It will be not about Kunitsa as such, but about all the representatives of the Kunih family, which includes: Cute, sable, ermine, caress, mink, otter, chore. Because of their skins, these animals taiga are the most sought-after hunting. Meat do not eat them in food, it gives it to the dogs, and only their fur has the price. Cunits have a complex behavior and developed at the level of a three-year-old child Motoric paws. Love to engage in gymnastics. Young cubicities spend almost all the time in games. During games, reconcile. Live cunits to 20 years. Feed rodents, small birds and bird eggs. During the hunt, the Kutnica shifts the victim of the vertebral neck, turns the tongue into the tube and drinks blood from another living victim.

Sobol is active at twilight, at night, but often hunting and day. An individual hunting section of a sable - from 150 - 200 hectares to 1500 - 2000 hectares, sometimes more. The boundaries of the individual plot are taken by the secret of the anal glands. Eagerly feeds vegetable food. Favorite food - cedar nuts, rowan, blueberries. The berries pars, blueberries, cherry, rosehip, currant eaten eagerly eating berries. The nesting shelters - in the dupes of the fallen and standing trees, in stone places, under roots.

The hunt for kunih is the main activity of professional hunters-commercials. Get hunting with the help of various samols, mostly cutters, dies, trap. Often use privada - in the form of a dead bird, for example.

Hare

Most often in the northern forests, the populations of Belyaka are dominated in the northern forests, and the European hare is very rarely found - the hare-rusak. Hare Rusak differs from his northern colleague by not changing the coat of fur in the winter.

In the norm, Belyaki lead a single territorial lifestyle, occupying individual sections in 3-30 hectares. For the most part, this is a settling beast, and its movements are limited to seasonal change of feed. In the fall and winter is characterized by seasonal relocations in the forest; In the spring - to open places where the first grass appears.

Mostly twilight and night animal forest. The most active in the preliminary and foresharging hours. Usually, the feeding (album) begins with the sunset and ends to the dawn, but in the summer there is not enough night, and the hares feed in the morning. Petropod forest animal. In the summer in the tundra hares, fleeing from the gnus, go to daytime food. In thaw, snowfall and rainy weather, the Belyak often does not go to the feed. On such days, the loss of energy partially fills coprophage (eating excrement). In winter, in severe frosts, the hare root in the snow is 0.5-1.5 m long, in which it can carry out a whole day and leave only with danger. Roy Nurra, the Belyak compacts snow, and does not throw it out.

From the scene to the place of the softer, the hares run on the same route, especially in winter. At the same time, they nathapt the trails that several animals usually use. In winter, even a man without skis can go on a well-hopping path. Walking on the laying, the hare usually moves long jumps and confuses traces, making t. N. "Dummers" (return on their trace) and "Smeat" (big jumping away from the trace).

Wolverine

Very tricky and arrogant beast. Wides a single lifestyle. Pretty twirl in your behavior and, at the same time, very careful. Meet him in the forest is not so simple. The Lairovo of Wolverine arranges under the stewed roots, in Rasseks of the rocks and other secluded places, comes out in the twilight. Unlike most Cuns, leading a settling lifestyle, Wolverine constantly pokes the search for mining in its individual area, which takes up to 1500-2000 sq. Km. Thanks to powerful paws, long claws and tail, which plays the role of a balancer, Wolverine easily climbs on trees. It has sharp vision, hearing and smell. Pubs sounds similar to the fox tanking, but more rude.

Wolverine with the mined partridge Baby Wolverine

Wolverine is omnivorous, it does not disappear to Padalu, also likes to eat the remains after the meal of larger animals Taiga, for example, a bear. Mostly hunts to hare - Belyaka, Teterov, Ryabchikov, partridges, rodents. Sometimes hunts on larger animals, for example, elk calves, wounded or sick animals. It is often ruining wintering hunters and abducts mining from tray. In the summer there eats bird eggs, larvae OS, berries and honey. Catching fish - worn or during spawning, willingly pick up curling fish. Hufts on birds, grabbing them on Earth, when they are sleeping or sitting on sockets. It is a sanitation, destroying weak and sick animals. May attack a person if driven into the angle.

Wolverine, like lyry, well-tamed animals, in captivity they live up to 17 years old, in the wild - about 12.

Beaver

Another animal forest, dwells everywhere. Habitats are floodplains. Beaver is a major rodent adapted to a semi-water lifestyle. Beaver has a beautiful fur, which consists of coarse oily hair and very thick silk squeezing. Fur painting - from light-chestnut to dark-brown, sometimes black. The tail and limbs are black. It is an object of fishing hunt, first of all because of the fur, is also used in the meat of the beard. In the anal area there are steam glands, wen, and the beaver jet itself, which also distinguishes a very smelling secret.

The smell of beaver jet serves as a guide to other premiums about the border of the beaver area, it is unique as fingerprints. The secret of wiring used in conjunction with the jet allows longer to maintain a beaver mark in the "working" state due to the oil structure, which evaporates much longer the secrets of the beaver jet. Due to intensive production by the beginning of the 20th century, Beaver was almost exterminated at most of the range.

Live beavers like or families. The full family consists of 5-8 individuals: couples and young beavers - the rating of the past and current years. Family plot sometimes deals with family for many generations. A small reservoir takes one family or idle beaver. On larger reservoirs, the length of the family site along the coast ranges from 0.3 to 2.9 km. Beavers are rare from water rarely by more than 200 m. Between the beavers communicate with the help of fragile labels, poses, impacts on the water and screams resembling whistle. With the danger, the floating beaver loudly slams the tail on the water and dives. Cotton serves for all beavers within hearing alarm. Active beavers at night and at dusk.

Live beavers in Norah or Khatka. The entrance to the dwelling of the beaver for safety is always located under water. Bobra holes are digging in steep and clutched shores; They are a complex labyrinth with 4-5 inputs. Walls and ceiling holes diligently roll up and tamper. The living chamber inside the hole is arranged at a depth of no more than 1 m. The width of the residential chamber is a little more than a meter, the height is 40-50 centimeters. Huts are built in places where the ruin is impossible, - on gentle and low wetched shores and on the shallows.

Bobras strictly vegetatively. They feed on the bark and shoots of trees, preferring aspen, Ivu, poplar and birches, as well as various herbaceous plants.

Muskrat

Here is someone who is, and the exhaust is really the most rare animal taiga. It is located on the verge of extinction, listed in the Red Book of Russia. It is almost unrealistic to meet her on the shores of the taiga reservoirs. It is found mainly in southern taiga and mixed forests of Europe. Relatively large beast: a body of a length of 18 - 22 cm, the tail is the same, the mass until 520 g. The exhaust is almost blind, but they have a developed sense of smell and touch. Most often prefer to settle in closed floodplain reservoirs. Most of the year, animals live in Norah with one way out. The exit is under water. The main part of the stroke is located above the water level.

In the summer, the exhausts live by one, couples or families, and in the winter in the same hole can live up to 12-13 animals of different sexes and age. Each animal has temporarily visited holes located at a distance of 25-30 m one from another. Such a distance of the exhaust is sailing along the connective trench for the normal period of its stay under water - in 1 minute. On the earth's surface, the exhaust can not quickly move and becomes a victim of predators.

On the face of the disappearance of the exhaust in Russia, such factors as cutting down floodplain forests, pollution of water bodies, where animals dwell, draining floodplain, which worsens the conditions for the production of feed and protection, construction of dams and dams, as well as development on the shores of water bodies, the creation of reservoirs, Grazing cattle near reservoirs.

Currently, the exhaust can be maintained thanks to special methods and non-traditional organizational forms, namely, the creation of specialized hunting farms, the main principle of activity of which is the rational use and protection of these animals. Natural factors that negatively affect its number include long-term winter floods and high floods.

Squirrel

One of the most cute animals of northern forests. The view is completely toy, the squirrel attracts the attention of children. The protein is not dangerous for a person, unless it can scratch if it feels a danger to offspring. One of the well-known distinctive features of many proteins is their ability to store nuts for the winter. Some species bury nuts to the ground, others hide them in the voupels of trees. As scientists believe, the poor memory of certain types of protein, in particular, gray, helps to keep forests, as they bury nuts to the ground and forget about them, and new trees appear from the sprout seeds. Protein is a source of valuable fur. It is an object of commercial hunting. Skin skin stands within 50 - 100 r.

Unlike hares or deer, proteins are not able to absorb the fiber and therefore they are mainly powered by vegetation rich in proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The most difficult time for the protein is the early spring, when the buried seeds begin to germinate and can no longer serve as food, and new people have not slept. Despite the widespread opinion, the proteins are omnivores: besides nuts, seeds, fruits, mushrooms and green vegetation, they also eat insects, eggs and even small birds, mammals and frogs. Very often, this food replaces nuts in tropical countries.

Proteins often accurate their teeth about the branch of trees, but not able to distinguish the branches from electrical wires. In the US, proteins twice in history caused a lowering of the Exchange Index of High Technologies NASDAQ and caused a cascade disconnection of electricity in the University of Alabami.

Belera Meat can be eaten if producing protein loops during survival in the taiga. In the old days of the Aborigines of the Northern Urals, the people of Manci from the petty-caliber rifle shot the squirrels directly into the eyes - in order not to spoil the skirt.

Chipmunk

Another rodent, resembling a squirrel, and not for nothing that resembles, because the chipmunks and proteins are from one family. Depending on the type, the weight of the chipmunks can be from 30 to 120 g, and the size - from 5 to 15 cm with a tail length from 7 to 12 cm. A distinctive feature of all species are five dark strips along the back, separated by white or gray stripes. Chipmunk, like a protein, wood-inhabitant. In open places and in a purely high-ranking forest without a undergrowth of young swords and shrubs, he never lives. Especially loves the chipmunk places littered by Bully and the Veretnik, where it is convenient to hide.

Nibble walnut Chipmock

For the winter, the chipmunks fall asleep not so tight, like, for example, gophers or synts. They wake up among the winter, reinforce a little, and then fall asleep again. The chipmunks are very fond of warm and clear weather and at the beginning of spring, when it is still quite cool, there are not at all as we used to see them in good summer days. Usually funny, fat and movable, animals in the first days of spring spend on the air only two or three hours a day and do not depart away from their mink, but, climbing the trees branches, eat the kidneys somewhere nearby. Slissed and low-modular, they love at this time to climb on the tops of still bare trees and sit quietly there, basking in the rays of the spring sun.

When the person approaches, the chipmuncture makes a ripple "quicing" or whistle. While a person is still far away, this whistling is heard relatively rarely and alternates with long silence, and the animal sits on the rear paws and carefully examines the approaching. Just pushing a person or his dog steps to 20-30, the chipmunk rushes to run. On running, he often repeats the alarming signal so that it was possible to learn in the whistle to find out, the chipmunk sits on the spot or runs. The chipmunk has many enemies, mainly among small predatory animals and predatory birds. But sometimes it is pursued by such major predators like a bear.

Hedgehog

Also a very funny representative of the animal world of the forest. An ordinary yoke inhabits a wide variety of places, avoiding extensive marshes and solid coniferous arrays. Prefers edges, transfer, small glades, floodplains of rivers. He may well live next to a man. Ordinary Yozh is an animal, active at night. Does not love to leave your home for a long time. The day of the hedgehog is carried out in the nest or other shelters. Gnobs are built in bushes, pits, caves, abandoned Norah rodents or in the roots of trees. With the help of long middle fingers on the legs of the hedgehog take care of their spines. Chest animals lick the tongue. In nature, these animals live 3 - 5 years old, in captivity can live to 8-10 years.

Ordinary hedgehogs are pretty fast animals for their sizes. They are able to run at a speed of up to 3 m / s, they know how to swim and jump.

Yeah rally, the basis of their nutrition is adult insects, caterpillars, slugs, sometimes rainworms. In natural conditions, the vertebrates rarely attack, most often the victims of the hedge become the discovered reptiles and amphibians. Berries and fruit can eat from plants.

Yozh can be a carrier of diseases such as dermatomycosis, yellow fever, salmonellosis, leptospirosis, rabies. They are ticks and fleas in large quantities. In the forest lands, hedgehog collects ticks, including encephalitis, more than any other animals, because their spiny cover, like a brush, counts hungry ticks from the grass. From ticks, climbed between the needles, the Yozh is not able to get rid of.

Many strong poisons act unusually weakly weakly on the hijacks: arsenic, sulema, opium and even blue acid. They are quite resistant to the poison of Gadyuk. The widespread belief is that Jerzy can eat food on needles, is erroneous.

Harvest mouse

Mice are growing deep holes, in which the nests are built from grass. Depending on the type, the mouse can be active in the afternoon or at night. They feed on roots, seeds, berries, nuts and insects. May be carriers of causative agents of tick-borne encephalitis, tularemia, rickettsiosis, feverware and other diseases. Meat is suitable for eating.

Their house in which they live, hide and eat, bring offspring. The forest is their defender.

Elk

Forest beasts confidently feel in habitat familiar to them. In the forest, they are comfortable, despite the fact that there are dangers here, but each kind of adapted to defend and hide.

The decoration of the forest community is elk, belonging to the family of deer. Separate copies reach a length of up to three and a half meters, and in height - up to two meters. The weight of such an animal can reach 500 kilograms. Agree, these are impressive parameters. It is very interesting to watch such a giant who is silently moving around the forest.

He is very strong and, oddly enough, wonderful floats and dives. In addition, it has a thin hearing and good small. Imagine that it melt without running can jump over the four-meter hole or a two-meter obstacle. This is not at least every animal.

He dwells exclusively in the forests. On another territory it can be found only during the period of spring nomads. At such a time you can face the fields, sometimes he even enters the village. Feeding on the fence of pine, rowan, aspen, crazy, cherry, willow. Also eating grassy plants, mushrooms, moss, berries. Forest animals in winter are forced to look for food. And they are not always so easy to find it. Sometimes impasses greatly harm the fact that young pine forests and forest stocks eat. It happens only in the winter period when it's completely tight with food, and a decent number of individuals focuses on a relatively small territory.

However, biotechnical events are trying in forest areas to create comfortable and satisfying conditions for living with these wonderful beasts.

Forest beast bear

The most famous forest resident. It is an indispensable hero of most folk fairy tales. Moreover, he always acts as a good character. However, it should be noted that bears - predatory animals of the forest age.

They can be rightfully called the owners of the forest. The bear has a powerful body, it is enough, but at the same time small eyes and ears. On the withers he has a hump, which is nothing more than any muscles that give him the opportunity to apply very strong blows. The tail at the bear is completely small, about twenty centimeters. It is practically and not visible in his thick rude wool. The color of the beast varies from light brown to almost black. Of course, the most typical color is brown.

Animal has very powerful paws. On each of them five fingers. Claws on the beast paws reach ten centimeters in length.

The territory of habitat brown bear

These majestic forest beasts have previously dwell on extensive territories. Now their arral narrowed significantly. Currently, they are found in Finland and Scandinavia, sometimes in the forests of Central Europe and, of course, in Taiga and Tundra in Russia.

The size and body weight of the bears are entirely dependent on their habitat. The weight of animals living in Russia does not exceed 120 kilograms. However, Far Eastern Bears is much larger. Their weight comes up to 750 kilograms.

The favorite place of their habitat is the impassable areas of the forest or places with dense thickets of shrubs and trees. However, they love the crossed terrain, and therefore they can be found in Tundra and in highland forests.

What does the predator eat?

I must say that a bear feeds almost to all that you can only eat. Most of his diet is vegetable food: herbs, mushrooms, berries, nuts. When the animal lacks food, he can eat insects and larvae, rodents, reptiles and even Padal. Large representatives can afford to hunt hoofs. This is only at first glance, these forest beasts seem very vague. In fact, bears, pursuing prey, show the wonders of agility. They are able to develop speed up to 55 kilometers per hour.

Love bears to eat and fish. By the autumn, they are eaten and percent for twenty gain weight.

Winter hibernation

However, the life of forest animals in winter is very changing. Bears half of the year are in their refuge-berry, falling into the hibernation. Place for your home they are chosen in the most hard-to-reach places. As a rule, they make a winter funder under the huge roots of broken firings, in the crevices of the rocks, in the ruins after the Burls. Inside their house they linse dry moss and grass. Sleep bears sensitively. If it is disturbed, it may well wake up, and then it will be forced to look for a new cozy place to sleep.

When very hungry years happen and the bear can not gain enough fat stock, it does not fall asleep. An animal just wanders in search of food. This bear is called a connecting rod. During this period, he becomes very aggressive and is able to attack even a person.

The marriage of bears in May and June. He, as a rule, is accompanied by a strong roar and fights between competing males.

A young after mating appears in about six months after mating. They are born in Berorga. As a rule, two kids weighing up to a half-kilogram appear on the light. By the time the family couple comes out of the beam, the offspring reaches the size of the dog and is already starting to eat with adults.

Mama Mama live a couple of years. In puberty they reach three or four years. In general, bears live in the wild to thirty years.

Wolf

Forest animals are always associated with predators. One of their representatives is a wolf. In our country, they live a huge amount. It has long been with actively struggle, since they make a significant damage to households.

It is common that the wolf is a forest beast. However, this is not quite true. They live a lot in the tundra, they prefer open spaces more. And in the forest they force them to leave a person, leading an active struggle with them.

Externally, the wolf is similar to a large large dog. It has a powerful physique. The length of his body reaches up to 1.5 meters. Mass fluctuates from 30 and to 45 kilograms. Females, as a rule, fewer males.

Wolves have strong and hardy paws. They are runners big distances. In general, this is a highly organized animal and besides very smart. Looking at each other, wolves exchange information.

This beast is perfectly developed ear, excellent smelling and vision. All information about the world around the world is obtained thanks to the smell. He is able to distinguish tracks of forest animals by smell after many hours after they left them. In general, it is difficult for us to imagine the variety of odors that can distinguish the wolf.

Hawting wolves

Wolves are very strong and hardy animals. They develop speed in pursuit of mining up to 60 kilometers. And in the throw, this value increases to 80.

In the summer, wolves live in pairs and raise their offspring strictly on their territory. By winter, young individuals together with the elders gather in the group and lead a stray lifestyle. Wolves, like all forest beasts, change their lifestyle in winter.

Usually, the pack consists of ten wolves, which are representatives of one family. Sometimes a few flocks can be combined into one larger. This is possible in a harsh snowy course or in the presence of very large prey.

What do wolves eat?

Since the wolf is a predator, then meat is the basis of his diet. Although sometimes the animal can try and vegetable food. The wolf is hunting absolutely on any beast, which will be under power. If he has enough game, he will not come back in the village of people. Wolves are very intelligent and understand the entire degree of risk.

In the forest, this animal hunts almost all the inhabitants, ranging from the moose and ending with the chipmuncture and vole. Of course, his favorite prey, depending on the habitat, is the raisub, roe. However, the wolf does not circulate and fox, raccoon, rat, ferret, pig, hare. Hunting habits of wolves are diverse. They can wait their prey in the ambush, and can drive it for a long time. And their collective hunting is generally a complex coordinated mechanism, where everyone understands each other without words.

They are very prolonged by the packages of mining into the water. The wolf is a major predator, but he knows how to catch a fish, frogs, mice, and also likes to break the bird nests.

But not always only forest animals and birds become prey of a predator. In the populated areas, Dići is missing, and therefore in the harsh winter months, when it becomes very difficult to survive, the wolves hold closer to the villages and begin to robbing. Their prey can be a sheep, dog, pig, horse, cow, goose. In general, any living nature, to which the predator can only get. Even one person is capable of putting a big damage for one night.

A fox

Forest animals for children are, rather, fabulous characters. And the fox is at all the heroine of many children's fairy tales. However, as a fabulous person, it is endowed with the features that inherent in real life. Fox and beautiful, and the cunning. She has a long fluffy tail and tricky narrow muzzle, small eyes. This predator is really slim and elegant, in size it is commensurate with a small dog. Weighs from six to ten kilograms.

We are accustomed to the fact that since childhood, we call Fox red. And this is true. That's just in her life she has a white abdomen or grayish. The back and the sides are painted in different ways: from light gray to brightly red. As a rule, bright color have northern foxes. And more faded - those that live in the forest-steppe. Fur Chernoburki is considered the most beautiful and expensive. Such a fox has long been bred on special farms, because in wilderness they are extremely rare. And people their beauty for beauty enjoys extremely popular.

In the summer, the animal looks a little reasonable due to the fact that the wool in this period becomes short and tough. But by the autumn, the fox will grow beautiful winter coat. Lines a predator only once a year - in spring.

Fox cunning habits

Fox meets not only in the forest, but also in tundra, mountains, steppes, swamps, and even human housing. She knows how to adapt to any conditions, but still loves more open spaces. Deaf Taiga does not like her.

In life, as in fairy tales, Fox is very fast and clever. It runs it very much, easily catches flying past insects. As a rule, she moves a slower. Periodically stops, looks around, examined. Lisa is very careful. When she sneaks up to mining, then crawling quietly on the belly, almost merging with the ground. But runs away from persecution by big and sharp jumps, skillfully the traces.

In fox behavior, you can see the fabulous episodes. People of their unfinished. All plots are taken from real life. Foxes are really cunning predators, which are suitable for hunting. Rather, they take prey not by force, but by seduction. No other animal is called by patronymic. A fox is called Patrikev. Why?

Once upon a time there was such a prince named Patrica. He became famous for his cunning and dodgy. Since then, the very name of Patricae is associated with cunning. Lisa has long been in the people, I walked to the cheerful, because it was painted by Patrikev.

Who hunt foxes?

Foxes are very active animals. In winter, her tangled traces are clearly visible in the snow. Immediately you can see where the cheating hunted. It is believed that foxes feed on the hare. But this is a big misconception. She is not able to catch up with such fast prey. Of course, if she snaps down somewhere on defenseless, it will certainly take advantage of the case. And therefore, hares are a very rare dish in her diet. She is simply not aware of them.

Foxes feed on various insects, birds and animals. But the basis of their menu are rodents. Predatnitsy remarkably exterminate pools. In addition, they know how to catch fish in shallow water. Sometimes animals are tagged with berries.

Hares

The forest life of animals is very interesting for study. All the representatives of the animal world are very different, some run away, others hunt. Previously, we looked at some predators. Now let's talk about the brightest representative of the forests. Of course, about the hare.

Hares, as in fairy tales, long legs, with short tails. The rear legs are much longer and more powerful than the front. In winter, it is clearly clearly seen that the hind legs are ahead of the front. It is caused by the fact that they go ahead during running.

These animals feed on that food that does not attract others at all, for example, bark, young escapes and branches, grass.

A lot of fairy tales were written about the forest animals, but a hare was always a favorite hero. He and in life, leaving the chase, chittrate and tries to confuse traces, jumps in one direction, then to another, as in children's stories. It is capable of running at a speed of 50 kilometers per hour. Not every predator will bearing for such fast prey. In general, in the arsenal, hares have many ways to go away from persecution. Here are such cunning these forest inhabitants. Beasts are able and run away, and defend, and in each case they use the most optimal tactics - they have so much developed.

But not so much saves the hares of their cunning, as they take their number. Every year they have four or five litters. In each of which can be from two and up to five.

Belyaki are most famous. They weigh up to seven and a half kilograms and in length reach 70 centimeters. Their differences are the color of the wool. Rusaki in winter do not change their coloring. But in summer, these varieties distinguish much more difficult.

In general, hares are characterized by a settled life. Of course, they will jump around the fields and meadows, leaving for quite long distances. But then they return to their territory of habitat. Very rarely they can migrate. It happens only in particularly cold and snowy winter.

Who else lives in the forest?

We listed only the most famous animals, because within the framework of the article it is difficult to pay attention to all forest residents. There are actually a lot of them: boars, badgers, hedgehogs, moles, mice, squirrels, chips, sobats, cunits, raccoons, deer, roeble, lynks ... as they say, from Mala to Great. All of them are very different and interesting. In addition, it would be unfair not to mention the pennate, which also lives enough in our forests.

Forest birds

Not only forest animals are diverse, photos of some of which are given in the article, but also birds. The world of winged is no less interesting. They live in the forest a huge number of species. Here you can meet: Dyatlov, Flashorkov, Zarya, Oriwall, Klezle, Nightingale, Oatmeal, Soroka, Duck, Wagtail, Stream and many others.

From September 15 to September 17, Russia celebrates one of the largest ecological holidays - Russian days of the forest. As you know, forests are not only light planets and storerooms of various berries, mushrooms and medicinal herbs, but also a house for a variety of amazing animals. In connection with this, we tell you about some rare animals that live in Russian forests.

1. Kabagra.

This small reindeer animal with fangs dwells in the mountain coniferous forests of Sayan, Altai, Transbaikalia and Primorye. Despite its awesome look, Kabarga feeds solely with vegetation. However, a noteworthy of Kabarga not only with this, but also with its attractive smell, which lures females for mating. This smell appears due to the muscus gland in the belly of the male next to the urinary channel.

As you know, Muscus is a valuable component of various drugs and perfumes. And precisely because of him, often Kabarga becomes mining hunters and poachers. Another reason for which this unusual animal refers to the threat of disappearances of the species is to reduce the boundaries of its range, which is associated with the enhancement of human economic activity (mainly with cutting of forests).

One of the solutions to the problem of preservation of the species in the wild is the farm breeding of the Kabargy and the selection of musk in the living males.

2. Japanese green dove.

This unusual bird is about 33 cm long and weighing approximately 300 grams has a bright yellowish-green color. It is common in Southeast Asia, but also meets in the Sakhalin region (Peninsula Krylon, Islands Monerone and South Kuril Islands). The bird inhabits wide and mixed forests with an abundance of cherry trees and cherry, bushs of elders and other plants whose fruits eat.

Japanese green dove is a rare species, and therefore a little known about his life. Today, scientists know that green pigeons are monogamous birds. They fly their nests from thin twigs and place them on trees at an altitude of up to 20 meters. It is believed that partners surround eggs in turn for 20 days. And after that, helpless, covered with fluttering chicks, which will learn only five weeks later. However, in Russia, there are rarely pairs or flocks of green pigeons, most often they are noticed by one.

3. Far Eastern, or Amur Leopards.

Even at the beginning of the 20th century, rare cats were much more, and their area covered a considerable territory - the eastern and northeastern part of China, the Korean Peninsula, Amur, Primorsky and Ussuri region. However, in the period from 1970-1983, the Far Eastern Leopard lost 80% of its territory! The main reasons then served forest fires and transformations of forest areas for agriculture.

Today, the Amur Leopard continues to lose its territory, and also suffers from lack of food. After all, the roe deer, spotted deer and other hoofs, on which this leopard hunts, poachers kill in a huge number. And since the Far Eastern Leopard has a beautiful fur, he himself is very welcome trophy for poachers.

Also, due to a lack of suitable food, Far Eastern leopards are forced to go to her searches to reindeer herding. There predators are often killed by the owners of these farms. And to all of the time, because of the small size of the population of Amur Leopards, representatives of the subspecies will be very difficult to survive during various catastrophes like a fire.

Nevertheless, all this does not mean that the subspecies will soon disappear. Today there are still large areas of forests that are a suitable habitat for the Far Eastern Leopard. And if these areas can be preserved and protected from fires and poaching, the population of these amazing animals in the wild will increase.

Interestingly, Far Eastern Leopards is the only leopards that could learn to live and hunt in the conditions of harsh winter. In this, by the way, long wool helps them, as well as strong and long legs, which allow you to catch up with prey, moving through the snow. However, Amur Leopards are not only good hunters, but also exemplary family mans. After all, sometimes the males stay with females after mating and even help them with the upbringing of kittens, which in principle do not characterize leopards.

4. Alkina.

These butterflies live in the south-west of the Primorsky Territory and are found along the streams and rivers in mountain forests, where the feed plant of the caterpillage of the species is growing - Liana Cyrkazon Manychur. Most often to the flowers of this plant, the males of butterflies arrive, and female most of the time are sitting in the grass. The female alkinoy, as a rule, is delayed on this plant to postpone the eggs on its leaves.

Today, due to the violation of the habitat of the kirkazone and collecting it as a medicinal plant in nature, it decreases, which, of course, affects the number of alkino. Everything else, the butterflies suffer from the collection of their collectors.

5. Bison.

Previously, these animals were widespread in the territory of the former USSR, but by the beginning of the 20th century they were preserved only in Belovezhskaya Pushcha and in the Caucasus. However, and there their number has been steadily reduced. For example, by 1924, only 5-10 bison preserved in the Caucasus. The main causes of bison reductions were exterminating their hunters and poachers, as well as destruction during hostilities.

The restoration of their number began in 1940 in the Caucasus Reserve, and now in the territory of Russia, the bison is inhabited by two regions - the North Caucasus and the center of the European part. In the North Caucasus, the bison is inhabited in Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Chechnya, Ingushetia and in the Stavropol Territory. And in the European part there are isolated herds of bison in Tver, Vladimir, Rostov and Vologda regions.

The bison was always inhabitants of hardwood and mixed forests, but avoided extensive forest arrays. In the West Caucasus, these animals live mainly at an altitude of 0.9 - 2.1 thousand meters above sea level, often leaving the glades or flame slopes, but never removing from forest edges.

According to the appearance of the bison, it is very similar to its American conifer - bison. Nevertheless, you can still distinguish them. First of all, the bison has a higher horn, longer horns and tail than that of Bizon. And in the hot months, the rear part of the bison is covered with very short hair (it seems even that she is bald), whereas the bison is at any time of the year on the whole body the cooler of the same length.

The bison is listed in the Red Book of Russia as a disappearing appearance and today lives in many reserves and zoos.

6. Fish Filin.

This species settles on the banks of rivers in the Far East from Magadan to the Amur region and Primorye, as well as on Sakhalin and South Kurilla. Fish Filin prefers to live in the hollows of old trees with an abundance of water mining nearby, however, the old man and dumpy trees are often subjected to cutting out that inevitably displaces these birds from their habitats. In addition, the fishers are caught by poachers, and they often get into the cabins during an attempt to pull the bait of them. The development of water tourism in the Far Eastern rivers and, therefore, the increase in the concern of these birds gradually leads to a decrease in the number of Filins and prevents their reproduction. All this led to the fact that today this species is under threat of disappearance.

Fish Philin is one of the largest owls in the world, as well as the largest representative of a kind. Interestingly, these birds can hunt in two different ways. Most often, Fishille Filie is looking for fish, sitting on a stone in the river, from the shore or with the tree hung over the river. Noticing prey, Filin dives into the water and instantly enough with her sharp claws. And in the case when this predator is trying to catch sedentary fish, crayfish or frogs, it simply goes into the water and proves the bottom of the bottom in search of mining.

7. Giant Evening.

This largest bat in Russia and Europe lives in wide forests in the territory of the western borders of our country to the Orenburg region, as well as from the northern borders to the Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod regions. There they will settle in the wrappers of trees of 1-3 individuals, in the colonies of other bats (usually red and small standings).

The giant evening is a rare species, but environmentalists do not exactly know what is the cause of their low numbers. According to the assumptions of scientists, the threat represents the cutting of the deciduous forests. Nevertheless, there are no special measures for the protection of these animals, since it is not clear what measures will be effective.

Interestingly, these bats hunt for large beetles and night butterflies, flying over forest edges and reservoirs. However, blood test and litter showed that these animals also feed on small birds during migrations, however, it has never been fixed.

8. Heavenly Usache.

In Russia, in the south of the Primorsky Territory (in Ternaya, Ussuriysk, Shkotovsky, Partizan and Khassan regions), a beetle with a bright blue color lives. It lives in wide forests mainly in the wood of the Maplea Zelensky. There, the female beetle lays eggs, and approximately after a half months appear larvae. They develop in the wood around 4 years, and then, in June, the larva squints "cradle" and pumped. After about 20 days, the beetle comes out of the wood and immediately proceeds to reproduction. On this he will spend all his strength until the end of life, which lasts only two weeks.

Svezache Heavenly entered into the Red Book of Russia as a rare species whose number is reduced. According to environmentalists, the cause of this is the deforestation of forests and a sharp decrease in the amount of greenland maple.

9. Himalayan, or Belogruda Bear.

The Ussuri Belogruda Bear inhabits the broad-sized forests of the Primorsky Territory, the southern regions of the Khabarovsk Territory and the southeastern part of the Amur region. Until 1998, he was listed in the Red Book of Russia as a small appearance, and today is a hunting type. However, if in the 90s its number was 4-7 thousand individuals, now this bear is on the verge of extinction (its population is up to 1 thousand individuals). The cause of this is, first of all, cutting down forests and mass hunting. The latter, the word was discussed during the International Environmental Forum "Nature Without Borders" in Vladivostok, after which in 2006 it was decided to introduce the limitations of hunting for the Himalayan Bear during hibernation.

The Belogruda Bear leads a half impellent lifestyle: on the trees it mines food and hides from enemies (this is mainly Amur tigers and brown bear). Almost the entire diet of this bear consists of vegetable food, in particular nuts, fruits and berries, as well as shoots, bulbs and rhizomes. It also does not refuse to enjoy ants, insects, mollusks and frogs.

10. Black stork

A widespread, but rare species, the number of which is reduced due to the economic activity of a person who is manifested in the information of the forests and the drainage of the swamps. Today, the bird is found in the forests from the Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions to the southern Primorye. Black stork prefers to settle near water bodies in deaf, old forests.

It is there, on old high trees (and sometimes on the occasions of the rocks), black storks build nests, which will then be used for several years. When the time comes to invite a female on the nest (approximately at the end of March), the male flies its white suite and begins to make a sipid whistle. The demolished eggs (from 4 to 7 pieces) partners will sit in turn, while in 30 days they will not hatch chicks.

In this lesson, you will get acquainted with deciduous and coniferous forests, learn about the main inhabitants of the forest.

The forest can be compared with a large multi-storey house. Plants grow into several tiers, only consider these tiers from top to bottom. The highest trees form the upper tier, slightly lower - low-spirited trees, even lower tier shrubs and the tier of herbs, the lowest tier occupy mosses and lichen.

Let's consider the tiers of the deciduous forest. In such a forest, the first tier is occupied by the crowns of the most freelible trees. It is oak, linden, birch, maple, ox, pine, spruce (Fig. 2-4).

The low-spirited trees are rowan, cherry, Willow - grow under the tall. They adapted to live in the shade, this is the second tier (Fig. 5, 6).

Fig. 5. cherry ()

The third tier is a tier of shrubs: Raspberry, Kalina, Crushshk, Oshnik, Rosehip, Honeysuckle (Fig. 7-11).

Fig. 10. Rosehip ()

Fig. 11. Honey ()

These plants will never be able to rise to the first tier, they will always stay downstairs under the forest. Therefore, the shrub tier is called undergrowth. The fourth tier is a shrub tier - blueberry, a lobbyberry - and herbs, such as lily of the valley, acids (Fig. 12-14). Forest herbs are more shape than, for example, meadow.

Fig. 13. Lamberry ()

In the fifth tier, plants grow, which for growth and development does not need a lot of light, is moss and lichen (Fig. 15, 16).

Fig. 16. Lichen on stone ()

Mossi absorb well and hold moisture, thus creating growth conditions for other plants. Lichen is a single organism that consists of a mushroom and algae. Lichens grow not only on Earth, but also on the stones and the crust of trees.

Plants bloom at different times. Early spring, when there are no leaves on the trees and they do not interfere with the rays of the sun to penetrate until the earth itself, the first herbaceous plants are blooming: moods, anemone.

Plant roots are also located tiers. Deeper all the roots of the highest trees are located, a little higher - the roots of shrubs, and even closer to the surface of the soil - the roots of grassy plants.

Like people in a large house, and animals live on different floors in the forest. The place of the apartment depends on the one who feeds on and where shelter is well. The top tier of the forest house occupy insects that feed on the leaves and kidneys of trees. So in the crown of oak lives May beetles, a deer beetle, an acute weevil, oak leaflerting, oak walker (Fig. 17-19).

Fig. 17. Beetle deer ()

Fig. 18. Zhomatical weevil ()

Fig. 19. Oak Laptop ()

Birds that feed in insects also live here, these are finches, fuses, food and woodpeckers (Fig. 20-22).

They wipe their nests here and hide from predators. From the upper forest tiers, prey are predatory: Hawk, Falcon, Red Korshun, Filin, Owl (Fig. 23-25).

Fig. 25. Red Korshun ()

In the crowns of the second tier and on the shrubs, frozard, slatts, tits, bullfinch (Fig. 26, 27) feed.

Together with them, small animals are adjacent: proteins, chipmunks (Fig. 28).

Fig. 28. Burunduk ()

They find their own food and asylum from enemies. Leaves of trees, shrubs, herbs feed on larger animals: roe, elk, boar, hare (Fig. 29, 30).

In the thickets of shrub and among young trees they are easier to hide from the enemies, who from the fox, who from the wolf. Rodents live in the grass, they eat green plants and their seeds. Next to them, the hedgehogs are adjacent, their main food is insects and rainworms. The thick grass and underground holes serve them by protecting enemies. In the forest litter you can see worms, snails, ticks, insects, they feed spiders, predatory beetles - bugs. Insects hunt snakes and lizards who themselves become prey for predatory animals. In the soil live worms, moles, earthrooks.

The forest is called the natural community. All forest inhabitants: plants, mushrooms, animals, microbes - live together in the same natural conditions. Plants and animals are connected by power circuits. Food relations are definitely the main in the society of plants and animals. But besides them between organisms there are other, no less important ties for their lives. Plants give animals the opportunity to hide from the heat, from enemies. Birds use leaves and stalks of plants during the construction of their nests. Animals help with the spread of seeds and fruits of plants. Some dig holes and underground moves, which contributes to the penetration of water and air to the roots of plants. Mushrooms and bacteria processes the remains of plants and animals into mineral salts that absorb plants.

In addition, the threads of the mushrooms are growing with the roots of trees, shrubs and herbs and help them to extract water from soil, with salts dissolved in it.

All forest inhabitants cannot exist independently of each other, they live in communities and help each other, so the forest is called the natural community.

What kind of link in forest chains the most important thing? These are plants, with leaves, fruits, cones, the lives of all the inhabitants of the forest depends on them. Let's try to make several forest chains. The caterpillar eats plants - the cinema eats caterpillars - Falcon hunts behind the blue. The mouse is powered by spikelets of plants - I caught a mouse - I can grab my love at night at night. In the tree bark eats his stroke of the larva-Usach, she feeds on wood - the woodpecker began to beat the bark of the tree and grabbed the larva - a predator hunts, for example, a hawk. So it turns out that all forest residents depend on each other.

Today, at the lesson, you gained knowledge about the variety of plant and animal world of the forest, found out that the forest is a natural community.

  1. Vakhrushev AA, Danilov D.D. The world surrounding 3. - M.: Ballas.
  2. Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around 3. - M.: ID "Fedorov".
  3. Pleshakov A.A. The world around 3. - M.: Enlightenment.
  1. Hvoinie.ru ().
  2. YouTube.com ().
  3. Zoodrug.ru ().

Homework

  1. What is the forest?
  2. What animals can be found in the forest?
  3. Why say that the forest is a natural community?

Geographically, the zone of mixed forests occupies a territory between the tundra and the region of subtropics. Here we grow like coniferous trees - pines, larchs, ate and deciduous - beech, chestnuts, birch. The undergrowth, formed by a thick shrub, is often difficult, and under the trees of snow is less than allowing the beasts to find a bit of food here. Some of the animals inhabiting here lie in a hibernation, others overcome long distances in search of food.

Winter in the forest.

In winter, cold, snow and short days prevent the growth and blossom of herbs and shrubs. Many herbivores, experiencing a shortage of food, move in the field with a softer climate. Some animals prepare their holes dug in the ground or arranged in natural deepens (dupes, caves) to fall into a long sleep (hibernation), which will last all winter months, interrupting only brief awakening. Many holes are filled with food collected in the summer, but sometimes animals are enough and subcutaneous fat accumulated during the warm season, which allows them to survive long winter. There are in the forest and such inhabitants who do not go anywhere from hidden places and do not fall into hibernation: they find me impregnate in thick thickets, where less than snow.

Many animals fill their holes with acorns and other edible reserves.

In the spring and summer, the hares feed on young shoots, roots and gentle grass, and in the winter they can be satisfied with the bark of shrubs and small trees.

In winter, the forest seems uninhabited, but in fact he is full of life. Mammals and reptiles and amphibians only hugged in their noras, where in hibernation they spend cold winter in anticipation of the spring awakening of nature.

The badger holds the winter in the hole underground. Young usually stay with your mother, but they can hide in their own mink.

Canadian forests and groves.

In the north of the American continent there is Canada, a large country rich in forests. As you move north, you can see as deciduous trees I give up the place of coniferous, more resistant to harsh winter cold.

Basically, carnivore animals live in these areas: Fox Ordinary and Silver-Black, Wolves, Wolverine, as well as bears, who often attack other animals, although they are mainly fed.

The northern part of Canada is very extensive and unclosed. Here is a bad message and a harsh climate: only three months in the year the temperature rises to + 10 0 s, and only during this period, nature wakes up. The rest of the year with difficulty piercing vegetation is food of herbivores. Lakes, rivers and the sea are filled with ice. In such conditions, only a few animals lead a settling lifestyle. The main mass migrates moves with the onset of autumn south.