Person, number and gender. Learning the verb in elementary school using interactive techniques. D) Samples of declension of nouns

The category of the person indicates the subject of the action expressed by the verb: the speaker (first person), the speaker's interlocutor (second person), a person or object not participating in speech (third person). Forms of the 1st and 2nd person differ from the form of the 3rd person in that they indicate a specific person (subject) (the speaker or his interlocutor), while the 3rd person form does not contain an indication of a specific person (or subject), and the subject can be expressed by any noun.

Personal forms of the verb, in addition to the primary meanings inherent in them in dialogical speech, they can have a number of other meanings.
Generalized personal meaning usually expressed in the form of the 2nd person singular, denoting the action or state of any person and is usually used without the pronoun you: As you go to bed, you will sleep well(last). Such forms can denote the actions of the speaker himself (1st person): You used to get up early, grab your fishing rods and run to the river.
Uncertain personal meaning associated with the 3rd person plural of the present and with the plural of the past tense. This form expresses an action without specifying the actors: The noise multiplied. Sounded the alarm(NS.). In colloquial speech, the form of a third person with an indefinite personal meaning can denote an action performed by the speaker himself: Who do they say! Whom do they ask!

Special meanings of personal forms are often associated with shades of expressive speech... So, in an author's speech (journalistic, scientific, business), the use of the 1st person plural form is often used instead of the 1st person singular: We touched upon the content of "Onegin", we turn to the analysis of the characters of the characters of this novel(Bel.). In expressive speech, it is possible to use the 1st person plural instead of the 2nd person: Well, how do we feel? What do you say pretty?(Ch.). The so-called "courtesy form" is expressed by using the 2nd person plural instead of the 2nd person singular.

Categories of gender and number are uncharacteristic for the grammatical structure of the verb. Only certain forms of the verb have a gender category: past tense (came, came, came), subjunctive mood (would come, would come) and participles ( come, come, come) (and the gender category is expressed only in the singular form). The singular and plural forms differ in all forms of the verb, with the exception of the indefinite form and the gerunds.

Impersonal verbs

Verbs expressing actions and states that occur by themselves, without their producer (subject), are called impersonal. With such verbs, the use of the subject is impossible: it is getting dark, dawn. In their lexical meaning, impersonal verbs can express:

natural phenomena: freezing, getting dark;

physical and mental state of a person: is in a fever, I don't want to;

modal meaning of obligation: should, should, befitting and etc.,

action of an unknown force: drives, carries, carries and so on;

action of elemental force (in combination with instrumental): The paths were clogged, tightly covered with snow(Tuyere.).

Of Education impersonal verbs can be non-reflexive and reflexive: dawn, dusk.

Non-returnable form impersonal verbs have varieties:

proper impersonal verbs: And it dawns for a long time(Barat.);

personal verbs in impersonal use; Wed: There is a Russian spirit, there is a smell of Russia(NS.); How strong wormwood smells on the borders!(T.).

Return form impersonal verbs in most cases are formed from personal verbs (often intransitive) by means of the affix -sya; does not sleep - does not sleep... There are such varieties of the reflexive form of impersonal verbs:

verbs with impersonal meaning that do not have correspondences in the group of personal verbs: To tell the truth, it lay perfectly on this couch(T.);

impersonal verbs that coincide in form with personal ones: One came true (cf. prediction came true), another dreamed(cf. happiness dreamed) (talk).

Compared to personal, impersonal verbs do not change by person and number, as well as by gender. They are used only in the form of the 3rd person unit. h. present and future tense and in the form of units. hours of the past tense of the neuter.
These forms of impersonal verbs, in contrast to the corresponding personal forms, are not conditioned by agreement with the subject, since they are used in impersonal sentences. Impersonal verbs have the subjunctive mood of the neuter singular. hours and indefinite form; they have no form of imperative mood.

Based on materials: Modern Russian: Textbook / Edited by N.S. Valgina. - M .: Logos, 2002.
Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. Modern Russian language. - M .: Rolf, 2002.

Face

Verbs in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood have a variable morphological sign of the face.

The face indicates the manufacturer of the action.

Form 1 of the person indicates that the producer of the action is the speaker (alone or with a group of persons): go, go.

Form 2 of the person indicates that the producer of the action is the listener / listeners: go, go, go, go.

The third person form indicates that the action is carried out by persons not participating in the dialogue, or by objects: walking, walking, let it walk / walk.

Forms 1 and 2 of the person in the absence of a subject can indicate that the action is attributed to any manufacturer (see the generalized personal one-piece sentence: The quieter you go, the further you will be).

From the point of view of attitude to the morphological category of a person, verbs can be divided into personal and impersonal.

Personal verbs denote actions that have a producer, and can act as predicates of two-part sentences (I'm sick).

Impersonal verbs denote an action that does not have a producer (it is getting dark), or an action that is thought of as happening against the will of the subject (I'm not feeling well). These are the states of nature (Evening), of a person (I feel chills) or a subjective assessment of the situation (I want to believe it). Impersonal verbs cannot be predicates of two-part sentences and act as the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence.

Impersonal verbs have a limited number of forms:

In the past tense of the indicative mood and in the conditional mood, the impersonal form coincides with the form of the neuter singular. numbers: dawn (would);

In the present / future tense of the indicative mood, the impersonal form coincides with the form of the 3rd person singular. numbers: it is getting light, it will be getting light;

In the imperative mood, the impersonal form coincides with the form of the 2nd person singular. numbers: Light early, I would get up early (figurative use of the imperative mood in the meaning of the conditional).

Most of the impersonal verbs also have the infinitive form, but some impersonal verbs do not even have it, for example: You should do the task in advance (the verb follow in the infinitive does not have the meaning of the obligation).

Personal verbs can also appear in an impersonal form (cf.: The wave washed away the boat. - The wave washed away the boat.). This happens when the action itself is more important to the speaker than its producer.

In the indicative mood, the morphological sign of a person is expressed by personal endings and, if there is a subject in the sentence, it is a concordant category: personal pronouns I and we require the formulation of the verb in the form of 1 person, personal pronouns you and you require the setting of the verb in 2 person, the rest of the pronouns and all nouns, as well as words that act as a noun, require the use of a verb in the form of a third person.

Genus

The gender of a verb is an inflectional morphological characteristic of such verb forms as the past tense singular of the indicative mood, the singular conditional mood, the participial forms. The generic characteristic of the verb serves to reconcile the verb with nouns and pronouns and is an extra-word indicator of their generic characteristics (Boy came - W - Girl came). The neuter gender can also indicate the impersonality of the verb (Evening-o).

Number

Number is a morphological characteristic inherent in all verb forms, except for the infinitive and gerunds. The number of the verb serves to reconcile verb forms with a noun or a pronoun noun (Came-Sh person - Come-and people). The plural of a verb in a one-part sentence indicates the ambiguity of the subject (knocking at the door), and the only one can indicate impersonality (I am chilled).

The relationship of verb categories

Among the verbal morphological characteristics, there are relationships:

1. Type and tense: SV verbs have no present tense forms, and the future form is simple, NSV verbs have a present tense form, and the future tense form is a composite one.

2. Time and mood: verbs change in tenses only in the indicative mood, and in the imperative and conditional moods there is no morphological characteristic of the time.

3. Person and gender are mutually exclusive and cannot be represented in the same form: the face is represented in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood, and the gender - in the past tense of the indicative mood and the conditional mood.

4. The vast majority of reflexive verbs are intransitive.

5. The passive forms have transient irreversible verbs.

Thus, a verb is a part of speech that denotes a process and expresses this meaning in the categories of type, voice, mood, time and person; the verb also has the categories of number and - in the past tense and subjunctive mood - the category of gender.

The lesson examines the gender, person and number of the verb. You will see how the verb expresses the meaning of the action with the help of changes in gender, persons and numbers.

Subject: Verb

Lesson: Gender, person, number of the verb

1. The grammatical meaning of the verb

Expand the brackets, put the verbs in the desired form of the present or future tense. If there are several variants of this form in your speech, choose one of them. Justify the choice of option. If the verb does not have the desired form, change the sentence to express the given content.

1. On the streets (run) some people. 2. He (to attract) to people with a difficult fate. 3. In order not to freeze on the road, he usually (harness) the horse, let it gallop, and he (run) beside him. 4. I will definitely (get well) for the holiday. 5. I will definitely (win) these competitions. 6. I just (pour) sugar into the jar, (screw) the lid and come up to you. 7. That's how I (annoy) the teacher! 8. Nettles are very strong (burn). 9. The puppy (lie down) under the sofa and hums. 10. I (call) for you in the evening. 11. Mother (light) all the lamps and (drip) the daughter's medicine. 12. He should not be entrusted with such a responsible task: he must (hesitate) at the most crucial moment. 13. I will (knead) the dough and then rest. 14. If blood is (baked), it is difficult to clean the wound. 15. If water (leaks) under the bath, it will be difficultcollect. 16. When we (want), then (lie down) rest! 17. If you don’t give up now, I will (riddled) the whole house! 18. He will quickly (fray) a new suit if he is so careless with him. 19. I (spinning, spinning, playing tricks), but it's all useless! 20. He (climb) to the very top of the tree. 21. He (lie) to you! 22. They never (put) briefcases on desks. 23. He (bring) trouble on us. 24. I work hard in a day, (work hard), sometimes in the evening like that (become exhausted) - I can't move my hand. 25. I will not (offend you). 26. This is to (distract) you from sad thoughts. 27. He (disown) us at the first danger. 28. I (defeat) this opponent too! 29. Water (flowing) from the tap for the third day. 30. They (want to) dishonor us. 31. Boats do not stand still, they just (sway) on the water. 32. Wind blows, rain(splashing) in my face. 33. Parents stand on the platform and (wave) after the departing train. 34. Streams flow from the roofs (drip). 35. Wolf (prowl) through the forest in search of prey. 36. Women stand on the beach and (rinse) clothes.

1. The culture of writing ().

2. Modern Russian language ().

Literature

1. Russian language. Grade 6: Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.

2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L. D. Chesnokova - M .: Bustard, 2008.

3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M .: Bustard, 2010.

1. Nouns belong to one of three childbirth: male, female, average.

The gender of a noun can be determined by agreeing with it the possessive pronoun mine:

my son, my voivode, my curtain, my house - masculine gender;
my wife, my wall, my night - feminine,
my window, my sky, my animal - neuter gender.

In addition, for most nouns denoting people, gender can be determined by gender - my journeyman, my grandfather(masculine); my mother, my sister(feminine).

2. Genus immutable nouns is defined as follows.

The gender of immutable nouns that name people is determined by gender.

Brave hidalgo, exquisite lady.

Nouns denoting profession and occupation are masculine.

Military attaché, night porter.

Immutable nouns for animals are masculine, although feminine nouns can be used when referring to a female.

Australian kangaroo, funny chimpanzee, little hummingbird.
The chimpanzee fed its cubs.

Exceptions: tsetse, ivashi- feminine.

Immutable inanimate nouns are neuter.

Night taxi, delicious stew, new blinds.

Exceptions: coffee, penalty kick, sirocco(masculine), avenue, salami(feminine).

3. A special group is made up of nouns general kind which can represent both male and female people.

What a slob you are! What a slob you are!

General nouns characterize a person, usually give an evaluative characterization of a person, have the endings -а, -я and refer to the 1st declension.

A slob, a cheerleader, a singer, a hard worker, a dirty man, a dude, a drunkard, a sissy, a sleepyhead, a crybaby.

Note!

Some nouns of the 2nd declension with a zero ending, naming persons by profession ( doctor, professor, associate professor, driver etc.), although they can be used in relation to females, they are still masculine nouns!

4. The gender of nouns is determined by the singular form. If a noun does not have a singular form, it cannot be attributed to any of the three genders.

Nursery, pasta, trousers, pitchfork.

B) The number of the noun

1. Most nouns have two numbers - the only thing and plural... In the singular form, a noun denotes one object, in the plural form, several objects.

Pencil - pencils; doctor - doctors.

2. Only one form(singular or plural) have real, collective, abstract and some specific nouns.

Form only singular have:

most real nouns;

Oil, cement, sugar, pearls, sour cream, milk.

most abstract nouns;

Joy, goodness, sorrow, fun, redness, running, gray hair.

most collective nouns;

Teachers, students, foliage, animals, crows, children.

most of the proper names.

Voronezh, Caucasus, Caspian, Ural.

Note!

In some cases, only singular nouns can form plural forms. But such education is necessarily associated with a change in the meaning of the word:

1) at material

a) types, grades of substance:

wine - dessert wines, oil - technical oils;

b) the meaning of the large space covered by this substance:

water - ocean waters, sand - sands of the Karakum Desert;

2) at abstract plural forms of nouns mean:

a) various manifestations of qualities, properties, states:

opportunity - new opportunities, joy - our joys;

b) the duration, frequency and degree of manifestation of a sign, state, action:

frost - prolonged frosts, pain - severe pain, cry - screams.

Form only plural have:

some real nouns;

Ink, sawdust, cleaning.

some abstract nouns;

Name days, elections, attacks, intrigues, beatings.

• some collective nouns;

  Money, finance, jungle.

some proper names;

Karakum, Carpathians, the novel "Demons".

words denoting paired objects, that is, objects consisting of two parts;

Glasses, trousers, sleighs, gates, scissors, pliers.

some names for periods of time.

Twilight, day, weekdays, holidays.

Note!

For nouns that have only the plural form, not only the gender, but also the declension is not determined!

C) Case and declension of nouns

1. There are six in Russian cases:

All cases, except for the nominative, are called indirect.

Note!

1) To correctly determine the case of a noun, it is necessary to find the word on which the noun depends, and ask a question to the noun from this word, and it is better to use both questions at the same time.

Wed: He believed a friend: believed[to whom? what?] friend - D. p.

The form of an I. p. Usually has a subject, and such a noun does not depend on other members of the sentence, but is associated with the predicate.

Wed: I have[who? what?] friend - I. p.

2) It is especially important to ask both questions if the noun is in the nominative, genitive or accusative case, since animate nouns have the same genitive and accusative questions (who?), And inanimate nouns, the nominative and accusative questions coincide (what?).

3) If the noun has a preposition with it, then the question must be asked using this preposition.

Wed: He looked into the book: looked[in whom? what?] in the book.

4) A preposition can be separated from a noun by an adjective, a pronoun. Note that a preposition is associated with a noun, not a noun-dependent definition.

Wed: He fought with his friend: fought[with whom? with what?] with a friend.

2. Changing nouns in cases and numbers is called declination.

Immutable nouns ( coat, citro, metro, taxi, kangaroo, UN, traffic police) do not have declension! Their number and case can be determined in phrases and sentences on the question.

He sat[in whom? what?] v coat - singular, prepositional; He came[without whom? without which?] without coat is singular, genitive.

3. The declension of the nouns to be changed is determined by the form nominative singular... Most singular nouns fall into three types of declension.

The type of declension is determined by its initial form (singular, nominative):

4. Ten neuter nouns in -name (ending -я): time, burden, stirrup, tribe, flame, banner, crown, seed, name, udder as well as nouns way, child refer to versatile(they have endings of different declensions).

5. The noun person has different roots in the singular and plural ( person people), therefore it has different types of declension in the singular and plural:

person (singular) - declines as a noun of the 2nd declension;
people (plural) - declined as a noun of the 3rd declension.

6. Substantial adjectives and participles (nouns formed by passing from one part of speech to another: ice cream, dining room, living room, maid and others) do not belong to any of the three types of declension. They continue to bend like adjectives and participles!

D) Samples of declension of nouns

1st declension

Note!

Nouns of the 1st declension into -ia (ending -я): army, aria, symphony, Maria and others - in the dative and prepositional singular have the ending -i, as nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: to the army, to the aria, to the symphony, to the symphony, to Mary, about Mary.

On nouns ending in -я (ending -я): Marya, liar, cell

Wed: to Marya, about Marya.

2nd declension. Masculine gender

Note!

Nouns of the 2nd declension into -th (zero ending): cue, radium, proletarian, planetarium and others - in a single prepositional case have the ending -i, as nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: about radium, about the planetarium.

On nouns ending in -ey, -ai (zero ending): edge, sparrow and others - this rule does not apply (!).

Wed: about the edge, about the sparrow.

2nd declension. Neuter gender

Diversified nouns

Note!

In indirect cases, nouns ending in -name have the suffix -en- ( time, seed, name).
Exception make up the plural forms of genitive nouns seed, stirrup - no seeds, no stirrups.