International cooperation of states in various fields. Anti-corruption. We start with politics

A universal form of organizing joint or mutually agreed production with the participation of foreign partners of two or more countries, based on the distribution of production, commercial cooperation, mutual guarantee of risks, general protection of investments and industrial secrets.

International cooperation covers very different areas of activity. Including:

health improvement
improving education
improvement of environmental conditions
reducing socio-economic inequality
anti-terrorist activity
sports development

Links

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

International public law
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See what "International cooperation" is in other dictionaries:

the international cooperation- - EN international co operation The collaboration between governments, businesses or individuals in which it is agreed to work together on similar objectives or strategies,… ... Technical translator's guide

Legal encyclopedia

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF LABOR PROTECTION- one of the main directions of the state policy in the field of labor protection. International cooperation is carried out mainly within the framework of the activities of the International Labor Organization (ILO) on the basis of generally recognized principles and norms ... ... Russian encyclopedia of labor protection

international police cooperation- policijos tarptautinis bendradarbiavimas statusas Aprobuotas sritis policijos veiklos administravimas apibrėžtis Policijos įstaigų veikla, apimanti tarptautinių ryšių su kitų… valstybių kompetentingomis instautitucijomis… Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGAINST CRIME- cooperation in the fight against criminal acts, the social danger of which requires the joining of efforts of states in the fight against them: cooperation of states in the fight against international crimes and crimes of an international character, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION- cooperation of the Russian Federation with other countries, carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation and international treaties that do not contradict the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education". Educational authorities, educational ... ... Professional education. Dictionary

International cooperation in the field of education- implementation (implementation) of direct ties and joint activities with foreign and international institutions and organizations in the field of education in accordance with the current legislation and the national interests of the country. ... ... Pedagogical terminological dictionary

International cooperation in the field of criminal proceedings- interaction of courts, prosecutors, investigators and bodies of inquiry with the relevant competent authorities and officials of foreign states and international organizations. Carried out in the manner prescribed by Ch. 53 55 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, and ... ... Big Law Dictionary

Badge "For international cooperation in the field of cosmonautics"- The sign "For international cooperation in the field of cosmonautics" is a departmental award of the Federal Space Agency. The award is made by order of the Federal Space Agency. Presentation of the Badge "For international cooperation ... ... Wikipedia

Badge of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia "For Contribution to International Cooperation"- Badge "For Contribution to International Cooperation" ... Wikipedia

Books

International cooperation of Russia in the field of fisheries history, problems and prospects Proceedings of VNIRO Volume 145, A. Glubokov (ed.). Russia's international activity in the field of fisheries annually provides the Russian fishing fleet with quotas for aquatic biological resources in the amount of more than 1 million 200 thousand tons, ... Buy for 1564 rubles
International cooperation in ecology. German for beginners. Practical course of professionally oriented reading / Okologische Kommunikation International: Fachsprachenlesekurs Deutsch fur Anfanger, Anneliese Ferns, Rosemarie Bullmann, Ingeborg Baumer, Antonina Nemchenko. Practical introductory course in vocational reading in German. The textbook is intended for students of natural sciences, engineering, agricultural and economic ...

International objects of environmental protection
Objects of environmental protection are subdivided into national (domestic) and international (worldwide).
National (intrastate) objects include land, water, mineral resources, wild animals and other elements of the natural environment that are located on the territory of the state. The state's national objects are freely disposed of, protected and managed on the basis of their own laws in the interests of their peoples.
International objects of environmental protection are objects that are either within international spaces (Space, atmospheric air, the World Ocean and Antarctica), or move through the territory of different countries (migratory species of animals). These objects are not under the jurisdiction of states and are not anyone's national property. They are mastered and protected on the basis of various treaties, conventions, protocols.

There is another category of international objects of the natural environment, which is protected and managed by states, but is taken on the international record. These are, firstly, natural objects of unique value and taken under international control (reserves, national parks, reserves, natural monuments); secondly, endangered and rare animal plants listed in the international Red Book and, thirdly, shared natural resources that are constantly or for a significant part of the year in the use of two or more states (the Danube River, the Baltic Sea, etc.).
Space is one of the most important objects of international protection. . No country in the world has any rights to outer space. Space is the property of all mankind. This and other principles are reflected in the international treaties on the use of outer space. The international community accepted in them: inadmissibility of national appropriation of parts of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies; inadmissibility of harmful effects on space and space pollution.
The conditions for the rescue of the astronauts have also been agreed upon.
For limiting the military use of outer space, the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems and the Soviet-American Agreements on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START) were of great importance.
World Ocean is also subject to international protection. It contains a huge amount of minerals, biological resources, energy. The transport value of the ocean is also great. The development of the World Ocean should be carried out in the interests of all mankind.
Attempts to formalize national claims to marine resources and spaces have been undertaken for a long time and to 50- 70s the last century caused the need for legal regulation of the development of the World Ocean. These issues were considered at three international conferences and ended with the signing by more than 120 countries of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1973). The UN Convention recognizes the sovereign right of coastal states to biological resources in 2OO-miles of coastal zones. The inviolability of the Principle of Free Navigation was confirmed (with the exception of territorial waters, the external border of which is set at I2-mile distance from the coast).
Antarctica rightly called the continent of peace and international cooperation.

Another major international object of environmental protection atmospheric air. The efforts of the international community are mainly aimed at preventing and eliminating the transboundary transport of air pollutants and protecting the ozone layer from destruction.
International relations in these matters are regulated by the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, the Montreal (1987) and Vienna (1985) agreements on the ozone layer, the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (1992) and other agreed documents.
A special place among the international conventions and agreements on the protection of the air basin was held by the 1963 Moscow Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Underwater, concluded between the USSR, the USA and England, and other agreements of the 70-90s. on the limitation, reduction and prohibition of tests of nuclear, bacteriological, chemical weapons in various environments and regions. In 1996, the United Nations solemnly signed the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
Have part of Russia in international environmental cooperation. Our country plays a significant role in solving global and regional environmental problems. As the legal successor of the USSR, the Russian Federation assumed the treaty obligations of the former USSR to prevent an ecological catastrophe, preserve the biosphere and ensure the development of mankind.
The main directions of international cooperation of Russia in the field of environmental protection are as follows: 1) government initiatives; 2) international organizations; 3) international conventions and agreements; 4) bilateral cooperation.
State initiatives for international cooperation in the field of environmental protection have a long history. Only in recent years, our country has put forward a number of constructive proposals for international cooperation for the purpose of environmental safety, for example, on environmental interaction in the Asia-Pacific region (Krasnoyarsk, September 1988), on the protection of the Baltic marine environment (Murmansk October 1987), to coordinate efforts in the field of ecology under the auspices of the UN (43rd Session of the UN General Assembly, December 1988).
The Russian Federation continues to play an active role in international environmental cooperation. In particular, important proposals to the participants of the conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992) were contained in the message of the President of Russia. The decisions of the Conference were approved in Russia and were reflected in the Concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to a development model. Russia also pays great attention to the organization of international partnership to solve the problems of such a transition.
International organizations for the protection of nature operate in almost all countries of the world. The governing bodies are concentrated primarily in the UN. The key function of organizing environmental activities in the UN system is performed by the above-mentioned UNEP UN Environment Program. Russia is actively cooperating in the field of environmental protection with UNEP and other organizations on the development of a strategy for protection against pollution, creation of a global monitoring system, combating desertification, etc.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), renamed the World Conservation Union in 1990, is very active in solving global environmental problems. USSR as a member-state in 1991, and now this membership is continued by the Russian Federation. Currently, IUCN has become one of the leaders in the development of biodiversity issues. At the initiative of the IUCN, the International Red Book of Rare and Endangered Species of Plants and Animals (in five volumes) was published.
Russia pays a lot of attention to work in other specialized UN organizations that have an integrated environmental nature, in particular: UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), WHO (World Health Organization), FAO (United Nations body on food and agriculture). household). Scientific ties between Russia and the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) are being strengthened. Russia actively contributes to the implementation of the main programs of the United Nations World Meteorological Organization (WMO), in particular the World Climate Program. Through WMO channels, Russia receives information on the state of the World Ocean, the atmosphere, the Earth's ozone layer and environmental pollution.
Russia continues to develop and deepen environmental cooperation through international conventions (treaties) and agreements on a multilateral basis. Over 50 international documents signed by the Russian Federation, as well as by the former USSR and accepted by it for execution, now regulate Russian environmental cooperation with other states.
Cooperation continues within the framework of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) and other agreements and treaties on the protection of the oceans. Much work is being done to implement) the Conventions: on the conservation of living resources in the Baltic Sea (1973); on international trade in species of wild fauna and flora (1973); on the protection of the Black Sea (ratified in 1993); on the conservation of wetlands
(1971) and many others. In July 1992 Russia became a member of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Speaking of international treaties concluded by Russia on a multilateral basis, one cannot but mention international cooperation with the CIS countries - the former union republics of the USSR. The main document here is the intergovernmental Agreement on interaction in the field of ecology and environmental protection, signed in Moscow in February 1992 by representatives of ten countries. ... ‘
On the basis of intergovernmental agreements, bilateral cooperation is developing with all border countries, including the CIS states, as well as with the United States, Great Britain, France, China and other states.
Russian-American cooperation is currently developing most fruitfully (the problem of Lake Baikal, measures to regulate water quality, the organization of reserves, etc.), Russian-German relations (environmental problems in the regions, the Lake Baikal region, the exchange of radiological information, etc.), as well as cooperation with the Scandinavian countries (environmentally friendly technologies, construction of water treatment facilities, protected areas on the Karelian Isthmus). In recent years, in conditions of insufficient financial support, the solution of environmental problems was facilitated by the implementation of several Environmental projects with financial support from the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Global Environment Facility and other organizations.
Despite the successes achieved, in order to overcome the environmental crisis, it is necessary to further develop and intensify international cooperation, both on a bilateral and multilateral basis, including the organizations of the UN system.

International cooperation covers very different areas of activity. Including:

health improvement
improving education
improvement of environmental conditions
reducing socio-economic inequality
anti-terrorist activity
sports development

Links

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what "International cooperation" is in other dictionaries:

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGAINST CRIME Legal encyclopedia

Cooperation in the fight against criminal acts, the public danger of which requires the joining of efforts of states in the fight against them: cooperation of states in the fight against international crimes and crimes of an international character, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

The badge "For international cooperation in the field of cosmonautics" is a departmental award of the Federal Space Agency. The award is made by order of the Federal Space Agency. Presentation of the Badge "For international cooperation ... ... Wikipedia

Badge "For Contribution to International Cooperation" ... Wikipedia

Books

International cooperation of Russia in the field of fisheries history, problems and prospects Proceedings of VNIRO Volume 145, A. Glubokov (ed.). Russia's international activities in the field of fisheries annually provide the Russian fishing fleet with quotas for aquatic biological resources in the amount of more than 1 million 200 thousand tons, ...
International cooperation in ecology. German for beginners. Practical course of professionally oriented reading / Okologische Kommunikation International: Fachsprachenlesekurs Deutsch fur Anfanger, Anneliese Ferns, Rosemarie Bullmann, Ingeborg Baumer, Antonina Nemchenko. Practical introductory course in vocational reading in German. The textbook is intended for students of natural sciences, engineering, agricultural and economic ...

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International cooperation in the field of prevention and response to emergencies

1 The concept of international cooperation in the field of prevention and response to emergencies

2 Features of cooperation between states in the field of prevention and response to emergencies

Bibliography

1. The concept of international cooperation in the field of prevention and response to emergencies

In modern society, security is the basis of stable relations that can develop effectively. The variety of threats generates irreversible consequences and endangers the lives of individuals, and possibly individual states. At the same time, there is a significant development in the field of science, technology, economics. And as a result - new risks of emergencies. As a result, it becomes necessary to search for new approaches to ensuring security, to methods and ways of overcoming crisis situations.

Prevention and elimination of emergency situations, as well as ensuring security in emergency situations at the international level, is an integral part of the international security system.

The international security system should be based on international norms and principles, subject to their observance by all subjects of international cooperation. However, international security is currently under threat, so the situation in the world can be assessed as unstable. International conflicts negatively affect security in the world, and cause or may cause emergency situations, which, at times, reach catastrophic proportions. The UN report notes that in 2014 the total number of displaced persons in Syria will reach 6.5 million (at the end of 2013, their number is estimated at 4.25 million). According to the EMERCOM of Russia, as of July 2014, the number of refugees from Ukraine to the territory of Russia amounted to more than 21 thousand people.

In conditions of international security, each state has the best conditions for raising the material standard of living of people, free development of the individual, ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

International norms governing the provision of international security form a corresponding branch - the law of international security, which is a branch of international law that includes a set of principles and norms governing the relations of states in ensuring international security.

The basis of international security law is generally recognized international principles, including: non-use of force or threat of force, territorial integrity of states, inviolability of state borders, non-interference in the internal affairs of states, peaceful resolution of disputes, cooperation between states. See, for example, the UN Charter, Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in Accordance with the 1970 UN Charter.

There are also special principles:

The principle of the indivisibility of international security. Indeed, the modern development of society, infrastructure, economy presupposes close interconnection of all states in the world. Experience shows that any emergency in one part of the world can have negative consequences in another. Armed conflicts, accidents and disasters cause crisis situations not only in the countries in whose territory they occur. Often the interests of other states, sometimes tens and even hundreds of countries, are affected. Therefore, all states should set themselves the task of improving and developing a system for ensuring international security, and not just the security of their region.

The principle of not harming the security of other states presupposes the conduct by each state of such a foreign policy that takes into account the security of not only its own state, but also the entire world community to the maximum extent.

The principle of equal and equal security means that a state must ensure its own security, commensurate with the possibilities of ensuring the security of other states.

There are two types of international security: universal and regional. Both types of international security relate to collective security, that is, they can only be ensured by collective efforts of all or most of the states of the world or region.

Universal security is being created for our planet as a whole. It is based on a system of international agreements (treaties) aimed at ensuring international security for all states.

The universal system for ensuring international security has been formed within the framework of the United Nations (UN). Its main body for ensuring international security is the UN Security Council (UN Security Council). In accordance with the UN Charter, the UN Security Council has the right to determine whether there is a threat of aggression in the world, whether it is being carried out in practice, what measures must be taken in order to preserve peace and ensure international security in full.

The UN Security Council is a permanent body and has the right to apply a set of measures against the aggressor, including the use of armed force, in order not only to stop aggression, but also to create conditions for preventing it in the future. However, these measures can be applied only with the unity of all states - permanent members of the UN Security Council.

Regional international security is security in a particular region. For example, the collective security system in Europe is based on the mechanism of functioning of a number of systems, including the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) http://www.osce.org. Collective European security within the OSCE began to take shape in 1975, when 33 European states, as well as the United States and Canada at the highest level, signed the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Currently, the OSCE includes 57 states from Europe, Central Asia and North America. Russia is a member of the OSCE and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) http://www.nato.int.

Summits and meetings at the level of foreign ministers have taken place within the OSCE. Their result was the adoption of a large number of documents, including in the field of collective security. For example, in 1999, OSCE member states adopted the Charter for European Security. It reflects the concept of security for the world community, focused on the 21st century. It is based on two principles: collectivity, in which the security of each participating state is inextricably linked with the security of all others, and the principle of the primary responsibility of the UN Security Council for the maintenance of international peace.

The OSCE has been identified as one of the main organizations for the peaceful settlement of disputes in its region and one of the main instruments in the field of early warning and conflict prevention.

In 2014, the OSCE is actively involved in resolving the crisis in Ukraine.

Collective European security is also ensured within the framework of NATO, which has powerful armed forces. These forces can be deployed in the event of a threat to the security of NATO member states. NATO currently includes 28 member states. However, NATO is trying to expand its borders. or, as practice shows, the emergence of unstable regions in Europe.

Russia does not welcome NATO expansion. Nevertheless, Russia cooperates with NATO on the most important security issues. To this end, a corresponding agreement was signed between Russia and NATO in May 2002, after which the first meeting of the new Russia-NATO interaction and cooperation body was held in Rome. Since the inception of the NATO-Russia Council, these actors of international relations have worked together on issues ranging from the fight against drug trafficking and the fight against terrorism, to the rescue of submarines and civil emergency planning. Relations between Russia and NATO are now tense. On April 1, 2014, NATO foreign ministers condemned Russia's illegal military intervention in Ukraine and Russia's violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. Ministers stressed that NATO does not recognize Russia's illegal and unlawful attempt to annex Crimea (http://www.nato.int/cps/ru/natolive/topics_50090.htm?)

Essential for ensuring European security is the 1990 Treaty on the Limitation of Armed Forces in Europe (CFE). This Treaty should operate in an adapted form, as agreed by its parties, signing the corresponding Agreement on Adaptation of the CFE Treaty in Istanbul in November 1999. According to the provisions of the adapted CFE Treaty, the states located in Central Europe must not exceed the corresponding parameters of weapons stipulated by the Treaty.

One example of the creation of the foundations for regional collective security is the signing on April 25, 2002 of the Document on Confidence and Security Building Measures in the Black Sea. In conjunction with the Agreement on the Establishment of the Black Sea Naval Operational Interaction Group Blackseafor Blackseafor's main tasks are: conducting joint search and rescue exercises, mine action and humanitarian operations, environmental protection operations, as well as conducting goodwill visits., Document on confidence-building measures forms an integral mechanism of naval interaction in the region. In particular, it provides for the exchange of various information, including annual plans for naval activities and preliminary notifications of ongoing activities. A number of sections of the Document are devoted to the development of naval cooperation between the Black Sea states. Six Black Sea states took part in the Document: Russia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.

Another example of the formation of a regional collective security system is within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) http://www.sectsco.org. The SCO members are six states: Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The SCO is actively involved in ensuring security in the region where the member states are located.

International security at the regional level is also ensured within the framework of the CIS. However, CIShttp: //www.e-cis.info. Currently, eleven states are members of the CIS: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine. is an organization of general competence. The organization of special competence to ensure collective security is the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) http://www.odkb-csto.org. Currently, six states are members of the CSTO: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan. .The goal of the CSTO is to ensure security in the region where the member states are located. See, for example, the 1992 Collective Security Treaty, the CSTO Charter of October 7, 2002.

In accordance with the Declaration of the CSTO member states, adopted at the June 2006 session of the CSTO Collective Security Council, it is noted that one of the main directions for the development of integration processes within the CSTO is activities in the field of prevention and elimination of the consequences of emergencies.

In 2007, in order to coordinate the interaction of ministries and departments of the CSTO member states in the field of prevention and elimination of the consequences of emergency situations, the Organization established the Coordination Council for Emergency Situations of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSCO) member states, which included the heads of the authorized bodies for emergency situations. A member of the Coordination Council for Emergencies of the Collective Security Treaty Organization from Russia is the Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of the Consequences of Natural Disasters.

The KSChS is responsible for solving tasks for:

organization of interaction between authorized bodies in order to prevent and eliminate the consequences of emergencies;

development of proposals for the implementation of joint organizational and practical measures aimed at preventing emergencies and increasing the effectiveness of measures to eliminate their consequences;

development of an international legal framework for cooperation in the prevention and elimination of the consequences of emergencies;

preparation of proposals for the improvement and harmonization of national legislations of the CSTO member states;

coordination of preparation and implementation of joint measures to prevent and eliminate the consequences of emergencies;

preparation of proposals for the development of draft interstate programs and plans for the prevention and elimination of the consequences of emergency situations;

organization of exchange of experience and information, assistance in training and advanced training of personnel;

participation in methodological, informational and analytical support of the authorized bodies of the Organization's member states in the field of prevention and elimination of the consequences of emergencies.

Based on the Decision of the Collective Security Council, which adopted amendments to the Regulations on the CSTO CSCE, the chairman of the Coordination Council has been appointed starting in 2010 for a period of three years. Since December 2010, the Republic of Belarus chaired the Coordination Council. In 2013, the chairmanship passed to Kazakhstan for three years. The CSTO Committee for Emergency Situations was headed by the Minister of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Kazakhstan Vladimir Bozhko.

In total, six meetings of the CSTO Emergency Coordination Council took place: on March 18, 2008, the first meeting of the CSTO Emergency Coordination Council took place in Moscow.

The second meeting of the KSChS took place on November 26, 2009 in Moscow on the basis of the EMERCOM of Russia, at which the head of the EMERCOM of Russia was elected as the Chairman of the Council.

On December 1, 2010, the third meeting of the CSTO Emergency Coordination Council took place in Moscow.

On October 11, 2011, in Yerevan (Republic of Armenia), the fourth meeting of the CSCE of the CSTO member states was held, which was chaired by the Minister of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus.

On August 16, 2012 in Minsk (Republic of Belarus) the fifth meeting of the CSTO Coordination Council for Emergency Situations was also held under the chairmanship of the Minister of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus.

The meeting participants heard information from the heads of delegations on the prospects for the development of the CSTO in the field of countering challenges and threats in the CSTO space, due to emergencies, as well as directions and measures to counter these threats.

At the meeting of the Committee for Emergency Situations, the main directions for the development of the system of collective response to emergency situations and the draft Decision on granting the status of basic educational institutions for training specialists for emergency departments of the member states were approved.

In particular, in order to ensure the further progressive development of the system of collective response of the CSTO member states to emergencies, the issues of the deployment of humanitarian centers in the CSTO collective security regions, including the development of a legal framework, the deployment of stocks of material resources on the basis of the centers, a comprehensive logistical and financial ensuring the operation of these centers, as well as the creation of rescue groups in the CSTO collective security regions.

The document provides for the development of a single information and software space of the Organization for the regular exchange of information and joint monitoring of the CSTO space in the field of the system of collective response of the CSTO member states to emergencies, as well as ensuring the interaction of the member states in joint actions. Much attention is paid to the coordination of the activities of non-governmental and international organizations in order to use their potential in providing assistance to victims in emergency situations.

It is also assumed that a mechanism for a preferential regime for the procurement of special equipment for equipping rescue teams and expansion of cooperation in improving the training system for emergency departments of the CSTO member states, organizing joint professional training of rescue teams will be created.

By the decision of the CSTO Collective Security Council dated December 19, 2012 "On basic educational institutions of higher professional education for the training of specialists for the member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization in the field of civil defense and emergency response and fire safety", the status of basic educational institutions was given The CSTO of the Civil Protection Academy of the EMERCOM of Russia - for the training of specialists in the field of civil defense and elimination of the consequences of emergency situations and the Academy of the State Fire Service of the EMERCOM of Russia - for the training of specialists in the field of fire safety and elimination of the consequences of emergencies.

In June 2013, in Kazakhstan, near Almaty, a joint exercise was held by the rescue units of the CSTO member states to practice actions in eliminating the consequences of a devastating earthquake. The issues of increasing the level of interaction of rescuers, the algorithm of the organizational activities of the control bodies in the management of subordinate forces and means in the preparation and conduct of emergency rescue operations in the emergency zone were worked out, the rescuers exchanged experience and skills in organizing and conducting rescue operations.

On July 16, 2013, in Gomel (Belarus), chaired by the Minister of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus, the sixth meeting of the emergency response has passed the main stages and is moving towards completion. Thanks to her, the CSTO countries will be able to jointly respond to major man-made and natural disasters.

KSChS approved the draft Action Plan for the implementation of the Main directions of development of the system of collective response to emergencies. At the meeting of the CSTO on July 16, 2013, the draft mechanism for the implementation of the Regulation on the procedure for the response of the CSTO member states to emergencies was also discussed and adopted as a basis. interaction of authorized bodies of the CSTO member states.

The draft standard regulations and an algorithm for organizing information interaction between the centers of crisis management of the CSTO member states were taken as a basis. It is assumed that all ministries and centers for emergency management exchange information on emergencies, incidents, and predictive data in order to be able to respond quickly and predict the development of the situation in the future. “At the moment, this is extremely important, and the ministers for emergency situations talked a lot about this today, everyone noted a very large contribution to this work and, in general, to the creation of this system of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation. Russian rescuers, in my opinion, already have vast experience in the formation of such a system and interact with almost all the world's largest emergency control centers, "Nikolai Bordyuzha said following the meeting of the CSCS. Http: //www.odkb-csto.org/ kschs_odkb

Bilateral agreements between states, for example, between Russia and France, are of great importance in ensuring international, regional and national security. To deepen the interaction between the two states on international security issues and in the field of bilateral relations, in accordance with the decision of the presidents of the two countries, a Russian-French Council for Security Cooperation was established. The main topics on the Council's agenda are problems of global and regional security, the fight against terrorism, and countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Within the Council, joint working groups have been formed on the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction and on the fight against new threats and challenges.

Thus, international security occupies the most important place in the system of international relations, since the development and fruitful cooperation of states in all spheres of relations, including in the field of prevention and elimination of emergencies, is possible on the basis of the principles of international security.

International security in the field of prevention and elimination of emergency situations is the state of protection of states, their citizens, material and cultural values from the threats of emergencies that have arisen and may arise.

International security in emergency situations involves:

ensuring the security of states and their citizens in emergency situations;

emergency prevention;

liquidation of emergency situations;

protection of people and material objects from emergencies;

restoration of territories;

normative legal regulation of this area;

creation of forces and means of prevention and elimination of emergency situations.

Ensuring international security in the field of prevention and elimination of emergencies is possible only on condition of cooperation between states and (or) international organizations.

Such international cooperation is carried out in accordance with international norms and principles. Among such principles are the following, which, in particular, regulate relations to ensure safety in emergency situations:

the principle of the sovereign equality of states;

the principle of the non-use of force and the threat of force;

the principle of inviolability of state borders;

the principle of territorial integrity (inviolability) of states;

the principle of peaceful settlement of international disputes;

the principle of non-interference in internal affairs;

the principle of the indivisibility of international security;

the principle of not harming the security of other states;

the principle of equal and equal security, as well as:

the environment is a common concern of humanity;

freedom to explore and use the environment;

rational use of the environment;

the interdependence of environmental protection and human rights People have the right to live in good health and work productively in harmony with nature;

prevention of environmental pollution;

responsibility of states;

the one who pollutes pays;

the principle of access to information related to the environment, etc.

Prevention and elimination of emergency situations can be carried out within the framework of both one state and within a certain region or the whole world.

The main way to ensure international security in the field of prevention and elimination of emergencies is international cooperation in this area, which is determined by the peculiarity of the main participants in international relations - states. States have sovereignty, which determines the nature of their relationship - mutual cooperation.

Indeed, international cooperation is an essential element of ensuring security for Russia as well. The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation notes that the development of the world follows the path of globalization of all spheres of international life, which is distinguished by high dynamism and interdependence of events. Contradictions have intensified between the states. The vulnerability of all members of the international community to new challenges and threats has increased. As a result of the strengthening of new centers of economic growth and political influence, a qualitatively new geopolitical situation is emerging. The failure of the existing global and regional architecture, oriented, especially in the Euro-Atlantic region, only NATO, as well as the imperfection of legal instruments and mechanisms are increasingly posing a threat to international security, including in emergency situations. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009 No. 537 "On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of May 18, 2009 No. 20 Art. 2444

The long-term attention of international politics will be focused on the possession of energy sources, including in the Middle East, on the shelf of the Barents Sea and in other regions of the Arctic, in the Caspian Sea basin and in Central Asia. The situation in Iraq and Afghanistan, conflicts in the Near and Middle East, in a number of countries in South Asia and Africa, and on the Korean Peninsula will continue to have a negative impact on the international situation in the medium term.

It is noted that in the long term, the Russian Federation will strive to build international relations on the basis of international principles, to ensure reliable and equal security of states. To protect its national interests, Russia, while remaining within the framework of international norms, will pursue a rational and pragmatic foreign policy. Russia regards the UN and the UN Security Council as the central element of a stable system of international relations based on respect, equality and mutually beneficial cooperation between states relying on civilized political instruments for resolving global and regional crisis situations. Russia will build up cooperation in such multilateral formats as the G20, RIC (Russia, India and China), BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China), as well as use the capabilities of other informal international institutions.

The development of bilateral and multilateral cooperation relations with the CIS member states is a priority foreign policy for Russia. Russia will strive to develop the potential for regional and subregional integration and coordination in the space of the CIS member states within the framework, first of all, of the Commonwealth of Independent States itself, as well as the CSTO and the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), which have a stabilizing effect on the general situation in the regions bordering on states - members of the CIS. See ibid. A.13

The Russian Federation stands for the comprehensive strengthening of the mechanisms of interaction with the European Union, including the consistent formation of common spaces in the spheres of the economy, external and internal security, education, science and culture. Russia's long-term national interests are in line with the formation of an open system of collective security in the Euro-Atlantic area on a specific legal basis. See ibid. A.16

In order to preserve strategic stability and equal strategic partnership, the Russian Federation will take part in activities under the auspices of the UN and other international organizations to eliminate natural and man-made disasters and emergencies, as well as in the provision of humanitarian assistance to the affected countries. See ibid. P.95

Thus, the Russian National Security Strategy describes the international economic, political, social and other situation that is currently or may be a threat of large-scale emergencies requiring the participation of the entire world community.

The Strategy of State National Policy defines that the development of national, interethnic relations is influenced by such a negative factor of a global or transboundary nature as the unifying influence of globalization on local cultures, unresolved problems of refugees and internally displaced persons, illegal migration, expansion of international terrorism and religious extremism, international organized crime. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2012 No. 1666 "On the Strategy of the State National Policy of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2025"

The tasks in the field of international cooperation in the implementation of the state nationality policy of the Russian Federation are:

contributing to the formation of a positive image of the Russian Federation abroad as a democratic state that guarantees the satisfaction of the ethno-cultural needs of citizens on the basis of the centuries-old Russian traditions of harmonizing interethnic relations;

monitoring international events and the activities of international organizations capable of influencing the state of interethnic relations in the Russian Federation;

ensuring the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of Russian citizens and compatriots living abroad, on the basis of generally recognized principles and norms of international law, international treaties of the Russian Federation;

using the mechanisms of cross-border cooperation for the purpose of ethno-cultural development, socio-economic cooperation, creating conditions for free communication of families of divided peoples;

creation, within the framework of interstate contacts and agreements, of conditions for Russian citizens and compatriots living abroad, for the guaranteed implementation of their humanitarian contacts and freedom of movement;

using the resource of public diplomacy by involving civil society institutions in solving the problems of international cultural and humanitarian cooperation as a means of establishing an intercivilizational dialogue, ensuring mutual understanding between peoples;

strengthening international cooperation in the field of regulation of migration processes, ensuring the rights of labor migrants;

establishing partnerships within the UN, UNESCO, OSCE, Council of Europe, SCO, CIS and other international organizations. See ibid. Clause 21

These tasks should be implemented in any area of international cooperation, including the prevention and elimination of emergencies.

The main body of state power in the field of international cooperation in Russia is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the Russian Federation.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation is the head body in the system of federal executive bodies in the field of relations with foreign states and international organizations and coordinates:

the activities of federal executive bodies, including the EMERCOM of Russia, in the field of international relations and international cooperation;

international relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

international activities of organizations authorized in accordance with the Federal Law Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 15, 1995 No. 101-FZ "On international treaties of the Russian Federation" to submit proposals to the President of the Russian Federation or to the Government of the Russian Federation on the conclusion, implementation and termination of international treaties of Russia ... Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 8, 2011 No. 1478 "On the coordinating role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation in the implementation of a single foreign policy line of the Russian Federation" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of November 14, 2011 No. 46 Art. 6477

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation:

exercises general control over the implementation of the international obligations of the Russian Federation;

contributes to the interaction of federal bodies of state power and bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and their officials in order to ensure compliance with the principle of the unity of foreign policy and the fulfillment of the international obligations of the Russian Federation in the implementation of international activities by these bodies and persons;

provides the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with the necessary assistance in the development of international relations, including through the territorial bodies - the representative offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation on the territory of the Russian Federation;

gives explanations to the federal bodies of state power and the bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;

informs the federal executive authorities in advance about international events, the topics of which are within their competence;

provides, in the prescribed manner, political, diplomatic and informational assistance to federal bodies of state power and bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, their delegations and representatives in the preparation and conduct of international events;

ensures the participation of representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, employees of diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Russian Federation in foreign states, representative offices of the Russian Federation to international organizations, territorial bodies - representative offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia on the territory of the Russian Federation in the work of interdepartmental commissions, working groups and other bodies whose functions are related to the implementation of international activities, as well as in the work of delegations formed to participate in international events affecting the foreign policy interests of the Russian Federation;

in a timely manner agree with the federal executive authorities in the part concerning their competence, proposals on international cooperation, which are envisaged to be submitted to the President of the Russian Federation or to the Government of the Russian Federation;

communicates, on the basis of appeals of state bodies of the Russian Federation, to state bodies of foreign states and bodies of international organizations through diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Russian Federation in foreign states, missions of the Russian Federation to international organizations, diplomatic missions and consular offices of foreign states in the Russian Federation, representative offices of international organizations in the Russian Federation, information on the international activities of state bodies of the Russian Federation;

gives official clarifications on the coordination of the international activities of federal executive bodies, international relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the international activities of authorized organizations. See ibid. A.2

Federal executive bodies, executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and authorized organizations:

inform the Russian Foreign Ministry about their international activities and international relations (official trips, consultations and negotiations, signed documents, participation in the implementation of international projects);

coordinate, within the limits of their competence, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia proposals and acts affecting the foreign policy interests of the Russian Federation;

inform the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia about the planned official international events with the participation of representatives of federal executive bodies, executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and authorized organizations, their purposes and content;

send to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia and, if necessary, to other interested state authorities of the Russian Federation reports on the content of international events and the agreements reached, as well as copies of documents signed during these events;

ensure, in cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, the participation of delegations and representatives of federal executive bodies, executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, authorized organizations in international events, the topics of which are within their competence, as well as the timely resolution of issues related to their competence concerning international relations and international cooperation, etc. See ibid. A.3

The extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassadors of the Russian Federation in foreign states must ensure the implementation of a single foreign policy line of the Russian Federation in the host states and, for this purpose, coordinate the activities and control the work of other representative offices of the Russian Federation, representative offices of federal executive bodies, Russian state institutions located in the host states, organizations, corporations and enterprises, their delegations and groups of specialists, as well as representative offices of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. See ibid. Clause 6

Permanent representatives of the Russian Federation to international organizations must ensure the implementation of a single foreign policy line of the Russian Federation in the relevant international organization and, for this purpose, coordinate the participation of federal executive bodies, executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, Russian state institutions, organizations, corporations and enterprises, and their delegations and teams of specialists in the activities of the relevant international organization or its bodies. See ibid. P.9

On the territory of the Russian Federation, the main body responsible for the prevention and elimination of emergencies is the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.

Recall that the EMERCOM of Russia is a federal executive body that carries out the functions of developing and implementing state policy, legal regulation, as well as supervision and control in the field of civil defense, protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, providing fire safety and security of people in water bodies. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 11, 2004 No. 868 "Issues of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of the Consequences of Natural Disasters" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of July 12, 2004, No. 28 Art. 2882

EMERCOM of Russia carries out its activities, in particular, through representatives of the EMERCOM of Russia as part of the representative offices of the Russian Federation at international organizations. See ibid. A.3

EMERCOM of Russia carries out international cooperation in the established manner in the field of civil defense, prevention and elimination of emergencies, ensuring fire safety and safety of people at water bodies, overcoming the consequences of radiation accidents and catastrophes, conducting special (special) underwater work, humanitarian demining, as well as participation in international humanitarian projects, programs and operations.

The EMERCOM of Russia, within the limits of its competence, concludes in the established manner with international and non-governmental organizations agreements related to the elimination of the consequences of natural disasters and the provision of humanitarian assistance to foreign states.

It is also noted that in order to develop the main directions of international cooperation and ensure the activities of the Russian national Corps for Emergency Humanitarian Response under the EMERCOM of Russia, a Council for the Assessment and Strategic Planning of International Activities is being created. See ibid.

Thus, the Russian Foreign Ministry carries out international cooperation in general, being the coordinating body in the field of international cooperation in the Russian Federation. At the same time, public authorities carry out international cooperation in areas of activity. EMERCOM of Russia is authorized to carry out international cooperation in the field of prevention and elimination of emergency situations, which means it takes part in ensuring safety in emergency situations.

There are many threats in the world, the occurrence of which can lead to accidents, catastrophes and other emergencies. For Russia, the threats to national security, which we have already discussed, are defined in the National Security Strategy. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009 No. 537 "On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of May 18, 2009 No. 20 Art. 2444 The presence of threats implies the need to respond to them. The mechanism for responding to relevant threats may include: ensuring favorable conditions for the economic and social development of the country, for maintaining global and regional stability; peaceful coexistence of states and peoples; effective activity of international organizations; taking into account the interests of different countries; assistance in the settlement of conflicts; ensuring the security of states and citizens; international cooperation in various fields, etc.

Responding to threats is an essential element of the mechanism for ensuring international security. As noted above, in order to effectively respond to emergencies, states, international organizations and other subjects of international relations need to carry out international cooperation.

Thus, international cooperation in the field of prevention and elimination of emergency situations is the activity of states, international organizations and other subjects of international relations, aimed at their interaction, ensuring the comprehensive development of the emergency response mechanism or its individual elements, as well as the mechanism of mutual assistance and joint actions in emergencies based on international norms and principles.

Subjects of international cooperation in the field of prevention and elimination of emergency situations: states, domestic structural formations, international organizations and other structural formations, legal entities and individuals, including officials.

The peculiarity of international cooperation is that it is created, first of all, by states. States act as the main subjects of international legal cooperation. In this capacity, they have an exclusive and inalienable property - state sovereignty.

By virtue of the principle of sovereign equality, all states are legally equal. The state exercises its sovereignty taking into account respect for the sovereignty and interests of other states. The state cannot exercise its power in relation to another state. In particular, this is expressed in the disobedience of one state to the legislation of another: the actions of the state are determined by its own laws and international norms. Bringing a state to court of another state can be carried out only with its consent.

It is worth paying attention to the recognition of states. Any legal relationship between states is possible only if the participants recognize each other as subjects of law. In this regard, it is worth recalling the example of providing humanitarian assistance to the Serbs who were on the territory of Kosovo at the end of 2011. The Russian Federation does not recognize Kosovo as a state, while most European states recognize this state. It is also worth remembering that many European states and not only do not recognize the results of the referendum held in Crimea in 2014.

One of the ways to recognize states is to join the UN. The UN Charter sets the following requirements for states wishing to join the UN: peacefulness, acceptance of obligations under the UN Charter, the ability to fulfill these obligations. Article 4 of the UN Charter. In addition, according to the principle of the non-use of force, a state created as a result of aggression cannot be recognized as a legal entity, for example, the states created by Nazi Germany in the conquered territories.

Membership in an organization presupposes the acceptance of obligations under its charter, the recognition of certain powers of the organization and its decisions in accordance with their legal force.

International norms governing relations between states in the field of international communication are created by the states themselves through their agreement and are aimed at strict observance of state sovereignty in international relations. Respect for the sovereignty of any state, recognition of the sovereign equality of all states are among the fundamental principles of modern international relations.

A state must fulfill in good faith its obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law, and cannot invoke the provisions of its constitution or its laws as an excuse for not fulfilling this obligation.

2. Features of cooperation between states in the field of prevention and response to emergencies

international security nation cooperation

Maintaining international peace and security and taking effective collective measures for this are the main goals of the UN. The main source governing international legal methods and means of ensuring peace and security is the UN Charter.

The following international treaties have an important place in ensuring international security, including those regulating the prevention and elimination of emergency situations:

1. Treaties restraining the nuclear arms race in spatial terms: the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of 1968, the Treaty on the Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies of 1967, and others.

2. Treaties limiting the build-up of arms in quantitative and qualitative terms: the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water of 1963, the Comprehensive Nuclear Weapon Test Ban Treaty of 1996, the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use means of influencing the natural environment in 1977, the agreement between the Russian Federation and the United States on the further reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms in 1993 and others.

3. Treaties prohibiting the production of certain types of weapons and prescribing their destruction: the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, 1972, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction 1993 and others.

4. Treaties designed to prevent the unauthorized outbreak of war. Agreement on direct communication lines between the USSR and the USA in 1963, 1971 (similar agreements were concluded by the USSR with Great Britain in 1967, France in 1966, Germany in 1986). Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Risk of a Nuclear War between the USSR and the USA in 1971. Exchange of letters between the USSR and France on the prevention of accidental or unauthorized use of nuclear weapons in 1976 and others.

In addition, documents adopted within the framework of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), for example, the Charter for European Security adopted in 1999 in Istanbul, deserve special attention.

Thus, the following main international normative legal acts in the field of ensuring safety in emergency situations can be distinguished:

Charters of international organizations;

The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights;

The 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights;

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966;

1950 Rome Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms For the Russian Federation, the Convention entered into force on May 5, 1998 .;

1995 Convention of the Commonwealth of Independent States on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Entered into force, including for the Russian Federation, on August 11, 1998;

Declaration on the principles of international law concerning friendly relations and cooperation between states in accordance with the 1970 UN Charter;

1907 Convention on the Peaceful Resolution of International Conflicts The Convention entered into force on January 26, 1910. The Convention entered into force for the USSR on March 7, 1955;

Revised General Act for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes of 1949;

1949 Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims and Additional Protocols to the 1977 Geneva Conventions Additional Protocol I entered into force for the USSR on March 29, 1990. Additional Protocol II was ratified by the Decree of the USSR Supreme Council of August 4, 1989;

1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Entered into force for the Russian Federation on April 11, 1997;

The 1959 Antarctic Treaty of the USSR ratified this Treaty by the Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces of October 20, 1960;

The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty Entered into force for the Russian Federation on January 14, 1998;

Treaty on the Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies of 1967 (Treaty on Outer Space) The Treaty entered into force, including for the USSR, on October 10, 1967 .;

The 1968 Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space The Agreement entered into force, including for the USSR, on December 3, 1968 .;

1992 Declaration on Environment and Development;

1971 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation The Convention entered into force for the USSR on March 22, 1973;

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, 1972 The Convention entered into force, including for the USSR, on March 26, 1975 .;

The 1979 International Convention against the Taking of Hostages;

The UN Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, 1949 The Convention entered into force for the USSR on November 9, 1954 .;

1992 Open Skies Treaty The Russian Federation ratified this Treaty by Federal Law No. 57-FZ of May 26, 2001 .;

The CIS Convention on Legal Assistance and Legal Relations in Civil, Family and Criminal Matters, 1993 For the Russian Federation, entered into force on December 10, 1994;

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The purpose of the lecture: consider issues of international cooperation in the field of ecology and explain the principles of such cooperation.

Lecture plan:

1. The concept of international cooperation.

2.International organizations

3. Participation of Kazakhstan in international environmental cooperation in the field of ecology.

Basic concepts: international cooperation in the field of ecology, international sites, environmental protection, principles of international environmental cooperation, interstate environmental council, UN specialized agencies in the field of environmental protection, UNEP, UNESCO, WMO, UITP, WWF, Club of Rome, GRINPIS.

Harmonization of international environmental relations is one of the main ways for the world community to get out of the environmental crisis. It is generally recognized that the implementation of the exit strategy is possible only on the basis of the unity of environmental actions of all states. Today, no country is able to solve its environmental problems alone or by cooperating with only a small group of countries. There is a need for clear, concerted efforts of all states, coordination of their actions on a strict international legal basis. Nature knows no state borders, it is universal and one. Therefore, violations in the ecosystem of one country inevitably cause a response in neighboring countries. For example, if industrial enterprises in Germany or England emit flue gases into the atmosphere with an unacceptably high percentage of harmful impurities, then this negatively affects not only the ecological state of these countries, but causes significant damage to the flora and fauna of neighboring Scandinavian countries. It is clear that all other components of the natural environment (river runoff, sea areas, migratory species of animals, etc.) do not recognize state borders. The high priority of the environmental factor in international relations is constantly growing, which is associated with the progressive deterioration of the state of the biosphere. All the main components of the ecological crisis (greenhouse effect, depletion of the ozone layer, soil degradation, radiation hazard, transboundary transport of pollution, depletion of energy and other resources of the planet's bowels, etc.) become environmental imperatives and determine new norms and rules for interaction between states. There is every reason to believe that in the XXI century. ecology will be included in the top priorities of the global system of international relations. Already, some statesmen consider it expedient to create such a supranational body that would manage the protection and rational use of the natural environment in all states and regions.

Objects of environmental protection are subdivided into national (domestic) and international (worldwide).

National (intrastate) facilities include - land, waters, bowels, wild animals and other elements of the natural environment that are located on the territory of the state. The state's national objects are freely disposed of, protected and managed on the basis of their own laws in the interests of their peoples.

International objects of environmental protection- these are objects that are either within international spaces: space, atmospheric air, the World Ocean and Antarctica, or move through the territory of different countries (migratory species of animals). These objects are not under the jurisdiction of states and are not anyone's national property. They are mastered and protected on the basis of various treaties, conventions, protocols, reflecting the joint efforts of the international community.

One of the most important objects of international protection is Space. No country in the world has any rights to outer space. Space is the property of all mankind. This and other principles are reflected in the international treaties on the use of outer space. The international community recognized in them: the inadmissibility of national appropriation of parts of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies; inadmissibility of harmful effects on Space and space pollution. The conditions for the rescue of the astronauts have also been agreed upon. For limiting the military use of space, the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems, the Soviet-American Agreements on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START), were of great importance. World Ocean is also subject to international protection. It contains a huge amount of minerals, biological resources, energy. The transport value of the ocean is also great. The development of the oceans should be carried out in the interests of all mankind

Attempts to formalize national claims to marine resources and spaces were undertaken long ago and by the 1950s and 1970s. the last century caused the need for legal regulation of the development of the World Ocean. These issues were considered at three international conferences and ended with the signing by more than 120 countries of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1973). The United Nations Convention recognizes the sovereign right of coastal states to biological resources in 200 miles of coastal zones. The inviolability of the principle of free navigation has been confirmed (with the exception of territorial waters, the external border of which is established at a 12-mile distance from the coast).

Antarctica rightly called the continent of peace and international cooperation. In 1959, the USSR, USA, England, France, Argentina and a number of other countries signed the Antarctic Treaty, which proclaimed freedom of scientific research, the use of this continent only for peaceful purposes, and determined the international legal regime of Antarctica. New, more stringent measures for the protection of flora and fauna, waste disposal and pollution prevention are reflected in the Protocol signed in October 1991 in Madrid on the basis of international cooperation in Antarctica.

Another major international object of environmental protection - atmospheric air. The efforts of the international community are mainly aimed at preventing and eliminating the transboundary transport of air pollutants and protecting the ozone layer from destruction.

International relations in these matters are regulated by the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, the Montreal and Vienna Agreements on the Ozone Layer, the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (1992) and other agreed documents. A special place among the international conventions and agreements on the protection of the air basin was held by the 1963 Moscow Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Underwater, concluded between the USSR, the USA and England, and other agreements of the 70-90s. on the limitation, reduction and prohibition of tests of nuclear, bacteriological, chemical weapons in various environments and regions. In 1996, the United Nations solemnly signed the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.

For the first time, the basic principles of international environmental cooperation were summarized in the Declaration of the UN Stockholm Conference (1972). In the modern sense, they are set out in the Declaration of the UN conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992). These principles include, inter alia, the following ideas:

People have the right to a healthy and fruitful life in harmony with Nature;

Development for the benefit of the present generation should not be carried out to the detriment of the interests of the development of future generations and to the detriment of the OS;

States have the sovereign right to develop their own resources, but without prejudice to the environment outside their borders;

Eradicating poverty and inequality in living standards in different parts of the world is essential to ensure sustainable growth and meet the needs of the majority of the population;

States cooperate to preserve, protect and restore the integrity of the Earth's ecosystems;

States develop and encourage public awareness and participation by providing broad access to environmental information;

States enact effective national environmental laws;

Environmental policies should not be used to unduly restrict international trade;

In principle, those who pollute the environment should also be financially responsible for this pollution;

States shall notify each other of natural disasters or activities that may have harmful transboundary consequences;

War inevitably has a devastating impact on sustainable development. Peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and inseparable.

International organizations make it possible to unite the environmental activities of interested states, regardless of their political positions, highlighting environmental problems from the totality of all international problems. Russia actively participates in the work of many international environmental organizations.

The UN makes a great contribution to solving the problems of environmental protection. All of its main bodies and specialized agencies are involved in environmental protection.

Specialized UN agencies in the field of environmental protection:

UNEP(United Nations Environment Program) has been operating since 1972 and is the main subsidiary body of the United Nations. Through the Economic and Social Council, UNEP reports annually on its activities to the UN General Assembly.

UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) has existed since 1946 with the aim of promoting peace and international security, cooperation between states in the field of education, science and culture. The most famous area of activity is the scientific program "Man and the Biosphere" (MAB), adopted in 1970.

FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), formed in 1945, deals with food resources and agricultural development to improve the living conditions of the peoples of the world.

WHO(World Health Organization) established in 1946, has the main goal of caring for human health, which is directly related to the protection of the environment.

WMO(World Meteorological Organization) - established as a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1951, whose environmental functions are primarily related to global environmental monitoring, including:

Assessment of transboundary transport of pollutants;

Study of the impact on the ozone layer of the Earth.

The ILO(International Labor Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. Created in 1919 under the League of Nations with the aim of creating safe working conditions and reducing the pollution of the biosphere, which often arises from neglect of the working environment.

The IAEA(International Atomic Energy Agency) was established in 1957. It carries out its activities under an agreement with the UN, but is not its specialized agency. At the end of the 90s, there were several hundred (according to various sources, 200-500) non-governmental international organizations in the world that included environmental protection measures in their activities, and also showed interest in environmental problems.

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature - (from the English. IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature)- created in 1948 in Fontainebleau (France). IUCN's work contributes to the implementation of the Washington Convention on International Trade in Wild Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES). IUCN is the initiator of the Red Data Books.

WWF(World Wildlife Fund) (from the English. WWF- World Wide Fund for Nature)- the largest private international environmental organization, founded in 1961, unites 27 national chapters around the world (the Russian representative office was opened in 1994), as well as about 5 million individual members. The fund's activities are mainly in providing financial support for environmental protection activities; more than 12 million US dollars have already been invested in environmental projects in Russia.

MYO(International Legal Organization), established in 1968, pays great attention to the development of legal issues of protection of the environment.

Roman club(RK) is an international non-governmental organization that has made a significant contribution to studying the prospects for the development of the biosphere and promoting the idea of the need to harmonize relations between Man and Nature. Its main form of activity is the organization of large-scale research on a wide range of issues, mainly in the socio-economic field. The Club of Rome initiated work on the study of problems called "Global Issues".

MES(International Environmental Court) was established on the initiative of lawyers at a conference in Mexico City in November 1994. In the practical environmental activities of the world community, disputes arise that require appropriate competent resolution. The judges include 29 environmental lawyers from 24 countries. Disputes in the International Environmental Court are considered on the principles of an arbitration court. The parties themselves decide to go to court and choose from its composition three or more judges to consider the case, which is conducted on the basis of the international law of the OC, the national legislation of the parties and precedents.

GREENPEACE(Greenpeace- "Green World")- an independent international public organization aimed at preventing environmental degradation, founded in Canada in 1971. It has about 1.5 million members, 1/3 of which are Americans. Greenpeace has the status of a full member or official observer in a number of international conventions for the protection of natural resources; has branches in 32 countries of the world, including in Russia its official representative office has been operating since 1992.

Most international non-governmental organizations are concerned with the protection of certain natural objects or types of natural resources. These include the International Council for the Conservation of Birds, the International Federation for the Conservation of the Alpine Areas, the European Federation for the Conservation of Waters, etc.

The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki, August 1975) with the participation of the countries of Europe, the USA and Canada adopted the Final Act, which reflects the issues of political and environmental security. In order to implement the agreements reached, the following were adopted later:

International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (Brussels, November 29, 1969, as amended on December 18, 1971 and November 19, 1976);

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Means of Influencing the Natural Environment (Geneva, May 18, 1977);

The World Charter for Nature, adopted by the UN General Assembly (October 28, 1981), identified the priority directions of the environmental activities of the international community and contributed to the formation of the environmental policy of states at that time;

Vienna meeting of representatives of the states participating in the Meeting in Helsinki (Vienna, April 22, 1985), which adopted a final document containing, in particular, recommendations: reduce air emissions sulfur by 30% before 1995, as well as hydrocarbons and other pollutants; develop methods for the disposal of hazardous waste, alternative methods of disposal at sea; reduce the production of ozone-depleting substances; conduct research on the role CO 2 in global climate change;

The Montreal meeting (Montreal, September 16, 1987), at which representatives of 98 countries adopted the Agreement (Montreal Protocol) on the phasing out of the serial production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the prohibition of their emission into the atmosphere;

The London meeting (London, June 27-29, 1990), where representatives of almost 60 countries signed an additional (to the Montreal) Protocol demanding to completely stop the production of CFCs by 2000;

UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, June 3-14, 1992), organized to take stock of 20 years of activities since the Stockholm Conference. The Conference was attended by 179 states and more than 30 international organizations; It brought together 114 heads of state, representatives of 1600 non-governmental organizations. Five main documents were discussed and adopted in Rio:

- RIO Declaration on Environment and Development, 27 the principles of which define the rights and obligations of countries in ensuring the development and well-being of the people;

- UN Program of Action "Agenda 21"- a program on how to make development socially, economically and environmentally sustainable;

- Forest Principles Statement, concerning the management, protection and sustainable development of all types of forests vital for economic development and the preservation of all forms of life;

- Framework Convention on Climate Change, the goal of which is to stabilize the concentration of gases causing the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere at levels that will not cause a dangerous imbalance in the planet's climate;

- Convention on Biological Diversity, Demanding that countries take measures to conserve the diversity of living things and ensure that the benefits arising from the use of biological diversity are shared equitably;

The Pan-European Conference of Environment Ministers (Sofia, October 1995) adopted the final documents, the main of which are:

- ministerial declaration;

-ecological program for Europe;

Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto, Japan, December 1997), at which the Protocol to the Convention or the Kyoto Protocol was signed.

International Congress on Sustainable Development ( World Summit on Sustainable Development), 26.08 - 04.09.2002, Johannesburg, South Africa.

The upbringing and education of young people is a priority direction in the development of any society, regardless of the political system and economic formations. The global ecological crisis of the modern technological civilization, which has matured on the threshold of the third millennium, is forcing mankind to create a system of continuous ecological education and training, the result of which would be the formation of ecological thinking - the ability to assess the results of one's activities in terms of impact on Nature. At the same time, not only each immediate (momentary) impact should be assessed, but also their long-term consequences affecting subsequent generations.

Environmental education for young people should begin in the family, continue in childcare facilities (kindergartens, etc.), schools and universities. In accordance with the modern Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, environmental education, education and enlightenment are recognized as one of the means of implementing the state environmental policy of our country.

Kazakhstan's participation in international environmental cooperation is an integral element of its environmental policy. The active participation of Kazakhstan in the work on international programs, projects and conventions contributes, on the one hand, to the country's inclusion in the global process of environmental activities, and on the other hand, Kazakhstan becomes an equal member of the world community and has the right to receive technical and financial assistance from developed countries.

The Government and UNDP have developed a Framework for Cooperation on Sustainable Development for 2000-2004. An integral part of the cooperation framework for sustainable development is the program support document Kaz / 00/005 / A / 01/99 - “Institutional Strengthening for Sustainable Development”. The goal of the Cooperation Framework is to contribute to effective environmental management, which is a condition for improving the environment, reducing conflicts and poverty, and ensuring sustainable development. The implementation of the Program will also help to remove barriers to intersectoral and intradisciplinary cooperation aimed at sustainable development. It will facilitate the involvement and participation of Kazakhstan in regional initiatives aimed at environmental management and sustainable development.

The “Framework for Cooperation” follows from the Framework Program of the main directions of cooperation with Kazakhstan. As part of UNDP's corporate policy, the Framework for Cooperation adheres to its mandate and the traditional directions in which UNDP can provide support. Activities under the Program integrate the current commitments of UNDP, reflect the policies and priorities of the Government.

Achieving the goal of the Program "Institutional Strengthening for Sustainable Development" is associated with the solution of the following tasks:

1. Analysis, assessment and support of procedures for the implementation of international conventions on the environment.

2. Analysis of environmental institutions and administrative frameworks. Recommendations for improving and strengthening capabilities for environmental management.

3. Overcoming cross-sectoral barriers to cooperation for sustainable development. Support for the development of the Kazakhstan Agenda 21.

4. Regional cooperation on environmental management and sustainable development.

The state of affairs related to the solution of the problem under international environmental conventions is currently as follows. The UNEP Executive Committee has been established, which includes representatives from all sectors of civil society.

Together with international experts, a review “Environmental Performance in the Republic of Kazakhstan” was prepared and published. The priority direction of the implementation of environmental policy in the field of international cooperation is the accession of our country to international conventions and agreements, followed by the adoption of practical measures to implement their provisions. In 2001, the Republic of Kazakhstan became a Party to the following international environmental agreements:

Aarhus Convention Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters.

Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context.

Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents.

Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes.

Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution.

Proposals for Kazakhstan's accession to the Copenhagen and Montreal amendments, the Protocol on Water and Health "to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes have been submitted to the Expert Council for Cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan with International Organizations.

The Government is considering a package of ratification documents for the Basel Convention. A package of ratification documents for the Bonn Convention is being coordinated with ministries and departments. The Global Environment Facility has provided funding for the projects of the Ozone Depleting Substances Removal Program (US $ 3.9 million) and supporting activities under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (US $ 0.5 million). The national report of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the implementation of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification was considered and approved by the Secretariat of the Convention and a special Working Group.

By focusing their efforts on a consolidated Institutional Strengthening Program for Sustainable Development, which includes interlinked activities at the policy and institutional levels, the Government and UNDP are supporting environmental projects. An important condition for the implementation of environmental projects is to attract international investment and grants. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection organized and held a number of meetings, seminars and donor conferences to attract potential donors, interested organizations, departments and enterprises to environmental projects. The country gets the opportunity to introduce new modern technologies into production, develop non-traditional types of energy production, and modernize production. Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period 1997-2009. To solve environmental problems and within the framework of international environmental conventions, funds from international organizations and donor countries have been attracted for environmental projects in the amount of more than US $ 100 million.

The funds raised made it possible to solve a number of transboundary and socio-ecological problems of the Aral Sea and the Caspian regions, contained in the National Program for the Development and Rendering of Humanitarian Aid to the Population of the Aral Sea Basin, the Kazakhstani Program for the Development of the Caspian Sea Region. They were also used to fulfill the country's obligations under international environmental conventions - on climate change, under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, on biodiversity conservation and combating desertification. In addition, by participating in the implementation of projects, the Republic gained access to a significant amount of scientific, methodological and technological information. Currently, the MEP projects to address the most pressing environmental problems are at various stages of implementation. Active work is underway on a group of projects and, with the help of donors, the stage of developing a feasibility study has begun or is already being completed.

Environmental projects are developed jointly with donor organizations and are at various stages: from the development of technical specifications to implementation.

International cooperation on projects of the Caspian, Aral regions and the territory of the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site:

Aral region. The following projects are expected to be implemented in the Aral region:

1. "Water supply, sanitation and health care of the settlements of the Kyzylorda region."

2. "Water supply of the city of Aralsk, Kyzylorda region"

3. "Pilot water supply project for Kazalinka / Novokazalinsk, Kyzylorda region".

4. “Regulation of the river bed. Syr Darya and the northern part of the Aral Sea ”.

The goal of the project is to ensure public health by improving water supply and sanitation systems. The project covers the territories of the region most affected by the Aral Sea crisis.

The overall coordination of activities in the field of environmental protection and sustainable development in the region is entrusted to the Interstate Commission for Sustainable Development (ICSD), which is the working body of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS).

Since 2000, when the chairmanship in the Commission was rotated by Kazakhstan, the activities of the Commission have significantly intensified. Currently, the object of coordination of the ICSD is the Aral Sea Basin Rehabilitation Program and a number of regional projects. The preparation of regional plans for the sustainable development of mountainous areas, to combat desertification, to develop a network of reserves and national parks, as well as a Regional Action Plan for Environmental Protection, designed to consolidate the management of regional activities in Central Asia.

ICSD cooperates with many international donors - UNDP, GEF, UNEP, WB, GEF, TACIS, German KFV Fund, Kuwait Fund for Economic Development of Arab Countries, ADB, EBRD, USAID.

Caspian region.

The Caspian Environmental Program (CEP) was developed by the Governments of the five Caspian states (Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan) with the participation of international organizations (GEF, UNDP, UNEP, World Bank, TACIS). As part of the main activities of the Caspian Environmental Program:

The structure of the draft National Caspian Action Plan has been developed and a working group has been created to prepare it. The draft text of the Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea is being negotiated.

The territory of the former Semipalatinsk nuclear test site.

Within the framework of international cooperation between Great Britain and the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the project "Sustainable Land Use Strategy" has been completed. The project budget was 601 thousand pounds ($ 900,000). A complex of agricultural surveys was carried out in the southern part of the landfill with an area of 3-4 thousand sq. km 2 provided with a radiological examination. Kazakhstani partners are KIO NPTszem, INP and IRBE NNC RK. The projects “Environmental Monitoring” and “Purification of Groundwater from Aviation Fuel Pollution” have been accepted for consideration by the TACIS program.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the IAEA have prepared an appeal to donors on the allocation of funds for the completion of the project "Complete Radiological Assessment of the Landfill" , however, the appeal was not sent out for some unknown reason.

Kazakhstan is a member of the Interstate Ecological Council of the CIS countries. The Republic of Kazakhstan, guided by the needs of a multi-vector policy within the framework of the Eurasian concept, is actively cooperating with European structures. Since 1997 Kazakhstan, along with other CIS countries, participates in the Program of the European Economic Commission (UNECE) "Environment for Europe", was the executor of the Program for 2001-2003. for the countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS. Active cooperation within the framework of the TACIS program is carried out with the countries of the Common Market, which provide mainly technical assistance in the field of environmental protection. Kazakhstan participated in the preparation of the UNEP Global Environmental Outlook, which contains an analysis of global environmental protection activities.

Conclusions:

Thus, international cooperation in solving global problems of interaction between society and nature is an objective need of the era, a condition for the existence and progress of mankind. The prerequisite for international cooperation in solving global problems is primarily the biosphere itself, its unity, which requires joint actions both when influencing it and when protecting it. Kazakhstan is preparing an agreement on cooperation with other countries and is participating in a number of interstate programs.

International cooperation of states in various fields. Anti-corruption. We start with politics

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