in the works and speeches of the President of the country N. A. Nazarbayev. Its main meaning can be conveyed in the following words: the people and the state with joint efforts should strive to achieve the country's prosperity, economic growth, interethnic unity, a high level of development of politics, science and culture, and create the most favorable conditions for life.
According to the 1999 census, the population of Kazakhstan is 14.9 million people, of which 53.4% are Kazakhs, 29.9% are Russians, 16.7% are other ethnic groups. In total, 130 nationalities live in our country. The level of polyethnicity in Kazakhstan is quite high due to the large ratio of the ratio of the state-forming ethnic group to representatives of other ethnic groups.
If we consider that the main ethnic groups are those whose representatives are at least 1% of the country's inhabitants, then in Kazakhstan 7 ethnic groups with a significant specific weight can be attributed to these, being represented in almost all regions, at the same time having areas of compact residence ... But the distinctive feature of the ethnopolitical situation in Kazakhstan is manifested in the relationship between its largest ethnic groups - Kazakh and Russian.
Methodological approaches to the consideration of modern interethnic processes are indicated in the works of President N. A. Nazarbayev "Kazakhstan-2030", "On the threshold of the XXI century", "Five years of independence", "In the stream of history", etc. preserving the current harmony and cooperation of citizens and the world. In an effort to prevent the possible escalation of conflicting interests into ethnic conflicts, the state pursues a centrist policy.
Production ethnopolitics During its sovereignty, Kazakhstan has gone through several difficult and contradictory stages.
The period from December 1986 to December 1991 is the stage of the dominance of the national paradigm. In Art. 47 of the 1993 Constitution announced an ethno-oriented national policy. The previously adopted Declaration on State Sovereignty and the Declaration on State Independence of Kazakhstan, which emphasized the special status of the Kazakh nation, did not contradict this document. Thus, the idea of consolidating all ethnic groups around the Kazakh ethnic group was pursued, which did not find support among the majority of the population, because the national paradigm was artificially limited by the framework of the idea of obtaining sovereignty.
The second stage is conventionally designated as dominance of civil-political idea... It begins in 1992 and continues to this day. At this stage, Kazakhstan changes its Constitution twice and tries to find a balance between stability and strong government and democracy. In the text of the last Constitution (1995), there is no division of Kazakhstanis into representatives of the titular and non-titular nations. It clearly expresses the general civil principles of the nature of statehood with the transition to the civil model of the nation. The tolerant aspect of ethnic policy is clearly traced, the elimination of the ethno-national hierarchy and the establishment of interethnic harmony. At the opening of the session of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan on September 1, 2004, N.A.Nazarbayev said that “Interethnic and interfaith harmony should be an integral quality of all-Kazakhstani culture. This should have its own Kazakh spirit. We must consider it our national character trait. The growth of tribalism, class confrontation or regionalism must not be allowed ".
In general, Kazakhstan's state policy in the ethnic sphere is based on the fundamental equality of all citizens of the country, regardless of their nationality, and emphasizes political stability and consolidation of society on the basis of interethnic harmony and unity as a strategic task. However, the integration of Kazakhstani society ran into a significant contradiction that arose in the implementation of the concept of "nation building".
Analyzing deep changes in Kazakhstan, the President of the country N. A. Nazarbayev in his book "In the stream of history" substantiated the need to search for a Kazakh model of national identification of citizens, highlighting two levels - ethnic and demotic (civic). Recently, this problem has been repeatedly discussed at many scientific conferences by leading political scientists, philosophers and public figures. Some of them, including the elite of the indigenous ethnos (as its defenders), - adherents of the ethnic approach. They believe that in Kazakhstan there is only one nation - the Kazakhs, and all the other peoples living in the Republic are diasporas. Accordingly, the interests of the titular ethnic group should be prioritized: the use of the Kazakh language as the only means of communication in all spheres of Kazakh society, representation in the power of only the Kazakh ethnic group.
On fundamentally different positions are those who believe that in a multiethnic state there can be no "titular", "indigenous", "state-forming" ethnos. In their opinion, in Kazakhstan as a multiethnic, multicultural state the national idea should be general civil, nationwide essentially an idea that includes: equality of all ethnic groups as constituent parts of a single co-citizenship of Kazakhstan, proportional representation in the power of all ethnic groups, giving the Russian language, along with the Kazakh language, the state status, inherent in all citizens of self-identification - Kazakhstanis. This position is based on:
a) the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, where the preamble says: “We, the people of Kazakhstan, united by a common historical destiny, building statehood on the ancestral Kazakh land, recognizing ourselves as a peace-loving civil society ...”,
b) the second long-term priority of the "Kazakhstan-2030" strategy, aimed at internal political stability and consolidation of society. Although we immediately note that it is too early to talk about consolidation in our society without the formation of a national idea.
Supporters of the Kazakh national idea have their adherents, as a rule, among the Kazakhs. The supporters of the civic approach to the national idea are mainly representatives of non-indigenous, primarily Slavic, ethnic groups of the republic, although there are many Kazakhs among its adherents. First of all, the founder and supporter of this idea is the Head of State, who said that "In our understanding, the Kazakh nation is a free association of ethnic groups living in the country, their cultural-political and socio-economic unity while preserving ethnic diversity".
At present, in Kazakhstan, the opposition of the two approaches to the national idea gives rise to their opposition, ideological conflict.
However, at the micro level (among citizens) of both sides, there is a great importance and spread of state-civil identification. According to the results of a 2007 study carried out by the Center for Humanitarian Research (CGI) at the Institute of Philosophy and Political Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan in five regions, the ethno-identity of the respondents does not appear as the leading one. And the perception of oneself as a Kazakhstani as a bearer of supranational qualities, an exponent of certain traditions common to ethnic groups, value imperatives is typical for 12–45% of the respondents (depending on the nominal groups). The mentality of citizens is dominated by the idea of the Kazakh nation as a supranational community, which expresses political aspirations in relation to the formation of a civic community of a political type.
The given data show the demand for civil identification. It means that:
1) national elites biasedly “reflect the will of the people;
2) citizens associated with different levels and forms of relations with public institutions give preference not to family ties, but to the legal field and interaction with state institutions of civil society;
3) citizens who have preferred civil identity are more inclined to interethnic tolerance.
All ethnic groups of the population show high tolerance and readiness for such forms of interethnic interactions as work in a multinational team, neighborhood relations, friendship with representatives of other nationalities. The relationship between the two large ethnic groups is currently characterized as calm, but they are complex, multilevel, and sometimes contradictory.
State language is the Kazakh language, and in state structures, local governments, according to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Russian can be officially used on an equal basis with Kazakh. President N.A.Nazarbayev himself spoke about this more than once, "While helping the state language, one cannot belittle the importance of the Russian language ..."; “… The Russian language has international significance, expands the information field. It is necessary both now and in the future “; “… I know that several akims announced the transfer of office work into the state language. Such measures cannot be taken unambiguously. If the paperwork is transferred to the state language, this means that all documents will be drawn up in both the state and Russian languages. If at meetings the report is conducted in the Kazakh language and there are people in the hall who do not speak the state language, there must be simultaneous translation. No one should be discriminated against on the basis of language. " The understanding of the need to study and develop the state language is gaining momentum in society, and the necessary conditions are being created for intensive teaching of the state language to various strata of the population. Only as wishes, those wishing to learn the state language express an improvement in the quality of teaching the Kazakh language.
President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev told during the "direct line" about what should form the basis National idea of Kazakhstan. “The national idea is born with the development of society. The development of Kazakhstan until 2030, it seems to me, is the basis of our idea, - said the Head of State.
Ideas should be based on four factors: “First is a national unity, second- strong competitive economy. I spoke about this, it is necessary to strengthen independence and for the well-being of people. Third I'm talking about an intelligent, creative society. If we want to be on a par with everyone and survive in the global world, we must have an intellectual society ”, - said the Head of State.
Fourth The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan called the building of Kazakhstan as a respected state as a component. "We must build our society - these are the four foundations of the successful development of our Motherland.", - concluded N.A. Nazarbayev.
National idea of Kazakhstan based on:
1. On the unity of the people and a competitive economy. It should include not only the general spiritual idea of various nations and ethnic groups living on the territory of the republic, but also the broader concept of a “civil nation”. In the future, this will help to increase the stability and internal security of the country, since the formation of a common civil community will make it possible to smooth out contradictions and conflicts of values between different ethnic groups in a timely manner and effectively.
2. The national idea of Kazakhstan should be based on a common understanding and recognition of the native country - the Republic of Kazakhstan. Not Kazakhs as one dominant nation, but Kazakhstanis, as a synthesis of many nations and ethnic groups, should become the foundation on which a strong and democratic multinational state is being built and will continue to be built. Kazakhstan is our common home, respectively, the people of Kazakhstan are one people. Only by realizing this and demonstrating high patriotism, it is possible to implement the most daring undertakings. President of the country N.A. Nazarbayev, speaking at the XII session of the Assembly of the Peoples of Kazakhstan, stressed: "We must be a united and cohesive nation - a nation that will be integrated by common values, with a harmonious linguistic environment, a nation that is directed towards the future, not the past."
3. When developing a national idea, it is necessary to take into account the important factor that the Kazakh people formed in the country are not emigrants. And the situation is fundamentally different from that which exists in the United States of America or Australia, where the indigenous population of the country is not the titular one. The Kazakh nation is directly related to the territory of Kazakhstan by ethnic and historical roots, and therefore it is obvious that the Kazakhs are both the indigenous population of the country and its titular nation.
4. It is necessary to reconstruct the traditional culture of the Kazakhs. During the reign of the Russian Empire and Soviet power, many elements of the Kazakh culture proper were lost or forgotten, and therefore their revival at a new stage is of fundamental importance. I mean only those elements of culture that could organically fit into modern culture and would play a positive role in the self-identification of the Kazakh nation.
The search and definition of a national idea is not the work of one thinker or politician, it is a united and intensified work of the entire people. However, it is possible to note the main tendencies along this path - the Kazakhstani model of the national idea is built on the principle of "i-i", including both ethno-cultural concepts of the nation and civil ones. Their organic synthesis and harmony will become the basis for the confident and continuous growth of the country.
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* According to the article by K. K. Begalinova, M. S. Ashinola, A. S. Begalinov “On some aspects of the concept“ National Idea ”/ History of Kazakhstan: teaching in schools and universities. - 2015 - No. 2. - P.9-15
On December 28, 2015, President N. Nazarbayev signed Decree No. 147 "On approval of the Concept of strengthening and development of Kazakhstani identity and unity"(http://www.akorda.kz/ Normative legal acts)
This concept is based on the nationwide patriotic idea "Mangilik El", put forward by the President of the country, and on such values as: civil equality, hard work, honesty, the cult of learning and education, a secular country.
In addition, the concept will be based on national values based on cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity.
»Kazakhstan's identity and unity is a continuous generational process. It is based on the fact that every citizen, regardless of ethnic origin, connects his destiny and future with Kazakhstan.
A common past, common present and common responsibility for the future bind society into one whole: "We have one Fatherland, one Motherland - Independent Kazakhstan." Consciousness of this choice is the main unifying principle ",- the document says.
One of the tasks of the concept- the formation of a society of labor and professionals, in which such values as family, friendship, unity, as well as hard work, honesty, scholarship and education, trilingualism are cultivated.
To implement the Concept, it is planned:
creation of a nationwide holiday calendar;
modernization of the system of using state symbols;
further dissemination of the successful experience of individual regions in the formation of cultural and tourist clusters and ethnic villages;
development of charity and mediation under the auspices of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan.
"The introduction of the values of the national patriotic idea" Mangilik El "into the curriculum will allow to educate the younger generation in the spirit of the new Kazakhstani patriotism",- also noted in the document.
In order to introduce trilingual education, a special Roadmap will be implemented, state programs for the development and functioning of languages and the development of education and science will be modernized until 2020, and an information plan of measures to promote trilingual education will be implemented. A National Center for the Study of Kazakh Values will be created. The term for the implementation of the Concept is from 2015 to 2025.
Today the national idea is one of the most discussed topics in Kazakhstani society. For a number of years, it has not left the pages of newspapers and magazines, has become the subject of television and radio broadcasts, and is analyzed by the scientific community at scientific conferences and discussion clubs.
National, or the term "national", which we use in a certain sense, is a complex of orientations, values and ideals of a world outlook aimed at consolidating the people of Kazakhstan, sustainable socio-economic development of society, strengthening security and independence of the state. One of the main questions in the development of the problem of a national idea is how it can be formed or, as they say, found. Obviously, one cannot simply invent it. Its components are contained in the depths of national identity, reflecting the picture of national life, it finds its expression in philosophy, history, science, poetry, literature, music, painting, dance, art, language.
The relevance and priority of research and development of a national idea is determined by the fact that it is the system-forming beginning of the consolidation of Kazakhstani society, the formation of an adequate level of national identity of the country's citizens, the spiritual foundation of the rise of public consciousness and culture, the basis of the progressive socio-economic development of Kazakhstan in the context of globalization.
It should be said that the above definition of the national idea lies in the mainstream of the concept called "nation-building", the meaning of which is to form a single nation out of a society that is polyethnic in its composition. Not everyone, however, is approving of the nation-building concept. Many political scientists and politicians believe that building a single nation in a multi-ethnic society is impossible, since the ethnic identity of people will always dominate their identity with the state and with representatives of other ethnic groups.
In their opinion, there is only one nation in Kazakhstan, which is made up of Kazakhs, while all other peoples living in the republic are diasporas. Therefore, the national idea of Kazakhstan is nothing more than the national idea of the Kazakhs, or the Kazakh national idea. The national idea should become the basis for the revival of the Kazakhs as a nation. As a result of this approach, the indigenous ethnos received in public opinion, and then in science, the name of the titular nation. In the literature on the national question, this approach is called "ethno-cultural understanding of the nation." This name follows from the fact that the elites of the indigenous ethnos, acting on its behalf as defenders of the interests of the people, put ethnic culture, primarily language, at the forefront. At the same time, they assign a special role to the state, which must protect the culture of the indigenous ethnos from the influence of other cultures and at the same time elevate it to the status of the foundation of the culture of a multinational society.
Fundamentally different positions are taken by those who believe that a national idea cannot be the idea of only one people, in a multiethnic state. In Kazakhstan, the national idea should be essentially a national idea aimed at uniting all citizens of the country, regardless of their ethnicity, into a single people based on the commonality of their Kazakh citizenship. This approach is called a civil nation in modern ethnopolitical science.
Today in Kazakhstan these two approaches to understanding the national idea are dominant. Supporters of the Kazakh national idea have their allies almost completely, which is quite natural among the Kazakhs themselves. The advocates of a different approach to the national idea are, as a rule, representatives of non-indigenous ethnic groups, although there are many Kazakhs among its adherents.
Adherents of the Kazakh national idea defend the special position of Kazakhs among all nationalities of Kazakhstan, give priority to the interests of one, but the main, from their point of view, ethnic group. In contrast, supporters of the civic national idea believe that the national idea should reflect the interests of all ethnic groups in Kazakhstan. The national idea, from their point of view, should not be based on the priority of one, even the largest, indigenous ethnic group, but on the equality of all of them as components of a single co-citizenship of Kazakhstan. The opposition of two approaches to the national idea, titular and civil, generates an ideological conflict between their adherents. It should be noted that such a contradiction is typical not only for Kazakhstan; today most post-Soviet societies, where the population is distinguished by ethnic heterogeneity, face it. Moreover, the contradiction between the ethnocultural and civic understanding of the national idea and the nation is typical for many states of the modern world.
Practically in all newly independent states there is a task of national consolidation of the multiethnic population into a single community united by a high level of identity. In many states, various contradictions persist between the largest ethnic group (a group of the largest ethnic groups) and other, smaller ethnic groups. The governments of most modern states with a multiethnic population are faced with a fundamental question: how to solve the real contradiction between the civil and ethnocultural understanding of the nation and the national idea?
As the real practice of nation-building in various states of the modern world shows, the principle of "and - and" rather than "either - or" dominates in resolving this contradiction. Therefore, we are talking about the fact that in the development of the national idea of Kazakhstan, it is necessary to use both concepts of the nation - civil and ethnocultural, and not rely only on one of them, discarding the other.
How is the contradiction of these concepts resolved in Kazakhstan? This way is the formation of a single people as a civil community around the Kazakh ethnos, which is the titular for Kazakhstan. One of the largest modern ethnopolitical scientists and theorists of the nation, Anthony Smith, calls this method of building a nation one of the most widespread in the world, the model of the “dominant ethnos”.
In Kazakhstan, the absence of a mature civil society is associated with the difficult legacy of the country's totalitarian past, which has a negative impact, including on the processes of nation-building. Here we see the reasons that the Kazakh society, considered (mentally, of course) autonomously, in isolation from the state, still cannot propose and develop a national idea that would become the basis of civil national identity.
In a situation where civil society has not matured to such a level to become the leading social force in the formation of a civil nation in Kazakhstan, the state takes on the role of the leading subject of nation-building. It is the state with its national policy, purely practically, as they say, by touch, without sufficient theoretical justification from the scientific community, trying to implement the model of a civil, Kazakh nation on the basis of the state-forming Kazakh ethnos. Thus, the state is trying to resolve the contradiction between the civil and ethnocultural concepts of the nation in Kazakhstan on the basis of the "and - and" principle.
Not only national policy, but also economic, social, cultural, educational and all other types of management of public relations in Kazakhstan are determined by the state with insignificant participation of non-state institutions as representatives of the emerging civil society. The state regulates interethnic relations and processes in its national policy on the basis of a legal framework, including the Constitution of Kazakhstan, and relevant bodies and institutions functioning at the level of both central and regional and local authorities. At the same time, compromises between the interests of the Kazakh part of the population and other ethnic groups of Kazakhstan play a significant role in the national policy of the state.
Thus, in the national sphere of Kazakhstan, we have the following configuration of the main actors. On the extreme poles are, on the one hand, the Kazakh elites, adhering to the ideology of the titular understanding of the nation, and on the other hand, the Russian-speaking elites with the ideology of the civil understanding of the nation. At the center of this disposition is the state, which by its national policy is trying to bring together and reconcile the extremes, seeks to prevent the confrontation of ideologies, so that the conflict of values does not develop into a conflict of interests and actions dangerous for society.
From the standpoint of the institutional analysis of the problem of the national idea in Kazakhstan, it is interesting not only to study the disposition of the main actors of the national sphere of Kazakhstan and their ideologies, but also the resources at their disposal. Of course, in Kazakhstan, like in any other country, the state has the greatest resources for activities in the national sphere. If we bear in mind that the civil society in the republic is at an early stage of its development, then there is no doubt that the importance of the state for regulating relations in the national sphere is significantly increasing.
If we talk about other factors of the national sphere - ethnic elites, then the resources at their disposal, primarily material, are small. Perhaps the main one is the support of the ethnic groups on behalf of which they speak. If it is strong, it contributes to the ethnic mobilization of the masses, which is a serious challenge for a state striving to maintain political stability in society. Today the level of ethnic mobilization of the masses in Kazakhstani society is low. In other words, ethnic elites do not currently have a broad and stable social base in society.
Thus, in Kazakhstan, as a multiethnic society, there is an objective need for the existence and implementation of both the title, ethnocultural concept of the nation and the civil concept. Ignoring any of them will have detrimental consequences for the general situation in the national sphere.
In this regard, we would like to point out the most important, from our point of view, the needs and interests of society and the state in strengthening both the civil national identity and the ethnocultural identity of the Kazakhs.
In the first case, we see these interests and needs as follows.
First, the inclusion of the idea of a civil nation in the national idea of Kazakhstan contributes to the internal security and stability of society. The formation of a civil nation as an interethnic community of people will help smooth out contradictions and conflicts of interests and values of ethnic groups.
Secondly, the formation of a civil nation in Kazakhstan will have the most positive effect on the identity of all Kazakhstanis, regardless of their ethnicity, with their home country - the Republic of Kazakhstan. The united Kazakhstani people will become a real embodiment of the slogan “Kazakhstan is our common home”. Kazakhstani patriotism, high morale will become real attributes of a civil nation, a real social and political force. President Nursultan Nazarbayev emphasized at the XII session of the Assembly of the Peoples of Kazakhstan: "We must be a united and cohesive nation, a nation that will be integrated with common values, with a harmonious language environment, a nation that is looking into the future, not the past."
Thirdly, a mature civil society should be an important result of the formation of a civil nation in Kazakhstan. Civil nation and civil society are closely linked, they cannot exist without each other.
Speaking about the need to include the ethno-cultural concept of the nation in the composition of the national idea of Kazakhstan, we will point out the following reasons.
Firstly, if we are talking about a model of national building of a single Kazakh people around the state-forming ethnos - the Kazakhs, then it is natural to assume their special place in the structure of the civil nation. Of course, we are talking about such inclusion of the ethnocultural concept in the composition of the national idea of Kazakhstan, which would be largely compatible with the civil concept of the nation, and would not exclude one another.
Secondly, it is necessary to bear in mind the nature of the people formed in our country. The point is that the Kazakh people are not an emigrant nation in the way of their formation, like the one that exists in America (both North and South), Australia and some other regions of the world. The nation in Kazakhstan has distinct ethnic and historical roots, which are primarily associated with the Kazakhs. This ethno-historical aspect of the formation of the Kazakh people must undoubtedly find its place in the national idea.
Thirdly, the ethnocultural aspect is of great importance in terms of the methodology for the development of the national idea of Kazakhstan. The very concept of nation-building presupposes a constructivist approach to the study and development of a national idea. In other words, the elite forms the national identity and, consequently, the nation from the multiethnic composition of the population on whose behalf it speaks. In our opinion, neither the civic concept of the nation nor the constructivist approach should be absolutized.
Thus, the inclusion of an ethnocultural component in the structure of the national idea of Kazakhstan is of fundamental importance for substantiating its historical and cultural continuity. We are talking, if we turn to Smith, about such a reconstruction of the traditional culture of the Kazakhs so that certain of its elements and symbols could organically fit into modern culture.
Summing up our work, we would like to note that the search and development of a national idea is a difficult problem for any nation. It is a product of the creativity of society, elites and the state. For Kazakhstan, the synthesis of civil and ethnocultural concepts of the nation and the national idea is of fundamental importance. We are confident that it is on this path that we will acquire the national idea of Kazakhstan.
Abdumalik NYSANBAEV, Rustem KADYRZHANOV
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