Housing policy: essence, objectives. Concept and elements of housing and communal services. The content of state programs for reforming housing and communal services. Prospects for the development of Homeowners' Associations. Creation of a municipal management company.

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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF FOLK ECONOMY AND PUBLIC SERVICE under the PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

ULYANOVSK BRANCH

CHAIR STATE AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION

COURSE PROJECT

Specialization: "Management of socio-economic processes"

on the topic: "Improving the management system in the field of housing and communal services (for example, Moscow)"

Completed:

6th year student, group GMUz-618,

extramural education,

specialties 080504.65

Fayzullova R.I.

Ulyanovsk 2013

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliographic list of literature

Introduction

Among the most important areas of socio-economic transformations in the country, the reform and development of the housing and communal sector, which creates the necessary conditions for human life, stands out. The leading industries in this sector are housing construction, housing and public services, which ensure the reproduction and maintenance of the housing stock, as well as bringing housing and communal services to direct consumers. In Russia, the level of development of the housing sector does not meet the requirements: the tasks assigned to it are far from being fulfilled in full, which significantly affects the decrease in the quality of life of the population. In this regard, the housing and communal problem remains one of the most acute social problems in the country.

The housing and communal sector is experiencing significant difficulties associated with an acute financial deficit, a weak material and technical base, insufficient qualifications of personnel, the lack of a well-thought-out housing and communal policy and an insufficient elaboration of the regulatory and legal aspects of the activities of organizations in terms of their relationship with authorities and consumers.

The lack of the necessary economic and legal support hinders the development of housing construction, which makes it extremely difficult to solve the housing problem.

Of paramount importance is the implementation of housing and communal reform in cities, since they are home to most of the country's population and are the main capacities of construction and housing organizations. It is here that the already mentioned negative features of the housing sector are most clearly manifested: departmental monopoly; insufficient qualification of personnel; technical and technological backwardness and, as a result, an unsatisfactory level of work; ignoring the interests of the population and the low quality of work performed and services provided to consumers. First of all, this concerns housing and communal services, which are directly related to the population and are, in fact, the leading one in the technological chain of housing and communal services for the population. Therefore, the first stage of the reform is aimed at increasing the efficiency of restructuring the housing and communal system.

The aggravation of the housing and communal problems and the unsatisfactory state of affairs determine the need for radical reform and profound transformations of the system. Achieving these goals requires a thorough study of the main directions and measures of the reform, the substantiation of the economic, organizational and regulatory mechanisms of its practical implementation.

Many works are devoted to the problem of the implementation of housing policy. Among them are the works devoted to the theoretical aspects of the problems. This is the work of A. Pilyasov, who formed the key tasks for the main directions of housing policy; Yu.F. Simonova, who revealed the main directions of government regulation of housing policy. The functions of the state and local governments in the implementation of housing policy are clearly systematized by N.A. Volgin. A.I. Lukashev studied the problems of mortgage development at the regional level. V.N. Ponomarev and O.V. Matsnev, I. Gareev, P.R. Sultanova analyzed the regulatory and economic foundations of mortgage lending. Sociological research in the field of economic justification for solving housing problems was considered by N.E. Tikhonova A.M. Akatnova, N.N. Sedova. The works of A. Shamuzafarov, G. Titov, devoted to the state and prospects of development of social housing in Russia, are noted.

The relevance of considering the most important economic issues of the functioning and development of the housing and communal sector is also explained by the lack of educational scientific and methodological works on this issue, which are of a complex nature. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis of the housing and communal problems in the scientific and educational literature in the last decade has not been discussed at all.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the housing and communal services system, consider housing and communal problems today, both at the general level and at the municipal level, and develop recommendations for its improvement.

Work tasks:

Determine the essence, concept and objectives of housing policy;

Consider the management system of housing and communal services in Moscow, study the mechanism of housing and communal services management at the municipal level

The object is the state social policy.

Subject - the management system of housing and communal services in Moscow.

Methodological base. A systematic approach was used in the work, which made it possible to study the main elements of housing policy, the methodology of the program approach, to reflect the research problem most fully, to identify the main principles and objectives, directions for the implementation of programs for state support in obtaining housing; determine the powers of the state and local government bodies to implement housing policy.

housing municipal communal

Chapter 1. System of housing and communal services

1.1 Housing policy: essence, concept, objectives

The need for housing is one of the primary needs of a person, and the housing problem is one of the main social problems. Lack of housing and poor living conditions are one of the main reasons for the decline in the birth rate, family conflicts, and child homelessness.

A person's need for housing depends on many factors and is, in principle, unlimited. Therefore, the essence of the housing problem lies in the acute shortage of housing, calculated on the basis of certain norms and standards of housing provision. There are four stages of housing deficit in total.

The first stage is an absolute deficit when the number of dwelling units is less than the number of households.

The second stage is a structural deficit, which means that the structure of the housing stock does not match the structure of families. It is advisable at the moment to introduce a definition of the concept of "housing stock". Housing legislation has been using this concept for many decades, but until recently there was no legal definition. The case was usually limited to the division of the housing stock into types, and the most detailed attempt in this direction was made in the codification acts of the housing legislation of the eighties. For the first time, they tried to formulate a legal definition of this concept in the law of the Russian Federation "On the Foundations of the Federal Housing Policy". This is the definition: housing stock is the totality of all residential premises, regardless of the form of ownership, including residential buildings, specialized houses (hostels, hotels-shelters, houses of the mobile fund, special houses for single elderly people, boarding houses for the disabled, veterans, and others) , apartments, living quarters and other structures suitable for living.

The object of the housing policy is activities aimed at solving the housing problem and meeting the needs of the population for housing.

The essence of the housing problem lies in the acute shortage of housing that meets the established requirements (technical, structural, functional and consumer) for a significant part of the population. This definition contains several important aspects of the problem. First, it is noted that we are talking not only about a shortage of housing in general, but about a significant shortage of residential premises that meet the established requirements, which are discussed below. Secondly, this problem becomes universal if it affects the interests and worries a significant part of the population of a given territory, city, region, country as a whole. Otherwise, the problem of housing remains a problem for individual families and citizens and does not reach the social level.

It was noted that attempts to solve this pressing problem had been repeatedly made earlier. So, starting from the end of the 50s, mass housing construction began in the USSR. As a result, over several decades, it was possible to double the level of housing provision, build dozens of new cities, and form a new urban culture. The majority of the country's population turned into urban dwellers, but the severity of the housing problem did not diminish, since all of the above aspects remained in place. In 1988, during the perestroika period, the state program "Housing - 2000" was adopted, which declared the possibility of providing each family with a separate apartment by the end of the century. It contained a number of positive proposals, but lacked implementation mechanisms. With the transition to the market, the role of the state in solving the housing problem is significantly reduced and, accordingly, the significance of housing policy in the regions and especially in the localities increases.

The beginning of radical changes and market reforms in the 90s was marked by a deep crisis of the state housing system. The volume of housing construction in Russian cities has sharply narrowed. There was a need to develop and implement a new housing policy, taking into account the realities of the transition period. At the federal level, the contours of such a policy have already been formed. So, in 1993, the law of the Russian Federation "On the fundamentals of the federal housing policy" came into force, which provides the basic concepts in this area, including real estate, fund, social norm of housing area, rental and lease agreements, compensation and others, defines the rights of citizens to housing obligations of the authorities to ensure these rights and the responsibility of users of the housing stock, the types of property in the housing sector, including types of housing stock, as well as the procedures for providing housing, used by citizens, and a number of other provisions are considered. The essence of the housing policy is to ensure social guarantees in the field of housing rights of citizens, in creating conditions for attracting various sources of financing, in the development of private ownership of housing, in ensuring the rights of owners and entrepreneurs in the housing sector.

For a quantitative definition of the goals formulated below, it is necessary to have a system of conditional norms, standards and indicators.

The main strategic objectives of the housing policy are:

Creation of conditions for citizens to exercise their constitutional rights to housing;

Guarantee of full ownership rights in the housing sector;

Promoting the creation of market mechanisms and infrastructure of the housing market, ensuring the availability of housing and housing services to citizens in accordance with their effective demand;

Creation of conditions for increasing the mobility of labor resources;

ensuring social protection of low-income citizens in the housing sector, guaranteeing them housing conditions in accordance with established social standards;

Ensuring compliance with the safety standards for citizens' residence in dwellings and the quality of products and services in the housing sector;

Creation of conditions for the formation of effective markets for housing, land plots for housing construction, building materials, housing and communal services, ensuring the production of products and services in accordance with consumer demand.

According to A. Pilyasov, in order to achieve the goals, it is necessary to solve the following key tasks in the main areas of housing policy:

The final legislative definition of the housing rights of citizens and the mechanisms for their implementation, including property rights, rent, mortgages, as well as the rights of low-income citizens to provide free or affordable housing under a social rent agreement, the rights to receive budget subsidies for the purchase of housing, payment for housing and utilities services;

Ensuring an effective system of housing stock management, based mainly on non-subsidized management of market entities operating on a competitive basis;

Improving the reliability and efficiency of the functioning of the communal infrastructure in the housing sector;

Creation of conditions for bringing the structure of housing construction and production of building materials in line with effective demand;

Formation of conditions for the development of a market for land plots for residential development, creation of legal principles for the regulation of land use and development;

Development of market financial mechanisms in the housing sector: long-term mortgage lending for residential housing, lending for housing construction and the development of communal infrastructure;

Assistance in the development of the infrastructure of the housing market (real estate, appraisal and development activities, real estate management, insurance, notaries, state systems of registration and accounting of real estate, the judicial system).

The main role in the implementation of the tasks set in the framework of the housing policy is assigned to market actors, both producing goods and services in the housing sector, and providing the infrastructure of the housing market.

The adoption of legislative and regulatory legal acts, the implementation of measures of credit and financial, tax, antimonopoly policies should be aimed at eliminating barriers to competition, entering the market for new entrepreneurs, supporting the development of small and medium-sized businesses, and reducing the risks of entrepreneurial activity in the housing sector.

It should be noted that in the long term, the important thing in housing policy should be not the number of meters of housing commissioned, but the number of those in need who have resolved their housing issue by obtaining social housing, gratuitous subsidies or by attracting their own and borrowed funds.

One of the main directions in the implementation of the housing policy is the development of a system of long-term mortgage lending for housing, which provides citizens with the acquisition of housing in ownership using their own and credit funds.

At the same time, it is fundamentally important to create favorable conditions for refinancing mortgage loans, loans issued by banks and credit institutions, procedures for assigning claims for mortgage loans, the procedure for issuing and circulating securities secured by mortgage loans. It is investment under mortgages that will allow attracting funds from potential investors and shorten the period of budget borrowing or attract budget funds against the existing collateral in the form of mortgages.

One of the sources of financing for mortgage loans can be funds attracted under the scheme of long-term accumulative life insurance. In this case, the accumulated insurance premiums (at least 30% of the cost of the purchased housing) can serve as an advance payment when attracting borrowed funds.

Social housing should ensure the level of comfort and equipment of apartments achieved in the country. To reduce costs in the construction and operation of social housing, economical building systems, efficient structures and materials should be used that provide a high level of thermal protection of buildings.

According to the General Director of the Institute for Urban Economics Fund Alexander Puzanov, housing policy is multifaceted in many ways. It can be thought of as concentric circles. The first is an area that applies to all citizens equally. The state simply provides normal conditions for those who want to solve their housing problem on their own. Creates a civilized safe housing market - understandable, transparent and predictable. The second housing policy plan is narrower. These are state-level measures aimed at certain categories of citizens, not necessarily the socially vulnerable. For example, these are tax deductions for those who buy housing (this is also common in our country). This also includes assistance programs for the security forces in the form of state housing certificates, subsidies for young families, subsidies for housing and utilities (the so-called housing subsidies, and so on). And, finally, the third area of housing policy, its core, is social housing, which is built at public expense and provided to citizens free of charge. This is the strongest government intervention, although the scale may be small, only 1-2 percent of the housing stock.

The construction of social housing can be ensured by applying a variety of architectural and planning solutions for apartments and houses, combining large and small apartments in the development, which will allow for more flexible resettlement of families of different demographic composition. The formation of an effective management system in the housing sector will ensure the optimization of the goals and interests of utilities, local government bodies, the population, and the investor. In the process of forming an effective management system in the housing and operational sphere, the provision of tariff regulation stimulates enterprises to reduce costs and improve the quality of services provided and attract investments.

Setting standards (building, sanitary, fire, etc.). The standards reflect society's minimum requirements for housing quality and are generally not funded mandates. The legal status of such standards is important. In most countries, they are established by national or local laws, while in Russia, until recently, they were regulated by bylaws. With the adoption of legislation on technical regulation in Russia, a period of gradual increase in the status of normative documents regulating the requirements for residential premises began.

Administrative regulation of rent. It is used to smooth out possible fluctuations in the housing market, as well as to provide additional protection for tenants. Both theoretical constructions and analysis of the results of the attempts to administratively regulate rent show that this measure at least does not achieve the expected result and, as a rule, has a side effect in the form of a decrease in supply and an increase in prices in the market. Nevertheless, the introduction of such regulation is extremely attractive from the point of view of gaining political support from certain groups of the population, in connection with which it is consistently applied even in the most liberal economies (for example, such regulation takes place in San Francisco).

Subsidizing organizations involved in the construction and maintenance of housing. It can be carried out both in explicit forms (direct budgetary expenditures), and in implicit or indirect forms (within the framework of the procedures for allocating land plots for housing construction, providing access to loans, providing guarantees, and so on). Historically, both direct and indirect subsidies to organizations are typical for Russia and a number of CIS countries, while the right to a subsidy is often tied to the organizational and legal form of an enterprise. This is the least effective type of subsidization, since it restricts the entry of new participants into the market and maintains artificially created monopolies.

Accounting for housing problems in integrated territorial planning. It is used as a method of combating housing segregation, ensuring transport accessibility of places of employment in relation to the main areas of residential development, and the like.

According to the theory, direct budgetary support to the household is more efficient than using the same amount to subsidize the producer, in this case the producer of the flow of housing services - the owner of social housing.

The implementation of an effective urban planning policy that ensures the effective use of the territory of settlements includes interconnected processes of legal zoning, the development of a new system of urban planning and design and the formation of unified real estate objects, including land plots and buildings, structures and structures located on them.

The strategic direction in the implementation of the housing policy will be the creation of single real estate objects with equal rights to the land plot and to all buildings located on it, by increasing the role and efficiency of granting ownership of land plots on a competitive basis.

State housing policy in a market economy is a system of unified legislative, executive and regulatory measures implemented by competent state institutions and public organizations in the center and locally in order to stabilize and adapt the existing socio-economic system to changing conditions.

A higher stage in the development of state regulation is targeted programming, that is, the comprehensive use of various programs for solving short-term, medium-term and long-term tasks for common purposes. They determine the sequence of solving problems, indicate the authorities responsible for the implementation of these programs, indicate the sources of funding.

When developing programs and implementing housing policy, the Russian Federation is not looking for any original ways. It follows a well-worn course that takes into account world experience, especially since practically all countries with developed market economies are actually implementing such targeted programs. As a rule, government agencies are responsible for target planning and target programming, developing programs and overseeing their implementation. Programming transformations in the housing sector allows using all means of state regulation and avoiding inconsistencies and inconsistencies in the activities of individual state bodies in the center and at the local level.

The functions of the state and local authorities in the implementation of housing policy are clearly systematized by N.A. Volgin. ...

State housing policy provides:

Formation of state policy in this area of the economy;

Development of federal legislative and other regulatory legal acts, norms, rules and state standards for quality, construction, operation, overhaul and reconstruction of residential buildings and social infrastructure, housing and communal services;

Coordination of the activities of state bodies implementing housing policy at the level of subjects;

Analysis and generalization of trends in the implementation of housing policy on the basis of state statistical and accounting reports;

Coordination of activities for the transition to new tariffs for payment for housing and utilities;

Development of federal standards for construction, housing maintenance, ensuring compliance with the quality of housing and communal services provided and their use as standards when concluding contracts between contractors and customers.

The functions of local government in the implementation of housing policy reveals structural changes in the field of management and maintenance of housing. The main thing here is the transfer of state powers to local self-government bodies, including property rights to housing objects.

The objects of municipal property include practically all objects of housing purpose, non-residential premises in houses of the housing stock, objects of engineering infrastructure and other objects that directly provide public services to the population and are located in the corresponding territory. Depending on the status of local self-government bodies, they are endowed with certain functions.

Thus, practically most of the issues of housing legal relations that were previously under the jurisdiction of the state with the beginning of market reforms were transferred to the subjects of the federation and local governments.

It should be noted that the main directions for the implementation of the housing policy are:

Improvement of the regulatory legal framework aimed at creating conditions for the construction of municipal social housing and the development of the mortgage lending system;

Construction of municipal, social housing, not subject to privatization;

Issuance at the expense of budgets of all levels of gratuitous subsidies to categories of citizens with low and medium income;

Development of the mortgage lending system with the transition to a self-financing system;

Attraction of free funds of pension and insurance funds in mortgages;

Creation of a base for the construction industry, ensuring the construction of comfortable housing that meets modern requirements;

Introduction of new forms of management in the housing and communal sector, ensuring the attraction of private investment in the communal sector.

At the present stage of reforming the housing sector, the main task of the state housing policy is to develop mechanisms for increasing the affordability of housing for various categories of the population.

Currently, the priority national project "Affordable and Comfortable Housing - to the Citizens of Russia" is being implemented. The main instrument for its implementation is the federal target program "Housing" for 2002-2010. (including its subroutines). To achieve the set goals and the quantitative and qualitative substantiation of the decisions made, constant monitoring of the housing market is required. Indicators reflecting changes in housing affordability for the population should become key here.

1.2 Concept and elements of housing and communal services

Housing and communal services (HCS) is a field of activity aimed at servicing urban apartment buildings.

The functioning of housing and communal services is ensuring the safety and effective use of the housing stock, uninterrupted provision of housing and communal services necessary for human life.

Housing and communal services include:

1.residential and non-residential fund, construction and repair organizations

2. objects of consumer services (baths, hotels, transport, etc.)

3.engineering infrastructure and resource supply (water supply and sewerage, heat supply, etc.)

4.sanitary facilities (household waste, city cleaning)

5.energy enterprises (electricity, gas, heat)

6. infrastructure of external improvement (roads, bridges, crossings, landscaping, etc.)

The communal economy is a collection of enterprises, services and farms serving the population of cities, towns and villages; in cities it is part of the municipal economy. In many cities and towns, utilities also serve industrial enterprises, supplying them with water, electricity, and gas. However, depending on local conditions, industrial enterprises also have their own water supply systems, sewerage systems, and other utilities.

The degree of development and the volume of activities of the communal services directly affect the level of well-being of the population, the living conditions of its life, sanitary and hygienic conditions and the cleanliness of the water and air basins, as well as the level of labor productivity.

Utilities includes:

1. Sanitary-technical enterprises - water pipelines, sewerage systems, enterprises for cleaning the territories of populated areas and sanitary cleaning of households, laundries, baths, swimming-swimming facilities.

2. Transport companies - urban public passenger transport (metro, tram, trolleybus, funiculars, cable cars, buses, taxis), local water transport.

3. Energy enterprises - electrical, gas and heating distribution networks, heating boilers, thermal power plants and power plants, gas plants serving settlements.

The structures for the external improvement of populated areas that are part of the communal services include roads and sidewalks, bridges and overpasses, underground and surface transport, pedestrian crossings and overpasses, structures and networks of storm (drainage) sewerage, embankments, various hydraulic structures designed to prevent landslides and flooding of territories, their drainage, bank protection, green spaces for public use, street lighting, etc.

The basis of the city's housing sector is the housing stock: residential buildings, specialized houses (dormitories, maneuvering facilities, boarding houses for veterans, etc.), residential office premises in other buildings suitable for living.

The housing stock is divided into the following types:

1. private - a fund owned by citizens or legal entities: individual dwelling houses, privatized, built and purchased apartments and houses;

2. state - a fund owned by the state or constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as a departmental fund under the full economic jurisdiction of state enterprises or operational management of state institutions related to the corresponding type of property;

3. municipal - a fund owned by municipalities, as well as a departmental fund, which is fully managed by municipal enterprises or the operational management of municipal institutions;

4. public - a foundation owned by public associations;

5. collective - a fund that is in common joint or common shared ownership of various subjects of private, state, municipal property, property of public associations.

Utility facilities, housing and communal services:

1. Plumbing

It is a system of continuous water supply to consumers to meet their needs. The water supply system can satisfy the needs: drinking, household, industrial, fire-fighting, irrigation (Irrigation).

2. Sewerage

It is an integral part of the water supply and sewerage system, designed to remove solid and liquid products of human activity, household and rainwater wastewater, in order to clean it from pollution, and further use it, or return it to the reservoir. An essential element of a modern urban economy.

3. Overhaul of premises

It implies significant work to improve the condition of buildings and structures. Often, major repairs are akin to the reconstruction of some parts of a building or the entire building.

4. Maintenance of buildings

Aims for minor changes.

5. Heat supply

Monitoring the insulation of hot water in batteries, providing boiler rooms and CHP plants, as well as a system for delivering fuel to them.

6. Cleaning and disposal of garbage

7. Power supply

The subjects of the activity of housing and communal services are municipal, state and private enterprises and organizations.

Power supply network is a complex of engineering structures, equipment and apparatus designed for the transmission of electrical energy from sources to consumers.

1.3 Reforming the housing and communal complex in Moscow

The Constitution of the Russian Federation stipulates that everyone has the right to housing, and no one can be arbitrarily deprived of their home. State authorities and local self-government bodies encourage housing construction, create conditions for citizens to exercise their right to housing. The new Housing Code of the Russian Federation states that state authorities and local self-government bodies promote the development of the real estate market in the housing sector, use various monetary sources of funds that are not prohibited by law to improve the living conditions of citizens.

Since 1991, the reform of the housing and communal services has been consistently carried out in Moscow. In order to improve the maintenance of the housing stock, increase responsibility for the quality of work performed, measures have been taken to separate the functions of the customer and the contractor, and to create a market for housing services. and the payments of citizens for housing and communal services are gradually increasing; low-income families are provided with subsidies for their payment. Resource-saving technologies and metering devices for water and heat consumption are being introduced. However, transformations in the housing and communal sector of Moscow do not meet the requirements of the time. The socio-economic situation in the urban economy, as well as throughout the country as a whole, has a negative impact on the operation of the communal infrastructure.

As a result, the wear and tear of fixed assets in the housing and communal services continues to grow, and the reliability of the life support systems decreases. Minimum service quality standards are not met. The increase in rates and tariffs for housing and communal services for the population and the corresponding increase in the share of payments from the population in covering the costs of maintaining and repairing the housing stock, the provision of communal services is restrained by the extremely low growth rates of living standards of a significant part of the townspeople. Currently, about 70% of Muscovites do not have the opportunity to purchase housing of average comfort and about 20% - to pay for services at the current rates and tariffs.

In 1993, a reform of the management of the housing stock began. The functions for the management and operation of the housing stock have been divided. State Unitary Enterprises - Directorates of a single customer were created, on the balance of which the housing and non-residential fund, public utilities were transferred. The directorates began to perform the functions of managing the named property complex. Repair and maintenance departments, departments of road facilities and landscaping, other structures that were previously subdivisions of monopolists - Production repair and maintenance associations of districts, were re-registered into independent unitary state enterprises. The transition to contractual relations between the subjects of property and business is under way.

In order to form an active competitive environment in the field of housing maintenance in Moscow, since 1993, organizations of various forms of ownership of the city have been involved on a competitive basis. In 2000, an experiment was launched to attract private companies through a competitive selection to the management of the housing stock, which creates the preconditions for breaking the monopolization of DEZ and improving the quality of their work. Pursuant to the Order of the Prime Minister of the Moscow Government dated 4.09.2000 No. 882-RP “On conducting an experiment to attract a private company to the management of the housing stock of Moscow and in order to further develop the competitive environment and improve the management of the housing stock, as well as in pursuance of the resolution The Moscow Government dated April 27, 1999, No. 27.04.99, No. 360 "On the Progress in Implementation of the Program for Reforming the Housing and Utilities Sector in Moscow", the prefecture of the Yugo-Vostochny Administrative District has begun an experiment to attract a private company to the management of the housing stock. As part of the experiment, a corresponding order of the Prefect of the South-Eastern Administrative District was issued, in which the boundaries of the territories and the address list of houses, the management of which will be transferred to a private company in the Vykhino microdistrict, were approved and determined, and it was also determined that the private company that won the competition should be entrusted with all functional responsibilities of the customer service of the district, except for the work on passport registration of the population, registration of citizens at the place of stay and place of residence, conducting civil defense measures and maintaining civil defense facilities.

The system of control over the maintenance and operation of the housing stock is also being improved. So, in 1992, the State Housing Inspectorate for the city of Moscow was created. A system of control over the spending of budgetary funds has been created in the Municipal Economy Complex. Measures are being taken to apply resource-saving technologies, to introduce metering devices for water and heat consumption. The Moscow government is taking measures to reduce the costs of maintaining and repairing the housing stock. Regulatory and methodological documents have been developed that determine the principle of planning and financing the costs of housing maintenance, standard standards for the number and funds allocated for wages in housing organizations have been introduced. Operational norms and standards, uniform reporting and planning forms were approved. Since August 1994, Moscow has adopted a new principle of payments for housing and communal services: 1. payment for rent has been introduced; 2. the rates of payment for housing (maintenance services for owners) are differentiated based on the category of the house; 3. standards for the consumption of utilities have been approved. At the same time, it was found that with consumers who have water and heat metering devices, calculations are made according to the readings of these devices. A procedure has been introduced under which citizens who have more than one home pay for housing services at their actual cost; 4. A decree of the Moscow Government approved the procedure and conditions for the lease of premises in state and municipal ownership, introduced the institution of "commercial rent", which provides for the provision of housing for a certain period of time without restrictions on the area with payment for services at a higher cost; 5. Since 1997, the home insurance system has been implemented.

In the period from January 1, 1998 to January 1, 2001, the number of existing insurance contracts for residential premises in Moscow increased from 7,271 to 894,899. In SEAD, the coverage of the insurance field is 37% of the total number of apartments - this is the second indicator in the city. Simultaneously with the increase in payments for housing and communal services, by order of the Prime Minister of the Moscow Government in 1994, the City Center for Housing Subsidies was created, the main function of which is to provide low-income citizens with housing subsidies for housing and utility bills. The city has a system in which families (citizens) have the right to housing subsidies, whose payments for housing and communal services within the social norm of housing area and consumption standards for communal services exceed the maximum allowable share of expenses. The determining direction in the development of the reform of the housing and communal services system are: a) further differentiation of the rates of payment for housing services, in order to bring the payment of the population for the services received closer to their actual cost; b) giving special attention in this regard to the institution of housing subsidies; c) increasing requirements for the quality of services provided by further expanding the list of penalties for non-delivery or poor-quality delivery of services; d) encouraging the organization of Homeowners' Associations.

The development of the institution of management in the housing sector was formed within the framework of the reform of the housing and communal services in the Russian Federation and directly depended on the goals of the reform envisaged by the Concept of the reform of the housing and communal services in the Russian Federation and the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 2001 “On the subprogram“ Reform and modernization of housing and communal complex of the Russian Federation ".

The reform of the housing and communal services provided for:

Financial rehabilitation of housing and communal enterprises;

Improving the reliability of the functioning of communal life support systems;

Transition to self-financing of housing and communal services organizations through the termination of budgetary allocations for the provision of subsidies to them, as well as cross-subsidization of consumers;

Increase in tariffs for housing and communal services for the population to an economically feasible level, determined mainly through a competitive selection of organizations that provide these services;

Elimination of excess depreciation of fixed assets;

Increase in the share of payments from the population in covering the costs of operation and development of housing and communal services facilities.

The main goals of reforming the housing and communal services were:

Liquidation of the subsidized housing and communal complex;

Providing living conditions that meet quality standards;

Reducing the costs of service providers and, accordingly, tariffs while maintaining the quality standards of the services provided;

Mitigation for the population of the process of reforming the system of payment for housing and utilities during the transition of the industry to a break-even operation.

These goals were achieved:

Improvement of the management, operation and control system in housing and communal services;

The transition to contractual relations and the development of a competitive environment;

Providing consumers with the opportunity to influence the volume and quality of services consumed, mainly by competitive selection of organizations that manage and maintain the housing stock;

The introduction of resource-saving technologies;

Improving the system of social protection of the population: streamlining the existing system of benefits, strengthening the targeted focus of funds allocated for these purposes;

A widespread full-scale transition to a system of personalized social accounts of citizens.

The association of homeowners in homeowners' associations has come to be seen as one of the most acceptable ways to protect the rights of homeowners in the housing sector and as an element of demonopolizing the management of the housing stock. It was assumed that the homeowners' association:

1.Capable of influencing the cost and quality of the provided housing and communal services;

2. gets a real opportunity to independently solve the issues of organizing the maintenance and operation of housing, and, consequently, to determine the procedure for spending funds allocated for these purposes;

3. has the ability to apply resource-saving measures, which can significantly reduce the total consumption of resources by preventing unjustified consumption of water, gas and other energy resources;

4. teaches the population to treat the provided housing and communal services economically, since it becomes possible to trace the relationship between their costs and the consumption of these services, which is practically impossible to implement in the municipal housing stock, and in particular in individual privatized apartments.

The reform of ownership in the housing sector was supposed to lead to the development of competition in two directions:

a) competition in the field of real estate management for obtaining an order from owners for the management of the housing stock;

b) competition of contractors for receiving an order for the provision of housing and communal services from the management company.

We can summarize some of the results of reforming the housing estate sector today:

1) a system of interbudgetary relations between the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation has been built;

2) introduced a system of social protection of citizens when they pay for housing and utilities;

3) the pricing system for the performance of work and the provision of services for the maintenance and current repair of common property in apartment buildings has been changed;

4) a system of state housing inspection bodies has been created in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

5) the system of benefits provided to certain categories of citizens has been streamlined, and the sources of their funding have been identified;

6) introduced differentiation of rates of payment for housing, depending on its quality, location and improvement;

7) there is a transition to the installation of individual metering devices and regulation of the consumption of water, gas and other energy resources in new residential buildings, reconstructed or overhauled housing, as well as in existing buildings (in the city of Moscow).

But many problems in the housing and communal complex remained unresolved:

Depreciation of fixed assets has increased;

Underfunding of housing and communal services continues;

Housing and communal services continue to be provided with a high cost part;

Demonopolization of housing stock management did not occur;

The existing system of housing stock management remained ineffective;

Subsidies in the housing and utilities sector have not been eliminated;

Conditions for attracting private investment have not been created;

In the housing sector, it was not possible to fully take advantage of competitive relations in the management and operation of housing, since it was impossible to achieve full-fledged contractual relations in the conditions of unstable and insufficient funding.

The disadvantages of the previously existing system of contractual relations were due to the following circumstances:

Managing organizations, depending on the organizational and legal form, were in different conditions in the implementation of economic activities;

Local self-government bodies carried out the selection of management organizations by holding open tenders for the management of housing stock, of which they were not the owner;

When creating management organizations, it was assumed that in the system of contractual relations they would act in the interests of homeowners and protect their rights as consumers of housing and communal services. In fact, the created managing organizations, as independent economic entities, began to act in contractual relations on their own behalf and at their own expense;

Management organizations incurred losses due to the failure of the population and budgets to pay obligations for the housing and utility services provided and other reasons.

It should be noted that in the period from 2002-2004. the active development of mortgage lending began. The total amount of outstanding loans increased from 3.6 billion rubles. up to 25-30 billion rubles, i.e. increased by more than 7 times. But still, the limited possibilities of providing land plots with the necessary communal infrastructure continue to remain a significant obstacle to the development of housing and communal construction.

Measures to solve this problem were implemented within the framework of the subprogram "Provision of land plots with communal infrastructure" of the Program "Housing for 2006-2010".

The subprogram "Modernization of communal infrastructure facilities" of the federal target program "Housing" for 2002-2010 provides for an improvement in the quality of the provision of communal services for the population and the creation of conditions necessary for attracting organizations of various organizational and legal forms to the management of communal infrastructure facilities, as well as extra-budgetary funds for the modernization of communal infrastructure facilities.

The subprogram is aimed at providing reliable and sustainable service to consumers of public services, reducing the excess wear and tear of communal infrastructure facilities, modernizing these facilities by introducing resource-saving technologies, developing and introducing measures to stimulate efficient and rational management of communal services organizations, and raising funds from non-budgetary sources.

Table 1 Modernization of municipal infrastructure facilities 2006-2010

Priorities

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Introduction

Conclusion

Applications

housing and communal services

Introduction

The relevance of considering the topic of the course work "Reform of housing and communal services at the municipal level (on the example of the municipal district" Votkinsk ")" is that it can be said without exaggeration that housing and communal services is one of the most important spheres of life of every person. Every day, whether a person knows about it or not, his “life-being” is regulated by the norms of housing legislation. And his life largely depends on what these norms are, what their content and content are.

With regret, we have to state that the state has long been in debt to society not only for its construction policy, but also for the lack of a clear, understandable, transparent and consistent system of housing legislation.

Before March 1, 2005, i.e. Prior to the enactment of the new Housing Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Housing Code of the Russian Federation), the legislation regulating housing relations was characterized by an unsystematic nature and a large number of regulations (acts were adopted at different times, at different levels - from instructions to federal laws). Systemic codified acts (Fundamentals of Housing Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics and the Housing Code of the RSFSR) were adopted more than 20 years ago. Obviously, the socio-economic conditions in the country have changed so much that in the 90s. last century and at the beginning of the XXI century. The fundamentals did not actually work, and the JK of the RSFSR was applied to the extent that it did not contradict the laws adopted later. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) regulated relations related to both the ownership of residential premises and the rental agreement for residential premises. However, in general, the housing legislation was not streamlined until March 1, 2005.

These circumstances make it possible to assert that in the Russian Federation there is a long overdue need for a new (second) codification of housing legislation, which would finally streamline the regulation of housing relations.

The new ZhK RF was adopted by the State Duma on December 22, 2004, approved by the Federation Council on December 24, 2004, signed by the President of the Russian Federation on December 29, 2004, published in Rossiyskaya Gazeta on January 12, 2005 and, as already indicated, entered effective from March 1, 2005

The object of research of the course work is social relations, in the center of which is such a specific object as a living quarters.

The subject of the research is the management of the housing and communal complex (HMC).

The purpose of this course work is to consider the reform of housing and communal services at the municipal level.

When writing a term paper, the following tasks were set:

Analyze literary sources and current legislation on the issue under study,

Consideration of the general concept of the implementation of management at the municipal level of housing and communal services;

To identify the main provisions of the management of housing and communal services in the municipality of Votkinsk.

The informational basis of the course work is the civil and housing legislation in the Russian Federation.

The theoretical basis of the course work is the works of domestic authors dealing with the problems of management of the housing and communal sector.

The methodological basis of the course work is a set of methods and tools used in management sciences (in particular, analysis).

The structure of the course work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of used literature.

The first chapter covers the theoretical foundations of the issue under study - the foundations of housing and communal services management at the municipal level.

The second chapter contains data from the study of housing and communal services management in the municipality of Votkinsk.

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of municipal management of housing and communal services

1.1 General problems of management and reform of housing and communal services

The level of provision of the population with housing and communal services (HCS) is one of the most important indicators of the quality of life in the territory of the municipality. The management of the housing and communal complex mainly falls within the competence of settlements. The municipal districts are entrusted with inter-settlement functions: the organization of electricity and gas supply within the boundaries of the municipal district, the maintenance and construction of public roads between the settlements of the municipal district with appropriate engineering structures, the organization of disposal and processing of household and industrial waste, the maintenance of inter-settlement burial sites and the provision of ritual services.

The most important aspect is the principle of competitiveness, determined by the presence of competitive advantages in enterprises and organizations that provide services, which should be ensured by resource-saving and innovative approaches, the development of competition and the formation of a socially-oriented policy, as well as the conditions that determine the quality of the management system for housing and communal services facilities.

At the present stage of development, taking into account the potential of individual sub-sectors of the housing and communal services, the typology of the provided private and public services, the degree of competitive relations, the presence of various forms of property ownership, the features of the economic mechanisms of the functioning of enterprises, housing and the communal complex should be considered as separate spheres, which have different systems. management and principles of their reform.

The housing sector includes residential and non-residential buildings with a network of enterprises and organizations operating and serving them. The communal complex includes engineering support systems for settlements (electricity, heat, gas, water supply and sewerage) and citywide utilities (roads, landscaping and landscaping, removal and processing of household waste and a number of other farms).

Reforming and technological modernization of the housing and communal services, increasing the competitiveness of the services provided, enterprises presuppose the use of new, more advanced organizational, economic and information management methods, which are fundamentally different from those used until recently in the housing and communal sector.

However, the introduction of effective forms and methods of management is complicated by the specific features of the transformation of property, economic relations and the economic mechanism of the functioning of the enterprises of housing and communal services, aggravated by the socio-economic situation in different regions.

The crisis state of the housing and communal complex in most municipalities of Russia has become a problem of national importance. The reasons for the crisis were long-term underfunding and ineffective tariff policy, which predetermined the subsidization of the industry, high costs for the provision of services, the lack of economic incentives for service companies to reduce costs, and the recipients of housing and communal services - the ability to influence their quantity and quality, an ineffective management system, an underdeveloped competitive environment, high degree of wear and tear of fixed assets, large losses of heat energy, water and other resources.

The emergence and growth of technological and financial problems in the housing and communal services sector was also associated with the fact that before the start of mass privatization in Russia, the bulk of housing and communal services facilities were on the balance sheet of industrial and other enterprises and were financed under the titles of the relevant sectoral ministries and departments. In the course of privatization, these objects were transferred to municipal ownership, as a rule, in an extremely neglected technical condition and without proper financial compensation for the costs of their maintenance and repair. In order to avoid a complete collapse of the life support systems of settlements, municipalities were forced to take on their balance sheet dilapidated and emergency housing stock, worn out pipelines, outdated boiler and pumping stations, etc. without a complete technical inventory of the fixed assets of the housing and communal services, as a result of which the municipal authorities do not have reliable information on the actual level of their wear and tear. The lack of centralized state financial resources for the modernization and repair of worn-out fixed assets transferred to municipalities did not allow eliminating accidents in life support systems, especially in heat and water supply. The financial crisis and bankruptcy of city-forming enterprises have put many cities and settlements with a mono-structural nature of the economy in difficult socio-economic conditions. As a result, the volume of debts of local budgets and municipal housing and communal enterprises to resource-supplying organizations began to grow.

The presence of complex interrelationships between business entities and consumers of services in the housing and communal services, caused both by the scheme of technological interaction and the resulting contradictions between the economic nature of the production of services and the social nature of their consumption, emphasizes the specifics of the management of the housing and communal services. From the point of view of social significance, the housing complex is designed to create the necessary conditions for comfortable and safe living of citizens, and from the economic point of view, being a field of activity with constant consumer demand in the housing and communal services market, it has significant potential for the development of private business.

At the same time, it is important to highlight three interrelated aspects of management in the field of housing and communal services, including the availability of purchasing and operating housing, improving the quality of housing and communal services, as well as transforming the housing and communal complex of municipalities on the principles of self-sufficiency of services and attracting private business, which operate in conditions regulated by the authorities. management of the market for housing and communal services, taking into account the socio-economic conditions and regulations that ensure the standards of living conditions for the population, as well as the social responsibility of business.

The organizational and economic mechanism for reforming the housing and communal services sector provides for a set of interrelated components that ensure the achievement of the ultimate management goals, the transition from normative and tariff regulation of utilities to payment for actually consumed services, the development of schemes for interaction between authorities, business entities and consumers in the provision of services, a change in the financing system with a focus on payment by consumers for services at their real cost, a rational combination of funding sources, creating conditions for the activities of private management organizations.

1.2 State policy of reforming the housing and communal services

The most important trend of the current stage is the growing role of the state in the formation of housing and communal policy and the adoption of a package of laws on affordable housing and modernization of communal infrastructure. The problem of providing the population with affordable housing has acquired federal significance and has led to the creation of the national project "Affordable and Comfortable Housing - to the Citizens of Russia".

The entry into force of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, Federal Laws "On Concession Agreements" and "On General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" opens up prospects for the development of competitive relations and the attraction of business structures to the industry on the basis of public-private partnerships; large management companies are moving from short-term contracts to long-term investments and are expanding the scale of their activities, covering an increasing number of regions and municipalities. The attraction of private business to the management and investment in the communal complex should be ensured with the preferential preservation of regional (municipal) ownership of the communal infrastructure. This is especially true for heat and water supply systems, where a serious economic effect can be achieved due to resource-saving measures. Attraction of investments mainly envisages a transition from a budgetary to a borrowed and concessionary basis for investing in the housing and communal services sectors with partial budgetary co-financing. The set of main tasks for reforming the housing and communal complex includes:

Improving the quality and availability of housing and communal services on the basis of institutional transformations and the development of market relations, including the restructuring of governing bodies in the field of housing and communal services; systematic construction of contractual relations and increasing the effectiveness of competitive principles, attracting private business, corporatisation of housing and communal services enterprises, development of the institution of professional housing managers, formation of a mechanism for their selection on a competitive basis, assistance in the implementation of self-government schemes for residents in the housing sector;

Ensuring the financial recovery of housing and communal services on the basis of increasing the efficiency of the use of budgetary expenditures and targeted support for citizens who really need to provide a certain standard of housing and communal services, optimizing the ratio of tariff and budget financing, as well as increasing the investment component in tariffs for housing and communal services;

Regulation of the activities of the communal complex with the aim of consolidating heat and power assets in the municipality and the implementation by the municipal government of a unified policy to ensure its sustainable operation, reliability and safety of services provided, modernization of networks, facilities and equipment and, on this basis, increase the resource efficiency of production and the quality of services.

The financial recovery of housing and communal services enterprises is based on the inventory, restructuring and liquidation of accumulated long-term debt. Without solving this priority task, other activities will not have a positive effect.

The transition to full payment by all categories of consumers for the costs of maintenance and repair of housing and the provision of utilities is envisaged. Instead of subsidizing housing enterprises, a system of targeted housing subsidies was introduced, credited to the personalized accounts of citizens. At the same time, a single indicator for receiving housing subsidies is established - the share of expenses for paying for housing and communal services in the total family income. The federal standard sets this share at 22%, but the constituent entities of the Russian Federation can lower it for certain categories of households through the use of funds from local budgets.

Separation of the functions of the owner, housing manager and service organizations on the basis of contractual relations between them will make it possible to demonopolize the system of management of apartment buildings, their maintenance and repair, to ensure the replacement of administrative relations in this area with market ones, to create a competitive environment in the management and maintenance of the housing stock and preconditions for improving the quality of housing and communal services.

The change in the tariff policy includes the introduction of state regulation of tariffs for the services of natural monopolies (electricity and natural gas) and the annual establishment by federal law of the marginal cost of housing and communal services per square meter of living space, differentiated by constituent entities of the Russian Federation. For all types of housing and communal services, economically justified tariffs should be established to cover the current costs of operating organizations and include an investment component for the modernization and reconstruction of facilities. At the same time, effective mechanisms for the targeted use of enterprises' own funds, and first of all depreciation deductions for the purpose of modernization and repair, should be created.

Provided that economically justified tariffs are established for paying for housing and communal services, the maintenance of the housing stock and engineering support systems for settlements becomes potentially attractive for private investors.

A particularly important and serious step in reforming the housing and communal complex is the transfer of management of apartment buildings with a different set of owners from municipal authorities to owners of premises. At the same time, the owners at the general meeting are obliged to independently choose the method of managing the apartment building and the managing organization and bear full responsibility for the current maintenance and repair of the home ownership.

In these conditions, it is necessary to ensure transparency of management, which implies transparency and openness of the processes of functioning and development of housing and communal services, including the tariff policy, the structure and scope of work (services) included in tariffs and prices, as well as the participation of public organizations and other associations of owners, tenants of housing in the adoption decisions and control of their implementation in the management of multi-apartment residential buildings on the basis of object-based planning of income and expenses, as well as resource saving on the scale of a particular building.

In the process of reforming the housing and communal services, the requirements for understanding the goals and objectives of competition policy by the public, market actors and local governments are increasing. At the same time, protection of competition should be ensured, built on persuading and informing the population as a consumer of services.

The most important element of improving the management efficiency of municipal housing and communal services is to ensure public oversight not only by homeowners and controlling organizations, but also with the participation of self-regulatory organizations in the housing and communal services sector, which will allow business to develop and adopt criteria that an economic entity must meet to participate in housing and communal services. activities (customer, investor, management organization, contractor, etc.), develop and adopt rules and standards for such activities, increase the responsibility of the subjects of the housing and communal services market to consumers by developing mechanisms of collective responsibility for the operation of the housing stock and the provision of communal services.

1.3 Tasks of local governments to reform the housing and communal services

The implementation of the provisions of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation will significantly affect the activities of local self-government bodies in the field of housing and communal services, relieve them of the direct implementation of economic functions for the management and maintenance of the housing stock, and will significantly reduce the costs of local budgets for subsidizing enterprises. At the same time, in the context of reforming the housing and communal services, a number of new tasks are posed to local governments, the list of which is presented in Fig. 2.

Each municipality should develop its own economically and socially justified program for reforming the housing and communal complex, taking into account local specifics, aimed at implementing the transition to a system of contractual relations between local governments, owners and tenants of housing stock, management organizations and executors of housing and communal services , creation of a competitive environment in the areas of housing stock management and its operation, as well as a system of concession agreements for the transfer of engineering support systems of settlements to private business management. On this basis, a significant improvement in the quality of the provision of housing and communal services should be ensured.

In the management system of municipal administrations, there are structural units responsible for the issues of the housing and communal services. It is important to strengthen them, to retrain specialists in relation to the new economic and managerial situation in the housing and communal services sector, to train them to work with the population, non-municipal managers and operating organizations.

Chapter 2. Management of housing and communal services in the municipality of Votkinsk

2.1 General characteristics of the state of the housing and communal services in Votkinsk

The main activities carried out in the field of housing and communal services in Votkinsk in recent years have been aimed at implementing the main task - uninterrupted provision of housing and communal services to the population and organizations in accordance with standards.

In the area of water supply - MUE “Vodokanal” in 2005 carried out repair work in the amount of 4.5 million rubles. - this is almost 2 times more than in 2004. A major overhaul of the filter in the water intake treatment plant was made. Almost 2 thousand meters of water supply networks have been replaced, the backup cable from the pumping station of the 1st lift to the station of the 2nd lift has been replaced.

Work has begun on the construction of the 2nd stage of the water intake: technical documentation has been prepared and a project for a station for the disinfection of drinking water has been developed. For these purposes, 3 million rubles were allocated from the republican budget.

Within the framework of the city target program "Provision of the population of Votkinsk with drinking water for the period 2004 - 2010" completed work on the construction of water pipelines on the street. Lilac, Zarechnaya, Zelenaya and in the residential area "Selkhozkhimiya". The total length of the networks is almost 2 thousand meters in the amount of 1.8 million rubles, including from the city budget - 300 thousand rubles.

In the field of heat supply - in 2005 Municipal Unitary Heating Networks provided heat supply to the population and organizations in full. For the uninterrupted operation of heating networks, work was carried out in the amount of 8 million rubles. Central heating stations and boiler houses were prepared for the heating season in time. Replacement and partial repair of heating and hot water supply pipelines with a length of more than 12 km. Residential buildings on the street are connected to the hot water supply system. Rabochaya, 2, 4, st. Kvarsinskaya, 1, 5, st. Dostoevsky, 117.

In the field of power supply, Votkinsk City Electric Grids Municipal Unitary Enterprise carried out a major overhaul of power supply facilities for a total amount of 6.3 million rubles to ensure stability of work, which is almost 2.5 times more than in 2004.

Reconstruction of cable lines with a length of more than 3 kilometers was carried out with a total cost of 2.5 million rubles.

To reduce the cost of outdoor lighting on the main streets of the city, work is underway to replace lamps with more economical ones, the annual annual effect will be 76 thousand rubles.

At the expense of hiring funds and debts of previous years under the item "overhaul", housing and communal services enterprises carried out capital repairs of the housing stock in the amount of 7.5 million rubles, which is 108.5% of the planned work for the year, for 14 million rubles. current repairs have been carried out.

Unfortunately, the development of communal services is negatively affected by the debts of the population. Active work was carried out with debtors. Over the past year, 353 lawsuits were sent, of which 268 were considered and satisfied, 1.4 million rubles were reimbursed (in 2004 - 735.0 thousand rubles).

In 2005, housing and communal services enterprises added 3 million rubles to their vehicle fleet, which is 4 times more than in 2004. A milling cutter for patching, a recycler for the preparation of asphalt mixture, two garbage trucks, a crane, a hydraulic lift and other equipment were purchased.

The main indicators of the state of the housing and communal services sector in Votkinsk are presented in Appendices 1, 2.

The characteristics of the financial condition of the city's housing and communal services enterprise are presented in Table 1.

Table No. 1 Financial condition of enterprises of housing and communal services in Votkinsk

The main problem of the financial condition of housing and communal services enterprises is the debt of the population for consumed utilities, which as of 01.01.2006 is more than 54 million rubles. One of the most important tasks in the field of housing and communal services is getting out of the crisis state of the enterprise "Improvement", in respect of which the bankruptcy procedure is now being carried out.

The volume of social assistance (benefits, subsidies) for paying for housing and utilities for the population in the city is (table 2):

Table No. 2 The amount of social assistance (benefits, subsidies) for paying for housing and utilities in Votkinsk

The decrease in the number of families receiving subsidies in 2005 compared to 2004 was due to a change in the calculation method according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 30.08.2004. No. 444.

In 2004-2005, within the framework of the republican target program "Housing", financial resources in the amount of 5181 thousand rubles were allocated to provide housing loans for the purchase and construction of housing

2.2 The main directions of development of housing and communal services in Votkinsk

The main goals of the development and reform of the housing and communal services of the city of Votkinsk are:

Improving the efficiency, stability and reliability of the functioning of housing and communal life support systems of the population;

Attraction of investments in the housing and communal complex;

Improving the quality of services while reducing wasteful costs;

Targeted social protection of low-income strata of the population when paying for housing and utilities.

To achieve these goals in 2009-2010, the following tasks will be solved:

1. Taking measures for the financial recovery of housing and communal services enterprises:

Development of effective measures to reduce and gradually eliminate accounts payable of housing and communal services enterprises,

Taking measures to reduce accounts receivable, including household debt, implementing measures to increase the responsibility of consumers for timely payment of utilities;

Ensuring sufficient current funding for the provided housing and communal services;

Optimization of production costs in order to prevent an increase in the level of payment for housing and communal services in the share of citizens' own expenses in the total income of citizens;

Increasing the investment attractiveness of the industry.

2. Formation of market mechanisms for the functioning of housing and communal services, improvement of the management system:

Interaction with homeowners' associations in the city of Votkinsk to improve the work on housing maintenance;

In order to improve the management of the housing stock, create a competitive environment in the provision of housing and communal services, place an order for servicing the housing stock on a competitive basis;

3. Reconstruction and modernization of objects of housing and communal services of the municipality.

In the field of water supply and sanitation, the main areas of activity will be:

Development of water supply networks in individual development areas;

Replacement of the water conduit D 500 mm on the street. Proletarskaya (2.3 km.);

Replacement of the water conduit D 500 mm in the floodplain of the Votka River (150 m);

Replacement of a pressure head sewer from GKNS to OSK D 500 mm (1532 m.).

In the field of heat supply and hot water supply, the main areas of activity will be measures to modernize the city's heat supply system and save energy:

Reconstruction of the energy complex of heat supply in the Neftyanik settlement;

Installation of modular boiler houses in the areas of "Selkhozkhimiya", "Dairy", in the Azinsky village;

Laying of circulation pipelines for hot water supply in the area "Yuzhny" - 850 m;

Replacement of worn-out water sectional heaters with plate heaters at the central heating station,

Installation of missing energy metering devices at boiler houses No. 1,2,3;

Introduction of frequency converters for pumps for hot water supply, heating at the central heating station.

In the field of improvement in order to create a comfortable environment for residents and guests of the city:

Breakdown of flower beds, phased replacement of plantings that pose a threat to buildings, health and human life, young growth;

Equipping public places and public transport stops with ballot boxes;

Installation of public toilets, taking into account the ongoing mass city events, places of mass stay of people (shopping areas, parks, beaches, etc.)

Modernization of outdoor lighting using energy-efficient lamps and devices that allow to increase the period of illumination of the territory without increasing financial costs;

Renovation of the park of equipment for the mechanized maintenance of the city territory;

Arrangement of main streets with sidewalks, road facilities to regulate and improve traffic safety;

Resolving issues on the timely removal of garbage from residential areas of the private sector;

Carrying out measures to prevent outbreaks of tick-borne encephalitis, rabies of stray animals;

Study and implementation of best practices for collection and removal of household waste by installing containers with a separation of the category of waste (food waste, plastic containers, metal containers, etc.)

Attraction of city residents to the improvement of territories through the organization of actions, competitions, etc.

At the same time, the need for funds for the restoration and modernization of housing and communal services facilities is presented in Appendix 3.

Conclusion

When writing this term paper, the aim was to consider the reform of housing and communal services at the municipal level. The goals set in the work are displayed in full. According to work, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Housing law affects the interests of every citizen, regardless of age or property status. At the same time, the management of the municipal housing and communal complex belongs mainly to the competence of settlements. Enterprises that are part of the housing and communal complex - resource suppliers, management and contractors, regional and local government bodies - must coordinate their actions in order to improve the quality of housing and communal services.

In the course of the study of the current legislation on the problem under consideration, the lack of unity of legal regulation of housing relations was revealed, which significantly complicates the implementation of a consistent housing policy by the state, contributes to uncertainty in the exercise by citizens of their housing rights. Moreover, this situation creates the basis for numerous abuses. The adoption of the new Housing Code of the Russian Federation largely settled the housing and utilities sector, but some of the problems remained.

List of sources and literature used

Normative acts:

1. Constitution - the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993 (official publication - Rossiyskaya Gazeta, December 25, 1993)

2. Federal Law of October 6, 2003 N 131-FZ "On General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" (as amended and supplemented from June 19, August 12, December 28, 2004) // SZ RF. 2003. N 40.

Educational literature:

1. Atamanchuk T.V. Public Administration: Textbook - M .: Jurist, 2006

2. Bystrenko V.I. Public administration in Russia. - Novosibirsk, 2007.

3. Vasilenko I.A. State and Municipal Administration: Textbook - 2nd ed., Revised and supplemented. - M: Gardariki, 2007

4. Zerkin D.P., Ignatov V.G. Fundamentals of the theory of public administration: A course of lectures. - Rostov n / a, 2006

5. Korolev S.V. The theory of municipal government. - M., 2001.

6. Migirov R.P. The role of local government in the implementation of social policy. - M., 2001.

7. Mozhaeva I.G., Boginskaya E.V. Municipal government: textbook. - M .: Gardariki, 2006

8. Pikulkin A.V. Public administration system. - M: Lawyer. 2006

9. Ponomareva L.Ya. State and Municipal Administration - St. Petersburg, 2007

10. Draft program for the development of the municipal formation "Votkinsk" for 2006 - 2010.

11. Roy OM The system of state and municipal government. SPb., 2004.

12. The system of municipal government: a textbook for universities. - 3rd ed., Additional and revised / Edited by V.B. Zotov. - SPb: LLC "Peter Press", 2007

13. Utkin E.A. State and municipal administration. - M., 2002

14. Shamkhalov R.I. The theory of public administration. - M: Law, 2004

Annex 1

Main indicators of the development of housing and communal services in Votkinsk for 2004-2005

Appendix 2

Use of funds for the restoration and modernization of housing and communal services in Votkinsk for 2004-2005

	Name of the event	Terms of execution by years	The total amount of funding,	Including:
	Name of the event	Terms of execution by years	The total amount of funding,	SD budget	City budget	Involved funds
1. Water supply
	Construction of an external water supply
	st. M. Gorky, D. Poor, Krasnoarmeyskaya, Zapadny ave.
	St. Green, Zarechnaya, Lilac, district Agricultural chemicals
	Replacement of dilapidated water supply networks: Uritskogo str., Shpalozavodskaya
2. Wastewater disposal
	Replacement of worn-out sections of sewerage networks at the village. Berezovka and installation of a new sewer collector on the embankment of the Berezovka river
3. Heat supply
	Installation of in-house pipelines for the hot water supply system of residential buildings: Molodezhnaya st., Kungurtseva, Shamshurin, Mashinostroiteley ave.
	Installation of external pipelines of the hot water supply system: Kungurtsev St., Shamshurin, Molodezhnaya, Serov, Gilev (25 houses in total)
	Repair and replacement of dilapidated pipelines (3 km)
	Modernization of heat metering units at the central heating station
	Installation of metering units for supplied heat energy (boiler houses No. 1,2,3)
	Installation of in-house pipelines of the hot water supply system for residential buildings st. Rabochaya, Kvarsinskaya (4 houses)
	Installation of external pipelines for the hot water supply system for residential buildings st. Working (2 houses)
	Replacement of dilapidated water pipes Yubileinaya St., Lunacharsky, Mashinostroiteley Ave.
	Reconstruction of a gas metering unit at boiler houses of schools No. 2, 18
4. Power supply
	Installation of cable networks
	Maintenance of transformer substations
	Reconstruction of cable line CL 0.4 / 6 kV
5. Energy saving
	Replacement of electricity meters of accuracy class 2.5 by 2.0
	Replacing outdoor street lighting lamps with more economical ones
	Replacement of el. Counters. energy accuracy class 2.5 by 2.0

Appendix 3

The need for funds for the restoration and modernization of housing and communal services in Votkinsk

	Name of the event	Terms of execution by years	Total amount of financing, thousand rubles	Including:
	Name of the event	Terms of execution by years	Total amount of financing, thousand rubles	RF budget	Budget UR	City budget	Involved funds
1. Water supply and sewerage
	Replacement of gratings for mechanical treatment of waste water
	Replacement of the pressure head sewer from the GKNS to the workshop of sewage treatment facilities
3. Heat supply
	Well construction at boiler room No. 3
	Replacement of worn-out water sectional heaters with plate heaters
	Modernization of equipment (replacement of oil circuit breakers with vacuum ones, replacement of bare wires with self-supporting ones)
5. Energy saving
	Introduction of frequency converters on pumps for water supply, hot water supply for heating		Bystrenko V.I. Public administration in Russia. - Novosibirsk, 2007.S. 117-118. Radygin A. Privatization in Russia // Power. 2000. No. 7. Utkin E.A. State and municipal administration. - M., 2002.S. 144. Bystrenko V.I. Public administration in Russia. - Novosibirsk, 2007.S. 119-120. Vasilenko I.A. State and municipal administration. - M, 2007.S. 104. Financed debts of past years

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution of higher professional education

VOLGO-VYATSK PUBLIC SERVICE ACADEMY

Faculty of Accelerated Learning and Master's Preparation

Department of Regional Economics and Management

GRADUATION PROJECT

Improving the management of housing and communal services in

municipality

Speciality: State and

municipal government

Completed: student group 6GsP1

Borisova Maria Mikhailovna

Supervisor: assistant professor

Alexey Vasiliev

Nizhny Novgorod

Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 3
Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of housing and communal services………………………………………5
1.1 Basic concepts of housing and communal services ……………… 5
1.2 System of housing and communal services ………………………… 9
1.3 Regulatory framework for housing and communal services ....... 14
Chapter 2. ANALYSIS OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM ON THE EXAMPLE OF "MUP Bytservice" of the Sosnovsky municipal district…… 22
2.1 Brief description of the enterprise "MUP Bytservice" ..................... 22
2.2 Analysis of the management system "MUP Bytservice" …………………… 38

2.3 Reforming the system of utility bills ………………… 41
2.4 Creation of a single settlement center ………………………………… 46
2.5 Business case for the proposed project

reforming ………………………………………………………… 57
Chapter 3. Improvement of the management system "MUP Bytservice" of the Sosnovsky municipal district .........………………………………………………. ……………61
3.1. Development program ………………………………………………… 61
3.2. Economic efficiency of the program implementation ………… .72
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………… 77
References …………………………………………………… 80

Appendices …………………………………………………………… 82

INTRODUCTION

Taken in the early 90s. the course towards the development of market relations in the country's economy, naturally, did not ignore such an industry as housing and communal services (HCS). In the pre-reform period, the housing and communal services sector accounted for, according to experts, one third of the country's fixed assets. Covering a single economic and geographical space, the industry functioned under strict state regulation of all housing and communal relations with a dominant state form of ownership of all fixed assets of housing and communal services.

The course taken to transform the industry demanded an immediate solution to specific problems that had a negative impact on the state of real estate in the housing and utilities sector. First of all, they were:

· residual financing principle;

· lack of a clear delineation of powers and responsibilities of various levels of government for its safety;

· scanty participation of the population in paying for housing and utilities;

· lack of a market for housing and housing services;

· multifunctionality, and hence multi-level departmental subordination of enterprises, etc.;

The main issues were the ownership of fixed assets related to the housing and communal services sector, responsibility for the safety of this property, its intended use and development, as well as the specifics of the financial analysis of housing and communal services enterprises.

Ensuring the effective functioning of housing and communal services enterprises requires economically competent management of their activities, which is largely determined by the ability to analyze it. With the help of the analysis, development trends are studied, plans and managerial decisions are deeply and systematically studied, their implementation is monitored, reserves for increasing efficiency are identified, the results of the activity of a housing and communal services enterprise are assessed, and an economic strategy for its development is worked out.

The purpose of this work is to study the management system in the activities of MUP "Bytservice" of the Sosnovsky district.

This goal is achieved by solving the following tasks:

1. to consider the theoretical foundations of housing and communal services. Consider the basic concepts of housing and communal services, explore the housing system, study the regulatory framework.

2. to consider the practical aspects of the management system of the municipal unitary enterprise "Bytservice" of the Sosnovsky district.

The object of the research in this work is the Bytservice municipal unitary enterprise of the Sosnovsky district.

CONCLUSION

At present, the entire system of housing and communal services of the Sosnovsky District is presented in the form of MUE Bytservice, which is a legal entity acting on the basis of the right of economic management. The founder of MUP "Bytservice" is the administration of the Sosnovsky district.

MUE Bytservice operates on the basis of business accounting and subsidies from the budget, is responsible for the results of its production and economic activities and the fulfillment of obligations, is guided in its activities by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the law on municipal unitary enterprises, the Charter and other current legislation of the Russian Federation.

The subject of activity of MUE Bytservice is the provision of services and performance of work aimed at meeting the needs of the population, enterprises, organizations, factories, etc., regardless of the form of ownership they need for normal life, as well as the performance of other works and services, not prohibited by the current legislation, but necessary for the MUP "Bytservice" for its normal functioning.

The governing body of MUP "Bytservice" is the head appointed by the founder. He is personally responsible for the performance of the functions assigned to him.

Currently, the idea of creating a single settlement center is no longer know-how. Over the past 5 years, many large cities have switched to similar systems for collecting utility bills. And the costs paid off. Money transfers of steel are much faster and without errors, the accrual of subsidies and benefits is carried out strictly in accordance with the law and without delays, since the employees of the ERC constantly monitor all changes in the legislation and quickly respond to them. Housing and communal services departments were able to quickly receive all the necessary information from one source, and not send requests to several enterprises. Serving the population has accelerated due to the fast processing of information on debt and the lack of the need for the population to fill out several checkbooks with 14-digit account numbers. Consumers of utilities were also satisfied with the innovations, since they can pay for services at any point of the ERC in the amount that they currently want to pay and without carrying a paybook. They can also promptly obtain information about their debts at any payment acceptance point.

However, in areas like Sosnovsky, the situation is much worse. The introduction of information technology is very slow, mainly due to a lack of funds and a lack of qualified personnel to organize and maintain these systems.

Based on the above, the following conclusions can be drawn:

· single settlement centers are the first and main step towards reforming the housing and communal services and informatization of this industry;

· the introduction of the ERC speeds up and simplifies the work of the management of the MUE Bytservice

· the procedure for paying for utilities for the population is simplified to a minimum;

· The ERC can serve as a starting point for the creation of a city-wide information system, a database of enterprises and the city's population;

Thus, we can summarize the work: the introduction of information technologies for the management of housing and communal services in the Sosnovsky District should be the first step in reforming this industry, and all funds invested in this process will not be wasted, but will pay off by increasing the efficiency and speed of implementation of any set tasks.

Analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise revealed negative aspects:

· fixed assets of the enterprise have a high degree of wear and tear.

· production equipment is practically not updated.

In order to reduce the impact of the above negative aspects, the enterprise needs to take the following measures:

1. To intensively acquire new fixed assets, including production equipment.

2. Upgrade existing equipment

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