The end of December is the time to take stock of the outgoing year. Our editorial staff has already familiarized you with some of the results of 2014. Now we bring to your attention a material in which we will briefly tell you how 2014 will be remembered for Russia and the world as a whole.

Sochi Olympics. Games in Russian

2014 began on a positive note, euphoria and general joy. In February, the sunny resort of Sochi became the capital of winter sports. From 7 to 23 February, athletes from all over the world gathered in Russia to demonstrate their skills. The Olympic Games in Sochi began in 2014.

The International Olympic Committee selected the host city for the 2014 Olympic Games on July 4, 2007. For seven years Russia has been waiting for this sporting event. And this year the whole world saw that Russia can surprise. The level of organization of the event was at the highest level. This was noted by both delegates from different countries and the journalists present.

But the preparation time for the games was one of the difficult and controversial ones. Money and corruption were pouring in from all sides. Few believed that Russia would be able to organize the games at a decent level. But all doubts were dispelled when the first competition was started.


Not without funny cases. During the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, one of the five rings did not open. But this technical malfunction did not in any way affect the holding of the event, and even more so, the result of the Russian team. Moreover, the unopened ring has become an unofficial symbol of the Russian Games.

Russia in the overall standings by the number of medals. Russian athletes brought their country 13 gold, 11 silver and 9 bronze medals.

War in Ukraine. Overthrow of power

The incumbent President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych, together with the top officials of the world, attended the opening of the Olympic Games in Sochi, and upon returning home another performance awaited him, which in the end.

Five days after the end of the Olympic Games, and power was seized in the capital by force. The incumbent President Yanukovych fled to Russia, where he remains to this day. Supporters of European integration everywhere committed offenses, destroying monuments, shops, destroying the capital of the country, now these actions are presented as "peaceful protests."

The overthrow of the legitimate government did not go unpunished. A month later, in March 2014, uprisings broke out in eastern Ukraine. And a month later in the Donbass. Ukraine learned what a clash of two opposing ideologies is.

The war brought multibillion-dollar losses to Ukraine, the collapse of the economy, the depreciation of the national currency, and social problems. But the worst thing that I remember about this war is the thousands of dead soldiers and civilians of Donbass. 2014 for Ukraine became the “blackest year” since the Great War against the Nazis.

ISIS. The hunt for the "infidels"

ISIS representatives also made it to Russia. One of the Islamist supporters said that ISIS would come and liberate Chechnya and the Caucasus and establish an "Islamic Caliphate" there.

The fight against terrorism is still going on, but, unfortunately, so far without any particular results.

Ebola fever. Pandemic of the XXI century

The Ebola virus first appeared in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Then the virus affected 318 people, of whom 280 died. After that, the virus broke out several times at intervals of several years. Few people know, but in 2004, Russia could have become the epicenter of the virus outbreak. Then in Russia, one case of the disease was recorded, it ended in death. More infections were not recorded in Russia.

The preconditions for the crisis in Russia appeared in the summer of 2014, when, and with it, the exchange rate of the national currency began to collapse. This led to panic among the population. Against the backdrop of the economic downturn, the standard of living of Russians began to fall.


2014 was a year of many incredible achievements that could significantly affect the science of the future. They took place on earth, underground, in heaven and in space. And in this review we will tell you about 10 most significant scientific events of 2014 in different industries.

Astronomy. Controlled comet descent

On November 12, 2014, an epoch-making event in the history of space exploration took place. The first man-made spacecraft was remotely controlled and landed on the surface of a comet.



The Rosetta spacecraft was sent towards comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko back in 2004. During this time, he managed to fly through the Solar System millions of kilometers, making several revolutions around the Sun.



The Philae module, separated from the Rosetta apparatus, worked on the surface of the comet for about sixty hours, sending to Earth a huge amount of information about the structure of this celestial object.

Genetics. Artificial chromosome of yeast

In 2014, science approached an incredibly important milestone - the creation of complex artificial life according to predetermined parameters. American scientists from the New York Medical Center were able to create a chromosome that can function fully in yeast.

Work on this project lasted seven years. Scientists have attracted hundreds of students from around the world to create an artificial chromosome, who actually manually assembled 273,871 DNA base pairs. Moreover, in a real chromosome, this number is equal to 316667 pairs, but among them there are many so-called. "Junk" and "jumping" genes that do not produce any specific proteins or cause uncontrolled mutations.



As a result, yeast with an artificially created chromosome became more hardy and resistant to external influences.

Anthropology. Meeting with a non-contact tribe

There are still a huge number of places on planet Earth where the foot of the "white man" has not yet set foot. And much of this unexplored space is in the Amazon jungle. There even live a number of so-called "non-contact" tribes - communities of Indians who have never met with civilized people or deliberately refused such meetings.



Finding such a tribe is a huge success for modern scientists. And in 2014 they succeeded. Usually, when such peoples are found, you have to do a long job in order to win them over and force them to let strangers into your world. But this time the Indians themselves turned to the authorities.



A tribe living on the border of Brazil and Peru asked to protect them from illegal loggers who began to clear the jungle in the habitats of this people. But in this situation, it is dangerous for the Indians not only the destruction of their living space, but also the consequences of direct contact with the outside world - potential epidemics of simple diseases, flu or colds, from which a significant part of the indigenous people of the Amazon who are not immune to them can die.

Biology. Telepathy

2014 opened a new page in the scientific debate over whether it is possible to remotely transmit thoughts from one person to another, that is, telepathy. And if earlier it was considered charlatanism, now everything has become not so unambiguous.



After all, an international group of scientists was able to create a technology that allows people at a distance from each other to communicate without words using thought processes. At the time of the experiment, one participant was in France and the other in India. Special devices were attached to their heads that can read the electroencephalogram of the brain. Subsequently, this information can be transmitted via the Internet to the brain of another person using robotic transcranial magnetic stimulation.



The people participating in the experiment were able to communicate in simple words and concepts: "Hello", "Goodbye", "Good", "Bad", etc. Statistics show that the number of matches in this case reaches about 90 percent.

Chemistry. 117th element of the periodic table

When the author of these lines was in school, one hundred and eleven positions were marked on the periodic table. But since then, chemists and physicists have been able to create several more chemical elements. In particular, in 2014, the existence of 117 of them was confirmed.

Back in 2010, scientists from Russia and the United States announced that they were able to jointly fix a new chemical element. However, according to scientific rules, such a discovery must be confirmed by two independent groups. It took four years. And only in May 2014 the existence of ununsepta (the temporary name of the element) was officially recognized by the scientific community.



It is interesting that the existence of 113, 115 and 118 elements discovered at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna (in the same place where ununseptium was discovered) has not yet been proven by independent researchers.

Astronomy. Exoplanet the size of Earth

For decades, astronomers around the world have been studying distant solar systems in search of planets that would be similar to Earth in all respects. However, out of almost two thousand currently known exoplanets, only one meets these requirements.



Exoplanea Kepler-186 f (after the Kepler orbiting telescope) lies 492 light years from Earth. Its opening became known in the spring of 2014. Kepler-186 f was discovered along with four other planets orbiting Kepler-186. But only this object is similar in size to the Earth, though not completely, it has a radius 10 percent larger than the radius of our planet.



Preliminary data says life is possible on the Kepler-186 f. However, the data that scientists know about this planet is not enough to state this unequivocally.

Archeology. The world's largest dinosaur

In the spring of 2014, during excavations in Argentina, paleontologists discovered fossils of a giant dinosaur, the largest prehistoric dinosaur and possibly the largest animal that ever lived on Earth.



The giant reptile was up to 40 meters long and 20 meters high, which is comparable to a seven-story building. The dinosaur weighed 77 tons, which is roughly the mass of fourteen elephants.



The new dinosaur species is called Dreadnoughtus schrani. It is believed that these lizards lived on Earth 66-88 million years ago.

Virology. Revived virus 30 thousand years old

In the permafrost of Siberia, scientists from time to time find frozen mammoths. In the future, this makes it possible to clone this animal once in order to bring back to life a long-extinct species. However, in 2014, scientists managed to literally resurrect a life form that lived in Siberia 30 thousand years ago.



As a result of research, scientists have even managed to revive this ancient virus, which had been frozen for about thirty thousand years. It is also interesting that this is the largest virus described by scientists in history.

Biology. The paralyzed rat began to walk again

2014 brought hope to millions of people who are permanently confined to wheelchairs. After all, scientists have stated that even the most damaged spinal cord is not the final guarantee that you will never be able to walk again.



A reason for optimism may be the results of a study in which Swiss scientists first completely cut the spinal cord in the middle of a rat, and then taught it to walk again. They implanted flexible electrodes into the rodent's spine just below the incision line, and then adapted the parameters of the electrical impulse transmitted in this way to the animal's nervous system.



As a result, the rat was able not only to run, but even to overcome various obstacles, including climbing stairs. Scientists promise to start similar experiments on humans in the summer of 2015.

Physics. Proof of the Big Bang

Thanks to the blockbuster Interstellar, in 2014 the word “gravity” became one of the most popular. Moreover, physicists themselves have made a serious scientific breakthrough in this direction. They discovered gravitational waves, which are direct evidence of the Big Bang theory.

According to the now accepted inflationary model of the expansion of the Universe, about 13.7 billion years ago, the so-called Big Bang occurred - an almost instantaneous growth of the embryo of the Universe from zero to enormous values. However, such an expansion should have left a certain signal in the microwave background radiation, which is essentially an "echo" of the Big Bang.



In 2014, the BICEP2 project found gravitational waves that are indirect traces of the above signal and therefore proof of cosmic inflation.

: 5 events that first happened in space in 2014.

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 See also: Other events in 2014 History of railway transport in 2014 History of public transport in 2014 ... Wikipedia

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Forecasts of international organizations and officials on the GDP of the Russian Federation for 2014- Forecasts of international organizations The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has lowered the forecast for economic growth of the Russian Federation for 2014 to 0.5% from 2.3% and expects growth to accelerate in 2015 only to 1.8% instead of the previously expected 2.9% . ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Fixed contributions SP / 2014- Fixed contributions PI 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Attention! All calculations were made based on the new minimum wage of 5554 rubles, the introduction of which is planned from January 1 ... ... Accounting encyclopedia

Ukrainian crisis: chronicle of confrontation in December 2014- Massive anti-government actions began in the southeastern regions of Ukraine at the end of February 2014. They were the response of local residents to the violent change of power in the country and the ensuing attempt to abolish the law by the Verkhovna Rada, ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

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Books

  • 2014. Year of Ukraine, Klyamkin Igor Moiseyevich, The book presents the diary of the vice-president of the Liberal Mission Foundation, Igor Klyamkin, which he maintains on Facebook. The records date back to 2014. The author focuses on key events ... Category: Politics Publisher: Liberal Mission Foundation,
  • Calendar for 2014 Angelic light in blind eyes, Klyamkin Igor Moiseevich, I will help everyone and I will hear everyone. Life of the Blessed Saint Matrona of Moscow. Calendar for 2014 ... Category: General questions of Orthodoxy Publisher:

The 2014 global agenda was full of events taking place in Russia and along its borders.

Of course, against the background of the annexation of Crimea, the war in Donbass and the fall of the ruble, much more that happened in Russia did not make it to the front pages of world newspapers. But the first disaster in the Moscow metro or the collapse of the domestic tourism industry did not become less significant events for people living in Russia. RBC presents its view on the main Russian events of this year.

Falling oil prices

After the events of the "Crimean Spring" and tough Western sanctions, an even greater misfortune fell upon Russia - the fall in oil prices. OPEC's decision not to cut production finished the job - the decline in oil prices turned into a collapse. The established price at the end of the year is $ 60 per barrel. in 2015 threatens the Russian economy with a decrease of almost 5%.

Sanctions

2014 was marked by sanctions aimed at international isolation of the Russian economy. The new type of cold war, according to the Ministry of Finance alone, costs Russia $ 40 billion a year. Along with falling oil prices, Western sanctions remain the main risk factor for Russia next year.

Counter-sanctions

Russia's main response to international sanctions has been to shut down its gigantic consumer market to foreign products. But which side lost more, the question is: the reduction in imports dispersed the already high inflation, and the retired goods replaced parmesan and shrimp "made in Belarus".

Economic recession

The perfect storm is heading for Russia, it will cover the country in 2015. All possible crises, from financial to demographic, coincided at one point. This is a good time for reform, economists say, but expect the government to move away from market-based governance more and more.

"A business« Bashneft "

In 2014, the state, which already controls more than 50% of oil production and refining, continued to consolidate in the oil market. Following YUKOS, Sibneft and TNK-BP, Bashneft also came under state control. In the context of the economic crisis and low oil prices, the expansion of the state will stop, market participants and experts say. But the sale of state assets in the near future should not be expected either.

Sochi Olympics

At the beginning of 2014, the Winter Olympics in Sochi had every chance of becoming the main event of the year in Russia, but then they were pushed aside by other, more bleak events. True, the Olympics are too large-scale to be given an unambiguous assessment.

Attack on the media

In 2014, the Russian media experienced major shocks: in addition to the high-profile resignations of top media managers, business media faced losses to newsmakers in courts, the emergence of new laws, including restricting the inflow of foreign capital and earning money from advertising. However, already at the beginning of the outgoing year, 56% of the media industry belonged to the state or businessmen close to it.

Withdrawal of pension savings

In 2015, the Russian pension system will face serious challenges. The main risk is the cancellation of the funded part of the pension. The selection of non-state pension funds for the guarantee system will continue: they will have to create a special fund for payments to clients of bankrupt NPFs.

Pivot to the East

If in the western direction of affairs in Russia this year did not go well - sanctions, the closure of capital markets, mutual accusations and threats, then in the East everything was exactly the opposite. Gazprom managed to conclude a record contract for gas supplies to China for $ 400 billion, Rosneft actively invited Asian investors to its Russian projects, and also agreed on oil supplies to India. Experts timidly expressed that many of the announced contracts with Asian partners may be politically motivated, but the authorities and state-owned companies claim that they are guided only by economic expediency. However, this does not prevent them from dreaming about gas pipelines to India and a high-speed highway from Moscow to Beijing.

Yukos' victory in court against Russia

On July 18, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague decided that Russia should pay the former shareholders of Yukos, headed by Leonid Nevzlin, $ 50 billion. This is a record compensation for the bankruptcy and sale of assets of an oil company. The arbitration ruled that Russia had violated the Energy Charter and in 2004 effectively expropriated Yukos from its legitimate owners. The plaintiffs argued that the state benefited directly from the bankruptcy of Yukos, as the company's key asset, Yuganskneftegaz, came under the control of state-owned Rosneft. The lawsuit was only partially satisfied - the amount of claims was $ 114 billion. In November, Russia challenged this decision in the district court of The Hague, but it is not yet clear whether the court will meet the Russian authorities halfway, said Justice Minister Alexander Konovalov. The appeal will begin on January 28, 2015. In the event of a final victory, the former Yukos shareholders are going to seize Russian state assets around the world. Nevzlin also did not rule out that the amount of claims could be reduced in exchange "for some other things that we could achieve within the framework of the law"; by this he meant, among other things, the termination of criminal cases against himself and other shareholders and top managers of YUKOS.

Accident in the Moscow metro

This summer, the largest accident in its history occurred in the Moscow metro - three train cars went off the rails on the stretch between the Park Pobedy and Slavyansky Boulevard stations of the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line. The accident killed 23 people, 159 were hospitalized with various injuries. The head of the metro, Ivan Besedin, lost his post, and the road master Valery Bashkatov and his assistant Yuri Gordov, who, according to the preliminary version, violated safety rules while working in the metro tunnel, are still under investigation.

Russia without smoke

On June 1, for the first time in history, there was not a single person with a lit cigarette in Russian restaurants and cafes. The provisions of the "anti-tobacco law" adopted a year earlier, which prohibit smoking in public places, came into force. Despite the fact that before the introduction of the ban, almost half of adult Russians considered themselves to be active smokers (42%, according to a survey by VTsIOM in 2013), the vast majority of citizens supported the ban.

Bank cleaning

The Bank of Russia has done most of the work to clean up the banking sector, announced on December 24 the first deputy chairman of the Central Bank Alexei Simanovsky. In 2014, the Central Bank revoked 84 licenses: 71 from banks and 13 from non-bank credit institutions. In the course of cleaning, various schemes for drawing balances surfaced and people who, by coincidence, regularly found themselves in problem banks. RBC has compiled a small encyclopedia of such concepts and heroes.

Increased tax burden

The threat of a serious increase in the tax burden became one of the main leitmotifs of 2014, although in early April First Deputy Prime Minister Igor Shuvalov promised that it would not grow until 2018. Shuvalov then stated that the proposals to increase taxes, including the tax on dividends from 9 to 13%, were not supported, as well as the proposals of the expert community to increase the VAT. This principle was fixed in the "Main directions of tax policy for 2015-2017". However, already presenting the document at parliamentary hearings in the State Duma in May, Finance Minister Anton Siluanov called for an audit of federal tax incentives, due to which the regions receive less money. Almost immediately after the adoption of the document, the Ministry of Finance proposed introducing a sales tax in Russia, which was abolished in the early 2000s. Business and the Ministry of Economic Development opposed, the discussion in the government continued until the fall. And although the Ministry of Finance abandoned this idea in mid-September, the actual increase in the tax burden could not be avoided.

Closing the global financial market for Russia

In 2014, the access of Russian state and private companies to the global financial market was blocked. The reason for this was the sanctions imposed on Russia by the world's leading creditors - the United States, the EU, Canada and Japan. The sanctions have had a negative impact on the entire economy of the country. Even those companies that were not on the sanctions lists have suffered from the most serious chill in relations between Russia and the West in several decades.

Deoffshorization and amnesty

For big business, 2014 began under the slogan of fighting offshore companies and ended with the promise of a full-scale capital amnesty.

Russia's first school shooting

On February 3, 2014 in Moscow there was the first case of shooting at a school from civilian weapons "according to the American scenario." A student of 10 "A" class of school # 263 in the Otradnoye district came to a geography lesson with a hunting carbine and a rifle, shot the teacher Andrei Kirillov, took his classmates hostage and managed to shoot the first policemen who arrived at the signal of the panic button. The response to the tragedy was the tightening of legislation on the storage and carrying of weapons.

The collapse of the tourism industry

2014 was a black year for the tourism industry. In July-September, several large tour operators went bankrupt, the number of the injured tourists went to tens of thousands. Sectoral legislation reformed two years ago failed to protect consumers.

People born this year are not characterized by stubbornness and self-will. 2014 is the year of the Wood Horse animal, which ensures that people born this year have these traits.

Among all the other representatives of the Horse sign, they the most agreeable and friendly, easy-going, sociable... They are well-read and highly moral. Wooden Horses are people with strong energy who are constantly looking for someone's company and fuss, and loneliness is a burden for them. They are active in social activities.

Born in 2014, whom nature has freed from the selfishness inherent in other Horses, are excellent partners for personal relationships.

Gentleness of character and harmlessness - these are the qualities that those around them value so highly in them.

Those born in 2014 according to the Eastern calendar are unusually hardworking and conscientious. Their opinion is always respected, and their views are shared and considered interesting. Thanks to perseverance, the people of the Wood Horse sign never run out of money, never go into debt... In business, they always act reasonably and know the measure of everything.

People who were born in 2014, who are characterized by creative thinking and a rich imagination, can easily pursue careers in advertising, PR and the arts. Courteous and gallant, they make great TV presenters, designers and artists.

Those who were born in 2014 year of the animal Wood Horse are energetic and passionate natures. And they will love and hate with equal strength. But such a stormy temperament does not in any way affect their endless loyalty to the chosen one.

What year can there still be a Horse?

For all their positive qualities, representatives of this sign still somewhat selfish. Sometimes they bend their line and try at all costs to become the head of the family, to take a dominant position.... They also shoulder all responsibility, including material responsibility.

2014 Eastern calendar endows people with some shortcomings. They are characterized by assertiveness, irascibility and categoricalness, which sometimes interferes with relationships.

Curious and fickle, they can change jobs, and sometimes profession, one after another. With all the hard work, work for them is just a way to make money. More willingly Wooden Horses will direct their efforts towards building a life and arranging a home.

They do not tolerate monotony. Lovers of travel, they choose those places where others are unlikely to dare to go.

Video: Chinese Horoscope - Horse