Encyclopedia Biology. 2012

See also the interpretation, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is PARASITISM in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

  • PARASITISM in Medical terms:
    (Greek parasites parasite) a type of relationship between organisms of two biological species, in which one of them uses as a source of food and ...
  • PARASITISM in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  • PARASITISM in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    (in biology), a form of relationship between organisms (plants, animals, microorganisms) belonging to different species, of which one (the parasite) uses the other (the host) ...
  • PARASITISM in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron.
  • PARASITISM in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
    a, pl. no, m. 1. biol. The form of relationship between two organisms of different species, when one (parasite) lives on the other (or ...
  • PARASITISM in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
    , -a, m. 1. The coexistence of two organisms, when one organism (parasite) feeds on the other (the host). 2. transfer. Life …
  • PARASITISM in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
    PARASITISM (biol.), The form of relationships between organisms decomp. species, of which one (the parasite) uses the other (the host) as a habitat and ...
  • PARASITISM in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia.
  • PARASITISM in Collier's Dictionary:
    a way of life in which an organism belonging to one species (parasite) lives inside or on the body of a representative of another species (host), using ...
  • PARASITISM in the Complete Accentuated Paradigm by Zaliznyak:
    parasites "snakes, parasites" snakes, parasites "snakes, parasites" snakes, parasites "snakes, parasites" snakes, parasites "snakes, parasites" snakes, parasites "snakes, parasites" snakes, parasites "snakes, ...
  • PARASITISM in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
    1) biol. a form of relationship between two organisms of different species, of which one (the parasite) lives on the other (the host) or inside it ...
  • PARASITISM in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
    1. biol. a form of relationship between two organisms of different species, of which one (the parasite) lives on the other (the host) or inside it ...
  • PARASITISM in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
    parasitism, hoarding, grubbing, ...
  • PARASITISM in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
    1.m. Lifestyle of the parasite (1 *). 2. m. The lifestyle of the parasite ...
  • PARASITISM in the Dictionary of the Russian language Lopatin:
    parasitism, ...
  • PARASITISM in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
    parasitism, ...
  • PARASITISM in the Spelling Dictionary:
    parasitism, ...
  • PARASITISM in the Ozhegov Russian Language Dictionary:
    living on funds received from other people's labor, parasitism of P. rentier. parasitism coexistence of two organisms, in which one organism (parasite) feeds on ...
  • PARASITISM in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
    in biology, a form of relationship between organisms of various species, of which one (parasite) uses the other (host) as a habitat ...
  • PARASITISM in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Ushakov:
    parasitism, pl. no, m. 1. Cohabitation (symbiosis) of two organisms, when one organism (parasite) feeds on another organism (host; biol.). 2. ...

Forming cysts, amoebas leave the human body with undigested food debris. Light cysts are easily spread. If you don't wash your hands and food, you can get infected with them.

Malaria plasmodium

If a malaria patient is bitten again by an anopheles mosquito, now the plasmodia will get from the person to the mosquito. In the body of a mosquito, Plasmodium reproduces sexually.

Malaria is common in Africa. This is a very dangerous disease. Fight against malaria, including the destruction of malaria mosquitoes.

Trypanosomes

The carrier of sleeping sickness is the tsetse fly. This disease is typical for tropical Africa. Sleeping sickness develops in two stages: the first weeks of a person are tormented by fever and pain, after a month or more drowsiness occurs, sleep and coordination disturbances, and a change in consciousness. The disease is easier to treat in the first stage.

Giardia

A person becomes infected with giardiasis by eating unwashed food containing Giardia cysts. Coming out of the cyst, lamblia sticks to the intestines and feeds on digested food.

Leishmania

There are different types of leishmaniasis associated with damage to various tissues of the body. One of them is the skin disease Pendinsky ulcer.

Coccidia

The genus Toxoplasma belongs to coccidia. Their representatives cause such a widespread disease in humans as toxoplasmosis... A person becomes infected from pets or poorly cooked meat food. Toxoplasma affects many organs, including the nervous system.

Externally and internally, these organisms have exactly the same structure as all other unicellular organisms. They have only one structural unit, but it is capable of performing all vital functions necessary for normal life. Namely:

  • grows and develops;
  • multiplies;
  • eats;
  • breathes;
  • possesses excitability and irritability;
  • moves.

They reproduce quickly enough, asexually. The mother cell simply, upon reaching maturity, splits into several daughter cells. They are self-paced right after education.

The various representatives of the organisms under consideration can be classified as follows.

Leishmania

Having settled inside the host cells, which for Leishmania is an insect and a mammal, including humans, they cause a gradual death of the structure. In a person, on the skin, in the place where Leishmanias live, an open gaping ulcer forms, constantly decaying. This disease is called a rubber or Baghdad ulcer. It is very difficult and long-term to be treated, with surgical intervention.

The unicellular species of this group are transferred by mosquitoes, therefore, foci of leishmaniasis are found in the countries of the tropics and subtropics.

Cysts are located in the large intestine, so they are excreted with solid waste products. Infection with them occurs through mud, water. Therefore, the rules of personal hygiene are especially important in the prevention of giardiasis.

This class includes different types of amoeba:

  • intestinal;
  • dysentery;
  • oral.

Unlike the considered form, the intestinal amoeba is present in the body of almost every person and lives in harmony with it. Does not emit toxic substances and does not perforate the intestinal walls. Therefore, it does not cause much discomfort and harm to health.

The inhabitant of dental plaque and caries formations. It feeds on bacteria, can consume red blood cells. Its exact meaning for humans is not yet clear.

Balantidium coli

This organism is a representative of the Infusoria class. A fairly large oval unicellular organism that settles in. It is here that it assimilates and drills the wall of the organ, causing the appearance of bleeding, festering wounds. Cysts of this protozoan easily enter the bloodstream. This is how it spreads throughout the body.

Infection with protozoan cysts occurs when the mucous membranes come into contact with dirty hands, when drinking raw water. The disease caused by these creatures is called balantidiosis. It is accompanied by vomiting with blood, diarrhea, weakness, severe colic in the abdominal cavity.

The disease that directly causes Trichomonas is called trichomoniasis. It is sexually transmitted and threatens infertility for both men and women.

Signs of the disease in children

  • general weakness;
  • fatigue;
  • pallor;
  • headache;
  • decreased appetite;
  • poor sleep;
  • irritability;
  • loose stools;
  • vomiting and others.

Food, in whatever form, is essential for the survival of living things. Millions of years have resulted in a variety of foraging strategies, and these various interactions are the glue that binds together.

Some feeding strategies are more familiar to us, such as carnivores (and plants) that eat other animals and herbivores that eat plants. However, there are different kinds of symbiotic relationships that involve closer and more complex interactions.

It is a partnership between organisms in which each of the life forms involved benefits the other.

This is when one organism uses another for its own purposes, but without causing obvious harm to it. An example is mosses growing on the bark of a tree.

Gaul

Some galls, such as the inknuts on oak leaves (caused by wasps), maintain insect communities, which in turn can be food for birds. Look at the crown of a birch tree and you will see dense branch structures that look a lot like bird nests. This is the result of infection with fungi of the species - Taphrina betulina.

The most common diseases are:

Causes

The cause of the disease is T. Solium (pork tapeworm). People get infected by eating improperly cooked pork. Lack of hygiene is also risky.

If a person swallows an egg, larvae are released in the stomach and duodenum, which enter the bloodstream through the intestinal wall and spread throughout the body. In the place where the larva is attached (for example, in the muscles or in the human brain), it turns into a cysticercus, which matures in 2-3 months and lives for several years.

Diagnostics

Treatment

In the case of ophthalmic cysticercosis, surgical removal of the cysticercus can be used.

Manifestations

Symptoms of the disease vary depending on the location of the cysticercus in the body. Neurocysticercosis, in which cysticerci are found in the human brain and spinal cord, has the following symptoms:

  • epileptic seizures;
  • intracranial hypertension (increased intracranial pressure);
  • mental disorders.

Brain toxoplasmosis - neurotoxoplasmosis

Treatment

Toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent (with an intact immune system) and non-pregnant women does not require specific treatment. Alternatively, symptomatic therapy is chosen (relief of individual symptoms - such as pain, fever, etc.). In certain cases, drugs of the antiprotozoal group are administered - in particular, Pyrimethamine, it is possible to combine it with Sulfadiazine (a group of sulfanilamide chemotherapeutic drugs). In rare cases, a decision is made to surgically remove the site or abscess.

Manifestations

Symptoms of cerebral toxoplasmosis are quite varied and include the following types:

  • epileptic seizures;
  • intracranial hypertension;
  • headache;
  • vomiting / nausea;
  • anxiety;
  • apathy or irritability;
  • violation of consciousness;
  • focal neurological symptoms (impaired speech, walking, sensations, feelings);
  • cranial nerve palsy;
  • hemiparesis (paralysis of a limb on one side);
  • mental disorders;
  • mental changes (slowing down reactions, changes in behavior, personality disorders);
  • visual impairment.

Some experts have suggested a link between the latent form of Toxoplasma and the effects of T. gondii on the human nervous system, for example:

  • changes in the production of brain hormones;
  • schizophrenia;
  • increased irritability and aggressiveness;
  • symptoms of cerebral allergy;
  • increased sexual activity while reducing the social and emotional depth of relationships (superficial relationships);
  • increased selfishness and resentment;
  • decreased social intelligence (communication disorders, lack of social tact);
  • decreased sense of self-preservation;
  • phobias of subjectively or objectively dangerous places and situations;
  • increased likelihood of road accidents.

Increased levels of testosterone, dopamine, markers of inflammation, and other brain reactions to toxoplasmosis can also increase the aggression of the sick person or provoke the development of schizophrenia in the presence of a predisposition.

However, other studies have not shown an association between the risk of road traffic accidents, schizophrenia, violent and nonviolent behavior change, attempted suicide, decreased response and short-term memory and other symptoms with toxoplasmosis. The results of many subsequent studies were also mostly negative.

Echinococcosis

  • cystic echinococcosis (caused by E. granulosus);
  • alveolar echinococcosis (caused by E. multilocularis).

There are 2 less common forms - polycystic and cystic echinococcosis.

The disease has a relatively long incubation period. Signs depend on the location and size of the cysts. Alveolar disease usually begins in the liver, but can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or the brain.

Forecast

Manifestations

Signs of the disease are very similar to the manifestations of brain oncology and include the following symptoms:

  • dizziness;
  • cephalalgia;
  • epileptic seizures;
  • intracranial pressure.

Diagnostics

Cysts are displayed with ultrasound or CT. ELISA analysis can also be used to detect antibodies and antigens.

According to doctors, the mortality rate during infection is more than 98%.

Initially, the person suffers from fever, nausea, vomiting, a stiff neck, and headache. Death occurs within 5-7 days. The disease does not spread from person to person.

Helminths

Cystidicolle pharyonis

Trienophorus nodulosus

Diphyllobothrium latum

  • clean the fish thoroughly;
  • cut into pieces of 1 cm;
  • boil for 30-40 minutes.

For salting infected fish, it is necessary to keep it for 10-12 days at low temperatures, then insist for 7-8 days at room temperature in a saline solution. Salt must be added in an amount of at least 3 parts by weight of the fish. Careful preparation and handling of infected fish does not guarantee that infestation will not occur. That is why, in order to exclude the development of serious diseases, you should not include contaminated fish meat in your diet.

Russian cuisine does not have raw fish dishes. But in this case, one should not forget about the herring. This type of product is quite popular due to its taste and low cost. Not every manufacturer complies with the technology for making herring, therefore, contamination with the use of this product is not completely excluded.

Among the dangerous helminthic invasions, one can distinguish ink-spot disease, which infects fish containing the causative agent of post-diplostomosis in their body. This disease is not very dangerous, but experts recommend refraining from eating fish, on the body of which there are dark spots.

How to tell an infected fish

An unfit for use product has certain differences, knowing which you can protect yourself from infection:

  • Infected fish have damaged muscle structures. When pressed, the formed pit is not aligned.
  • The pupils of the fish are cloudy, and the mucous membrane, as a rule, is dry.
  • The belly of the fish is sagging and swollen.
  • The gills acquire a characteristic swampy hue, while the internal organs of the fish have a fetid odor during cutting.
  • The anal opening protrudes above the main body of the fish and viscous, cloudy mucus flows out of it.

When cooking contaminated fish, broth has quite specific characteristics. The broth is usually cloudy. There is no fatty film on its surface. Instead, the broth contains a mass of dark particles and flakes of unknown origin.

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