World politics and international relations. Globalization of political processes. Presentation "International Relations of Russia
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In accordance with the decision of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the CIS member states dated March 26, 2010, on the basis of a letter from the Department of General Education of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated December 13, 2010 No. 03-390, it was recommended in December 2010 - January 2011 to conduct in general education institutions lessons (class hours) dedicated to the Commonwealth of Independent States. Week of the Unified Class Hour Today, in a modern school, an important role in the development of a child is given to socialization - the assimilation of moral norms and rules, patterns of behavior necessary for the development of positive personality traits. A necessary part of personality development is the education of love for the native country, for its laws and symbols. Therefore, the key tasks of the class hour were: based on the knowledge gained by schoolchildren at the previous stage, to expand their understanding of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the symbols of each state and the legal framework, the role of the CIS in the international arena, and the economic interaction of the CIS member states; promote the development of respect for social norms and values, for the laws and symbols of the CIS member states.
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Goals and objectives of a single lesson Purpose: To show students the importance of cooperation between the countries that are members of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the spiritual, economic, political and social spheres Tasks: To acquaint students with the history of the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, with the achievements of the CIS countries in various spheres of public life. To form a meaningful attitude to the intercultural and interethnic problems of modern society. Cultivate a tolerant, humane attitude and respect for national differences, the desire for cultural interaction
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What is CIS? The CIS stands for the Commonwealth of Independent States, which was formed on December 8, 1991 in the Belarusian capital of Minsk. Initially, the CIS included the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Ukraine and Belarus. Later, other allied states joined them: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The most recent state to join the CIS was Georgia. The CIS was created for cooperation between countries in many areas: politics, economics, culture, science, etc.
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The history of the creation of the CIS December 8, 1991 - in Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus) the leaders of Russia - President B. Yeltsin and State Secretary G. Burbulis, Ukraine - President L. Kravchuk and Prime Minister V. Fokin and Belarus - Chairman of the Supreme Council of the BSSR S. Shushkevich and Chairman of the Council of Ministers V. Kebich announced the termination of the USSR "as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality." The formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, open for accession by former members of the Union and other states, was announced, and an agreement was signed on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The Agreement formulates the main directions and principles of cooperation, defines the scope of joint activities, implemented on an equal basis through the coordinating structures of the Commonwealth. The contracting parties undertook to guarantee all the norms arising for them from treaties and agreements of the former USSR.
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Member states of the organization According to the current Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the founder states of the organization are those states that, by the time the Charter was adopted, had signed and ratified the Agreement on the Establishment of the CIS of December 8, 1991 and the Protocol to this Agreement of December 21, 1991. Member states of the Commonwealth are those founding states that have assumed obligations arising from the Charter within 1 year after its adoption by the Council of Heads of State. To join the organization, a potential member must share the goals and principles of the CIS, accepting the obligations contained in the Charter, and also obtain the consent of all member states. In addition, the Charter provides for the categories of associate members (these are states participating in certain types of activities of the organization, on the terms determined by the associate membership agreement) and observers (these are states whose representatives may attend meetings of the Commonwealth bodies by decision of the Council of Heads of State). The current Charter regulates the procedure for the withdrawal of a member state from the Commonwealth. To do this, the Member State must notify in writing the depositary of the Constitution 12 months prior to withdrawal. At the same time, the state is obliged to fully fulfill the obligations that arose during the period of participation in the Charter.
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The main stages in the development of the CIS On December 11, 1991, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia announced their accession to the CIS. On December 13, 1991, at the initiative of the President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev, a meeting of the heads of Kazakhstan and 4 republics of Central Asia took place in Ashgabat. They also agreed to join the CIS, but on condition of absolute equality with the parties that signed the Belovezhskaya agreements. On December 21, 1991, in Alma-Ata, the heads of 9 republics: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine signed the Declaration on the Formation of the Commonwealth of Sovereign States. Later, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova joined them - in total, 12 of the 15 republics that were part of the USSR joined the CIS. At subsequent meetings of their leaders, the Councils of Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Defense, the Coordinating and Consultative Committee, the Collective Security Council, etc. were created. The Inter-Parliamentary Assembly was formed. Unlike the former union bodies, they did not have power functions, but could only coordinate the interests of the republics. On January 22, 1993, the Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States was adopted in Minsk. The Charter of the Commonwealth defines the conditions for membership of states in the CIS, formulates the goals and principles of interstate cooperation, interaction in the economic, social and legal fields, in the field of inter-parliamentary relations, and fixes the sovereign equality of all its members.
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State Date of ratification of the Agreement establishing the CIS (8 December 1991) Date of ratification of the Protocol to the Agreement establishing the CIS (21 December 1991) Date of ratification of the CIS Charter Azerbaijan not signed 24 September 1993 14 December 1993 Armenia 18 February 1992 18 February 1992 16 March 1994 Belarus 10 December 1991 10 December 1991 18 January 1994 Kazakhstan 23 December 19991 December 231991 April 61994 Kyrgyzstan was not signed on March 61992 April 12 April 81994 27 June1994 Russia December 12, 19991 December 12, 1991 July 201993 Tajikistan was not signed on June 261993 4 August1993 Turkmenistan not signed on December 261991 not signed Uzbekistan 4 January1992 4 January 1981991 December 10, 1991 not signed Georgia not signed December 3, 1993 April 19, 1994
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Main stages of development of the CIS In September 1993, the heads of state of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed the Treaty on the Establishment of the Economic Union, which laid down the concept of transforming economic interaction within the Commonwealth of Independent States, taking into account the realities that had developed in it. In March 1994, the UN General Assembly granted the Commonwealth of Independent States observer status. The key stages on the way to the formation of the CIS were the conclusion of the Agreement on the establishment of a free trade zone on April 15, 1994, as well as the Agreement on the establishment of the Interstate Economic Committee as a permanent body of the Economic Union, and the Agreement on the establishment of the Payments Union of the CIS Member States on October 21, 1994. Subsequently, the development of the CIS was characterized by the creation of interstate subregional structures, bodies responsible for resolving special issues on the regional agenda, the further development of the regulatory framework of the Commonwealth, and the creation of coordinating interdepartmental supranational organizations.
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What countries are part of the CIS? The countries that united in the CIS used to be part of the USSR, then separated, and then united again, but already as part of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The CIS includes the following countries: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and Russia. The CIS also included Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Turkmenistan is a member of the CIS as an observer. The capital of this country is Ashgabat. The population density in Turkmenistan is 9.6 people per square kilometer. The main languages of Turkmenistan are Russian and Turkmen. The main religion in this country is Islam.
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Members of the CIS - 11 states Working language - Russian Executive Secretary - Sergey Lebedev (RF) Country Chairman (RF) Education - December 8, 1991 Population 273,006,000 Official website of the CIS - http://cis.minsk.by/
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Statutory goals and activities of the CIS implementation of cooperation in the political, economic, environmental, humanitarian, cultural and other fields; comprehensive and balanced economic and social development of the participating states within the framework of the common economic space, interstate cooperation and integration; development of an equal and mutually beneficial partnership in the economic sphere through the formation of a free trade zone; ensuring human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with generally recognized norms of international law and OSCE documents; cooperation between the participating states in ensuring international peace and security, the implementation of effective measures to reduce the arms race and military spending, the elimination of nuclear and other types of WMD, the achievement of general and complete disarmament; achieving closer cooperation between the CIS states with the UN and other international organizations in the field of settling international conflicts; assistance to citizens of the participating states in free communication, contacts and movement in the Commonwealth; mutual legal assistance and cooperation in other areas of legal relations; pooling forces and means in the fight against organized crime, international terrorism and other manifestations of extremism; peaceful resolution of disputes and conflicts between members of the Commonwealth.
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The governing bodies of the CIS The interaction of countries within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States is carried out through its coordinating institutions: the Council of Heads of State, the Council of Heads of Government, the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, the Executive Committee, etc.
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Council of Heads of State The Council of Heads of State, as the supreme body of the Commonwealth, discusses and resolves any fundamental issues of the Commonwealth related to the common interests of the member states. The Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth makes decisions at its meetings concerning: amending the Charter of the CIS; creating new or abolishing existing bodies of the Commonwealth; optimization of the CIS structure; improving the activities of the Commonwealth bodies; hearing reports on the activities of the CIS bodies; appointment (approval) of the heads of bodies within its competence; delegation of powers to lower bodies; approval of regulations on the bodies of the CIS, referred to its competence.
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Council of Heads of Governments The Council of Heads of Governments of the CIS coordinates the cooperation of executive authorities in the economic, social and other areas of common interests of the CIS member countries. The Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth decides on the following issues: implementation of the instructions of the Council of Heads of State given to the Council of Heads of Government; implementation of the provisions fixed in the Treaty on the Establishment of the Economic Union, as well as the practical functioning of the free trade zone; adoption of joint programs for the development of industry, agriculture and other sectors of the economy and their financing; development of transport, communications, energy systems, cooperation in tariff, credit, financial and tax policy; development of mechanisms aimed at the formation of scientific and technological space; creation of Commonwealth bodies within its competence; appointments (approvals) of the heads of the Commonwealth bodies, referred to its competence; financial support for the activities of the Commonwealth bodies.
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The governing bodies of the CIS The Council of Foreign Ministers of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CMFA) was established by the Decision of the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of September 24, 1993 to coordinate foreign policy activities. Interparliamentary Assembly The Interparliamentary Assembly of States Members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (IPA) was formed on March 27, 1992 on the basis of the Alma-Ata Agreement signed by the heads of the parliaments of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The Assembly was established as an advisory institution to discuss issues and consider draft documents of mutual interest.
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Russia Russia is the largest state in the world, occupying a significant part of Europe and Asia, and one of the three countries that is washed by the seas of three oceans at once: the Baltic and Black Seas of the Atlantic Ocean; Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi seas of the Arctic Ocean; Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese Seas of the Pacific Ocean.
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Moldova Moldova is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe. The country takes its name from the Moldova River in Romania. The origin of the name of the river is not known for certain, there are two main versions: a) the waters of the river were used for quarrying of minerals, and "molde" is the German term for such mining; b) the name came from the Goth language, in which "mulda" means dust. Moldova is part of the CIS.
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Ukraine Ukraine is a state in Eastern Europe; in the south it is washed by the Azov and Black seas. The name "Ukraine" apparently came either from the Slavic "border territory" (outskirts), or from "country" (land). Also, perhaps the first syllable "uk" is a distorted "south". Ukraine is part of the CIS.
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The territory of the state is 33.7 thousand sq. km. The population as of 01.01.2003 is 3 million 618.5 thousand people. The capital of Moldova is the city of Chisinau. In accordance with the Constitution adopted on July 29, 1994, the Republic of Moldova is a sovereign and independent, united and indivisible state. On July 27, 2000, the law on the introduction of a parliamentary form of government in the Republic of Moldova came into force. In accordance with the amendments to the Constitution, the country introduced a parliamentary form of government. The president remains the head of state, but he retains mainly representative functions. The President, in particular, is deprived of the right to initiate the procedure for amending the Constitution, the right to appoint judges of the Constitutional Court. The law provides for the election of the President in Parliament. On September 17, 2009, the Constitutional Court of Moldova officially recognized the interim performance of the duties of the President of the Republic of Moldova by the Chairman of the Parliament, Mihai Ghimpu.
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Belarus is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe. The territory of the country is flat, the eastern part is located on the Central Russian Upland. The highest point is Mount Dzerzhinskaya, 345 m. There are about 11,000 lakes in Belarus, a large number of rivers (the largest: the Dnieper, the Western Dvina, the Neman, the Western Bug, the Pripyat, the Sozh, the Berezina). Belarus is part of the CIS.
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Kazakhstan is a large state in Central Asia. Almost the entire territory of the country is occupied by plains (steppes, semi-deserts, deserts), with the exception of the center of the country, where the destroyed mountains of the Kazakh hills and the east with the Tien Shan, Altai and Dzungarian Alatau ranges are located. In the east, there is also the highest point of the country - Khan-Tengri peak, 6995 m. The largest rivers are the Irtysh, Syrdarya, Ural, Ili, Ishym, Tobol. Kazakhstan has access to the Caspian and Aral Seas (which, in fact, are lakes); There are many other large lakes on the territory of the country: Balkhash, Zaisan, Sassykol, Alakol, Kamystybas, Tengiz and others. The name of the country comes from the people, its inhabitant (Kazakhs) and the Persian suffix -stan, meaning "land" - i.e. "Land of the Kazakhs". Kazakhstan is part of the CIS.
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The Republic of Azerbaijan occupies the southeastern part of the Caucasian isthmus and occupies an area of over 86.6 thousand square meters. km. The population of the Republic of Azerbaijan as of May 1, 2004 is 8 million 289 thousand people. The capital is the city of Baku. Azerbaijan includes the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. According to the Constitution adopted on November 12, 1995, the Azerbaijani state is a democratic, legal, secular, unitary republic with a presidential form of government. The head of state is the President, he also has executive power. The President is elected for a term of 5 years. Legislative power is exercised by the Milli Majlis, which is elected for a five-year term. The President of the Republic of Azerbaijan is Aliyev Ilham Heydarovich.
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The Republic of Armenia occupies an area of 29.8 thousand square meters. km, the population as of 01.01.2003 is 3 million 210.8 thousand people. The capital of Armenia is the city of Yerevan. According to the Constitution adopted on July 5, 1995, the Republic of Armenia is a sovereign democratic, social, legal state. The legislative body of the Republic of Armenia is the National Assembly, which consists of 131 deputies. The term of office of the National Assembly is 4 years. The head of state and executive power is the President, who is elected for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the Government, which consists of the Prime Minister and ministers. The President of the Republic of Armenia is Serzh Azatovich Sargsyan.
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Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked state in Central Asia. "Kyrgyzstan", apparently, came from the Persian "land of forty tribes." Kyrgyzstan is part of the CIS.
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The territory of the state is about 200 thousand square kilometers. The population as of 01.01.2003 is 5 million 012.5 thousand people. The capital of the state is the city of Bishkek. The Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan), according to the Constitution adopted on May 5, 1993, is a sovereign, unitary, democratic republic built on the principles of a legal, secular state. On February 2, 2003, a referendum was held. The majority of voters approved and signed by the President A. Akaev Law No. 40 dated February 18, 2003 "On the new version of the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic. The President is the head of state. He is elected for a five-year term. Parliament - the Jogorku Kenesh, is a permanent supreme representative body. The Jogorku Kenesh exercises legislative power, as well as control functions.He is elected for five years.The executive power in Kyrgyzstan is exercised by the Government, subordinate ministries, state committees, administrative departments, other executive authorities and local state administration.President of the Kyrgyz Republic - Roza Isakovna Otunbayeva .
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The territory of the state is 447.4 thousand square meters. km. The population as of 01.01.2001 is 24 million 916.4 thousand people. The capital of Uzbekistan - the city of Tashkent - is one of the largest cities in the east. In accordance with the Constitution adopted on December 8, 1992, Uzbekistan is a sovereign democratic republic. The highest state representative body is the Oliy Majlis, which exercises legislative power. The Oliy Majlis is elected for 5 years. The President is the head of state and executive power, and at the same time the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers. The President is elected for a term of five years. The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan is Karimov Islam Abduganievich.
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The territory of Turkmenistan is 488.1 thousand square meters. km. The population as of May 1, 2004 is 6 million 385.7 thousand people. The capital is the city of Ashgabat. Turkmenistan was proclaimed an independent state in October 1991 as a result of a national referendum. According to the Constitution adopted on May 18, 1992, Turkmenistan is a democratic legal and secular state. State government is carried out in the form of a presidential republic. The President is the head of state and executive power, the highest official of Turkmenistan. The highest representative body of people's power is the Halk maslahaty (People's Council) of Turkmenistan. The Mejlis (Parliament) is the legislative body of Turkmenistan. The Cabinet of Ministers is an executive and administrative body. The President heads the Cabinet of Ministers. The President of Turkmenistan is Gurbanguly Myalikgulyevich Berdimuhamedov.
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Each nation creates and respects its own national-state symbols. The unity of culture and history of each country is built on the common language of its symbols. Each element of state symbols has the deepest meaning. These symbols reflect the history of the origin of the state, its structure, its goals, principles, national and other traditions, features of the economy and nature. Turning to state symbols, it is important to understand that in addition to its official elements approved as such - the emblem, flag, anthem, there are other significant symbols for each state - the Constitution, the President, historical monuments, etc.
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Questions Why do we need a coat of arms? Why is a flag needed? Where can I see the image of the flag and coat of arms? Name the colors of the National Flag of your country, compare with the colors of the flags of other states.
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Coat of arms and flag At all times, color was given a special meaning. White is peace and purity of conscience, red is fire and courage, blue is the sky, fidelity and truth, green is natural wealth. The colors of the State flags are associated with folk ideas about beauty. White, red colors have long been used in national folk costumes. Shirts were sewn from white linen, elegant sundresses and other clothes were made from red fabric. In the folk art of the Slavic peoples, white and red colors have a special meaning: white is a symbol of purity, and red is a symbol of life. The blue color resembles the color of the sky, which means it symbolizes high and pure. The green color symbolizes the natural heritage. That is why these colors were often used by peasants for their clothing and decoration of their homes. We also notice these colors in architecture, for example, white cathedrals and red walls, towers and an elegant combination of blue and white in the decoration of temples. Guests and tourists coming from other states see the State Flag and the State Emblem on the border. We also see the coat of arms on the banknotes of countries, on seals confirming the authenticity of important documents.
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The anthem of the country is a solemn song or melody that is performed on special, solemn occasions, during national holidays, the raising of the State Flag, solemn meetings, during military rituals and sports competitions. When the anthem of any country is played, people stand up, men take off their hats. This shows respect for the country whose anthem sounds. Remember the Olympic Games. When our athletes win gold medals, the anthem of our country is played and the flag of our state is understood. Every morning in our country begins with the National Anthem, which is played on the radio.
Main themes
Main themes
course
Main themes
Main themes
course
Main themes
Main themes
course
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
This is a sub-regional international organization, which includes 6 states - Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (June 15, 2001).
The total territory of the states is 61% of the territory of Eurasia, the demographic potential is 1/4 of the world's population. The official languages are Russian and Chinese.
Headquarters in Beijing.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
The goal of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is to stabilize the situation in Central Asia, strengthen friendship and good neighborliness between the participating states, and develop cooperation in the political, economic, scientific and other fields.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
The main tasks of the SCO
- maintaining peace and stability in the region,
-development of trade and economic cooperation.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
Confidence building agreements in the military field in the border area (1996).
Agreements on the mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area (1997).
Declaration on the Maintenance and Ensuring of Peace, Security and Stability in Wed. Asia, as well as the development of cooperation in the political, trade, economic, scientific, technical, cultural, educational, energy, transport, and environmental fields (2001).
Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism (2001).
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
The main documents and agreements of the SCO:
The Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Agreement between the SCO Member States on the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure and the Declaration of the Heads of State of the SCO Member States (2002).
Agreements defining the procedure for the work of the main bodies of the SCO, the mechanism for forming the budget and other issues related to the current work of various divisions of the SCO (2003).
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
The main bodies and structure of the SCO:
1. Council of Heads of State - annual SCO summits in the capitals of the participating countries.
3. Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (CMFA). Anticipates high-level meetings, coordinates the positions of the participants and prepares key documents for signing by the heads of state.
4. Meetings of heads of ministries and departments are held on a regular basis.
5. Secretariat (Beijing) - number up to 40 people.
6. Regional antiterrorist structure (RATS) (Bishkek).
Group of countries GUUAM
GUUAM
Group of countries GUUAM
On October 10, 1997, during the Council of Europe summit in Strasbourg, the presidents of these states (excluding Uzbekistan) held a meeting to discuss the creation of a GUAM political consultative forum.
On April 24, 1999, Uzbekistan joined GUAM at the NATO Washington Summit.
At the "millennium summit" in 2000 in New York, it was announced that GUUAM would become an international organization.
Group of countries GUUAM
GUUAM was structured at the Yalta summit in 2001:
the supreme body of GUUAM is named the annual meeting of the bloc's heads of state;
the working body is the committee of national coordinators.
The statutory document of GUUAM, the Yalta Charter, was adopted.
Group of countries GUUAM
The main economic component of GUUAM is assistance in the direction of the US energy policy in the Caspian region and Central Asia, ensuring its own state national interests, counteracting Russian influence, blocking Iran ...
Group of countries GUUAM
G+U+U+A+M
Multilateral regulation is a relatively new phenomenon in the history of world relations.
The history of the formation of multilateral regulation in international relations
The history of the formation of multilateral regulation in international relations
The history of the formation of multilateral regulation in international relations
The history of the formation of multilateral regulation in international relations
Since the 1970s, an intensive process of forming a common legal space has begun. This was largely facilitated by the activities carried out under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT-1947), aimed at establishing the compatibility of national systems for regulating foreign trade.
GATT is a system of deterring unilateral actions, maintaining a normal climate in international trade relations.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GATT
GATT Functions:
implementation of multilaterally agreed rules governing the conduct of governments in international trade;
acting as a forum for trade negotiations aimed at liberalizing trade and making it more predictable;
fulfillment of the role of an international court resolving world economic disputes and conflict situations.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GATT
During the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations (1993), an agreement was adopted to establish the World Trade Organization (WTO), of which GATT is becoming a part.
On January 1, 1995, the GATT was structurally included in the WTO, but after joining the WTO, it largely retains its autonomy.
The WTO came into force on January 1, 1995.
Main activities:
monitoring the adoption and application of multilateral trade agreements;
serving as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations;
settlement of trade disputes between member countries;
monitoring the trade policy of countries;
collection, study and provision of information on the development and use of international trade mechanisms.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
International relations International relations are an integral part of
part of modern world society. This
the sphere of public relations is extraordinary
important for the all-round development of the whole country.
Interaction between states, as well as
such a serious aspect as foreign policy -
this is a rather capacious and difficult topic, but in this
presentation project, I will still try
reveal it.
The need for international relations
International relationshipsThe need for international
relations
The need for international relations
can
consider in a simple but illustrative example.
Natural
resources
Precious
metals
State State State
A
B
C
Intellectual
resource and
technologies In figure 1, we see three states with resources in different
quantitative ratios. State A has a large number
resources, but it clearly lacks others. State B is dominated by high
technology, other indicators, however, lag behind. In turn, state C
has precious metals in abundance, and few other resources.
If each state shares with each other the abundance of its
resources, in exchange for the missing ones, then you get something like this picture
Natural
resources
Precious
metals
intellectual
th resource and
technologies
Spheres of interaction between states
Economicinternational legal
cultural
Military-strategic
Political
Economic sphere
This area includes:international division of labor;
exchange of scientific and technical results;
international production cooperation;
international trade;
information, monetary and financial and
credit links between countries;
the movement of capital and labor;
activities of international economic
organizations, economic cooperation in
solving global problems.
International legal sphere
The international legal mechanism allows participantsprotect your interests;
prevent conflicts;
resolve disputes;
maintain peace and security in the interests of all peoples.
International legal
relationship
wear
universal character and are based on the system
generally accepted principles. In addition to the generally recognized
norms,
governing
all
kinds
international
relations, there are specific rules
which govern their special directions
(diplomatic law, maritime commercial law,
international arbitration, court, etc.).
Military-strategic sphere
The military-strategic sphere is extensivesphere of international relations, one way or another
related
With
direct
or
indirect
creation, development, redistribution
military force
cultural sphere
This relationship is based onprocesses:
internationalization of public life;
interpenetration and enrichment of cultures;
education systems;
the rapid development of the media.
V
most
his
basic
meaning
v
their
development
have
non-governmental organizations.
Political sphere
Politicalsphere
includes
processes
development, adoption and implementation of decisions,
affecting the interests of the world community.
national interest
Foreign policynational interest
Since the policy
intended for
implementation
interests, then external
policy implements
national interest
national interest
Morgenthau divided into
permanent and
transient.
Morgenthau, Hans (1904-1979) -
American political scientist
recognized founder and head
schools of pragmatism and political
realism, leading
US theorist
foreign policy issues. Permanent
transient
territory defense,
population, state
institutions from external
interests of the survival of the nation and
danger
states
development of foreign trade
security and
growth
welfare of society
investment
peripheral, local
protection of private capital for
interests
border
relationship with
allies
external course selection
Types of foreign policy
In pursuit of their national interests, statesoperate differently in the international arena.
Morgenthau
politicians:
highlights
three
basic
models
on the
external
1.
Politics,
oriented
conservation of power.
preservation,
2.
A policy focused on the accumulation of power
powers and increasing power.
3.
Show of force policy.
Foreign policy functions
protectiveand I
information representation
Regulatory
Protective
Associated with the protection of the rights and interests of a given country and itscitizens abroad. The implementation is aimed at
prevention of a threat to a given state, on
search for a peaceful political solution to the emerging
controversial issues.
A threat to the state may be:
territorial claims from neighbors
support for opposition movements in their own
country from another state.
The institutions contributing to this function are
embassies, consulates, representative offices, etc.
Information and representation
information representationThe foreign policy authorities inform their
government about the intentions of other governments,
provide contacts of this state with
other parties. These bodies analyze
emerging situation. As a result, it is possible
assume error-free decision making.
Regulatory
Actions aimed at finding profitable contactsand creation of favorable foreign policy conditions
for the activities of the state. Of great importance
activities of the central bodies of foreign policy
(Ministry of Foreign Affairs, embassies, etc.).
Foreign policy tools
informationalbut propagandists
cues
Political
Economic
Military
Outreach
Outreachpropaganda
funds include all
arsenal
contemporary
funds
mass
information, propaganda and agitation, which
are used
for
fortifications
authority
states
on the
international
arena,
contribute to the credibility of
allies and potential partners. Via
media is formed in
positive in the eyes of the world community
image of their state, a feeling of sympathy for
him, and, if necessary, antipathy and
condemnation towards other states.
Often propaganda tools are used,
to disguise certain interests and
intentions.
Political
Basictool
–
it
diplomacy.
Diplomacy is carried out in the form of negotiations,
visits, special conferences and meetings,
meetings, preparation and conclusion of bilateral and
multilateral agreements, diplomatic
correspondence, participation in the work of international
organizations.
Economic
Usageeconomic
capacity
given
country
for
achievements
foreign policy goals, it is important
economic power of the country.
Military
To the military means of foreign policy adoptedto attribute the military power of the state, which
includes the army, its size and quality
weapons, morale, availability
military bases, possession of nuclear weapons.
Military means can be used as
means of direct influence, and indirect. TO
the first are wars, interventions, blockades. Co.
the second is the testing of new types of weapons, exercises,
maneuvers, threat of force
Conclusion
During the projectI tried in short
easily accessible and simple form to consider
main aspects of such a large topic as
international relations, and in particular
aspects of foreign policy. Goal set
successfully achieved. International trade - system
international commodity-money relations,
made up of the foreign trade of all countries
peace.
Monetary and credit relations - financial
relations between subjects of different countries, i.e.
residents and non-residents.
National interests are objectively significant
goals and objectives of the state as a whole.
Diplomacy is a means of implementing foreign
state policy, which is
set of practical activities,
techniques and methods applied taking into account
specific conditions and the nature of the tasks to be solved
Basis for Cooperation Agreement on Trade and Cooperation between the EU and the USSR (25 June 1988) Partnership and Cooperation Agreements (“PCA”) (signed in June 1994, entered into force on 1 December 1997 due to the events in Chechnya). : EU Collective Strategy towards Russia (June 4, 1999). Strategy for the development of relations between the Russian Federation and the EU for the medium term (years), (November 22, 1999). The idea of creating "four common spaces"
Agreement on trade and cooperation between the EU and the USSR On June 25, 1988, after 15 years of negotiations, an agreement was concluded, the agreement was rather symbolic, it included the areas of trade, as well as scientific research, communications in the field of transport, the environment
Signed in June 1994, entered into force on 1 December 1997 due to the events in Chechnya Economic links: 1. asymmetry between the level of customs duties levied by the Community and the average level of duties adopted in Russia 2. foreign investment in Russia remains very weak Political dialogue: 1. Provisions related to human rights: introduction of a re-consultation procedure in case of difficulties or conflicting interpretations of the human rights situation of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (“PCA”)
EU Collective Strategy towards Russia Cologne, June 3-4, 1999 EUROPEAN COUNCIL Three sets of interrelated problems: a) Russia's status as an independent center of a multipolar world; b) cooperation and partnership between the Russian Federation and the EU directly on a bilateral basis; c) to their joint representation, interaction in the outside world as a partnership precisely between the Russian Federation and the EU. the country wishes to retain the right to independently determine its domestic and foreign policy
November 22, 1999 It is noted that the partnership will be built on a mutually beneficial basis. The task of joining the Russian Federation to the EU is not set. The Russian Federation must retain the freedom to determine and conduct its domestic and foreign policy. During this period, the partnership of the Russian Federation with the EU can be expressed in joint efforts to create a collective security system in Europe, in activities to create a free trade zone, in a high level of mutual trust and cooperation. Goals in the military-political field: 1. Ensuring European security by the forces of the Europeans themselves without isolation from the US and NATO, but also without the latter's monopoly on the continent. 2. Practical cooperation with Russia in the field of security (peacekeeping), crisis management, various aspects of arms limitation and reduction. 3. Military-technical cooperation, taking into account the prospect of creating a European "defense identity", preventing and eliminating local conflicts and crime in Europe. Strategy for the development of relations between the Russian Federation and the EU for the medium term (gg.).
Four Security Spaces 31 May 2003 a common economic space; common space of freedom, security and justice; space for cooperation in the field of external security; space for scientific research and education, including cultural aspects
"Roadmap" for the common economic space 1) General issues of trade and economic cooperation: a) development of harmonized and compatible standards, regulations and procedures for assessing the conformity of goods b) Improving the legislative and enforcement systems for the protection of intellectual property rights in order to increase competitiveness and improve the investment climate through convergence of regulatory systems with the best international standards and agreements c) Improving the investment climate, promoting and facilitating mutual investment 2. Trade facilitation and customs: Facilitate, standardize and automate procedures related to foreign trade, including transit operations; 3.Telecommunications, information society and e-commerce: cooperation to create a common space of the Information Society Russia - EU 4) Environment: Promoting environmental protection and compliance with international environmental agreements such as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, as well as regional conventions such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Waterways and International Lakes for Sustainable Development
"Roadmap" for a common space of freedom, security and justice 1) Commitment to common values, democracy and the rule of law, their application by the judiciary; 2) respect for human rights; respect for and observance of the principles and norms of the IL, including humanitarian provisions; respect for fundamental freedoms, including ensuring the freedom and independence of the media. In the field of security, the task is to improve cooperation to counter terrorism and all forms of organized crime and other types of illegal activities in order to ensure security. In the field of justice, the task is to promote the effectiveness of the judicial system in Russia and the EU members and the independence of the judiciary, to develop judicial cooperation.
"Road map" on the common space of external security 1) Russia and the EU will intensify cooperation in the fight against terrorism through the exchange of information, through consultations in Moscow and Brussels. 2) Russia and the EU intend to conduct enhanced dialogue and cooperation, fight against terrorism and cooperate in crisis management, in the fight against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Russia and the EU intend to pay special attention to ensuring international stability.
Simplification of visa procedures Promoting the adoption of a system of comparable higher education degrees, integration of cooperation within the European Higher Education Area in accordance with the Bologna Process. Bologna Process In the field of culture: a structured approach to cultural cooperation; dialogue, deepening knowledge of the history and cultural heritage of the peoples of Europe. "Roadmap" for the common space of science and education
Today, the EU consumes 13% of Russian oil and 24% of Russian gas. 50% is the EU's share in the structure of Russia's foreign economic relations, of which 75% is oil and gas. 4% - the share of Russia in the system of foreign economic relations of the EU 40% - the share of FDI in the Russian economy Russia had the opportunity to protect its market from the export of certain European goods before joining the WTO. As a result, the weighted average tariff of the EU towards Russia did not exceed 1%, while in the Russian Federation this figure remained at the level of 16-18%. Economic relations. Trade.
Deliveries of Russian gas and oil account for more than 25% of the total energy consumption in the EU member states and there is potential for their growth. Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Slovakia are almost completely dependent on Russian gas, while Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic are two thirds or more. As for oil, Russia supplies the EU with 44% of its total imports. - about 80% of Russian exports, mainly energy carriers, are imported duty-free; At the moment, the volume of capital investments of European investors in the Russian oil and gas complex is about $55-58 billion. The volume of capital investments of Russian investors in EU member states exceeds $7 billion The gas crisis with Ukraine has sunk EU interests Energy dialogue
1. Consequences for Russia: Foreign trade reorientation Closing the markets of the acceding countries from Russian exports of agricultural products. Consequences for Russia from the application of EU anti-dumping rules: east at the same time as NATO J. Delors: EU members (strategy of separation of post-Soviet allies gravitating towards Russia) Probability of emergence of states within the EU prone to anti-Russian rhetoric EU enlargement
Russia's claims to the EU relate to: EU proposals to conduct a dialogue with Russia within the framework of the New Partnership program of a single plan for cooperation between the EU and neighboring states, which puts Russia on the level of North African states; Unsettled issues of transportation of goods and passengers between the main territory of Russia and the Kaliningard region; Infringement of the rights of Russian-speaking minorities in Latvia and Estonia; EU attempts to resist the preservation of Russia's foreign policy influence (?) in the post-Soviet space; The EU's claims against Russia concern: violations of human rights and civil liberties in Chechnya; the preservation of Russian military bases in Transnistria and Georgia, Russia's intervention in internal Georgian conflicts; underestimated domestic prices for energy carriers in comparison with world prices; collection of compensatory payments by Russia from European airlines for their use of the non-stop Trans-Siberian route. The lack of progress in relations between Russia and the EU led, in particular, to the postponement of the EU Russia summit, scheduled for November 11. The summit did take place on November 25, 2004, but was almost entirely devoted to discussing the results of the presidential elections in Ukraine and did not bring any progress in relations between EU and Russia. Problems:
slide 2
International Relations in the Modern World
The modern world is a world of competition. The best illustration of this is the development of events over several years of the 21st century. Countries with highly developed economies are pushing less developed competitors out of those promising world markets where they can do it. But not only economies compete - there is a competition between projects of the future world order, between different points of view on the path of development, between forms of organization of international life and principles of relations between countries.
slide 3
After the collapse of the USSR, 15 sovereign states were formed on its territory. Moreover, many states appeared on the world map that either did not exist before (Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan), or had a very limited experience of independent statehood (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania). A special category of "unrecognized post-Soviet states" also appeared, including Nagorno-Karabakh, the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic, the Republic of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The states that emerged in the post-Soviet space initially faced the objective need to search for their “international structural identity”. The republics of the former USSR faced a choice - to start the process of forming a new international political region or join one or another already existing one.
slide 4
Beginning of History
On December 8, 1991, in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, the leaders of Russia, President B.N. Yeltsin and State Secretary G.E. Burbulis, of Ukraine - President L.M. Kravchuk and Prime Minister V. Fokin and Belarus - Chairman of the Supreme Council of the BSSR S.I. Chairman of the Council of Ministers V. Kebich announced the termination of the USSR "as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality." It was announced about the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, open to the accession of former members of the Union and other states.
slide 5
Compound
On December 11, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia announced their accession to the CIS. On December 13, at the initiative of Nazarbayev, a meeting of the heads of Kazakhstan and 4 republics of Central Asia took place in Ashgabat. They also agreed to join the CIS, but on the condition of absolute equality with the parties that signed the Belovezhskaya Accords. Nazarbayev's merit was recognized by the decision to gather everyone in the capital of Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata. There, on December 21, 1991, the heads of 9 republics: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine signed the Declaration on the Formation of the Commonwealth of Sovereign States. The conclusion of the Belovezhskaya Accords was again confirmed: "With the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceases to exist." Later, they were joined by Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova - in total, 12 republics out of the previous 15 joined the CIS. Only the Baltic republics remained behind.
slide 6
The goals of the union
- implementation of cooperation between the Member States in the political, economic, legal, cultural, environmental, humanitarian and other fields, cooperation in ensuring international peace and security, as well as achieving disarmament; - creation of a common economic space, ensuring interstate cooperation and integration in the interests of a comprehensive and balanced economic and social development of the member states; - mutual assistance in order to create peaceful conditions for the life of peoples, ensuring collective security; – peaceful resolution of disputes and conflicts between participating countries; – assistance to citizens of the member states in free communication, contacts and movement within the territory of the countries that are members of the Commonwealth.
Slide 7
general information
Relations between the CIS member states are based on the principles of respect for the sovereignty, self-determination and territorial integrity of countries and non-interference in their foreign policy and internal affairs, the inviolability of existing borders, the non-use of force and the resolution of disputes by peaceful means, as well as the rule of international law. The total territory of the states that are part of the CIS (excluding the territory of Turkmenistan) is 21.6 million square meters. km., population - St. 275 million people (2006). The headquarters of the Commonwealth is located in Minsk (Belarus). Approx. 10% of the world's industrial potential and almost 25% of the world's proven reserves of natural resources. The working language of the CIS is Russian. The Commonwealth has its own official symbols and flag.
Slide 8
Modern changes
In August 2005, Turkmenistan withdrew from the full members of the CIS and received the status of an associate observer member On August 12, 2008, after the outbreak of the armed conflict in South Ossetia, Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili announced Georgia's withdrawal from the CIS In 2008, Afghanistan announced its desire to join the CIS
Slide 9
Integration processes in the CIS
Integration processes in the CIS are taking place in conditions of a deep systemic socio-economic crisis. Economic ties between the states of the Commonwealth have significantly weakened. the role of the Commonwealth states in the dynamically growing world economy has sharply decreased. The CIS countries can strengthen their position in the global economy only through the formation of a regional association of states capable of becoming an integral part of the world post-industrial center in the form of its fourth regional component along with the EU, NAFTA and APEC. Otherwise, they will inevitably be forced out to the backward periphery with the predominance of the extraction of non-reproducible mineral resources and the production of low-tech, labor-intensive and resource-intensive products. In recent years, integration processes in the CIS have been going hand in hand with the emergence and active development of regional associations of the Commonwealth countries.
Slide 10
Union State: Russia and Belarus
Russia and Belarus have maintained the closest economic ties since Soviet times. On December 8, 1999, they signed the Treaty on the Establishment of the Union State of Belarus and Russia (entered into force on January 26, 2000). Active work is underway to form a common legal framework, a single currency, economic, defense and humanitarian space. The Union is supposed to establish a single Constitution and legislation, a president, parliament, cabinet of ministers and other organs of supreme power, symbols (flag, coat of arms, anthem), currency (it is assumed that the Russian ruble should become the single currency), army, passport, etc. n. Currently, the symbols of the Union State - the flag, coat of arms and anthem are not approved. The President and the single Parliament of the Union may be elected by popular vote.
slide 11
Eurasian Economic Community
On October 10, 2000, in Astana (Republic of Kazakhstan), the heads of state (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan) signed the Treaty on the Establishment of the Eurasian Economic Community. The Treaty lays down the concept of close and effective trade and economic cooperation to achieve the goals and objectives defined by the Treaty on the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space. Organizational and legal instruments for the implementation of the agreements reached, a system for monitoring the implementation of the decisions taken and the responsibility of the Parties are provided. In August 2006, the Interstate Council of the EurAsEC adopted a fundamental decision to create a Customs Union consisting of only three states ready for this - Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan. Participating countries: Republic of Belarus (200 1) Republic of Kazakhstan (2001) Republic of Kyrgyzstan (2001) Russian Federation (2001) Republic of Tajikistan (2001) Republic of Uzbekistan (2006) Observer countries: Armenia (2003) Moldova (2002) Ukraine (2002) )
slide 12
Central Asian cooperation
The Central Asian Cooperation (CAC) was established on February 28, 2002 by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to replace the Central Asian Economic Community. The declared Goal is the creation of a single economic space in the Central Asian region. On October 18, 2004, in Dushanbe, at the CAC summit, Vladimir Putin signed a protocol on Russia's accession to this organization. The summit confirmed the unquestionably dominant role that Russia will play as an investment donor and mediator in resolving conflict situations. On October 6, 2005, at the CACO summit in St. Petersburg, a decision was made, in connection with the forthcoming entry of Uzbekistan into the EurAsEC, to prepare documents for the creation of a united organization of the CACO-EurAsEC - that is, in fact, it was decided to abolish the CACO.
slide 13
GUAM
GUUAM is an organization that opposes itself to regional associations with the participation of Russia. It was created with the active support of "external forces", in particular, the United States. Its members - Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan (withdrew in 2005), Azerbaijan and Moldova - declare their common strategic interests and coordinate their foreign policy activities. Coordinated speeches by representatives of the GUUAM countries in the UN and the OSCE are being practiced. GUAM is a military-political bloc created in October 1997 by the republics - Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova (from 1999 to 2005 the organization also included Uzbekistan). The name of the organization was formed from the first letters of the names of its member countries. Before Uzbekistan left the organization, it was called GUUAM.
Slide 14
Organization of the Collective Security Treaty
In-depth military-political cooperation between the CIS countries is developing within the framework of the Collective Security Treaty of May 15, 1992. At present Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan participate in it. The goal of the Collective Security Treaty is to prevent and, if necessary, eliminate a military threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the participating states. Members of the CSTO: Republic of Armenia Republic of Belarus Republic of Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Russian Federation Republic of Tajikistan Republic of Uzbekistan
slide 15
Common Economic Space
In 2003, the heads of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine announced their intention to create a common economic space (SES of "four") with the prospect of establishing a Regional Integration Organization. The creation of the Common Economic Space is intended to coordinate efforts to bring the interested states of the Commonwealth closer together and represents a real chance to change the situation for the better. The pragmatic economic interest is obvious to all participating countries. The predominant part of Russian trade with the Commonwealth countries is trade with Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, Russia's main partners in the CIS. Indeed, these states and Russia account for 94% of GDP and 88% of the total trade turnover of the Commonwealth. The CES concept assumes that, in addition to a single space for the movement of goods, it is necessary to create a single space for the movement of capital, services and labor. Today, a fair number of barriers operate in this space, and each state shows a high degree of sophistication, erecting them on absolutely legitimate grounds and protecting domestic business.
slide 16
Disintegrating factors
The factors hindering the integration of the post-Soviet republics, first of all, include the diversity of vectors and the varying degree of advancement of economic and political transformations in the Commonwealth countries. Day after day, in the course of reforms, the CIS states are losing similarities in their political and legal structures and economic policies, while accumulating new differences in parallel. The foreign trade turnover with non-CIS countries is increasing due to a decrease in the volume of exports and imports in the mutual trade of the Commonwealth member states. At the same time, the CIS is turning into a resource segment of the world market, under which competition between the newly independent states, as exporters of raw materials, will intensify. These qualitative characteristics of the economy of the post-Soviet states also do not contribute to the deepening of interaction. The disintegrating factors of a political nature include, first of all, authoritarian motives in the behavior of the leaders of states, insufficient activity in the direction of uniting the Commonwealth and increasing the effectiveness of its institutions, differences in approach to cooperation issues.
Slide 17
A situation is developing in the CIS: an attempt to maintain a single economic space without a single state or supranational structures, in the conditions of a systemic breakdown, turned out to be fruitless. The collapse of the USSR and the transformational recession caused powerful disintegration tendencies. Under these conditions, the implementation of the agreements, largely copied from the founding documents of the European Union, has been and remains impossible. Using the EU experience should not mean borrowing, but studying the main patterns of the integration process, forms of organizing interaction in order to work out an adequate development strategy that takes into account the specifics of the current state of the CIS countries.
Slide 18
Conclusion
The following principles should form the basis for the further development of the integration processes of the CIS countries: - full equality of rights for the CIS member states; - ensuring the guaranteed functioning of the sovereignty, political independence and national identity of each state; voluntary participation in integration processes; - reliance on own potential and internal national resources; - mutual benefit, mutual assistance and cooperation in the economy, which includes the freedom of movement of labor and capital, the pooling of national resources for the implementation of joint economic, scientific and technical programs that are unbearable for individual countries; - phased, multi-level and multi-speed nature of integration, the inadmissibility of its artificial formation; - availability of effective mechanisms for resolving disputes and contradictions. The need for the first thesis is beyond doubt - only under the condition of equality, openness and trust, effective integration is possible. As well as the requirement to preserve sovereignty, mutual benefit, self-orientation is logical and interdependent. Genuine integration is possible only on the basis of voluntariness, as objective conditions mature.
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