Marking of cartridges: features, species and characteristics. Ammunition Coloring German shells and mines
Cartridge marking
The use of a large number of different types of cartridges in modern automatic weapons is usually similar in appearance, led to the use of special labels that allow them to distinguish from each other. Therefore, one of the sources of information about the cartridges are marked designations in the form of distinctive painting, signs and inscriptions applied to both components of the cartridges and on the packing with cartridges.
Marking designations on cartridges of small arms may contain the following key data:
1. Service stamps at the bottom parts of the sleeve - the place of manufacture (country, enterprise or manufacturer); Type (name) and cartridge caliber; Making a cartridge or sleeve; sleeve material; Purpose of the cartridge; View or model (sample) of weapons for which the cartridge is intended.
2. Coloring elements of cartridges (bullets, capsules, bottom parts of the sleeve) - type of cartridge, its purpose, some features of the device.
3. Labels (shortcuts) are the same data that is contained in service stamps, as well as some information about the elements of the cartridges and their ballistic characteristics, applied on the packaging - on wooden boxes, metal boxes, moistureproof packages, cardboard boxes, paper bags.
Marking designations on the cartridges, as well as similar designations on other industrial products, originate from the brand of masters, has long been put on various goods (weapons, pottery and jewelry, etc.). Currently, they perform two functions: technical information and advertising, are a type of trademarks.
The stigma is the conditional signs in the form of letters, numbers, drawings, extruded on the surface of elements of cartridges. They are service and control. Service stamps contain data on the factory (manufacturer), production date, cartridges, some structural features, assignments, and may also contain other data characteristic of certain periods of their activities or always inherent manufacturers of a certain country. For this purpose, on the outer surface of the bottom of the sleeve from the diametrically opposite sides, the factory number is indicated - for domestic cartridges or the name of the company (its conditional index) - for the cartridges of foreign production, as well as the year of manufacture. Control stamps indicate the passage of technical control. They are usually put only on elements of powerful ammunition (artillery, etc.).
Depending on the types of cartridges and their purpose in the marking, one or another content may prevail. For example, on military cartridges it contains mainly technical information, and on hunting and sports - often advertising. The advertising character is attached to it at the expense of both the visual form (types of fonts, decorative elements, etc.) and content (catchy and memorable names, their own names, etc.), emphasizing the quality of products, their popularity.
Marking designations of cartridges in which the stamps, labels and conditional color of the elements are, are symbols of conditional signs containing certain information necessary primarily for the difference in types and purpose of cartridges.
Labels (labels) are marked notation, applied on packaging of cartridges (boxes, boxes). They are designed to receive information about cartridges without opening packages.
The color of the elements of the cartridges is intended to give an easily perceived distinctive feature of the type and purpose of cartridges. At the same time, it serves as a means of protection against corrosion.
In the domestic cartridges of small arms, the painting of the head part (vertex) bullets, as the most simple in technological terms, was adopted. For example, an armor-piano-incendiary bullet is painted in black and red colors; tracer - in green; Argene - incendiary and tracing - in purple and red; incendiary (tarring-incendiary) - in red; With a reduced initial speed - black and green, etc. Ordinary bullets usually do not have a distinctive color. A similar principle of different coloring of cartridges with various bullets is accepted in a number of armies of foreign countries. Sometimes there is a coloring of the cartridge cap and the bullet connection site with the dulley of the sleeve. In this case, the color is used not only as a distinguishing sign of cartridges with various bullets, but also as a way to ensure the tightness of the cartridges. This coloring method is less convenient not only in technological terms, but also causes certain inconveniences in the visual determination of the cartridge nomenclature.
Cartridge marking systems are different for different countries, time, manufacturers, types of cartridges.
Gils marking
Basic information contained in the stamps on the sleeves of small arms of the cartridges of some manufacturers.
Manufacturers:
soviet / Russian
Contents of information:
abbreviated name or conditional designation of the manufacturer of the cartridge, time (year) of the manufacture of the sleeve.
English, Canadian, Australian:
abbreviated name or conditional designation of the firm of the cartridge or sleeve; Type (brand) of cartridge.
French:
abbreviated name or conditional designation of a metal supplier of the sleeve; Time (year and quarter) of the manufacture of the sleeve.
German:
abbreviated name or conditional designation of the manufacturer of the manufacturer of the helme; time (year) of the manufacture of the sleeve; Conditional designation of the material of the sleeve; The conditional number of the Gils Party.
Italian:
state enterprises: full or shortened name of the manufacturer; time (year) of the manufacture of the sleeve; State controller initials; Private enterprises: full or shortened name of the manufacturer; Time (year) of the manufacture of the sleeve.
Japanese:
abbreviated name or conditional designation of the manufacturer; caliber; Abbreviated designation of the year of manufacture of the sleeve (by the Japanese calendar) and the manufacturer's quarter.
The plugs on the sleeves are inscriptions (alphabetic and digital texts) and drawings (symbols, ornaments, etc.), made usually intended, less often - convex relief. Their content is complete, abbreviated (abbreviations, reduction of individual words, etc.) or pronounced symbols of the names of manufacturers (company, enterprise), countries, geographical points or an administrative area where they are placed. As a rule, texts are performed in the language of the country where the manufacturer has, however, on the cartridges released for the external market or on foreign orders, the stamps can be performed in other languages.
For decoration, stamps can be both simple, deprived of jewelry and complicated due to various artistic elements (symbols, ornaments, etc.).
The stamp of the same manufacturer can vary completely or partially depending on the time of manufacture of cartridges, their types and appointments. Sometimes stamps may contain the designations of two manufacturers, one of which refers to the manufacturer of cartridges, and the other to the manufacturer of the sleeve or equipping enterprise. Often the sleeve contain only the brand of their manufacturers.
The brams of manufacturers on the sleeves are sometimes replaced by the designations and trademarks of customers of cartridges (usually trading firms). Finally, the sleeves may not be stamp at all.
Fragments of stamps containing data on the time of manufacture of cartridges or sleeves, name (type, brand, sample), caliber, weapons for which the cartridge is intended, have the following options and features.
Making time is indicated in different ways: the year is completely, two or three last figures of the year, year and quarter or month. The year can be denoted by a conditional sign, for example, the letter. In accordance with the national affiliation of the manufacturer or customer of cartridges, their manufacturer may be indicated by the annoying adopted in certain countries or a group of countries, as well as on the time from the time of an important historical event in the life of the country. In some cases, the stamps reflect commemorative dates in the activity of the manufacturer of the cartridges (firm anniversary, etc.).
Making time in the stamps on the sleeves is not always indicated. In these cases, it can be approximately judged by the name of the manufacturer or the version of its stamp, especially if they changed in certain periods of activity.
The name (type) of the cartridge is usually indicated in accordance with the one that he is assigned in the country where it was developed or first released. It can be designated and in accordance with the military name or number assigned to the adoption of a cartridge for service in a given country. Sometimes it is denoted by a location, indicating the number assigned to the cartridge in the company catalog.
The cartridge caliber is usually denoted in the system of measures (metric or English), which was used in the development of a cartridge or accepting it to be produced. As a rule, it is not being recalculated, no matter what system the manufacturer uses the measures. Exception is allowed only for some common cartridges.
Some of the outdated type cartridges, predominantly American, caliber can be denoted by an indicator in a number of numbers, which indicate such characteristics of the cartridge, as its caliber, in the fractions of an inches, a lot of smoky powder and bullets in graar. The specified system of designations is preserved and so on for those cartridges of old types, the release of which is still ongoing, although they have not been equipped with smoky powder. It protects the buyer / owner of the old weapons from mixing these cartridges with the cartridges of new types close to design (form, sizes), but otherwise in their ballistic characteristics.
The plug on the sleeves sometimes contains a number of other designations indicating the material of the sleeve, the design of the capsule, the special purpose of the cartridge, as well as other information (the manufacture of the army order, a patent issued by the manufacturer, etc.).
In domestic cartridges on the bottom of the bottom part, the sleeve is applied with stamping marking containing the conditional room of the manufacturer and the year of manufacture (the two last digits of the year). In the period 1949-1954, the year of manufacture was conventionally designated by the letter (from "A" to "E").
On the bottom units of individual nomenclatures of domestic sleeves, signs in the form of two diametrically located five-pointed spars can be additionally applied.
In 7.62 mm of rifle cartrons intended for firing from the aviation machine gun Case, on the end of the bottom part of the sleeve was applied additionally the letter "sh", and the capsule-igniter cap was covered with a red varnish.
Marking Pulia
Marking on the head of the bullets is applied as a distinguishing color.
The type of cartridge: a cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet B-32.
The color of the distinctive color on the head part of the bullet: black and red.
Cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet bz: black and red.
Cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet BS: black and red - to the place of crimping the dimensions of the sleeve.
Cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet BS-41: black and red - to the place of crimping the dool sleeve.
Cartridges with armor-pierced-in-block-tracing bullets BZT-44 and BZT: purple and red.
Cartridge with an armor-core-in-block-tracing bullet BST: purple and red - to the place of crimping the dimensions of the sleeve.
Cartridges with an incendiary bullet z and a shooting and incendiary bullet PZ: red.
A cartridge with an incendiary bullet instant action MDZ: red - to the place of crimping the dimensions of the sleeve.
Cartridge with tracer bullets T-45 and T-46: Green.
Cartridge with reduced oral bullets: black and green.
Rifle cartridge with bullet with steel core LPS: silver (since 1978, the color is not applied).
Rifle cartridge with light bullet l: without distinctive color.
Rifle cartridge with heavy bullet d: yellow.
High pressure cartridge: yellow - to the place of crimping the dimensions of the sleeve (bullets of 7.62-mm sample cartridges of 1943 and rifle, distinguished by a special form, do not have distinctive painting).
Cartridge with a reinforced charge UZ: black - to the place of crimping the dimensions of the sleeve.
Operating cartridge: white.
In addition to the distinctive color, on domestic cartridges, with the exception of the liner with a bullet and the capsule-igniter's joints, the sliced \u200b\u200bis applied as a rim (rings) of the red thin layer of varnish - a sealing agent, which is a resin solution in an organic solvent, tinted with red dyes .
To seal idle large-caliber machine-gun cartridges of a caliber of 12.7-mm and 14.5 mm around the joints of the sleeve of the sleeve with a cap and capsule-igniter, a sealant was used, tinted with a green dye.
The sealing agent is not applied on 7.62-mm pistol TT and revolving "Nagan" cartridges and at 7.62 mm rifle charged cartridges, as well as ammunition cartridges and high pressure, except for cartridges of a 12.7-mm caliber and 14, 5 mm.
The sealing of the cartridge is made to prevent penetration into the charging chamber of the rifle lubricant (oil) and moisture.
Packing marking with cartridges
Marking of packing of cartridges consists of color distinctive stripes, signs and inscriptions of black.
Marking on packings with cartridges is applied: on a wooden box - on the lid and on one side wall; on a metal box - on the lid; on a moistureproof package - on the longitudinal sides of the package; On a cardboard box or paper package - on one side of the box or package.
The marking on the packaging is applied in staining on a stencil, stamping, typographical way or a special marking machine.
Marking of the box contains: on the lid - mass (gross, kg); A transport sign indicating the discharge of cargo (digit "2" in the equilateral triangle, the vertex of which is directed towards the fastening of the loops). Since 1990, instead of the category of cargo (numbers 2 ") in an equilateral triangle, the conditional number of hazardous goods and a sign of danger or classification cipher characterizing the transport hazard of GOST 19433-88 began to apply. Danger sign is performed by a typographical way on a paper label that is glued to the drawer cover.
On the boxes with training cartridges, the discharge sign or the conditional number of dangerous goods and the marking of cargo's transport hazard is not applied.
On the side wall of the drawer with cartridges to small arms, the following conditional designations of the cartridges are applied: the inscriptions "arr. 43, "sniper", "rifle", "pistol"; Party number; Year of manufacture (two last digits); conditional room of the manufacturer; Marking of a party of powder; number of cartridges; the number of obturators (for 7.62-mm rounds of arr.1943 year with a bullet with a reduced operational speed); Distinctive strip, sign or inscription, characterizing the type of bullets and (or) cartridges.
On the side wall of the drawer containing moistureproof packages with cartridges, is additionally applied in two lines. "Moistureproof packages".
The conditional designation of the cartridges consists of a caliber designation - in the form of a numerical value in millimeters (without specifying dimension); conditional designation of the type of bullet or the type of cartridge; The conditional signage of the sleeve (according to the material from which it is made).
For idle, instead of the conditional designation of the type of bullet, the cartridge and the sleeve are applied "idle".
The party number of the cartridges consists of a letter denoting the cipher group of the cartridges; A two-digit number indicating the sequence number of the batch in the group.
For exemplary cartridges, the letter designation of the batch group cipher is replaced with the designation "OB".
The marking of the gun's party consists of the designation of the brand of gunpowder, the number of the party and the year of manufacture, indicated by the fraction, and the conditional designation of the powder factory.
In the marking of pyroxiline powders, the following indications of brands of gunpowders were adopted:
- VUFL - rifle reduced grain single-channel phlegmatized and graphite to 7.62? Mm Cartridges arr. 1943;
- Vuftvd - the same, to high pressure cartridges;
- WT - rifle grain single-channel phlegmatized and graphite to 7.62 mm rifle cartridges;
- VTZH - a rifle grain single-channel graphitendrid to idle cartridges;
- P-45 / P-125 - a porous grain single-channel, in the manufacture of which 45 or 125 percent of the nitrate was introduced to create porosity;
- X (PL 10-12) - single lamellar; 10 - plate thickness in hundredths of mm; 12 - plate length in tenths mm;
- 4/7, 4/7 tsp, 5/7 N / A - seminal seminal; In a numerator - an exemplary thickness of the burning arch in tenths mm, in the denominator - the number of channels in the grain (seven); C - with ceresina content; gr - graphistic; N / A - made of low-substituted pyroxiline;
- 4 / 1FL, 4 / 1G - grain single-channel; In a numerator - an exemplary thickness of a burning vault in tenths mm, in the denominator - the number of channels in the grain (one); FL - phlegmatized, gr - graphite.
In the labeling of gunpowder, the brand of powder consists of a combination of alphabetic and digital designations. In the letter notation of lacquer powder:
- SSNF - the first letter denotes the prescription of the powder (C for cartridges of small arms), the second letter - the form of powder elements (C - spheroid), the third and fourth letters - the presence of nitroglycerin (H) and phlegmatizer (F), respectively;
- PSN - the first letter denotes the powder density (P - porous), the second letter is the form of powder elements (C - spheroid) and the third letter (H) - the presence of nitroglycerin in powder.
The digital designation of the porchs of the SSNF and PSN consists of a fraction, in the numerator of which indicates the thickness of the burning arch (for the PSNF porch) or bulk density (for PSN powder), and in the denominator - the specific heat of burning.
Marking on the cover of a metal box contains the same data that they are applied to the side wall of the cartridge box. In this case, the number of cartridges and obturators indicated in the marking corresponds to the number of them in the metal box.
Marking on a moisture-proof package contains: Conditional designation of cartridges; The inscription "arr. 43 "(for 7.62 mm arr. 1943); the number of cartridges in the package; A distinctive strip that characterizes the type of bullets.
On cardboard boxes and paper packets, the marking is applied as a distinctive strip or inscription. The distinctive strip is applied to cardboard boxes and paper bags containing cartridges with a tracing bullet and with a reduced velocity of the Us Bullets.
The inscription sniper is applied to the paper bag with 7,62 mm rifle sniper cartridges.
Prepared Yuri Malekin
Photo from the archive of Vladimir Osipenko
Brother 06-2008.
- Articles »Cartridges
- mERCENARY 20544 0.
The unitary ammunition was used by the Aviation guns "B-20" and "Schwak". The ammunition was completed with fragmentation fugasal, fragant-in-block, fragant-in-block-tracing, fragantive-fugasky-incendiary, armor-pyro-incendiary and armor-siege-in-block-tough shells. TTX ammunition: caliber - 20 mm; Length - 99 mm; Shot mass - 325 g; Earth weight - 173 g; weight of explosives - 2.8 - 6.7 g; The initial speed is 750 - 815 m / s.
Shots 23 × 115-mm
Unitary ammunition was intended for NS-23 and NR-23 aircraft guns. The ammunition was produced with fragmentation-incendiary, fragant-in-block-tracing, fragantive-fugasky-incendiary, fragantive-fuke-in-block-tracing, armor-pyro-incendiary-tracing and armor-siege-in-war shells. The ammunition was created on the basis of a large-caliber cartridge 14.5 × 114 mm by increasing the cervix of the sleeve to 23 mm. TTX ammunition: caliber - 23 mm; Length - 199 mm; Length of the sleeve - 115 mm; Mass - 311 g; The weight of the projectile is 200 g; The weight of the charge is 33 g; weight of explosives - 13-15 g; Starting speed of the projectile - 700 m / s; Bronvertiness at a distance of 200 m - 25 mm.
Unitaryan ammunition was intended for VS-23 aviation gun. It was produced with armor-piercing-in-block tracing, fragant-in-block and fragant-in-block tracing shells. TTX ammunition: caliber - 23 mm; Length - 236 mm; Length of the sleeve - 152 mm; Mass - 450 g; The weight of the projectile is 188 g; The initial speed of the projectile is 905 - 980 m / s.
Shooters 25 × 218 SR
Unitary ammunition was used by 25-mm anti-aircraft guns "72-K" and paired settings "94-km". The ammunition was completed with a fragration-incendiary, fragant-in-block-tracing, armor-sized tracing, incendiary tracing, shells. TTX ammunition: caliber - 25 mm; Mass - 627 - 684 g; Earth weight - 288 g; The weight of charge is 100 g; weight of explosives - 13 g; The initial speed of the projectile is 910 m / s; armoredness at an angle of meeting 90 ° at a distance of 100 m - 42 mm; Shooting range - 2.4 km, firing ceiling - 2 km.
Shots 37 × 198
The unitary ammunition was intended for the NC-37 aviation cannon. It was equipped with armor-piano-incendiary tracing, fragantly incendiary tracing and podkaliburnal shells. TTX ammunition: caliber - 37 mm; Length - 328 mm; Length of the sleeve - 198 mm; Earth weight - 735 - 760 g; The initial speed is 810 - 900 m / s; Distance armoredness 300 m - 50 - 110 mm.
The unitary ammunition was intended for the Anti-Tank Gun "K-1" of the Obd.1930, as well as the 5-K Tank Gun. The ammunition was completed with armor-piercing, fragmentation shells and a boat. TTX ammunition: caliber - 37 mm; Length of the sleeve - 250 m; Earth weight - 660 - 950 g; weight of explosives - 9 - 22 g; The initial speed of the projectile is 820 m / s; Armor contact at an angle of meeting 90 ° at a distance of 300 m - 30 mm; Shooting range - 5.7 km.
The unitary ammunition was copied from the Swedish "25-MM Bofors AA" and was used by the 61-K anti-aircraft gun and the next arrival gun. "CC-M1." It was equipped with a caliber, podkalibern, fragantic tracing, over the war years only more than 100 thousand were released. TTX ammunition: caliber - 37 mm; Length of the sleeve - 252 mm; Earth weight - 620 - 770 g; Charge mass - 200 - 217 g; weight of explosives - 37 g; The initial speed of the projectile is 870 - 955 m / s; armoredness at an angle of meeting 90 ° at a distance of 300 m - 50 - 97 mm; Shooting range - 1.5 - 9.5 km; Firing ceiling - 3 km.
Patrontash for 37-mm min Mortar shovel
The ammunition was intended for 37 mm mortar-shovel arr.1939. Ttx mines: caliber - 39 mm; mass - 500 g; Shooting range - 60 - 250 m.
Shots 45 × 186
Unitary ammunition was intended for NS-45 aviation automatic gun. It was equipped with a fragant tracing projectile. TTX ammunition: caliber - 45 mm; Length - 328 mm; Length of the sleeve - 186 mm; Shot mass - 1.9 kg; Snoyrad weight 1 kg; The initial speed is -780 - 850 m / s; Bronverty - 58 mm.
The unitary ammunition was intended for 45 mm anti-tank and tank gun. 1932/34/37/42/43 (19-K / 20-K / 53-K / M-42/80-K). The ammunition was equipped with a caliber, podkalibern, armor-piercing, fragmentation, smoke shells and a booth. TTX ammunition: caliber - 45 mm; Length - 550 mm; Length of the sleeve - 310 mm; The weight of the projectile is 0.9 - 2.2 kg; The initial speed of the projectile is 335 - 820 m / s; armor-proof at an angle of 90 ° at a distance of 500 m - 43 - 112 mm; Shooting range is 4.4 km.
The ammunition was intended for 50-mm turning mortars OBR.1938 / 40/41. TTH Mines: caliber - 50 mm; Length - 212 mm; Mass - 850 - 922 g; weight of explosives - 90 g; The mass of the hosted charge is 4 - 5 g; The initial speed of MSN - 96 m / s; Shooting range - 100 - 800 m.
Unitary ammunition was intended for anti-tank and tank guns "ZIS-2". To equip an ammunition, calibrous, podkaliberny, fragmentation, training shells and a boot are used. TTX ammunition: caliber - 57 mm; Length of the sleeve - 480 mm; Earth weight - 1.8 - 3.7 kg; Charge mass - 1 - 1.5 kg; weight of explosives - 18 - 220 g; Number of boating bullets - 324 pcs.; The initial speed of the projectile is 700 - 1270 m / s; armoredness at an angle of meeting 90 ° at a distance of 100 m - 112 - 190 mm; Shooting range - 4 - 8.4 km.
The ammunition was used by a 76 mm mountain cannon of arr. 1909, assault gun M1910 and the "short" instrument "M-1913". During the war years, about 226 thousand ammunition was released. TTX ammunition: caliber - 76.2 mm; Length of the sleeve - 191 mm; Weight - 6.2 kg; The initial speed of the projectile is 387 m / s; Shooting range - 8.6 km.
The ammunition was intended for 76 mm Mountain Gun Runs. 1938. The shots were completed in unitary cartridges, and some of the sleeves had a removable bottom, which made it possible to remove excess beams of powder and shoot reduced charges. The ammunition was completed with fragmentation fugasal, incendiary, armor-piercing and smoke shells, as well as shrapnel. The charge consisted of three beams weighing 200, 135 and 285. During the war years, about 1 million ammunition was prepassed. TTX ammunition: caliber - 76.2 mm; Earth weight - 3.9 - 6.5 kg; The weight of the sleeve is 1.4 kg; weight of explosives - 85 - 710 g; The initial speed of the projectile is 260 - 510 m / s; armor-proof at an angle of meeting 60 ° at a distance of 250 m - 42 mm; Shooting range - 3 - 10.7 km.
Unitary ammunition was intended for 76 mm L-11 tank guns, "F-34" and "ZIS-5". The ammunition could be with calibered, podkalibar armor-piercing, fragantive-fuzasny, shrapnel and cardic shells. TTX ammunition: caliber - 76.2 mm; Earth weight - 3 - 6.5 kg; weight of explosives - 85 - 710 g; The initial speed of the projectile is 655-950 m / s; Armor contact with the blood pressure of 90 ° at a distance of 100 mm - 90 - 102 mm; Shooting range - 4 - 13.3 km.
Unitary ammunition were used by the regimental gun of the arr. 1927, Divisional guns arr.1902 / 30, "F-22", "ZIS-3". The ammunition was equipped with a caliber, podkalibel, cumulative; fragantic fugasal, incendiary, fragmentation and chemical shells, booth and shrapnell. TTX ammunition: caliber - 76.2 mm; Length of the sleeve - 385 mm; Earth weight - 3 - 6.3 kg; weight of explosives - 85 - 710 g; the number of shrapnel bullets - 260 pcs.; Starting Speed \u200b\u200bof the projectile - 355 - 950 m / s; armoredness at an angle of meeting 90 ° at a distance of 100 m - 77 - 119 mm; Shooting range - 4 - 13.7 km.
The ammunition was intended for a 76 mm anti-aircraft gun arr. 1931/38. "3-K". The ammunition was completed with fragmentation, armor-sized tracing shells and shrapnel. TTX ammunition: caliber - 76.2 mm; Length of the sleeve - 558 mm; Mass - 11.3 - 11.7 kg; Earth weight - 6.5 - 6.9 kg; weight of explosives - 119 - 458 g; The initial speed of the projectile is 815 m / s; armoredness at a distance of 500 m - 78 mm; Shooting range - 4 - 14.6 km; String ceiling - 9 km.
The unitary ammunition was intended for 76,2 mm of the divisional guns of the OBR. 1939 (SIR / ZIS-22-SSI). The ammunition was equipped with armor-piercing, podkalibar, fragantic fugasal, smoke shells and shrapnel. TTX ammunition: caliber - 76.2 mm; Earth weight - 3 - 7.1 kg; weight of explosives - 119 - 815 g; The initial speed of the projectile is 355 - 950 m / s; armor-proof at the angle of meeting 60 ° at a distance of 100 m - 65 - 95 mm; Shooting range - 4 - 13.2 km.
To battalion 82 mm arr. 1936/37/41/43. The minimets produced the following mines: fragantive-fugasal, fragmentary senior and ten-way mines and smoke sixpoint mines, as well as agitation, lighting and educational and practical. TTH mines: caliber - 82 mm; total length - 295 mm; Case length - 275 mm; Mass Mines - 3.3 - 4.6 kg; weight of explosives - 0.4 kg; Shooting range - 0.1 - 3 km; The radius of the lesion is 60 m.
The unitary ammunition was intended for 85 mm anti-aircraft guns arr.1939. "52-K", "90-K" and tank guns "D-5", "D-5C", "C-53", "ZIS-S -53. The ammunition was completed with fragmentation and armor-sized tracing shells. TTX ammunition: caliber - 85 mm; The weight of the projectile is 5-9.5 kg; Starting speed of the projectile - 800 - 1050 m / s; armor-proof at an angle of meeting 90 ° at a distance of 100 m - 119 - 167 mm; Shooting range - 15.7 km, firing ceiling - 10.2 km.
The unitary ammunition was used by the BS-3 field gun, the sea gun "B-24/34" and a tank gun "D-10". It was equipped with armor-piano-tracing and fragantive fugasic shells. TTX ammunition: caliber - 100 mm; Mass - 27.1 - 30.1 kg; Earth weight - 15.6 - 15.8 kg; The mass of explosives - 65 - 1.5 kg; The initial speed of the projectile is 600 - 897 m / s; Armor contact at an angle of meeting 90 ° at a distance of 500 m - 155 - 200 mm; Shooting range - 20.6 km.
The unitary ammunition was intended for the sea guns "100 mm / 50 minizini" acquired in Italy for the lung cruisers of Chervona Ukraine and the Red Caucasus. TTX ammunition: caliber - 100 mm; Shot Length - 1200 mm; Starter length 500 mm; Shot mass - 24.6 - 28.2 kg; Earth weight - 13.9 - 15.8 kg; charge weight - 4.8 - 6.6 kg; weight of explosives - 1.3 - 1.9 kg; The initial speed of the projectile is 800 -880 m / s; Shooting range - 19.6 km.
The unitary ammunition was used by a 102-mm sea gun of the Obukhov plant "B-2". It was completed with a fugasal, diving, lighting projectile and shrapnel. TTX ammunition: caliber - 101.6 mm; mass - 30 kg; The weight of the projectile is 17.5 kg; Charge mass - 7.5 - 5.2 kg; The initial speed of the projectile is 823 m / s; Shooting range - 16.3 km.
An ammunition of separate-sleeve charging was intended for 107 mm CRP guns. 1910/30 and 107 mm universal divisional gun arr. 1940 "M-60". He had three throwing charges - full, first and second. The ammunition was equipped with calibered, fugasic, fragantive-fugas, smoke, incendiary projectiles and shrapnel. TTH ammunition: caliber - 106.7 mm; Earth weight - 16.4 - 81.8 kg; weight of explosives - 2 kg; The initial speed of the projectile is 730 m / s; armoredness at an angle of 90 ° at a distance of 100 m - 137 mm; Shooting range - 3 - 18.3 km.
The ammunition was intended for a 107-mm regimental mining mortar of the arr. 1938 TTX ammunition: 106.7 mm; Mass - 8 - 9.1 kg; weight of explosives - 1 kg; The initial speed of mine is 325 m / s; Floor range - 0.7 - 6.3 km.
Mina was intended for 120 mm regimental mortars. In 1938/43, the following types of mines were used: fragantive-fugasal, smoke, incendiary, lighting. The shot was made by pumping the capsule under the weight of mines, or with the help of a trigger when shooting with powerful charges. The charge was placed in Mina's Xvostovik. To increase the shooting range, there were additional charges in the plated carts, attached by hand to the shank. The lighting mine was equipped with a pyrotechnic checker with a parachute and a wanted charge. TTH Mines: caliber - 120 mm; Mass - 16.8 - 17.2 kg; weight of explosives - 0.9 - 3.4 kg; The initial speed of mines - 272 m / s; Shooting range - 0.5 - 5.9 km.
An ammunition of separate-guilty charging was intended for a 122-mm Cupus gun arr. 1931/37 "A-19", guns for SAU "A-19C" and tank guns "D-25" and "D-25T". It was also used by the M1909 / 37 Gaubes, M1910 / 30, M-30, M-30C and SAU "Su-122" for him, four throwing charges were supposed to: Full, No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3, located in a metal sleeve. For shooting, both cannon and warm shells were used. The main used projectiles (often when shooting along tanks) were fragantive-fugasal. Armor-piercing shells were, mainly in the ammunition of self-propelled guns and guns used in the coastal defense, calculations of field guns such shells were issued only with the immediate threat of the attack of the firing positions of the enemy's tanks. Concreation shells were used for firing on long-term firepoints. TTX ammunition: caliber - 121.9 mm; Length of the sleeve - 785 mm; Earth weight - 21.8 - 25 kg; The mass of the total charge is 6.8 kg; weight of explosives - 156 g - 3.8 kg; armoredness at an angle of 90 ° at a distance of 100 m - 168 mm; Starting speed of the projectile -364 - 800 m / s; Shooting range - 4 - 20.4 km.
The ammunition was used by the "B-7" and "B-13" shippers. The ammunition was equipped with a semi-free, fugasal, fragantive fugasal, diving and lighting projectiles. TTX ammunition: caliber - 130 mm; Starter length - 512 - 653 mm; Earth weight - 33.4 - 36.8 kg; weight of explosives - 1.7 - 3.7 kg; Starting speed of the projectile - 823 - 861 m / s; Shooting range - 20 - 25 km.
An ammunition of separate-sleeve charging was intended for 152-mm Mortira arr.1931 (NM). The weapon had 5 charges placed in a special sleeve. The ammunition was completed with fragmentation fugasic fragmentation and smoke shells. TTX ammunition: caliber - 152.4 mm; Length of the sleeve - 125 mm; Earth weight - 38.3 - 41 kg; weight of explosives - 7 - 7.7 kg; The initial speed of the projectile is 250 m / s; Shooting range - 5.2 km.
The ammunition was intended for 152 mm Gaubitz arr. 1909/30, 1910/37, arr. 1938 (M-10), "D-1" and Gaubi-guns "ML-20". For shooting from the Gaubitis, 8 types of throwing charges were envisaged. The ammunition was completed with cumulatythic, semi-convertible, fragmentation, fragantic fugasal, fugas, concrete, lighting, smoke projectiles and shrapnel. TTX ammunition: caliber - 152.4 mm; Shot mass - 36 - 48 kg; Earth weight - 27.7 - 44 kg; weight of explosives - 0.5 - 8.8 kg; Starting speed of the projectile - 398 - 560 m / s; armoredness at an angle of 90 ° - 250 mm of armor, 1140 mm of reinforced concrete; Footing range -5 - 13.7 km.
The ammunition was intended for 152 mm gears of arr. 1910/30, arr. 1910/34. and arr. 1937 "ML-20 / ML-20C / ML-20M". The ammunition was completed with calibered, cumulative, concrete, fragantive fugasal, lighting, chemical shells and shrapnel. TTX ammunition: caliber - 152.4 mm; The weight of the projectile - 27.4 - 56 kg; weight of explosives - 660 g - 8.8 kg; The initial speed of the projectile is 600 - 680 m / s; armoredness at an angle of 90 ° at a distance of 500 m - 250 mm; Shooting range - 3 - 18 km.
An ammunition of separate-cardware charges intended for a 152-mm CPR gun. 1935 "BR-2". The ammunition was completed with fragmentation fugas, concrectual and chemical shells. There were three charges - full, №1 and №2. In total, 39.4 thousand ammunition was released. TTH ammunition: caliber - 152 mm; Earth weight - 49 kg; weight of explosives - 6.5 - 7 kg; The initial speed of the projectile is 880 m / s; Shooting range - 25 - 27 km.
The duodenal mine was used by a divisional casing-loaded 160 mm mortar of the ORP. 1943 (MT-13). Ttx mines: caliber - 160 mm; weight - 40.5 kg; weight of explosives - 7.8 kg; The initial speed of mine - 140 - 245 m / s; Shooting range - 0.6 - 5.1 km.
The ammunition was intended for the "B-1-P" vehicle. The ammunition was equipped with armor-piercing, fuhas, fragantive-fuzasy and concrequomial shells. TTX ammunition: caliber - 180 mm; Earth weight - 97.5 kg; Charge mass - 18 - 37.5 kg; weight of explosives - 2 - 8 kg; The initial speed of the projectile is 600 - 920 m / s; Shooting range - 18.6 - 37 km.
An ammunition of separate cards charges was intended for 203-mm Maubitsa arr.1931. "B-4". It was completed with ten variable charges. The ammunpas was equipped with fugasic and concremency shells. In just over the war years, at least 659 thousand shells were shot. TTX ammunition: caliber - 203.4 mm; Earth weight - 100-146 kg; The mass of total charge - 15 kg; Starting speed of the projectile - 481 - 607 m / s; Shooting range - 17.9 km; Bronzerryability - up to 1 m of reinforced concrete.
The ammunition was checked by a 210-mm gun of Obr.1939. "BR-17". TTX ammunition: caliber - 210 mm; The weight of the projectile is 135 kg; The initial speed of the projectile is 800 m / s; Shooting range - 30.4 km.
An ammunition of separate cards charges was intended for 280-mm Mortira arr. 1939 "BR-5". The ammunition was completed with fugasic and concrequomial shells. 6 charges were used for fire. A total of 14 thousand shells were released. TTH ammunition: caliber - 279.4 mm; Earth weight - 204 - 286 kg; weight of explosives - 33.6-58.7 kg; The initial speed of the projectile is 290 - 420 m / s; armoredness - 2 m. reinforced concrete; Shooting range - 7.3 - 10.4 km.
The carment charge ammunition was intended for a 356-mm railway artillery installation "TM-1-14". TTX ammunition: caliber - 355.6 mm; Earth weight - 512.5 - 747 kg; Charge mass - 213 kg; Starting speed of the projectile - 732 - 823 m / s; Shooting range - 31 - 51 km.
The ammunition of the Cartus Charge was intended for the sea 406 mm of the B-37 gun. The ammunition was equipped with armor-piercing, semi-convertible and fugasic shells. A total of about 300 ammunition was released. TTX ammunition: caliber - 406.4 mm; Length of the projectile - 1908 - 2032 mm; Earth weight - 1108 kg; Charge mass - 299.5 - 320 kg; weight of explosives - 25.7-88 kg; Starting speed of the projectile - 830 - 870 m / s; Armor contact at an angle of 25 ° at a distance of 5.5 km - 406 mm; Shooting range - 45.7 - 49.8 km.
The ammunition of separate cartouchers was intended for the Gaubita arr. 1939 "BR 18". Used charges, both Soviet and Czechoslovak production. Main shells are a fuza and concrequity. TTX ammunition: caliber - 305 mm; Earth weight - 330 - 470 kg; Charge mass - 157 kg; Length of the projectile - 1.3 m; The initial speed is 410 - 853 m / s; armoredness - 2 m. Brick wall or reinforced concrete; Shooting range - 16 - 29 km.
To ensure the convenience and reliability of the operation of ammunition from the moment of their manufacture until the moment of combat use and to ensure the possibility of obtaining the necessary characteristics of the combat and technical properties of ammunition without accompanying their documents, all ammunition in the manufacture of making are migrated, painting and marking.
Marking lies in extrusion, knock out ore etching on metal and plastic parts of ammunition of symptoms, called stamps and consisting of letters, numbers, geometric shapes and their combinations. On ammunition having small sizes, such as small-caliber, fuses, capsule sleeves and sleeves, stamps can be the main distinctive signs.
The color of the ammunition is divided into safety and distinctive. Safety color is applied in peacetime gray-wild color on the shells of a caliber of 57 mm and more and green on a wooden closure of ammunition. Safety coloring can be applied by IA centering thickening and leading belts. The distinctive color is applied in the form of strips of a certain color on the shells, fuses, sleeves, means of ignition and capping.
The marking is to apply with paint or varnish of conditional signs and inscriptions on the shells, combat charges (cardunes and sleeves) and capping. Marking is performed by standard drawing fonts "solid black line, and on black color - white color.
The label contains all the main service data necessary for the proper operation of ammunition in the troops. Therefore, the preservation of marking in the troops should be paid to special attention.
In fig. 4.5 The content and location of the labeling on the shells are given. On small-caliber shells, weight marking signs are not specified. On armor-piercing projectiles under the cipher of equipment, the fuse brand is indicated. On solid shells instead of equipment data, the manufacturer, the party number and year of manufacture of the projectile are indicated.
In fig. 4.6 The content and location of marking on combat charges, in the sleeves. If several combat charges or variable combat ■ charge, on each battle charge, and on separate packages (beams), are applied to this sample to the instrument: "Full", "reduced
variable "," Special "," charge number 4 "," main package "," upper beam ", etc. On the sleeves of separate charging
put the combat charge index, and on the sleeves of the unitary cartridges, the shot index. Under the capquil sleeve in the sleeve is paper circle duplicating marking combat forrow.
On the sleeves of ignition charges and on the cards of additional charges of mortars, the marking is not applied. It is replaced with labels with similar inscriptions, which are glued to the upper pigeon of the ignition charge and on the paper wrapper of additional charges.
Additional battle data is applied on the housing of the reactive projectile: the type of ignition means, the inflammable index and the ballistic index (Fig. 4.7).
On capping boxes with shots, shells and combat charges on the side and end walls, labeling, characterizing the contents. In addition to ordinary information, the number of pieces and gross mass are indicated. The lack of data q an explosion means that shots or shells are not shown in a finally equipped look. I
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal Agency for Education State
educational institution of higher professional education
"Komsomolsky-on-Amur State Technical University"
Tutorial
TD-50, TD-58
A-40, A-50, A-90 (digit -% ammonium nitrate content)
Indices of some shells
Table 2.
Mass deviation signs applied on a projectile
Table 3.
Mass deviation signs | Deviation of mass from tabular,% |
More than more than on Easier toEasier toEasier toEasier toEasier or harder to Harder from beforeHarder from beforeHarder from beforeHarder from beforeHarder more than on |
The labeling on the sleeves is applied black paint on the side surface and denotes:
1. "Reduced" - the name of the charge.
3. 122-D30 - caliber and instrument index.
4. 4/1 2 / 0-0 - brand of powder; Party number, year of manufacture of powder and cipher plant.
5. 1-0-00 - party number, year assembly you are an assembly shot.
Powder is assigned a conditional designation called a brand of powder. The brand of porch is denoted by the fraction, the numerator of which shows the thickness of the burning varnish grain in the tenths of the millimeter, and the denominator is the number of channels in the grain.
For example: 9/7 - the thickness of the burning arch of 0.9 mm, sevenkanal.
After the figures, high-quality porch indicators are coming:
1. SV - Fresh.
2. PER - Alteration.
3. FL - phlegmatized.
4. Tr - tubular.
2.1. Approximate labeling on projectiles
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Fig.2. BC6 cumulative projectile (BK6M)
122 - Caliber of the projectile;
H is a mass deflection sign;
Fig.3. Cumulative projectile BK13
00 - Equipment Equipment;
0-00 - party number and year of the projectile;
122 - Caliber of the projectile;
H is a mass deflection sign;
A-IX-I - explosive cipher;
Fig.4. Excipheral Fuch Package of-462
00 - Equipment Equipment;
0-00 - party number and year of the projectile;
122 - Caliber of the projectile;
"+" - a sign of mass deflection;
T - Equipment cipher;
Notes: 1. Shells with iron-temperamic leaders have the letter F, for example, of-462.
2. A fragic-fuchic header of OF-24 differs from the projectile of OF-462 by the presence of a transition sleeve and a type of explosive.
3. A fragic-fuz-56 fragmentation projectile differs from the projectile of the Corps of the body (all-circuit) and the type of explosive (increased power).
Fig.5. Lighting projectile C-463
00 - Equipment Equipment;
0-00 - party number and year of the projectile;
122 - Caliber of the projectile;
"+" - a sign of mass deflection;
102-b - cipher of the lighting composition;
Notes: 1. Shells with iron-temperamic leadership have the C-463Z index.
Fig.6. Lighting projectile C4.
00 - Equipment Equipment;
0-00 - party number and year of the projectile;
122 - Caliber of the projectile;
"+" - a sign of mass deflection;
P - cipher lighting composition;
Note: 1. Shells with iron-temperamic leaders have an X4Z index.
Fig.7. Smokelet D4.
00 - Equipment Equipment;
0-00 - party number and year of the projectile;
122 - Caliber of the projectile;
"+" - a sign of mass deflection;
P-4 - cipher of the smoke-forming substance;
Fig.8. A1 camping projectile
0 - the warehouse number;
0 - party number;
0-0-0-000 - Leaflets number,
date of projectile gear;
122 - Caliber of the projectile;
H is a mass deflection sign;
Agit - Equipment Equipment;
Notes: 1. The case of the projectile is painted in red.
2. T-7 tube on safety and ballistic caps has a black ring strip.
2.2. Approximate marking on the sleeves
Fig.9. Special charge
1 - sleeve;
2 - enhanced cover;
3 - cardboard cylinder;
4 - normal cover;
5 - Powder Pack (9/7 + 12/1 TR);
6 - igniter;
7 - FlameSeenet (VTX-10);
8 - capsule sleeve;
9 - ring from the braid;
10 - Lubricant PP-95/5;
9/7 and 12/1 tr - brands of powder;
VTX-10 - Mark of the Plamenseaker;
arrow and the number of the base produced
build shot.
Fig.10. Complete charge
1 - sleeve;
2 - enhanced cover;
3 - normal cover;
4 - a degrader;
5 - Package Powder (12/7 + 12/1 TR);
6 - igniter;
7 - FlameSeenet (VTX-10);
8 - capsule sleeve;
9 - ring from the braid;
10 - Lubricant PP-95/5;
122-D30 - caliber and instrument index;
12/7 and 12/1 tr - powder brands;
2/0-0 - the party number, the year
powder and cipher of the powder plant;
1-000 - party number, the year of the assembly
arrow and the number of the base produced
build shot.
Fig.11. Reduced variable charge
1 - sleeve;
2 - enhanced cover;
3 - normal cover;
4 - a degrader;
5 - equilibrium beams (9/7);
6 - non-equilibrium beam (9/7);
7 - main package (4/1);
8 - igniter;
9 - FlameSeenet (VTX-10);
10 - capsule sleeve;
11 - ring from the braid;
12 - Lubricant PP-95/5;
122-D30 - caliber and instrument index;
4/1 and 9/7 - powder brands;
2/0-0 - the party number, the year
powder and cipher of the powder plant;
1-000 - party number, the year of the assembly
arrow and the number of the base produced
build shot.
3. Caption of ammunition
Capping boxes are designed for storing and transporting ammunition and elements of shots.
In capping boxes for shots of separate sleeve charge, full sets of shots are placed. To ensure tight laying of the elements of shots in each drawer there is a set of wooden liners and fittings. Boxes are closed with a lid attached to the box of the drawer with metal loops and the castles of the patented type. Boxes are painted paint protective color, on top of which marked on the combat selection of shots and production data of its elements is applied. All free capping and inserts to it, as well as the warhead sleeves are subject to a mandatory return to reuse.
The fuses are stored and transported in hermetically closed galvanized iron boxes placed in wooden boxes.
3.1. Approximate marking on capping
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Fig.13. Marking on the side wall of the drawer
Marking on the side wall of the drawer Indicates:
1. OF-462G - the projectile index.
2. 0-0-0 - factory cipher, party number and year gear year.
3. T - cipher explosive.
Marking on the drawer lid indicates:
1. Triangle with a number inside - a sign of danger and a discharge of cargo.
4. Caption with ammunition during transportation
Transportation of ammunition can be carried out by rail, water, automotive, air, manpowders and build transport.
Transportation of ammunition by road in troops is the main type of transportation.
Download cars, trailers and other means ammunition follows with such a calculation in order not to exceed the lifting capacity set for them.
Ammunition is transported only in a regular and serviceable capping.
Boxes with ammunition are allowed to lay in the body as an across the car and along it, in the direction of movement, taking into account the more complete use of the vehicle's lifting capacity.
The boxes with ammunition in all cases are placed by covers up and carefully fix for protection from the jigsaws, shifts, shocks and falls.
It is forbidden to stack boxes with ammunition above sides, more than half the height of the top row box.
For transporting ammunition, technically serviceable cars (with good silencers) are highlighted, which are provided with fire extinguishers and a cat.
Cars with ammunition for the danger of cargo are supplied with red flags on the left side.
Car drivers before leaving the flight should carefully instruct the rules for the transportation of ammunition.
When transporting ammunition, motor transport is prohibited:
1. exceed the set speed.
2. Flowing loaded cars or overflow gasoline from the tanks of one car in the other tanks.
3. Preheat car engine with open flame.
4. Transfer ammunition together with flammable liquids.
5. To travel on vehicles on the platform, under the sheds, in the repository with ammunition.
6. Establish cars with ammunition in settlements.
7. Start for recreation and privals closer than 50 meters from the road.
8. Smoking on cars loaded by ammunition, or closer than 25 m from them.
9. Breeding open fire is closer than 100 m from cars with ammunition.
10. To transport ammunition on vehicles not provided with means for extinguishing a fire.
5. Handling the ammunition on the op
At the firing position, ammunition is served in a finally cutting form (except for reactive artillery shells), high-precision shots - only in capping. The senior battery officer takes ammunition, organizes their unloading to instrument calculations and fills in the presence and consumption of ammunition.
Ammunition are unloaded in compliance with security requirements.
Do not:
1. throw boxes with ammunition;
2. Welcome, conntove;
3. put them on the side wall;
4. To transfer on the back and on the shoulders.
Each box with ammunition is unloaded and transferred to the place of laying by cover up and at least two gun numbers.
On the firing position, ammunition is kept in dry niches of gun trenches and cellars laid on lining. Niche and cellars should be equipped so that the ammunition in them are protected from the impact of the shock wave of a nuclear explosion, from entering bullets and fragments and are covered with local materials from rain, snow, sand, dust and sun rays.
The consuming stock of ammunition on the closed firing position is laid out and stored in the niches of an instrument trench in the amount of 0.25 - 0.5 BC (for the guns of high power - in the amount of 0.15 - 0.3 BC).
High power charges are stored in hermetic capping.
On an open firing position, the appointed number of ammunition is laid out in the niches and on the venues of the guns.
In the presence of the time, the cellars are connected to the guns of the message.
The consumed ammunition is replenished from cellar.
In the niches and on the venue of the guns, the ammunition is stored laid in the stack, in the capping covers up, with open locks, freed from the upper reinforcement and spacers, or laid out of the capping. In the latter case, the ammunition is stacked on the troops (lining) or a litter from local materials and are hidden from above the tarpaulter or other materials protecting them from rain, dust and sunlight.
In the cellar, ammunition is stored in capping with closed locks. The greatest height of the stack with ammunition should be 0.5 m less than the depth of the cellar or niche of the gun.
Store ammunition in shelters for calculations forbidden .
For the correct and safe accommodation and storage of ammunition on the firing position and compliance with all security requirements when conducting fire is responsible senior battery officer.
When handling ammunition on the firing position, it is prohibited:
1. Make a disassembly of ammunition.
2. Installing shells, mines, charges in sleeves and unitary shots vertically.
3. Fly over the fuses and means of ignition, as well as hit the ammunition one of the other.
4. To transfer manually more than one unlocked shot or shell (min) 82 mm caliber and more.
5. To transfer the non-evacued finally cutting shells (mines) of a caliber of 152 mm and more without supporting devices.
6. To transfer the ammunition in a faulty capping.
Shots are not allowed to run fire:
1. Having elements prohibited by combat use.
2. Not listed in the shooting table for this gun.
3. Without labeling and with erased marking.
Shells (mines) are not allowed to be carried out:
1. With an explosion delivered to the firing position without installation or safety caps (caps).
2. With the swelling (at least partially) head sleeve of the fuse.
3. With unsunfranched fuses and tubes.
4. With fuses (having a hiking attachment) delivered to a firing position with a combat installation.
5. With fuses, affected by solid rust along the outer surface of the case.
6. With traces of shocks and crypts on the case and on the fracture.
7. With screwed fuses, fallen from a height of 1 m, as well as shells, fallen from any height on the nasal part.
8. Finally ovens, exposed to explosion, fire, bombardment or artillery shelling.
9. With cracks on the housing, with sinks on centering thickening.
10. Having a flow of explosive through threaded connections in the projectile.
11. With stabilizing stabilizers, as well as with bent or broken feathers of stabilizers, having bent ballistic tips (for armor-piercing shells).
Martial charges are not allowed to keep fire:
1. With sleeves that are revealed, preventing charging, as well as having cracks at the bottom or on the body (sleeves with cracks on the dool, not violating the tightness of the combat charge, allowed).
2. In the sleeves and unitary cartridges with non-implicit capsule bushings.
3. With drop-down enhanced lids and having signs of refunctions of powder and carduz.
4. Submissions, as well as with torn cardoses.
5. Unitary cartridges with a breakdown of a projectile, preventing charging, as well as with a rotating shell in the sleeve.
Specified ammunition, except for shells and sleeves with unsunnected fuses and capsule bushings, are postponed to be sent to the artillery weapon warehouse.
When preparing ammunition, it is necessary:
1. Remove lubricant from shells and sleeves.
2. Remove rust with shell enclosures.
3. Kepping head explosions or tubes, as well as capsule sleeves, if they turned out to be partially dismissed (the capsule sleeve is only a regular key from the zip).
4. Remove the fears on the leading belts and on the flanges of the sleeve.
Preparation of specific ammunition samples in accordance with the technical description and instruction manual.
Lubrication from shells to pre-remove scrapers, and then a rag or palauls, slightly moistened in White-spirit (gasoline, solvent).
When preparing min, pay special attention to the removal of lubricant from stabilizers and fire-operated holes.
When removing lubrication from shells and cleaning them from rust, prevent the labeling disorders available on projectiles, mines and sleeves.
For cleaning, the ammunition is removed from the capping and laid on the troops, lining or generating capping height into one box.
To eliminate small faults (trusting of the fuses, removal care), as well as to replace the capsuil sleeves (ignition charges) on the firing position (no closer than 50 m from gun or mortar towers and ammunition cellars) in a specially prepared trench or natural shelter .
Handling with ammunition during the maintenance of fire.
1. Shells when charging does not drop and do not hit the head of the barrel or boilers.
2. Twist the safety caps from the tubes and fuses, the installation caps with shock fuses, make the installation of fuses, open the hermetic closure of combat charges and make up charges permitted immediately before shooting.
3. If damage to the membrane will be detected when removing the installation or safety caps, the shells with such fuses are not allowed to shoot.
4. It is forbidden to make any combination of packets and additional powder beams that are not provided for by firing tables. After making a variable charge, the normal cover must be inserted into the sleeve and send the charge bundles.
5. It is forbidden to fire with a strengthened lid, except for charges provided by the artillery system firing tables.
7. Flashing charges from mines must be added to the tube of the stabilizer until the sleeve is stopped into the stabilizer tube. Packaging of additional beams of mortar shots should be proper.
8. Faulty shells are stored and sent to the warehouse to indicate the head of the Rocket and Artillery Armament Service.
9. Unused additional charge bundles need to be laid in a serviceable iron or wooden box at a distance of 10 - 20 m from the gun.
Handling with ammunition after shooting.
1. To carry the tools charged (except for combat vehicles) is prohibited
2. The instrument of separate charging, remaining charged after shooting, discharge only shots. The rest of the guns, as well as the mortar it is allowed to discharge by extracting the shot from the barrel channel in compliance with precautions.
3. At the end of the fire, the fuses and tubes prepared for charging the shells must be installed on factory settings, and the removed caps are attached. To ensure tightness, the thread of safety caps before screwing should be blurred.
4. Released additional beams and reinforced caps of prepared charges are inserted into the sleeve, and the junctions between the enhanced lid and the walls of the sleeve are lubricating the lubricant remaining on the lid.
5. Shots that have been removed by safety caps (caps) from tubes and fuses or opened the capping charges, with the next opening of the fire, it is necessary to spend first.
6. The left after configuration of the beams of gunpowder, shooting sleeves, safety caps and empty capping with a complete set of fittings pass in the service of rocket-artillery weapons.
7. At the shooting brass sleeves it is necessary after the end of the fire to clean the inner surface from the powder nagar with the help of local materials (sand, water, vet, etc.), and then wipe dry. The sleeves purified from Nagara lubricate over the entire surface inside and outside the thin layer of lubrication, laid into the bottled boxes and fastened by inserts.
8. Steel sleeves after the end of the launch of fire are not washed with water, and after the wiping, the rags are lubricated with any lubricant.
6. Riding ammunition in a finally equipped look
Unknown uninterrupted artillery shots lead in a finally equipped appearance by screwing the fuses in the shell points before issuing them to shooting.
The creation of shots (shells) in a finally equipped look with the core of the fuses is made in the dumping, the cabin or in the roar of a depth of at least 1.5 m and an area of \u200b\u200b1.5 x 1.5 m.
When screwing and cernation of the fuses in the cockpit, dugout or roar should be no more than one projectile.
Before screwing the explosion, the penny plug will be dismissed from the shell's point, while the presser screw (where it is available) is weakened. Then the thread of the points is wiping with dry wind to remove excess lubrication.
Pay special attention to the removal of lubrication, dust and sand from the cutting of an explosive.
After removing the lubricant in the shell's point, the explosion intended for it is screwed down, and the coil cuts are pre-lubricated with a shell lubricant or cannon. When screwing up the fuse, do not allow lubrication to enter the explosive.
The screwing of the fuse is made by a special key to a dense feed of the fuse to the head plot of the projectile. At the same time, shocks are not allowed.
The screw fuse in the shell's glasses is fixed with the clamping screw available in the projectile. In steel shells that do not have clamping screws, the fuses are fixed in the junction in the joint in four opposite equilibrium interrogation of the interface. Decoration to produce only by pressing pressure on manual instruments of PKV-y or mechanical machines.
In the staples of the Staloic cast iron, the fuses are not curtsy, but screwed onto Lake No. 67.
Fuses designed for shell equipment are pre-examined. The fuses without installed stamps, with cracks and dents on the case (mechanical damage), with clogged threads, disturbed safety caps and damaged membranes are not allowed to equipment.
7. Installation of fuses, tubes
Installation of fuses and tubes is made by the tabletable keys from the Jip gun set immediately before the shooting after the team obtained from the Battery PCP or the Senior Artillery Commander (Chief) of the calculation number - the installer.
Table of installations of fuses to 122-mm g d-30
Table 4.
Brand explosion-body (tube) | Required projectile action | Installation for shooting | Hiking (factory) installation |
||
Cap | |||||
Cumulative | Cap will be |
||||
Cumulative | |||||
Cumulative | Cap will be |
||||
Cumulative | |||||
Sharcal Fugasnaya Riccetic or Fugasnoe with a slowdown. Smoke (when shooting projectile D4). | "TIS. OK. " "TIS. Fug. " "TIS. Deputy. " "TIS. OK. " | Cap on-wine, crane on "O". |
|||
Air break. | "Blind-Tel 00" (number of divisions). | Ring on "UD". |
|||
Lighting during shooting projectile C-463Zh (C-463). Agitation when shooting projectile A1 (A1D, A1). | "Tube 00" (number of divisions). | Safety cap is removed. Ring on a commanded number of divisions. | Ring for 165 cases. Propy-tie cap is screwed. |
||
Lighting when shooting with projectile C4Zh (C4). | "Tube 00" (number of divisions). | Safety cap is removed. The ballistic cap is turning on a commanded number of divisions. | Installation grooves and protrusion are combined. Propy-tie cap is screwed. |
||
Air break. | "Shell with RV. Exploded divisions), low (high). " "Shell with RV. Fur 80. | In accordance with com-Doya. |
On "n" or | Switch "H", distant onon ring on "UD", preventable tent pak will go. |
|
Air break. | "Shell with RV. Exploded divisions), low (tall)". "Shell with RV. Fur hit. " | In accordance with com-Doya. |
On "n" or | Switch to "H", remote ring on "8", the safety cap will be put. |
|
Air break. | "Shell sh1. Tube 00 (number of divisions). " "Shell sh1. Car-flow. " | In accordance with com-Doya. | Remote ring on "P", a safety cap will be put. |
8. Drawing up charges
The compilation of combat charges is made immediately before the shooting after the team received from the Battery PCP or the Senior Artillery Commander (Chief) of the calculation number - the charger.
Charging table to 122-mm g d-30
Table 5.
Charge name | The composition of charge | Compilation |
Special | One package | Remove the enhanced cover. |
Full | One package | Remove the enhanced cover (When shooting with cumulative shells). |
Reduced | Main Package + Neva butspring beam + three upper equilibrium beams. | |
First | Main Package + Neva butspring beam + two equilibrium beams. | Remove the upper equilibrium bundle. |
Second | Main Package + Neva butspring beam + equilibrium bundle. | Remove the two upper equilibrium beams. |
The third | Main Package + Neva butspring beam. | Remove three equilibrium beams. |
Fourth | Main package. | Remove three equilibrium beams and one nonequilibrium. |
9. Measurement of charge temperature.
The charge temperature is measured by a battery thermometer in one of the central stack boxes every 1-2 hours.
To ensure the same charges of charges, the boxes with shots or lined sleeves with charges with charges should be reliably in the afternoon for heating protection by the Sun, and at night from cooling.
Halfing charges in all guns must be the same.
To measure the charge temperatures, removed from the sleeve in one of the charges, the reinforced and normal lid and are inserted into the sleeve between the heat meter beams, after which the lids are inserted into the sleeve. The thermometer with the thermometer is put in the middle between the rest of the sleeves. Thermometers are embedded in charges, if possible, no later than one and a half hours before shooting. The term of the thermometer is removed no earlier than 10 minutes after laying a sleeve with a thermometer into the stack.
Bibliographic list
1. Ground artillery ammunition. Textbook. Part 1. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1970. - 120-124, 145-150, 168-229 p.
2. Shooting tables for flat and mountain conditions 122-mm Maubitis D-30. TC RG № 000. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1993. - 6-8, 246, 267-271, 274-285 p.
3. Supplement No. 2 to TS WG No. 000. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1992. - 7, 106-109, 111 p.
4. Guidelines for the combat operation of fire units of artillery. - M.: Military Publishing House, 2002. - 124-132 p.
1. Coloring ammunition ............................................................. 3
2. Marking of ammunition ................................................ 3
2.1. Approximate marking on projectiles .................................... ..6
2.2. Approximate marking on the sleeves .................................... ..14
3. Caption of ammunition ................................................... 17
3.1. Approximate marking on the capping .................................... 17
4. Handling with ammunition during transportation ...... 18
5. Handling the ammunition on the OP ................................. 19
6. Running ammunition in a finally equipped appearance .......................................................................................................24
7. Installation of explosions, tubes .................................... .25
8. Drawing up charges ...................................................... 27
9. Measurement of charge temperature ................................. ... 27
Bibliographic list ..............................................28
Training edition
Valery Dmitrievich Parfinov,
lieutenant Colonel, Senior Lecturer Shooting and Fire Management
Artillery arms
Marking, painting and closure of ammunition. Capuls with ammunition on the firing position and during transportation. Installation of fuses, tubes. Drawing up charges. Measurement of charge temperature. Rapping ammunition in a finally equipped look.
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