The concept of "Latin America"

Remark 1

This completely conditional concept unites all continental countries located south of the United States and the West Indies. The territories of Latin America were colonized by the Spaniards, the Portuguese, the French. England, France and the USA had numerous colonies here. Latin American countries are dominated by Romance languages ​​- Spanish and Portuguese, which are descended from Latin.

The term "Latin America" ​​was introduced as a political term by Napoleon $III$ - the French emperor. At that time, both Latin America and Indo-China were considered nothing more than a sphere of special French interests, so the term originally denoted those parts of America where Romance languages ​​are spoken. From the moment of the conquest, there was a forced imposition of languages, therefore, in many modern countries of the region, Spanish became the official language. The exception is Brazil, where the official language is Portuguese. Both languages ​​function in the region as national variants. They are characterized by their own linguistic features, which, on the one hand, were influenced by Indian languages, and on the other hand, the autonomy of their development. In countries such as Haiti, Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, English and French are official languages. The population of Suriname, Antilles, Aruba speaks Dutch.

Indian languages ​​were supplanted after the colonization of America. Only in Bolivia, Peru and Paraguay have the Quechua, Aymara, Guarani languages ​​survived and are official languages. In general, Latin America is bilingual and a number of countries use multilingualism. Today, the term "Latin America" ​​indicates a region that is united by supranational cultural interests and is a mixture of the cultures of the Romance peoples of Europe with Indian and African cultures, this is the difference between Latin America and European cultures of Romanesque origin. The religious structure of Latin America is dominated by Catholics, because it was the only obligatory religion during the period of colonization, all other religions were severely persecuted, suppressed by the Inquisition.

Composition of Latin America

Latin America includes:

  • Argentina,
  • Belize,
  • Bolivia,
  • Brazil,
  • Venezuela,
  • Guatemala,
  • Haiti,
  • Honduras,
  • Dominican Republic,
  • Colombia,
  • Costa Rica,
  • Cuba,
  • Mexico,
  • Nicaragua,
  • Panama,
  • Paraguay,
  • Peru,
  • Salvador,
  • Trinidad and Tobago,
  • Uruguay,
  • Chile,
  • Ecuador,
  • Jamaica.

French territories are Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana. The United States controls the territory of Puerto Rico.

Remark 2

Sometimes this list includes, culturally and linguistically different from the rest of Latin America, the Falkland Islands, Guyana, Suriname.

In general, Latin America is the largest region in the world, within which there are more than $30$ of independent states and a number of still remaining colonial possessions. There are developing countries on the continent that have gone through a rather long path of independent development. Countries are far from homogeneous, they are distinguished from each other by the occupied area, population, ethnic composition, level of economic development. In addition, they are distinguished by their political significance. For example, Brazil is the largest country in terms of area. The country occupies $40% of the territory of the region, which is $400$ times larger than El Salvador.

It has the first place in the region and in terms of population. This state has the greatest economic potential and the most developed industry. In addition to Brazil, the La Plata countries include Uruguay and Paraguay, which have an agrarian-export specialization of the economy. Paraguay is a typically agrarian, most backward country on the continent.

The Bahamas, which are still formally a British colony, are considered a tiny state of Latin America, and $300 thousand islanders call themselves subjects of the British Crown. The standard of living of the population of the islands is high and many times exceeds the level of Argentina, Mexico, Brazil. Not far from the Bahamas is one of the poorest countries in the world - Haiti. Mexico has the most complex and turbulent history, which marks the continuous struggle of Mexicans for their rights and independence against Spain and the United States.

Today, Mexico has achieved great success in the development of the national economy and provides itself with most of the necessary industrial goods. Latin American countries are developing countries, but occupy an intermediate position - the pace and level of economic development achieved is much higher than the countries of the African continent, but lower than the countries of Asia. Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, which provide $2/3$ of industrial production in the region, are included in the group of newly industrialized countries. They also include Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru. In their region, the countries have created several economic integration groupings. This is the South American Common Market (MERCOSUR), which includes Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay. The grouping covers $45$% of the population, $50$% of total GDP, $33$% of Latin America's foreign trade.

Remark 3

If we compare the countries of Latin America with the developing countries of Asia and Africa, then it must be said that many indicators of the economic and social development of Latin American countries are largely ahead of the independent countries of Asia and Africa. But, within the region itself, there are significant differences between countries in their levels of development.

Geographic location of Latin America

The countries of Latin America are located in the western hemisphere of the planet south of the border with the United States. The first country in this composition is Mexico. Thus, Latin America includes the southern part of the mainland North America, Central America, the islands of the West Indies and the mainland South America. From the western side, the region is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean, from the eastern side - by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.

The area of ​​the region is $21 million sq. km, which is about $15% of the total land area. Continental countries have natural borders between themselves, passing either along large rivers or along mountain ranges. Most of the countries have open access to the oceans, except for Bolivia and Paraguay, or are island states. The region is very close to the USA. The territory stretches from north to south for $13,000 km, and the maximum length from west to east is $5,000 km. Despite the remoteness of Latin America from other regions of the planet, its economic and geographical position is quite favorable for the development of the economy.

It contributes to:

  1. Open access to the seas and oceans;
  2. The presence of the Panama Canal;
  3. Close position to the USA;
  4. Huge and yet unrealized natural resource potential;
  5. On a global scale, this is the zone of influence of the United States.

Remark 4

If Brazil is the largest mainland state, then the largest island is the Republic of Cuba, located at the junction of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico and stretching for $1250$ km. The countries of the region by state structure are either republics or states within the British Commonwealth. The rest of the countries are the possessions of Great Britain, the USA, the Netherlands. There were no major political or other conflicts within this region.

This is explained as follows:

  1. Significant commonality in the culture and history of countries;
  2. The countries are almost similar in terms of economic development;
  3. Natural conditions and relief do not favor the development of armed conflicts.

Latin America is a large region. It includes part of the countries of North America, most of the countries of Central and South America. Its borders stretch from the US in the north to Antarctica in the south. The area is about 12 million kilometers, it is washed by the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

Geography and states

The name "America Latina" was introduced in the 19th century by Emperor Napoleon III, he combined the list of countries where they speak Romance (Latin) languages. Spanish and Portuguese are widely spoken in these states. In all these territories, Spanish is the official language, with the exception of Brazil, where Portuguese is the official language.

Looking at the map of Latin America, you can see that the largest number of countries are in Central America. These are small states located along the Panama Canal. The largest countries are in the Atlantic region, such as Brazil and Argentina.

Initially, all these territories were inhabited by Indians who lived in a primitive system. After the conquest of America by the Spaniards and the Portuguese, the indigenous population was gradually forced out, exterminated and driven into hard-to-reach places. But unlike North America, the Indians of the southern hemisphere survived for the most part, many tribes assimilated with emigrants from Europe. Since Europeans actively spread the Spanish language and the Catholic religion, now Latin American countries are the largest region professing Catholicism.

Information! The official language is mainly Spanish, but each country uses a different dialect.

The states of this region have a diverse economy and political structure. All of them were previously colonies of developed European states, but over the past century, almost all have gained independence.

Latin American countries are deservedly very popular among tourists. Breathtaking natural landscapes will not leave anyone indifferent here. These places are mainly visited by travelers who have seen many countries, which are difficult to surprise with something. These are not poor people, they mostly stay in 5* hotels.

Consider which countries are part of Latin America.

List of countries and their features

Latin America on the world map occupies 1/7 of our planet in the Western Hemisphere. It consists of 33 independent states with a total population of about 600 million people. The geographical features of these countries are as follows:

  • All countries in the region have access to the ocean, except for Paraguay and Bolivia;
  • Geographical proximity to the USA;
  • Remoteness from other countries of the world;
  • According to the form of political government, all countries are republics.
Political map of Latin America in Russian

The largest country in the region is Brazil, the smallest is Suriname. Consider a list of Latin American states, we will try to briefly describe them. The list of countries is as follows:

  1. Antigua and Barbuda is a small country in the Caribbean whose official language is English. The population is less than 100,000 people, the capital is St. John's.
  2. Argentina is famous for tango, football and beaches. This is the second largest country in Latin America after Brazil, the capital is Buenos Aires. Enjoys great popularity among tourists from all over the world, an economically developed country.
  3. Belize is a state in the Caribbean region, the famous offshore zone of the whole world. The official language is English, the capital is Belmopan, tourism is actively developing.
  4. Bolivia is a poor but safe country of great interest to travelers.
  5. Brazil is a huge country with a population of about 200 million inhabitants. This is a country of carnivals and sunny beaches, attracting hundreds of thousands of tourists from all over the world. The capital is Brasilia and the language is Portuguese. Brazil is the main exporter of coffee and tobacco in the world.
  6. Venezuela is a relatively small country in the north of the mainland, with a population of just over 20 million, the capital is Caracas, and the official language is Spanish.
  7. Haiti is a very poor country, constantly suffering from natural disasters and coups. Uses several languages ​​- French, Haitian and Creole. The capital is the city of Port-au-Prince.
  8. Guatemala is a country with the capital of the same name, which attracts tourists with beautiful nature and volcanoes. The population consists of various Indians and mestizos.
  9. Honduras is the islands of the Caribbean Sea, united in one state. The capital is the city of Tegucigalpa, the language is Spanish, it is famous for its poverty and crime.
  10. The Dominican Republic is a famous beach resort that attracts vacationers all year round. The capital is Santa Domingo, the language is Spanish, and the population is about 10 million people.
  11. Colombia is a country notorious for producing cocaine. This troubled state, however, attracts tourists due to its natural beauties. The capital is Bogotá, with a population of over 45 million.
  12. Costa Rica is a state located in the central part of America. The capital is San José and the official language is Spanish.
  13. Cuba is the island of Freedom, famous to all our compatriots. This is a state in the Caribbean, which has a large number of high-level hotels. Tourism is very developed here, excellent beaches, the capital is Havana, the population is very small - more than 11 million people.
  14. Mexico is a large country famous for its soap operas, ancient architecture and beach resorts. The capital, Mexico City, is a real paradise for tourism.
  15. Nicaragua is located in Central America, a problematic country, the population is 6 million inhabitants, the capital is Managua, the language is Spanish.
  16. Chile is a visa-free mountainous state stretched along the entire mainland. The population is more than 17 million people, the capital is Santiago, the official language is Spanish.
  17. Panama is a country of Latin America, located on the isthmus of the same name, the main language is Spanish, the population is about 4 million people.
  18. Peru is located in the northwestern part of America, the capital is Lima. In addition to Spanish, Aymara and Quechua, the languages ​​of the indigenous people, are used here.
  19. El Salvador is a small state, often suffering from all kinds of natural disasters, the population is 6.8 million, the capital is the city of San Salvador.
  20. Uruguay is located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, a small and safe country for tourists. The capital is Montevideo and the language is Spanish.
  21. Puerto Rico is a state dependent on the United States, has a special status. This country is rich in Spanish colonial architecture and attracts tourists with sports competitions.
  22. Ecuador is located on the mainland and the Galapagos Islands. A visa for citizens of the CIS is not required, the capital is Quito.
  23. Saint Barths, Saint Martin, Martinique, Guadeloupe and French Guiana are states that are legally part of France. These are islands with beautiful nature, wide beaches and warm sun.

Interesting! Saint Barths Island is a reserve for oligarchs from all over the world. With its high prices, this state scares away many ordinary tourists.

As you can see, all Latin American countries have striking features in culture and nature. This continent is rich in natural resources, water and green resources, has unique historical values.


Rio de Janeiro is one of the largest cities in South America

Major cities and attractions

As elsewhere in the world, in Latin America there is a tendency to move from villages to large cities. People move to cities in order to find work and arrange their lives. Consider which cities are most important.

  1. Sao Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, a major business center with a population of 17-18 million people. This is a large shopping center of the country, nightlife is seething here, fashion weeks are held, thousands of migrants from other regions of the country flock here.
  2. Mexico City is the capital of Mexico and the largest city in Latin America. It is difficult to accurately calculate the population of this metropolis, since many growing conglomerate areas adjoin the center, but this figure is from 18 to 19 million. Most of the population are indigenous Indians, thanks to whom the ancient culture of the pre-Columbian era has been preserved in Mexico City.
  3. Rio de Janeiro is a city of carnivals and fun, nightlife and wide beaches. It is the cultural center of the country with a population of 6.5 million people. The main attraction of Rio is a mountain with a statue of Jesus Christ, one of the 7 wonders of the world.
  4. Lima is the capital of Peru, with a population of more than 7.6 million, the city is washed by the Pacific Ocean, stands at the foot of the Andes. The bulk of the townspeople are Quechua and Aymara Indians.
  5. Bogota is the capital of Colombia, with a population of about 7 million, this city is located at an altitude of 2600 m above sea level. There are large temperature differences, often reaching -6 degrees, despite the proximity to the equator. Locals are friendly to tourists, but it is dangerous to travel outside the city.
  6. Santiago, the Chilean capital, has 5.5 million inhabitants and this figure is growing steadily. This city is visited before a trip to Easter Island, the Atacama Desert and the Patagonian National Parks.
  7. Buenos Aires - more than 3 million people, a city of contrasts. This capital of Argentina is similar to Paris, London and Barcelona at the same time. Here is the most famous theater of Colon, a huge park of Palermo forests, the famous area of ​​La Boca.
  8. Caracas is the capital of Venezuela, the population reaches 3.5 million. The city is located in the Caribbean Andes Valley, interesting places are Bolivar Square with a central cathedral, museums. From Caracas, the route to Angel Falls and Roraima Rock begins.
  9. Havana is a fun and diverse capital of Cuba with a population of 2.5 million people. Here, time has stopped, this city is recognized as a "patrimony of mankind", in Havana you can see buildings with a 600-year history next to the houses of the 20th century.

In recent decades, this region has been actively developing, and the main focus is on tourism. The combination of a warm climate, wide sandy beaches, tropical forests, and historical sites attracts more and more tourists from all over the world. Latin America is a real storehouse for travelers.

Territory, borders, position.

Latin America is the region of the Western Hemisphere located between the United States and Antarctica. It includes Mexico, the countries of Central and South America and the island states of the Caribbean (or West Indies). Most of the population of Latin America speaks Spanish and Portuguese (Brazil) languages ​​belonging to the group of Romanesque or Latin languages. Hence the name of the region - Latin America.

All Latin American countries are former colonies of European countries (mainly Spain and Portugal).

The area of ​​the region is 21 million square meters. km, population - 500 million people.

All Latin American countries, with the exception of Bolivia and Paraguay, either have access to the oceans and seas (Atlantic and Pacific Oceans), or are islands. The EGL of Latin America is also determined by the fact that it is located in relative proximity to the United States, but far from other major regions.

Political map of the region.

Within Latin America there are 33 sovereign states and several dependent territories. All independent countries, either republics or states within the British-led Commonwealth (Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Grenada, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago , Jamaica). Unitary states predominate. The exception is Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Argentina, which have a federal form of administrative-territorial structure.

Political system

Territory.

Antilles

Willemstad

Possession of the Netherlands

Argentina (Argentine Republic)

Buenos Aires

Republic

Antigua and Barbuda

St. John's

Aruba

Oranjestad

Possession of the Netherlands

Bahamas (Commonwealth of the Bahamas)

Monarchy within the Commonwealth

Barbados

Bridgetown

Belmopan

Monarchy within the Commonwealth

Bermuda

Hamilton

UK possession

Bolivia (Republic of Bolivia)

Republic

Brazil (Federative Republic of Brazil)

Brasilia

Republic

Venezuela (Republic of Venezuela)

Republic

Virgin (British Isles)

UK possession

Virgin Islands (US)

Charlotte Amalie

US possession

Haiti (Republic of Haiti)

Port-au-Prince

Republic

Guyana (Cooperative Republic of Guyana)

Georgetown

Republic within the Commonwealth

Guadeloupe

Guatemala (Republic of Guatemala)

Guatemala

Republic

Guiana

"Overseas Department" of France

Honduras (Republic of Honduras)

Tigucigalpa

Republic

St. George's

Republic within the Commonwealth

Dominica (Republic of Dominica)

Republic within the Commonwealth

Dominican Republic

Santo Dominga

Republic

Cayman islands

Georgetown

UK possession

Colombia (Republic of Colombia)

Republic

Costa Rica

Republic

Cuba (Republic of Cuba)

Republic

Martinique

fort de france

"Overseas Department" of France

Mexico (United Mexican States)

Republic

Nicaragua

Republic

Panama (Republic of Panama)

Republic

Paraguay

Asuncion

Republic

Peru (Republic of Peru)

Republic

Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico)

US possession

Salvador

San Salvador

Republic

Suriname (Republic of Suriname)

Paramaribo

Republic

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Kingstown

Republic within the Commonwealth

Saint Lucia

Monarchy within the Commonwealth

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Monarchy within the Commonwealth

Trinidad and Tabago

Port of Spain

Republic within the Commonwealth

Uruguay (Oriental Republic of Uruguay)

Montevideo

Republic

Santiago

Republic

Ecuador (Republic of Ecuador)

Republic

kingston

Republic

Note:

Form of government (state system): KM - constitutional monarchy;

Form of territorial structure: U - unitary state; F - federation;

The countries of the region are very diverse in area. They can be roughly divided into 4 groups:

    very large (Brazil);

    large and medium (Mexico and most countries in South America);

    relatively small (countries of Central America and Cuba);

    very small (the islands of the West Indies).

All Latin American countries are developing countries. In terms of the pace and level of economic development achieved, they occupy an intermediate position in the developing world - they surpass the developing countries of Africa in this respect and are inferior to the countries of Asia. Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, which are among the key countries of the developing world, have achieved the greatest success in economic development. They account for 2/3 of industrial production in Latin America and the same amount of regional GDP. The most developed countries in the region also include Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru. Haiti is a subset of the least developed countries.

Within their region, Latin American countries have created several economic integration groupings, the largest of which is the South American Common Market of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay (MERCOSUR), concentrating 45% of the population, 50% of total GDP and 33% of Latin America's foreign trade.

Population of Latin America

Exceptionally difficult ethnic sos population of Latin America. It was formed under the influence of three components:

1. Indian tribes and peoples who inhabited the territory before the arrival of the colonists (Aztecs and Mayans in Mexico, Incas in the Central Andes, etc.). The indigenous Indian population today is about 15%.

2. European settlers, primarily from Spain and Portugal (Creoles). Whites in the region currently make up about 25%.

3. Africans are slaves. To date, blacks in Latin America, about 10%.

About half of the population of Latin America are descendants of mixed marriages: mestizos, mulattoes. Therefore, almost all Latin American nations have a complex ethnic background. In Mexico and the countries of Central America, mestizos are predominant, in Haiti, Jamaica, the Lesser Antilles - blacks, in most of the Andean countries Indians or mestizos predominate, in Uruguay, Chile and Costa Rica - Hispanic Creoles, in Brazil half of the "whites", and half are blacks and mulattoes.

The colonization of America had a significant impact on the formation religious composition region. The vast majority of Hispanics profess Catholicism, which has long been implanted as the only official religion.

Three main features characterize the distribution of the population of Latin America:

1. Latin America is one of the least populated regions in the world. The average population density is only 25 people per 1 sq. km. km.

2. The uneven distribution of the population is much more pronounced than in other regions. Along with densely populated areas (the island states of the Caribbean, the Atlantic coast of Brazil, most metropolitan areas, etc.), vast expanses are almost deserted.

3. In no other region of the world has the population mastered the plateau to such an extent and does not rise so high into the mountains.

By indicators urbanization Latin America resembles economically developed rather than developing countries, although its pace has slowed down recently. Most (76%) of the population is concentrated in cities. At the same time, there is an increasing concentration of the population in large cities, the number of which has exceeded 200, and in cities with “millionaires” (there are about 40 of them). A special Latin American type of city has developed here, bearing some signs of European cities (the presence of a central square on which the town hall, cathedral, and administrative buildings are located). Streets usually diverge from the square at right angles, forming a "chess grid". In recent decades, modern buildings have been superimposed on such a grid.

In recent decades, there has been an active process of formation in Latin America urban agglomerations. Four of them are among the largest in the world: Greater Mexico City (1/5 of the country's population), Greater Buenos Aires (1/3 of the country's population), Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro.

Latin America is also characterized by "false urbanization". In slum areas ("poverty belts") sometimes live up to 50% of the city's population.

Natural resource potential of Latin America.

The natural resources of the region are rich and varied, favorable for both agriculture and industrial development.

Latin America is rich in minerals: it accounts for about 18% of oil reserves, 30% of ferrous and alloying metals, 25% of non-ferrous metals, 55% of rare and trace elements.

Geography of distribution of mineral resources of Latin America

Mineral resources

Accommodation in the region

Venezuela (about 47%) - the basin of Lake Maracaibo;

Mexico (about 45%) - shelf of the Gulf of Mexico;

Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Trinidad and Tabago.

Natural gas

Venezuela (about 28%) - Lake Maracaibo basin;

Mexico (about 22%) - shelf of the Gulf of Mexico;

Argentina, Trinidad and Tabago, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador.

Coal

Brazil (about 30%) - the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the state of Santa Catarina;

Colombia (about 23%) - the departments of Guajira, Boyac and others;

Venezuela (about 12%) - the state of Anzoategui and others;

Argentina (about 10%) - the province of Santa Cruz and others;

Chile, Mexico.

Iron ores

Brazil (about 80%) - the Serra dos Caratas, Ita Bira field;

Peru, Venezuela, Chile, Mexico.

manganese ores

Brazil (about 50%) - the Serra do Naviu deposit and others;

Mexico, Bolivia, Chile.

molybdenum ores

Chile (about 55%) - confined to copper ore deposits;

Mexico, Peru, Panama, Colombia, Argentina, Brazil.

Brazil (about 35%) - the Trombetas deposit, etc.;

Guyana (ca. 6%)

copper ores

Chile (about 67%) - Chuquicamata, El Abra, etc.

Peru (about 10%) - Tokepala, Cuahone, etc.

Panama, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia.

Lead-zinc ores

Mexico (about 50%) - the San Francisco field;

Peru (about 25%) - Cerro de Pasco field;

Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela, Honduras.

Tin ores

Bolivia (about 55%) - Llallagua field;

Brazil (approx. 44%) - state of Rondonia

Precious metal ores (gold, platinum)

Mexico (ca. 40%); Peru (about 25%); Brazil etc.

The richness and diversity of the mineral resources of Latin America can be explained by the peculiarities of the geological structure of the territory. Deposits of ores of ferrous, nonferrous and rare metals are associated with the crystalline basement of the South American Platform and the folded belt of the Cordillera and Andes. Fields of oil and natural gas are associated with marginal and intermountain troughs.

In terms of water resources, Latin America ranks first among the major regions of the world. The Amazon, Orinoco, Parana rivers are among the largest in the world.

The great wealth of Latin America is its forests, which occupy more than 1/2 of the territory of this region.

The natural conditions of Latin America are generally favorable for the development of agriculture. Most of its territory is occupied by lowlands (La Platskaya, Amazonian and Orinocskaya) and plateaus (Guiana, Brazilian, Patagonian plateau), convenient for agricultural use. Due to its geographical position (almost the entire territory of the region is located in tropical and subtropical latitudes), Latin America receives a large amount of heat and sunlight. Areas with a sharp lack of moisture occupy a relatively small area (the south of Argentina, northern Chile, the Pacific coast of Peru, the northern regions of the Mexican Highlands), the predominant red-brown, black earth, black and brown soils, combined with an abundance of heat and moisture, can produce high yields of many valuable tropical and subtropical crops.

Vast areas of savannas and subtropical steppes (Argentina, Uruguay) can be used for pastures. The main difficulties for agricultural activity are created by significant forest cover and waterlogging of lowland areas (especially the Amazonian lowland).

General characteristics of the economy of Latin America.

Yielding to Asia and Africa in terms of territory and population, Latin America is ahead in terms of the level of industrialization of production. In contrast to these regions of the world, the leading role in the economy here has recently shifted to the manufacturing industry. Both the basic branches of the manufacturing industry (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil refining) and the avant-garde industries (electronics, electrical engineering, automotive, shipbuilding, aircraft building, machine tool building) are developing here.

However, the mining industry continues to play a prominent role in the economy. In the structure of the cost of production, 80% falls on fuel (mainly oil and gas) and about 20% on mining raw materials.

Latin America is one of the oldest oil and gas producing regions in the world. Mexico, Venezuela and Ecuador stand out in terms of production and export of oil and natural gas.

Latin America is a prominent world producer and exporter of non-ferrous metal ores: bauxite (Brazil Jamaica, Suriname, Guyana stand out), copper (Chile, Peru, Mexico), lead-zinc (Peru, Mexico), tin (Bolivia) and mercury (Mexico) ores

Latin American countries are also of great importance in the world production and export of iron and manganese (Brazil, Venezuela), uranium (Brazil, Argentina) ores, native sulfur (Mexico), and potash and sodium nitrate (Chile).

The main manufacturing industries - mechanical engineering and the chemical industry - are essentially developed in three countries - Brazil, Mexico and Argentina. The Big Three account for 4/5 of the manufacturing industry. Most of the rest of the countries do not have mechanical engineering and chemical industries.

Mechanical engineering specializes in automotive, shipbuilding, aircraft building, production of electrical household appliances and machines (sewing and washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners), etc. The main areas of the chemical industry are petrochemistry, pharmaceutical and perfume industries.

The oil refining industry is represented by its enterprises in all oil-producing countries (Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, etc.). The world's largest (in terms of capacity) oil refineries have been created on the islands of the Caribbean Sea (Virginia, Bahamas, Curacao, Trinidad, Aruba, etc.).

Non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy is developing in close contact with the mining industry. Copper smelting enterprises are located in Mexico, Peru, Chile, lead and zinc - in Mexico and Peru, tin - in Bolivia, aluminum - in Brazil, steel - in Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico and Argentina.

The role of the textile and food industries is great. The leading branches of the textile industry are the production of cotton (Brazil), woolen (Argentina and Uruguay) and synthetic (Mexico) fabrics, food - sugar, canning, meat-packing, fish processing. The largest producer of cane sugar in the region and in the world is Brazil.

Agriculture The region is represented by two completely different sectors:

The first sector is a highly commercial, predominantly plantation economy, which in many countries has acquired the character of a monoculture: (bananas - Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Panama; sugar - Cuba, etc.).

The second sector is consumer small-scale agriculture, not at all affected by the "green revolution"

The leading branch of agriculture in Latin America is crop production. The exceptions are Argentina and Uruguay, where the main industry is animal husbandry. At present, Latin American crop production is characterized by monoculture (3/4 of the value of all production falls on 10 products).

The leading role is played by cereals, which are widely used in subtropical countries (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Mexico). The main crops of Latin America are wheat, rice, and corn. The largest producer and exporter of wheat and corn in the region is Argentina.

The main producers and exporters of cotton are Brazil, Paraguay, Mexico, sugar cane - Brazil, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, coffee - Brazil and Colombia, cocoa beans - Brazil, Ecuador, Dominican Republic.

The leading branches of animal husbandry are cattle breeding (mainly for meat), sheep breeding (for wool and meat and wool), and pig breeding. In terms of the size of the livestock of cattle and sheep, Argentina and Uruguay stand out, pigs - Brazil and Mexico.

In the mountainous regions of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, llamas are bred. Fishing is of world importance (Chile and Peru stand out).

Transport.

Latin America accounts for 10% of the world's railway network, 7% of roads, 33% of inland waterways, 4% of air passenger traffic, and 8% of the world's merchant fleet tonnage.

The decisive role in domestic transportation belongs to motor transport, which began to develop actively only from the 60s of the 20th century. The most important highways are the Pan-American and Trans-Amazon Highways.

The share of railway transport, despite the large length of railways, is declining. The technical equipment of this type of transport remains low. Many old railway lines are closed.

Water transport is most developed in Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, and Uruguay.

Maritime transport dominates in external transportation. 2/5 of maritime traffic falls on Brazil.

Recently, as a result of the development of the oil refining industry, pipeline transport has been rapidly developing in the region.

The territorial structure of the economy of Latin American countries largely retains colonial features. The "economic capital" (usually a seaport) usually forms the main focus of the entire territory. Many areas with a specialization in the extraction of minerals and fuels, or plantations are located inland. The railway network, which has a tree structure, connects these areas with a "growth point" (seaport). The rest of the territory remains underdeveloped.

Many countries in the region are implementing regional policies aimed at mitigating territorial disparities. For example, in Mexico there is a shift of productive forces to the north to the US border, in Venezuela - to the east, to the rich resource region of Guayana, in Brazil - to the West, to the Amazon, in Argentina - to the south, to Patagonia.

Sub-regions of Latin America

Latin America is divided into several sub-regions:

1. Middle America includes Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. The countries of this region have great differences in economic terms. On the one hand, Mexico, whose economy is based on the extraction and processing of oil, and on the other, the countries of Central America and the West Indies, known for the development of the plantation economy.

2. Andean countries (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile). For these countries, the extractive industry is of particular importance. In agricultural production, this region is characterized by the cultivation of coffee, sugarcane and cotton.

3. Countries of the La Plata Basin (Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina). This region is characterized by internal differences in the economic development of countries. Argentina is the most developed country with a developed manufacturing industry, while Uruguay and especially Paraguay lag behind in development and are characterized by an agrarian direction of the economy.

4. Countries such as Guiana, Suriname, Guyana . The basis of the economy of Guyana and Suriname is the bauxite mining industry and the production of alumina. Agriculture does not meet the needs of these countries. The main crops are rice, bananas, sugarcane, citrus fruits. Guiana is an economically backward agricultural country. Its economy is based on agriculture and the meat processing industry. The main crop is sugar cane. Fishing is developed (fishing for shrimp).

5. Brazil is a separate sub-region of Latin America. This is one of the largest countries in the world in size. It ranks fifth in terms of population (155 million people). Brazil is one of the key countries in the developing world, its leader. The country has large reserves of minerals (50 types of mineral raw materials), forest and agro-climatic resources.

In the industry of Brazil, a significant role belongs to mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The country stands out for its large-scale production of automobiles, aircraft, ships, mini and microcomputers, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, rubber, plastics, explosives, cotton fabrics, footwear, etc.

Important positions in industry are occupied by foreign capital, which controls most of the country's production.

Brazil's main trading partners are the US, Japan, UK, Switzerland and Argentina.

Brazil is a country with a pronounced oceanic type of economic location (90% of its population and production are located in a band of 300-500 km on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean).

Brazil occupies a leading position in the production of agricultural products. The main branch of agriculture is crop production, which has an export orientation. More than 30% of the cultivated area is devoted to five main crops: coffee, cocoa beans, cotton, sugarcane, soybeans. Corn, rice, wheat are grown from grain crops, which are used to meet the country's domestic needs (in addition, up to 60% of wheat is imported).

Livestock has a predominantly meat profile (Brazil accounts for 10% of the world beef trade).

It includes parts of North and South America. The list of Latin American countries consists of thirty-three states and thirteen colonies. The area of ​​this region is 21 sq. million

Detailed map of Latin America

The development of all Latin American countries is different. They are inhabited by people of different nationalities, including Indians and Spaniards. Because of this, Latin American countries amaze with the variety of traditions and customs that are observed everywhere.

List of countries

List of countries in Latin America.

  1. is one of the largest countries in the world. The country became famous for its love of football and an energetic dance called "tango". In Argentina, travelers are waiting for ancient monasteries, theaters and many kilometers of beaches of Buenos Aires.
  2. Bolivia is a poor but safe country for tourists. To visit it, citizens of Russia and the population of the CIS countries will need a visa. On the territory of Bolivia there are six sites that are included in the UNESCO list.
  3. Brazil is a country of carnivals and carelessness. It attracts millions of travelers from all over the world who want to relax under the scorching sun. .
    In this video, watch how to apply for a visa to Brazil.
  4. Venezuela is the country with the highest waterfall in the world. The state is rich in national parks and protected areas. It is recommended to go on a trip from December to March. At this time, ideal climatic conditions reign.
  5. Haiti is a state that has become famous because of its poverty. Development in the country has practically stopped. However, the unique tradition and culture of the people of Haiti attract tourists from all over the world.
  6. Guatemala is a small state in Latin America, which has a rich history. Volcanoes and untouched nature are what attracts travelers to this place.
  7. Honduras is a state that continues the list of Latin American countries. It consists of islands located in the Caribbean Sea. The main problem of the state is crime.
  8. famous for its beaches and gentle sea. The official language is Spanish. Tourists are expected by a friendly population. It is recommended to travel to the Dominican Republic from December to March.
  9. Colombia is a state that Russians do not need a visa to visit. You are allowed to stay in the country for 90 days. The vast plains of the country and the Andes mountains will not leave indifferent any traveler.
  10. - a state famous for its diverse and magnificent beaches. The country has all the conditions that are required for scuba diving and surfing.
  11. A country that has Spanish as its official language. Despite this, almost all employees of hotels, restaurants and shops are fluent in English. The holiday season in Cuba lasts from November to April.
  12. - a state for visiting which residents of Russia and Ukraine can obtain a visa in electronic form. This country is a real paradise for diving and surfing lovers.
  13. Nicaragua is a country with great political and economic problems. Despite this, it is a charming place to travel. Picturesque nature and diverse landscapes are the main advantages of the state.
  14. Panama is an interesting country in Latin America, in which the well-known resort called Bocas del Toro is located. Panama will appeal to lovers of ecotourism and hiking;
  15. Paraguay is a country where you need to get vaccinated against yellow fever. Colonial architecture is what attracts many tourists.
  16. Peru is a country that can be proud of its rich ecosystem. Citizens of Russia and Ukraine do not need a visa to visit the country. It is allowed to stay in Peru without a visa for 90 days.
  17. El Salvador is a state that is practically not focused on tourism. This is due to the activity of local volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. In El Salvador, volunteer programs became more prevalent after the disaster in 2001.
  18. Uruguay is one of the smallest countries in Latin America. It is located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Despite the constant flow of tourists, Uruguay is absolutely safe.
  19. Ecuador is a country that is located not only on the mainland, but also on the Galapagos Islands. Russians and the population of the CIS countries do not need a visa to visit the country. The permitted period of stay is 90 days. Ecuador is one of the safest countries in the world.
  20. Chile is a state for visiting which Russians do not need to apply for a visa. Lake Chungara and Miscanti are the main attractions.
  21. Martinique is a state located on an island. The main attraction of the camp is nature - beaches and bays. There are all conditions for water sports or swimming.
  22. Guadeloupe is a country that requires a visa to visit. The state consists of eight islands, in which there are many protected areas.
  23. - a country rich in Spanish architecture and ancient fortresses located on the sea coast. Tourists are attracted by seasonal competitions in fishing and canoeing.
  24. St. Barts is an island that strikes with its beauty. Mostly oligarchs of different nationalities, including Russians, live on its territory. High prices are the reason for the lack of huge masses of tourists.
  25. Saint Martin is one of the small but inhabited islands in the world. Tourists are attracted by kilometers of beaches, blue and warm sea, all the conditions necessary for diving, fishing and water sports.

    26. French Guiana location on the map

On the territory of Latin America with an area of ​​21 million square meters. km there are 46 states, more or less different from each other.

States of Latin America

The largest and most politically significant Latin American states are several countries.

Brazil
It is the largest state in Latin America with the largest population. The country is attractive for tourists with nightclubs, impenetrable jungle and impressive waterfalls.

Mexico
A unique country, practically the most popular among travelers. It is famous for the most popular beaches in the world, diving, ancient Mayan and Aztec buildings.

Argentina
A country rich in various attractions and entertainment (corrida, feeding predators, wine festivals, motorcycle races, dolphin shows, etc.) The amazing nature of national parks with waterfalls and rare animals, skiing is an integral advantage of Argentina.

Costa Rica
This country is valued for its unique nature: volcanoes, nature reserves, mountain slopes, lakes, underwater national parks and exotic beaches.

Venezuela
This Latin American state attracts tourists with its unshakable ecosystem. The country can be proud of the highest waterfall in the world - Angel, rain forests of the Orinoco River and a wide variety of flora.

Peru
This is a mysterious country with objects of historical significance - Cusco, Machu Picchu.

Chile
A state with beautiful nature, popular ski resorts.

Bolivia
A multinational high-mountain country with salt hotels and deserts, mountain lake Titicaca.

Colombia
This state is famous for its luxurious resorts, the snow-capped peaks of the Andes, frequent festivals and fairs.

Less developed countries in terms of economy and tourism include Panama, Uruguay, Paraguay, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Belize, Guiana and Guatemala.

Island States of Latin America

The island states of Latin America include the countries of the West Indies:

Barbados;
- Grenada;
- Dominican Republic;
- Dominica;
- St. Vincent;
- Grenadines;
- St. Kitts;
- Nevis;
- Saint Lucia;
- Jamaica;
- Trinidad;
- Tobago;
- Antigua;
- Barbuda;
- The Bahamas is a tiny but rich state, with a high standard of living and economy, it is famous for its luxurious hotels and pink flamingos;
- Haiti is practically the poorest country in the world: corruption and dictatorship do not give prosperity to the state, and frequent earthquakes only aggravate the economic situation;
- Cuba is distinguished by inexpensive shopping, cigars, rum, as well as developed surfing and water skiing.

The world of Latin America is unusual and unique, as it is characterized not only by an interesting style of communication between people, but also by climatic features, and unusually beautiful nature.