Conditional clauses

Conditional subordinate clauses contain a condition necessary for the action in the main clause to take place (or not take place). In Latin, conditional clauses are introduced using unions si if, if, nisi (ni) if not, if not(if the entire condition is negated, i.e. the entire conditional clause is reported with a negative value Nunquam ... temre tinnit tintinnabmlum: nisi qui illud tractat aut movet, mutum est, tacet(Plautus). - Never ... a bell does not ring for no reason: unless someone touches or shakes(lit. does not move) him, he is dumb, (he) is silent. [About the use of pronouns nisi see the lecture]:

Plur-bus verbis ad te scribrem, si res verb desiderret ac non pro se ipsa loquertur(Cicro) .- I would write you more verbose(lit. in large words), if the deed required words and did not speak for itself.

In contrast to the previously studied sentences containing a subordinate clause, conditional subordinate clauses are considered as a whole with the main clause. The conditional clause in conjunction with the main clause is called conditional period.

The timing and mood of the predicate verb is determined by whether the actions in the main clause and its condition in the subordinate clause:

  • real
  • possible
  • impossible

Depending on this, there are three types of conditional periods:

  • real(casus relis - "real case"). In the conditional period of this type of action, both the main and the subordinate clause are thought of as real, actually taking place in the past, taking place in the present or coming in the future. The predicate verbs of the main and subordinate clauses are put in the indicative forms in praesens, perfectum, imperfectum, futurum I:

Si interrOgas, respondeo(praes.) - If you ask, I answer.

Si interrogbas, respondbam(imperf.) - If you asked, I answered.

Si interrogav + sti, respondi(perf.) - If you asked, I answered.

Si interrogbis, respondbo(fut. I) - If you ask(ask) I will answer(I will answer).

  • possible or potential(casus potentilis). In conditional clauses of this type, the actions of the main and subordinate parts are possible, but optional, i.e. may or may not happen in the future. In both parts, predicates are used in the form praesens conjunct + vi or (less often) perfectum conjunct + vi:

Si interrogas, respondeam(praes.conj.) Si interrogavris, respondris(perf.conj.) - If you ask me, I will answer; or: If you asked me I would answer(but you may or may not ask).

  • unreal(casus irrelis). Actions of the main and subordinate parts are obviously impossible. In such sentences, the action refers either to the present time or to the past (it makes no sense to assume a deliberately impossible condition in the future):
  • if in a sentence the main and subordinate parts denote actions that are impossible in the present, then in both parts the imperfectum conjunct + vi is used: Si interrogres, respondrem. - If you <сейчас> asked, I would answer(but you don’t ask me, and I don’t answer);
  • if in sentences the main and subordinate parts denote actions that were impossible (and not performed) in the past, then in both parts plusquamperfectum conjunct + vi is used: Siinterrogavisses, respondissem. - If you<раньше>I was asked, I would answer(but you didn't ask and I didn't answer).

It is possible to use mixed conditional periods, i.e. those in which the main part has one form, and the subordinate part - another. For example, a combination of a main clause of a real type and a subordinate clause of a possible type is common: Memoria minuitur(praes. ind.), nisi eam exerceas(praes.conj.) - The memory is weakening(real action) if you don't develop it(but in the future you can also develop - a possible, but not mandatory action).

Relative clauses conditional comparative

Conditionally comparative clauses have the meaning of mental comparison, i.e. a fact is compared not with a real event or phenomenon, but with an imaginary one; Wed In russian language: He rushed away faster than the wind, as if all nine<всадников>chased him(in fact, no one was chasing him).

Conditional comparative proposals are introduced by unions quasi, ut si, velut si, tamquam (si) with the meaning as if, as if... The main sentence often uses the words ita, sic so, simil-ter like etc. The predicate of conditional-comparative sentences has the form of a conjunctiva.

Sentences with conditional comparative clauses can be attributed to the potential or unrealistic form of conditional periods; the tense of predicate verbs depends on this:

Non debmus ita cadre an-mis, quasi aliquid evenrit, quod firi posse nunquam putarimus(Cicro). - We shouldn't be so discouraged as if something happened<такое>that we thought could never happen. - mixed view: in the main clause, the action is real, in the subordinate clause - possible;

Alacres et laeti inter se impii cives, quasi vicissent, gratulabntur(Cicro). - Cheerful and cheerful, wicked citizens congratulated each other as if they had won. - mixed view: the event of the main sentence took place in reality; the event of the subordinate did not actually happen, the predicate stands in the plusquamperfectum conjunctivi, this is the casus irrealis.

Conditional clauses

Conditionally desirable clauses have the meaning of a condition that is desirable for the performance of an action. In Latin, subordinate clauses with this meaning are joined by unions dum, dummodo - if only, if only. Negation on sentences of this type - ne... The tenses of the predicate subordinate clause are determined by the consecutio tempOrum rule: Dummodo sit dives, barbarum ipse placet(Ovidius) (verse line). - I myself (= even) like the savage - if only he was rich(after the main tense in the main clause, the predicate of the subordinate part has the form praesens conjunct + vi).

However, if the condition of the subordinate clause is obviously impracticable in the present tense or was impracticable in the past (as in the unreal form of conditional periods), then in the subordinate clause the forms imperfectum conjunct + vi and plusquamperfectum conjunct + vi are used, respectively (even if the predicate of the main clause has the form of the main tense ).

Formation of nouns

The main way to form nouns in Latin is to attach suffixes to the stems of adjectives, verbs, etc. different parts of speech. The formation of nouns with the help of prefixes is somewhat less common (for prefixes and examples of prefixed formation of nouns, see Lecture II).

Suffixes (like prefixes), with the help of which nouns are formed, each carry a specific meaning, which they convey to the resulting words. The meaning of a noun is also influenced by the general meaning of that part of speech from which it is derived; so, from adjectives (part of speech that has the meaning of quality: what? Red) nouns with the meaning of quality are formed.

For the convenience of memorization, we will not consider the suffixes themselves, but the final elements of words, including the suffix, the ending, and sometimes part of the stem - the so-called derivational formants.

formanthrode noun From which part of speech the meaning is derived example I declension-iaappl., part.praes.act.property, quality, state miser-ia, ae f misfortune ( from miser, ra, rum unhappy) -itiaf app avar-itia, ae f greed ( from avrus, a, um greedy) -tkra

Skraf verb (base of supin) result of action pingo, pinxi, pictum, ere draw a pictkra, ae f picture ( supin base a pict-)

censeo, ui, censum, re evaluate, decide and censkra, ae f censorship ( supine base cens-) II declension-iumnverb (basis of the infect) actionstudeo, studui, -, try, engage in a studium, ii n diligence, occupation-mentumnverb (basis of the infect) instrument, means, result of actioninstruo, xi, ctum, re arrange a instumentum, in tool, tool-bmlum

Trumn verb (basis of infect) instrument of action, scene of action sto, stti, sttum, stre DF stand a stabulum, i n stall

aro to plow a aratrum, in a plow-ariumn a real place, a storage aes, aeris n copper a aerarium, ii n treasury-ariusmcus.profession, occupation argentum, in silver a argentarius, ii m moneychanger nouns by adding suffixes:

Ll-II sc.: M: -l-

Ll-which are joined by the endings of the I-II declensions:

puella, ae f girl, girl -> puell-ml-a, ae f girl, girly

sol, solis m sun -> soli-cml-us, i m sun

granum, i n grain -> gran-ml-um, i n grain

Notes to the table

  • A series of words with formants -tkra, -skra borrowed into modern European languages, incl. and in Russian: culture, dictatorship, recipe etc. The new languages ​​also included:
  • words on -mentum (

Sentence is one of the main grammatical categories of syntax. In a broad sense, it is any statement that is a message about something and is designed for auditory or visual perception. In the narrow sense, it is a special syntactic construction based on a grammatical pattern and specially designed to be a message.

With the help of a proposal, we express our thoughts and feelings, we turn to each other with questions, advice, orders.

The sentence has a grammatical basis, consisting of the main members (subject and predicate) or one of them: Winter morning. It's getting late.

A sentence, in contrast to a phrase, is characterized by intonation and semantic completeness.

In a sentence, in addition to subordinate ties (coordination, management, adhesion), there is a compositional relationship (between equal homogeneous members of the sentence): It was quiet and calm in the forest. - Quiet and calm - a compositional connection.

Sentence structure. The type of sentence in terms of structure (structure) is determined by the grammatical basis. It can consist of two main members (subject and predicate) or one main member (subject or predicate); Wed: The bird cherry smells nice. - It smells good of bird cherry. The house was barely visible behind the trees. “The house was barely visible behind the trees.

According to the number of grammatical bases, sentences are divided into: simple and complex. In a simple sentence there is one grammatical basis, in a complex one - two or more.

Simple sentences: The earth was beautiful in a wondrous silver shine (N.V. Gogol). Take care of honor from a young age (A.S. Pushkin).

Difficult sentences: We want the sunny skies to overshadow every country. And life is good, and life is good!

A sentence with homogeneous predicates that form a compositional phrase is not difficult: Truth does not burn in fire and does not sink in water.

According to the purpose of the statement, sentences can be divided into narrative, motivating and interrogative: Grandfather sang quite pleasantly and played the balalaika. - Declarative sentence. Well, let's go to the cinema. - Incentive offer. Has there been any news from your son? - Interrogative. In addition, sentences can express a strong feeling, that is, be exclamatory: Look, do not fall into the river! (Incentive exclamation clause); Oh, Lena is coming! (Declarative exclamation clause); Why are you surprised ?! (Interrogative exclamation point).


  • Offer


  • Offer Is one of the main grammatical categories of syntax. In a broad sense, it is any statement that is a message about ...


  • Simple offer suggestions


  • Offer: law suggestions, curve suggestions, factors suggestions.
    Law suggestions: offer changes in direct dependence on price changes.


  • Difficult offer on the whole has a single semantic meaning and its own intonation of the end. Difficult offer is also a single structural whole.


  • Simple offer Is a stylistic unit that has all the necessary features suggestions as a special linguistic category ...


  • Types of simple proposals... Simple suggestions are divided into types according to the purpose of the statement, emotional coloring, according to the composition of the main members, according to the presence (absence) ...

5. Interrogative sentences can begin with interrogative pronouns or adverbs: quis? (who?), quid? (what?), qui? quae? quid? (what, oh, oh? which, oh, oh?), quot? (how?), quo? (where?), unde? (where?), quam? (how?), cur? (for what? why? why?), ubi? (where?).

6. The role of the union and can do postpositive particle -que... It stands after the word to which it refers, and is written together with it: Jus vitaenecis que ... -Right lifeandof death .

7. In sentences in the present tense, the verb is not omitted to be(esse): Scientia potentia est.- Knowledge [is] power... The exceptions are maxims and aphorisms.

Verb esse (to be) forms the form of the present tense from the supplementary one, i.e. changed base. Wed In russian language: to be - is.

Present tense forms (praesens) of the verb esse

QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TEST

1. What is the peculiarity of the syllable section in Latin?

2. List the conditions for longitude and shortness of a syllable.

3. Tell us about the structure of a simple sentence in Latin.

4. How are interrogative sentences formed in Latin?

5. What is the function of the -que particle in Latin?

6. What is the peculiarity of the use of the verb esse in Latin? How does the verb esse change in persons and numbers in the present tense?

EXERCISES

1. Read the words and break them down into syllables. Justify your answer. Put stress in the words:

A. Communis, agricola, honestus, humanus, laborāre, scaena, authenticum, cognatio, respublica, universitas, Aristoteles, Danuvius, Scythia, Sicilia, Neapolis, Germania, emptio, tribūnal, falsus, lucrum, curia, basialis, formularum, demonstratio, intentio, labyrinthus, finium, regundorum, socios, communi, index, milia, qua, numero, quaelibet, ubi, saere, filia, declare, poena, Latium, Cicero.



B. justitia, consul, grata, lex, homo, tabula, privata, publica, causa, codex, camera, corpus, custodia, decretum, edictum, plebiscitum, constitutio, senatus, magistratus, aurum, roeta, Cyprus, charta, tribunus, praesidium, argumentum, symphonia, labyrinthus, Caesar, dictator, lingua, praetor, auris, auditorium, praerogativa, oeconomus.

2. Read the text, observing the rules of pronunciation of Latin sounds. Translate. Where possible, match the words of the text with the same root words from other languages:

1. Scientia potentia est. 2. Terra sphaera est. 3. Terra stella est. 4. Terra et luna stellae sunt. 5. Philosophia magistra vitae est. 6. Historia magistra vitae est. 7. Historia schola vitae est. 8. Schola via scientiarum est. 9. Roma in Italia est. 10. In terra et in aqua vita est. 11. In luna non vita est. 12. In silvis bestiae sunt. 13. In Africa sunt silvae palmarum. 14. Minerva est dea pugnarum. 15. Incola insulae est nauta. 16. Ibi victoria, ubi concordia. 17. Experientia est optima magistra. 18 Aurora musis amica.


agua, ae f - water

concordia, ae f - consent

dea, ae f - goddess

est - 3 liters. units h present time from the verb esse - to be

filia, ae f - daughter

incola, ae, f - resident

insula, ae, f - island

lingua, ae, f - language

nauta, ae, f - sailor

potentia, ae, f - strength

pugna, ae, f - battle, battle,

schola, ae, f - school

scientia, ae, f - knowledge

silva, ae, f - forest

stella, ae, f - star, planet

sunt - 3 liters. plural present time from the verb esse - to be

terra, ae, f - earth

via, ae, f - road, way

victoria, ae, f - victory

vita, ae, f - life


3.Answer the questions:

1. Quid scientia est? 2. Quid terra est? 3. Quid stellae sunt? 4. Quid magistra vitae est? 5. Quis schola eat? 6. Ubi Roma est? 7. Ubi silvae palmarum sunt? 8. Quis Minerva est? 9. Quis incola insulae sunt? 10. Ubi victoria est?

4. Answer the questions. Formulate your answers in Latin:

1. Where is there no life? 2. What is experience? 3. Is the Earth a planet? 4. Where do animals live? 5. What is there in Africa? 6. What is power? 7. Who is the friend of the muses? 8. Who are the sailors? 9. Who is the teacher of life? 10. What is the road of knowledge?

5.Read words and phrases explaining pronunciation and stressing rules. Memorize:


extra ordinaria cognitio - an extraordinary process

falsa accusatio - false accusation

fictio juris - legal fiction; something invented

fictio legislation - legal fiction

furtum manifestum - theft in which a thief is caught red-handed

furtum nec manifestum - non-obvious theft

furtum oblātum - harboring stolen goods

generālis - general

guaestio - interrogation, investigation

heredes legitimus - heirs by law

heredes testamentarium - testament heirs

hereditas - inheritance, inheritance

heres legetimus - legal heir

intra leges - in accordance with the inner meaning of the law

leges actionis - collection of judicial formulas

leges duodecim tabularum - Laws of the twelve tables

mala fides - dishonesty

manumissio - the release of the slave to freedom

manumissio censu - release of a slave to freedom by adding a slave to the censorship lists

manumissio tastamento - release of a slave to freedom by will

manumissio vindicta - the release of a slave to freedom through an imaginary process of freedom


6. Read the fragments of the “Magna Carta” (Appendix 2), paying attention to the peculiarities of the pronunciation of words in the text.


Session 3

Grammar of the Latin language. Verb. Verb stems and conjugation types. Present tense of the Latin verb.

According to its grammatical features, the Latin language belongs to the languages ​​of the inflectional system. This means that the relationship between words is expressed by changing words by case, number, gender, person, time (depending on belonging to one or another part of speech). These changes occur due to the addition of suffixes and endings to the stem of the word. In total, 10 parts of speech are distinguished in Latin:

Noun - nomen substantivum (lex - law);

Adjective - nomen adjectivum ( bonus - good);

Numeral name - nomen numerāle ( unus - one);

Pronoun - pronomen ( ego - me);

Verb - verbum ( accusare - to accuse);

Adverb - adverbium ( bene - good);

Preposition - praepositio ( in - in);

Union - conjunctio ( et - and);

Particle - particŭlae ( non - not);

Interjection - interjectio ( heu! - ah!).

Verb

The Latin verb has the same grammatical categories as the Russian verbs:

1. persona- face: prima persona.- 1 l. (I am we) secunda persona... - 2 p. (you you), tertia persona... - 3 l. (he, she, it - they);

2. numerus- number: singularis(sing.) - the only thing pluralis(pl.) - plural;

3. modus- inclination: indicativus- indicative (denotes a real action in the present, past or future tense), conjunctivus- subjunctive (denotes an action desired, possible, conditional, expected, required), imperativus- imperative (expresses a request or order to perform / not perform any action);

4. genus- pledge: activum- active (denotes an action performed by the subject), passivum- passive (denotes an action that is directed at the subject);

5. tempus- time: praesens- the present, imperfectum- past incomplete, perfectum- past completed, plusquamperfectum- pre-past, futurum I- the future is the first, futurum II- the future is the second, the future;

6.K impersonal forms verbs include: infinitivus(infinitive), participium(participle), gerundium(gerund is a verbal noun), gerundivum(gerundive - a verbal adjective), supinum(supin is a verbal noun with the meaning of purpose in verbs of movement).

Verb conjugations

Verbs change by person and number, i.e. conjugate. Depending on the characteristics of the stem, there are 4 types of conjugations of the Latin verb.

Indirect speech (oratio obl + qua)

Above (see Lecture IX), we got acquainted with the sentences of the indirect question. Any statement expressed in direct speech can be, like interrogative sentences, conveyed in an indirect form, i.e. in the form of one or more subordinate clauses, depending on the verbs of speech and thought, sensory perception and desire, expression of will (see lecture IV on the verbs on which accusat + vus cum infinit + vo depends).

direct speech: He said: "I will come";

indirect speech: He said he would come.

This dependence is expressed grammatically, i.e. in the choice of forms and moods of predicate verbs; in fact, indirect speech is the turnover accusativus cum infinitivo. In addition, indirect speech in Latin is characterized by a number of features of word use that are different from those that are in direct speech (in contrast to the Russian language, where, when translating direct speech into indirect tense, the mood of the verb does not change). The differences between the forms of tenses and moods of verbs of indirect speech from direct speech is due to the fact that indirect speech conveys someone else's words (thoughts, intentions, etc.), and direct speech (as well as any statement whose author is not mentioned) - the opinion of the speaker himself. In the first case, there is a link to any person (persons), in the second it is absent. This link to someone else's opinion is intended to convey the special rules for the use of tenses and moods of the verb:

The main (independent) declarative sentence (that is, not interrogative), as well as a rhetorical question with a predicate in the indicative, are rendered accusat + vus cum infinit + vo ..

Rhetorical question - an interrogative sentence referring to 1 person of both numbers (a question "to oneself"): Well, what can I say? What were we supposed to do? or to the 3rd person of both numbers (i.e. the question to the person (s) who is absent or not participating in the conversation: What could he say? What will they answer us? A rhetorical question does not have the meaning of a question in the strict sense of the word: it does not imply an answer, or the answer is given by the speaker himself.Rhetorical question is often used as a technique for enlivening speech (including among ancient orators).

The main sentences are interrogative, having predicates in the form of 2 persons, as well as those in which the predicates are expressed by the imperative or conjunctiva, in indirect speech have a predicate in the conjunctiva. The tense of the predicate is determined by the consecutio tempOrum, based on the tense and mood of the verb that controls the indirect speech. predicates of subordinate clauses in indirect speech are always expressed by a conjunctiva; the tenses of the predicates are according to the consecutio tempOrum. personal pronoun 1 l. direct speech (ie I, we: He said: "I ..." etc.) is transmitted to N.sing. the pronoun ipse, in indirect cases - the pronoun sui (that is, this is how "he", "they" are expressed, into which "I", "we" go: He said that he ...). pronouns 3 persons, replacing pronouns 2 persons of direct speech (that pronoun he, she, it, they, which replaces the pronoun you: She said: "don't you know ..." and She asked if he doesn't know), are expressed by is and ille.

The possessive pronouns meus, noster of the first person of direct speech and suus, vester of the second person of direct speech are transmitted by the pronoun suus (compare the rule of using the pronoun suus, lecture)

Direct speech

Ariovistus, cum Caes_ris postul_t_ cognovisset: haec Gallia, inquit, mea provincia est (independent proposal).

Nonne (ego) prius in Galliam veni (perf. Indic.), Quam popmlus Rom_nus (rhetorical question)?

Cur in meas possessiMnes venis (praes.ind.)? (interrogative sentence). Si ego tibi non praescr + bo (praes.ind. - adjunct sentence), quem ad modum tuo jure ut_ris (praes.conj. - adjunct clause), non oportet (praes.ind.) Me a te in meo jure imper_ri (infinitivus praes. - independent sentence, narrative in 2 y.). Congred_re (imper. Praes. - independent offer); intell_ges (futkrum I - independent proposition), quid Germ_ni virtkte possint (praes.conj. - propositional proposition).

 Ariovistus, when he found out what the requirements of Caesar are, said: "This Gaul is my province. Did I not come to Gaul earlier than the Roman people? Why do you come to my domain? If I do not prescribe to you how you should use your right , then you should not hinder me in my right either. Fight, (and) you will understand how strong the Germans are in valor.

Indirect speech

Depending on the historical time

Depending on the main time

Ariovistus, cum Caes_ris postul_t_ cognovisset, respondit (verb of speech in perfectum indicat + vi): hanc Galliam suam provinciam esse (acc.cum inf.). Nonne se (because ego is meant in direct speech) prius in Galliam venisse (inf.perfecti), quam popmlum Rom_num (acc.cum inf.)? Cur in suas (in direct speech meus) posessiMnes ven + ret (perf. Conj.)? Si ipsi (in direct speech ego) illi (in direct speech tibi) non praescrib_ret (imperf. Conj.), Quem ad modum suo jure uter_tur (plusquamperfectum conj.), Non oport_re sese (in direct speech me) ab illo (in direct speech te) in suo (in the speech meo) jure imped + ri (acc.cum inf.). Congreder_tur (imperf. conj.), intellectkrum (acc.cum inf. futkri; pronoun and esse are missing), quid Germ_ni virtkte possent (imperf. conj.).

Ariovistus, cum Caes_ris cognovisset, respondet (verb of speech in praes.ind.): Hanc Galliam suam provinciam esse. Nonne se prius in Galliam venisse, quam popmlum Rom_num?

Cur in suas posessiMnes veniat (praes conj.)?

Si ipsi
illi

non praescr + bat (imperf. conj.), quem ad modum suo jure ut_tur (praes. conj.), non oportere sese ab illo in suo jure imped + ri.
Congredi_tur (praes. conj.), Intellectkrum, quid Germ_ni virtkte possint (praes. conj.).

 Ariovistus, having learned the requirements of Caesar (lit. when he found out), replied (replies) that this Gaul was his province. Didn't he come to Gaul earlier than the Roman people? Why does he (Caesar) come to his domain? If he (Ariovistus) does not prescribe that (Caesar) how he should use his right, then that (Caesar) should not interfere with him (Ariovistus) in his right. Let him fight, (and) he will understand how strong the Germans are in valor.

Notes.

In the example, where indirect speech is made dependent on the main tense, the tenses of the verbs and the construction acc. cum inf. coinciding with an example containing indirect speech, depending on historical time, are not indicated.

Instead of the verb inquam, inquit, which is used only in breaking direct speech, indirect speech uses other verbs with the meaning of speech (see lecture IV).

From the given sample of translation of indirect speech, it can be seen that it is better to convey personal pronouns when translating those names and names that are replaced by these pronouns.

Sometimes in subordinate clauses that depend on the turnover accusativus cum infinitivo (see example below), as well as in subordinate clauses that depend on the main clauses with a predicate in the conjunctiva, the predicate is also used in the form of a conjunctiva, although there are no formal grounds for this. This phenomenon is called attractio modi ("inclination attraction"): Mos est Ath_nis in contiMne eos (Acc. Cum inf.), Qui sint in proeliis interfici (praes. Conjunct + vi). - In Athens there is a custom to glorify in the assembly of the people those who were killed in battles; Di tibi dent (conj. Optativus), quaecumque optes (praes conj.) - May the gods send you whatever you desire. Quaecumque - N.pl. from the form cf. kind of pronouns quaecumque, quaecumque, quodcumque whoever, whatever; here is conveyed by the combination "all that"

Ferre verb

The verb fero, tuli, latum, ferre carry refers to irregular verbs. Its originality is manifested:

The fact that the bases of the infinitive, perfect and supine are of different roots (i.e., the infinitive, perfect and supine are supine forms); in the formation of a number of forms praesens indicat + vi, activi and passivi, in infinit + vus praesentis act + vi and pass + vi and in the imperative mood.

Infinit + vus praesentis:

Imperat + vus praesentis: sing. fer! plur. ferte!

Notes to the table.

The verb ferre forms forms from the stem of the infect according to the type III conjugation (since the stem of the infect is fer-). However, a number of praesens indicativi activi forms lack a connecting vowel.

The present tense infinitive of the active voice is also formed without a connecting vowel; the infinitive of the passive voice - using the ending -re, i.e. by type I, II, and IV ref. (cf. audi-re in IV, etc., but teg-i in III.).

The rest of the forms from the base of the infect, as well as the forms from the base of the perfect and the supine, are formed by type III conjugation.

Numerous verbs are formed from the verb ferre with the help of prefixes:

af-f_ro, at-tmli, al-l_tum, af-ferre (from ad-fero) bring

au-f_ro, abs-tmli, af-l_tum, au-ferre (from ab-fero) take away

con-f_ro, con-tmli, col-l_tum, con-ferre demolish (in one place);

compare

dif-f_ro, dis-tmli, di-l_tum, dif-ferre postpone, postpone

dif-f_ro, -, -, dif-ferre differ

ef-f_ro, ex-tmli, e-l_tum, ef-ferre take out

in-f_ro, in-tmli, il-l_tum, in-ferre deposit

ob-f_ro, ob-tmli, ob-l_tum, ob-ferre suggest

prae-f_ro, prae-tmli, prae-l_tum, prae-ferre suppose

re-f_ro, re-tmli, re-l_tum, re-ferre lead back; report, report.

Verb ed_re

The verb edo, edi, esum, ed_re is, along with the forms from the base of the presence, parallel forms that coincide with the forms of the verb esse beginning with es-, i.e. 2 and 3 persons unit numbers and 2 liters. pl. praesens indicat + vi act + vi numbers, all forms of imperfectum conjunct + vi, imperat + vus, as well as infinit + vus praesentis act + vi:

imperat + vus: ege // es! eg-te // este!

infinit + vus praesentis: ed_re // esse

Numerals

for a complete set of Latin numerals, see the appendix

There are four types of numerals in Latin:

Quantitative, denoting a number "in itself": unus, a, um one; duo, duae, duo two, etc. ordinal, denoting a number as a sign of an object when counting: pimus, a, um first; secundus, a, um second, etc. dividing, denoting the concept "since"; do not have an exact analogue in Russian and are translated by a quantitative numeral with the preposition "by": singuli, ae, _ one by one; bini, ae, _ two, etc. numeral adverbs indicating how many times a given event has happened (occurs, will occur): semel once, bis twice, etc.

Formation of cardinal numbers

The cardinal numbers of the first ten, as in the Russian language, are non-derivative words.

The cardinal numbers of the second ten, except for "eighteen" and "nineteen", are formed by adding the element -decim (from decem ten) to the truncated base of the first ten numerals: septem seven, sep - decim seventeen.

Compound numbers (i.e., consisting of two or more words), including 8 and 9, i.e. the last two numbers in the ten: 18 and 19, 28 and 29, etc., represent the following combination: duo- (or un-) + de + the name of the next ten: duodeviginti eighteen (lit. "two out of twenty", i.e. e. "twenty minus two"); undeviginti nineteen (lit. "one of twenty"), etc.

The names of tens from 30 to 90 are formed using the -ginta element from several modified names of the first ten numbers: tri-ginta thirty, quadra-ginta forty, etc. (NB: "twenty" is viginti).

Hundreds are formed from the names of the first ten numbers (changed, but not like in the names of tens) in combination with the element -centi (after the voiced n -genti), derived from centum one hundred: tri-centi three hundred, quadrin-genti four hundred.

Compound numbers of two words (i.e. compound numerals of the first hundred) are formed, as in Russian, by combining the names of ten and units: viginti unus twenty-one, or by a combination of the names of units and tens, connected by the union et and: unus et viginti twenty one.

The names of thousands are composed of the word mili_ "thousands" and a cardinal number indicating how many there are. Duo and tria, which in this case are used for mili_, are cf. genders from duo and tres (by agreement in number and gender with the word milia): duo mili_ two thousand, tria mili_ three thousand, etc. (NB: "thousand" is mille).

Million is denoted by decies centena milia: decies is a numeral adverb, centena is a separating numeral, i.e. literally "ten times a hundred thousand."

Complex quantitative numbers are formed, as in Russian, by a simple listing of the categories (thousands, hundreds, tens, units): tria mili_ octingenti viginti unus three thousand eight hundred twenty one.

Declension of cardinal numbers

Of the cardinal numbers, only declines:

Unus, a, um one, one, one - as a pronominal adjective (see lecture IV).

Duo, ae, _ two, two:

m f n
N duo duae duo
G duMrum du_rum duMrum
D duMbus du_bus duMbus
Acc duos duas duo
Abl duMbus du_bus duMbus
tres, tria three changes as an adjective of two endings and has only plural forms. numbers:

all hundreds (except centum one hundred) - as adjectives I-II declensions only plural:

ducenti, ae, a two hundred

NB: the word tres, tria, the names of hundreds and the word mille are not inflected into singular. number.

Formation of ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers of the first ten (except for "first" and "second"), as well as "eleventh" undec-mus, "twelfth" duodec-mus (i.e. from "third" to "twelfth" inclusively) are formed from the stems of the corresponding quantitative numerals:

quattor -> quartus, a, um fourth

The names of intervals in music are essentially the feminine forms of Latin ordinal numbers: second, third, fourth, etc.).

The concept of "second" corresponds to two adjectives: secundus, a, um next and alter, _ra, _rum another; they are used according to the context.

Ordinal numbers of the second ten from "thirteenth" to "seventeenth", inclusive, consist of an ordinal number denoting one, and the word dec-mus: tertius dec-mus thirteenth (lit. "third tenth"), etc.

Ordinal numbers denoting tens, hundreds, as well as the word "thousandth", are formed from the stems of the corresponding cardinal numbers using the suffix -esim- and generic endings of adjectives I-II declensions: vic - esim - us twentieth; cent - esim - us hundredth; mill - esim - us thousandth. With this suffix, ordinal numbers are also formed, derived from compound cardinal numbers ending in 8 and 9 ("eighteenth", "nineteenth", "twenty-eighth", etc.): undevic - esim -us nineteenth, duodetric - esim - us twenty-eighth, etc. (since the names of the corresponding cardinal numbers include the names of tens).

Ordinal numbers, formed from compound cardinal numbers, are also written in two (or more) words: unus et vicesimus, or vicesimus unus twenty-first. NB: all the words that make up them are ordinal numbers (unlike the Russian language, where in a combination like the twenty-first, etc., only the last word - the name of the unit - is an ordinal, and the names of tens, hundreds, etc.) - cardinal numbers): one thousand nine hundred and sixty-eighth milles-mus nongentens-mus duodeseptages-mus.

Ordinal numbers, formed from the names of thousands, are formed by the addition of numeral adverbs (see below) and the word miles-mus thousandth: bis miles-mus two thousandth (literally, "two thousandth"), etc. The term "million" is denoted by decies (numeral adverb) centies (numeral adverb) milles-mus (literally ten times a hundred thousandth).

Ordinal numbers are declined as adjectives I-II declension.

Formation of numeral adverbs

The adverbs semel once, bis twice, ter three times, and quater four are non-derivative words. The rest of the numeral adverbs are formed from the stems of cardinal numbers using the suffix -ies and are translated by combining the corresponding cardinal number with the word once or -fold: quinqu - ies five times, five times. Numeral adverbs are not declined and do not change in numbers.

Formations and declension of separating numerals

Separating numerals, except for singmli, ae, and one at a time, one at a time, one at a time is formed from the stems of numeral adverbs (often significantly modified) using the suffix -n- and the ending -ibis -> bi - n - i in two, in two: vicies -> vice - n - i for twenty, etc.

Separating numbers are declined as adjectives of I-II declensions in the plural.

Use of numerals

Latin cardinal and ordinal numbers are used with nouns in the function of definition. Variable numbers agree with nouns in gender, number and case.

The presence of a numeral with a noun does not affect the form of the number and case of this noun (in contrast to Russian numerals, which require a noun in the genitive plural).

Cf .: In legiM Roman_ decem cohortes (N.pl.) erant. - In the Roman legion there were ten cohorts (R. of the plural).

In campM cohortes (N.pl.) stabant. - There were cohorts in the field (I. p. Pl.).

NB: Numeral adverbs in sentences refer to verbs and are circumstances. Marius septies consul fuit. - Marius was consul seven times.

Mille in ed. number does not incline and does not affect the form of the number and case of the noun:

Wed Consul cum mile milit-bus (Abl.pl.) venit. - The Consul came with a thousand soldiers and the Consul cum militibus (Abl.pl.) Venit. - The consul came with soldiers.

Mille in pl. number requires the form G. plur. (as in Russian): Consul cum tribus mil-bus mil-tum (militum - G. qualit_tis: see lecture) venit. “The consul came with three thousand soldiers.

Separating numbers are used in cases where quantitative numbers with the preposition "by" are used in Russian: Apud Romunos quotannis bini consmles creabantur. - The Romans elected two consuls annually.

Separating numbers and adverbs are used in multiplication: bis bina sunt quattor twice two four (lit. "twice two is four").

Accusat + vus tempOris

Accusat + vus temporis (accusative time) answers the question "how long (continuously) the action, the process lasted". It is used without a preposition or with the preposition per and is translated by the genitive case with the preposition for, in continuation: Graeci Troiam (per) decem annos obsed_runt. - The Greeks besieged Troy for ten years. Also, using acc. tempOris indicates age: Crassus quttuor et triginta tum hab_bat annos. - Crassus was then 34 years old.

Exercise # 5

Genet + vus crim-nis

Genet + vus crim-nis ("genitive crime")

used with verbs:

acckso 1 blame

arquo, ui, utum, _re humiliate, condemn, condemn

libero 1 free,

absolveo, absolvi, absolktum, absolv_re justify

and other judicial terms bearing the names of the crime, which are put in genet + vus crim-nus. It is also necessary to remember the expressions:

cap-tis damn_re to condemn to death, to sentence someone to death;

cap-tis absolv_re to free someone from death.

Miltiades proditiMnis (G. crim.) Est accus_tus; cap-tis absolktus, pecunia mult_tus est. - Miltiades was accused of treason; after being exempted from the death penalty, he was fined.

References

Miroshenkova V.I., Fedorov N.A. Latin language textbook. 2nd ed. M., 1985.

Nikiforov V.N. Latin legal phraseology. M., 1979.

Kozarzhevsky A.I. Latin language textbook. M., 1948.

Sobolevsky S.I. Grammar of the Latin language. M., 1981.