Names of months in different countries. Name of the Old Slavonic months of the year. March - the origin of the name

The calendar arose in ancient Egypt. The reason for its appearance was the spills of the Nile - regularly occurring around the same portion of time, equal to year, they roared the harvest if it was not collected in time, and they brought fertile land after the spill. A person was required to calculate this period of time, otherwise he could not feed himself.

JANUARY
(Lat Januarius), named after Janus, a two-way God, who looks in his past one, to another in the future. Slavic name - Prosipets (apparently, from increasing the day, adding heavenly blue), or sheaves. Ukrainian name - Siechen.

FEBRUARY
(Lat. FEBRUARIUS), named after the ancient Gar of the underground kingdom of Fabrus, or Febra. Slavic names: Seen, Snezhlen, Lyutnya - for lamb nights, for thorough winds, for dashing blizzards. Ukrainian name luty.

MARCH
(Lat. Mars), named after the Ancient Roman God of Mars, Father Romulus. Mars was the god of war, but at the same time, in an older meaning, he was the God of landpash, rural workers. The Slavic name is a patch (due to the rapid snowy and appearance on the ground of the first Protalin), Berezen, the same name has been preserved in Ukrainian.

APRIL
(Lat. Aprilis), named after the goddess Venus, more precisely, its Greek analogue is Aphrodites. Slavic name Berezol, pollen, twenty. Ukrainian - Kviten.

MAY
(Lat. Maius), named by the Roman goddess of Maya, Mercury's mother, personified the flourishing nature and fertility. Slavic (and Ukrainian) name - herbal. Another name was also the name - Yarily, Yarily's Slavic Slavs).

JUNE
(Lat. Juntos), named the Goddess Junon, Spouse Jupiter, Goddess Fertility, Rain Ladies and Marriage Guarders. Slavic name - Szok (grasshopper), which are especially much in June; The seedlings (chair - fire), in honor of the summer solvent. Another name that coincides with the modern Ukrainian is a cherry (from the worm of the worm used for coloring (shovel), the collection time of which fell into June).

JULY
(Lat. Julius) is named after Julia Caesar. Slavic names - Lipers, Lypene (from the time of linden flowering), the latter has been preserved in Ukrainian. Other names are the Sena-Zarnish (hay and creek) and the gesture - reflected the ripening of the hay and stacking it into the stack.

AUGUST
(Lat. Augustus), the month is named after Octavian Augustus. Before that, he was called sex. Slavic names of glows, a cantry (from the radiance of groans, "dawn", "ripe"); Serpent (from the word "sickle" - it is time to clean the breads). Ukrainian name - Sherry.

SEPTEMBER
(Eng. September - from Lat. Septem "Seven"). September, or Sel-Teminry, - Byzantine name. Old Russian name Ryuon or Ryun, later - Ruong. Another Slavic name - Vessel (preserved in Ukrainian).

OCTOBER
(Eng. October - from Lat. Okto "Eight"). Old Russian title of leaf fall, or a Pazdernik (from "Pazder" - waste from flax, cannabis), yellowish. Ukrainian name Zhovton.

NOVEMBER
(English. November - from Lat. Novem "nine"), in the account he was at the Romans. The Verse Slavic name is breast (from "Breast" - frustrated land in piles, not listed), leaf fall (preserved in Ukrainian).

DECEMBER
(English. December - from Lat. Decem "Ten") - Incons
it was at the Romans because the year began with March of the fore. Alder
neslavian names of winter, jelly, stub, student,
breast. The last name has been preserved in the Ukrainian language.

This is a story to grame much about the history of the calendar, about idiots and calendas, about the names of months and days of the week in different languages.

History of the calendar

Now all the peoples of the world enjoy a calendar inherited from the ancient Romans.
But the calendar and the score of the days of the ancient Romans were first pretty intricate and strange ...

Volter. Said about this:
Roman commander always defeated, but they never knew what day it happened ...)))

The rest of the days were indicated by the number of days, remaining to the nearest main day; wherein in the account included and the day, which was marked, and the nearest main day: Ante Diem Nonum Kalendas Septembres - nine days before the September calendar, i.e. on August 24, usually written abbreviated a. d. IX KAL. Sept.
……………
Calendar of ancient Romans.

First, the Roman year consisted of 10 months, who were denoted ordinal numbers: First, second, third, etc.
Year began with spring - period close to spring equinox.
Later, the first four months were renamed:

First (Spring!) The month of the year was named after the god of spring shoots, agriculture and cattle breeding, And the Romans had this god ... Mars! This later he became like Ares, God of war.
And the month was named martius (Martius) - in honor Mars.

Second The month was called aprilis (aprilis), which comes from Latin Aperire - "discovery", as the kidneys are revealed on the trees, or from the word apricus - "warmed by the sun". He was dedicated to the goddess of Beauty Venus.

The thirdmonth in honor of the goddess of the earth May andbecame known maus. (Majus).
Fourth The month was renamed junius (Junius) and dedicated to the goddess of the sky Juno, Patrone of women, spouse Jupiter.

The remaining six months of the year continued to maintain their numeric names:

Quintilis (Quintilis) - the fifth; Sextilis (Sextilis) - Sixth;

September (september) - seventh; OCTOBER (OCTOBER) - EIGHT;

NOVEMBER - ninth; December (December) - tenth.

Four months of the year ( martius, Majus, Quintilis and Oktober) Have each 31 daysAnd the remaining months consisted of 30 days.

Therefore, the original Roman calendar year had 304 days.

In the VII century BC. The Romans made reform your calendar and added by year another 2 months is the eleventh and twelfth.

The first of these months is Yanuarius - was named after a double god Janusawho was considered god of heavenly vod, opened the gate of the Sun at the beginning of the day and closing them at his end. He was god of entrance and exit, every undertaking. The Romans portrayed it with two persons: one, facing forward, God sees the future, the second, facing back, contemplates the past.

Second added month - fabrarian- was dedicated god of the underground kingdom Fabrus. His name itself comes from the word FEBruare - "Clean", and is associated with the rite of purification.

Yearin the calendar, the Romans after reform began to consist out of 355 days, and in connection with the addition 51 Day (why not 61?) I had to change the length of months.

But still the Roman year was more than on 10 days shorter than the tropical year.

To keep the beginning of the year near one season, did inserting extra days. At the same time, Romans in each second year, between February 24 and 25, "embalted" alternately 22 or 23 days.

As a result, the number of days in the Roman calendar alternated in this order: 355 days; 377 (355 + 22) days; 355 days; 378 (355 + 23) days. Insert days got a name months of Mercedalonia Sometimes they called a simply inserted month - intercalaries (INTERCALIS).
Word " mercedonium " Comes from "MERCES EDIS" - "fee for labor": then the calculations of tenants with property owners were calculated.

The average duration of the year in such a four-year period was 366,25 day, that is, more than a day than in reality.

The drawing, knocked out on the old stone calendar of the Romans. The top row shows the gods who are dedicated to the days of the week: Saturn - Saturday, Sun - Sunday, Moon - Monday, Mars - Tuesday, Mercury - Wednesday, Jupiter - Thursday, Venus - Friday. In the center of the calendar - the Roman zodiac, on the right and to the left of it - the Latin designations of the numbers of the month.

Reform Julia Caesar.

The chaoticness of the Roman calendar has become significant, and needed an emergency reform. And the reform was produced in 46 BC Julia Caesar. (100 - 44 Gg. BC). Developed a new calendar group of Alexandrian astronomers led by Corrected.

As the basis of the calendarcommittedjulian, put a sun cycle, the duration of which was adopted equal to 365, 25 days.

Considered three out of every four years 365 days, in the fourth - 366 days.

As before the month of Mercedoney, and now this additional day is "stubborn" between February 24 and 25. Caesar decided to add to February second six ( bIS SEXTUS) day before Martam calendas, that is second day February 24. February was chosen as the last month of the Roman year. The completed year began to call annus.bISSEXTUS., where and went to our word league. The first leap year was 45 BC. e.

Caesar ordered Number of days in months on the principle: an odd month has 31 days, even - 30.February in the simple year was supposed to have 29, and in a leap - 30 days.

In addition, Caesar decided to start an account of days in the new year with new moon, which was just on the first January.

In the new calendar, for each day of the year it was indicated, which star or constellation has its first morning sunrise or occasion after the invisibility period. For example, in November, it was noted: the 2nd - the arrival of Arctic, the 7th - the sunset of Pleiad and Orion, etc. The calendar closely contacted the annual movement of the sun on ecliptic and with a cycle of agricultural work.

An account for the Julian calendar was started from January 1, 45 BC. On this day, from which already starting from 153 BC, the newly elected Roman consuls entered their position, and the beginning of the year was postponed.
Julius Caesar is the author of tradition start a new year countdown from January 1.

In gratitude for reform and given the military merit of Julia Caesar, Roman senate renamed a month quinitis (This month Caesar was born) in Julius.

And a year later, in the same Senate, Caesar was killed ...

Changes in calendarwere later.

The Roman priests again confused the calendar, declaring a leap every third, (and not the fourth) year of the calendar. As a result from 44 to 9 years. BC. 12 leaps were introduced instead of 9.

Emperor Augustus corrected this mistake (63 BC - 14, AD): For 16 years - from 9 g. BC. On 8 AD. - There were no leap years. Along the way he contributed to spreading in the Roman Empire seven-day weekswhich replaced the nine-day cycles used before nundida.

In this regard, the Senate renamed the month sextilis per month Augustus. But the duration of this month was 30 days. The Romans were considered inconvenient to be in a month dedicated to August, it turned out for less days than in a month dedicated to Caesar. Then taken away from February another day and added him to Augustus. So february stayed with 28 or 29 days.

Now it turned out that julius, Augustus and Septber Contain 31 days. To not be in a row of three months to 31 days, one day of September was transferred oktober. At the same time transferred one day of the Newber on december. Thus, the correct alternation of long and short months was broken by Caesar, and the first half of the year in a simple year turned out to be four daysin short, the second one.

The Roman calendar system has spread widely in Western Europe and used up to the XVI century. With the adoption of Christianity in Russia Also began to use the Julian calendar, which gradually displaced the Old Russian.

In the VI century, the Roman monk of Dionysius Small Suggested to enter new christian erawhose start comes from Nativity of Christ, not from the creation of the world, and not from the founding of Rome.

Dionysius substantiated the date from the Nativity of Christ. According to his calculations, she fell on the 754th year from the founding of Rome or on the 30th year of the rule of the emperor of August.
Era from christmas Christfirmly established in Western Europe only VIII.century. And in Russia, several centuries continued to count years from the creation of the world.

Pope reform Grigory XIII.

At the end of the III century. AD Spring equinox has had on March 21.. Nicene Cathedral, held in 325 in the city of Nikai (now it is the game in Turkey) passed this date, Deciding that the spring equinox will always have to be on this number.

However, the average duration of the year in Julian calendar at 0.0078 days or for 11 min 14 with more tropical year. As a result every 128 years accumulated error in the whole day: The moment of the passage of the Sun in the spring of the Spring Equinox was moved during this time on one day ago - from March to February. By the end of XVI century Spring equinox moved back for 10 days And accounted for 11th of March.

The reform of the calendar was carried out by Pope Gregory XIII Based on the project of an Italian doctor and mathematics Luigi Lilio.

Grigory XIII in his Bulle prescribed that after October 4, 1582. G. follows 15, not October 5. So spring the equinox was moved on March 21, to its former place. And so that the error does not accumulate, it was decided out of every 400 years throw three days.
It is customary to be considered simple those centuries, the number of hundreds of which is not divided without a residue by 4. By virtue of this were do not leap 1700, 1800 and 1900, and 2000 was a leap. Discrepancy in one day of the Gregorian calendar with astronomical time accumulate not for 128 years, and for 3323.

Such a calendar system Received name gregorian or "New Style". In contrast to her, the name of the old style was strengthened for the Julian calendar.

Countries in which the positions of the Catholic Church were strongest, almost immediately moved to a new style, and in Protestant countries the reform was late for 50 to 100 years.

England waited up to 1751. G., and then "killed two hares in one shot": fixed the calendar and suffered start 1752 from March 25 on January 1. Some of the British perceived the reform as a robbery: the joke was whether the whole three months of life disappeared!)))

The use of different calendars caused a lot of inconvenience, and sometimes just curious cases. When we read that in Spain in 1616 on April 23, he died CERVANTES, And in England on April 23, 1616 he died ShakespeareYou might think that two great writers died on the same day.
Actually the difference was 10 days! Shakespeare died in Protestant England, which still lived in the Julian calendar, and Cervantes - in Catholic Spain, where the Gregorian calendar was already introduced (new style).

One of the last countries adopted by the Gregorian calendar in 1928, became Egypt.

In the twentieth century with the adoption of Christianity on Russiaapplied by the Romans and Byzantines: julian calendar, Roman names of months, seven-day week. But the account was conducted from the creation of the worldwhich happened for 5508 years before the Nativity of Christ. The year began on March 1, and at the end of the XV century the beginning of the year was postponed to September 1.

The calendar acting in Russia from the "Creation of the World" replaced julian Peter I. From January 1, 1700 (the difference between the two system of summer is 5508 years).

Reforming a calendar system Russiait was very detained. The Orthodox Church refused to adopt it, although in 1583 at the Konstantinople Cathedral recognized the inaccuracy of the Julian calendar.

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars RSFSR from January 25, 1918. G., in Russia was introduced gregorian the calendar. By this time, the difference between the old and new style was 13 days. Prescribed in 1918, after January 31, it was not considered on February 1, but the 14th.

Now the Gregorian calendar has become international.
…………
Now about the Slavic names of months.
12 months - favorite fairy tale

Month - The time interval close to the moon's appeal around the Earth, although the modern Gregorian calendar is not agreed with the change in the phases of the Moon.

Since ancient times, the segments of the year were associated with those or other phenomena of nature or with economic activities.

Not really on the topic. From the legend: the Slavs had a month to be the king of the night, her husband of the Sun. He fell in love with the morning star, and in punishment other gods split it in half ...

Names months

January. Slavic name "Prosinets" - from the emerging blue sky in January.

February - "Sechen", "Lyutny". Sechen - because the taking time of trees for cleaning the earth under arable land.

March
"Dry" from spring warmth, draining moisture, in the south - "Berezozol", from the actions of the Spring Sun on the birch, which at that time begins to pour juice and let the kidneys. "Protalnik" is clear why.
April
Old Russian names of April: "Birch", "Snow Moon". In Ukrainian, the month is called "Kiten" (blooming).

May - The names "Travy", "grass" - nature green and blooms.
June.
"Izok". Szok - Grasshopper, there were especially many of them in June. Another name is "Cherven".

July.

"Cherven" - the name - from fruits and berries, which in July, differ in her rusticity (fry, red). They also called "Lipets" - Lipa blooms in July. "Grandfather" - from strong thunderstorms. And just - "Makushka Summer." "Stradist" - from suffrating summer works.
August
And the Slavs still suffers - "Sherry", "Znizen", - time to mow wheat. In the north, August was also called "garlars", "Zornnik" - from the radiance of the grenards.
September
The Russian name of the month was Ryuin, Ruong - from the roar of autumn winds and animals, especially deer. "GMUREN" - the weather began to deteriorate. In the Ukrainian language month - "Version" (from the blooming medical heather - heather).

October
Wonderful Slavic name - "leaf fall". Otherwise, the "dirty", from the autumn rains and stoles. And the "wedding" - at this time the main agricultural work was ended, not sin and wedding right, especially after the holiday of the post.

November- "breast", from the pile of frozen earth with snow.

December - "Jelly" - cold!

Nameplate of the Slavic names

Week and days of the week.

Week is a period of time at 7 daysexisting in most calendar systems of the world. The custom of measuring the time of the seven-day week came to us from Ancient Babylon and is associated with a change in the phases of the Moon.
Where did the names of the week?

Older astronomers discovered that, in addition to still stars, visible in the sky and seven moving lightswho were later named Planets (from the Greek "wandering"). It was believed that these shines appeal around the Earth and that their distances increase from it in this order: Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.

Babylonian astrologersbelieved that every hour of the day is under the auspices of a certain planet,which "manages" them.
The score of the clock was started on Saturday: The first hour "managed" Saturn, the second - Jupiter, the third - Mars, etc., the seventh - the moon. Then the whole cycle repeated again.

Eventuallyit turned out that the first hour of the next day, sunday, "ruled" The sun, the first hour of the third day got Moon The fourth day is Mars, the Fifth - Mercury, the Sixth - Jupiter and the seventh - Venus.

The planet, managing the first hour of day, patronized the day, and the day received its name.

This system was adopted by the Romans - the names of the planets were identified with the names of the gods. They managed the days of the week who received their names. Roman names moved to the calendars of many peoples of Western Europe.

"Planetary" names of the days of the week and in English and Scandinavian languages, but the names in them are made on behalf of the pagan god's gods of German-Scandinavian mythology.

Saturn's day Vavillyan was considered unhappy; On this day, it was prescribed not to do business, and he himself got the name " shabbat "- peace. At the same time, it was transferred to the end of the week. The name has passed into Jewish, Arabic, Slavic (Saturday), some Western European languages.

Slavs Sunday was called "Week"," Day, in which nothing do not do"(Do not do business). And Monday is" day after the week ", Tuesday -" second day after the week ", etc.
That's what I do not share ...)))

Days of the week

The personification of the days of the week we see in the names that have survived in English, German, French.

Monday - Monday (English) echoes Moon- Moon, more visually Lundi (Fr.),

Tuesday- In the title of Tuesday Mardi (Fr.), El Martes (Iz.), Martedi (Ial.) We will learn the planet Mars. In Tuesday (English), Dienstag (Him.) The name of the militant the ancient Germanic god Tiu, Analog Mars.

Wednesday- Guessing Mercury In Le Mercredi (Fr.), Miercoledi (Ial.), El Miercoles (P.).

Wednesday (eng.) Comes from Wodensday, meaning day of water (Wotan, Odin). The same God is hidden in ONSTAG (sewn), Woenstag (goal), onsdag (dates).

Aqua - Unusual God, he is depicted by a high old man in a black cloak. This character became famous for the invention of the Runical alphabet, which holds a parallel with the patron saint of written and oral speech - Mercury. According to the legend, the water sacrificed with one eye.

In Slavyansky "Wednesday", "Seresa", as well as in Mittwoch (it.), Keskeviikko (Fin.) The idea of \u200b\u200bthe middle of the week is laid.

Thursday - Latin Dies Jovis, day Jupiter, gave the beginning of Jeudi (Fr.), Jueves (Iz.), GiOVEDI (Ial.).

And here Thursday(eng.), Torsdai (Fin.), Torsdag (SC.), DonnerStag (it.), And others have a direct connection with the ancient Bog Torus Analogue of Jupiter. In Hindi Thursday - Jupiter's Day.

Friday - Well visa Venus in Vendredi (Fr.), Venerdi (Ial.).
English Friday, Fredag \u200b\u200b(Swim.), Freitag (Him.) On behalf of the Scandinavian goddess fertility and love Freyi (Frigge), Analog Aphrodite and Venus. On Hindi Friday - Venus Day.

Saturday - Family Saturn Looks at Saturday (English) and Saturni (Lat.).
Russian name " saturday", El Sabado (Iz.), Sabato (Ial.) And Samedi (Fr.) Go up to the Hebrew" Shabbat ", meaning" peace, rest. "
Lauantai (Fin.), Lördag (Swing.), LoveRDAG (dates) are similar to the ancient LaugardAGR and mean "day of ablution". On Hindi Saturday - Saturn Day.

Sunday - Sun Day Latin, English and German, in many languages \u200b\u200bthis day is indicated by various variations of the word "Sun / Son" (Sun).
Domingo.(P.), Dimanche (Fr.), Domenica (Ial.) In translation means " Day of the Lord"And they are the layering of brought to Europe with Christianity.

Russian " sunday"Appeated in the same way, replacing the old name of this day" Week ", preserved in other Slavic languages \u200b\u200b- a week (Bol.), underwear (Ukr.), Nedele (Czech). On Hindi Sunday - Sun Day.
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And finally about the days and hours.

Day - Unit of any calendar, the allocation of which is based on the alternation of the day and night. Such a division of the day originated in ancient Babylon, whose priests believed that day and night consist of twelve hours. Officially division of 24 hours introduced Alexandrian astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, who lived in II century. AD

The first hour started with the dawn, noon was always sixth, and the sunset was twelve. And the length of the hour there was a variable, depended on the length of the day of day.

We often accept some concepts of our life as some kind of dality, without thinking about their origins. As, for example, we do not think about the origin of the word "mother". We just know that this lettering is designated a woman who gave birth to us (in most cases). Similarly, I have always taken for the givenness and names of months. As a child, I thought "January" is such a letterpart that came up to mean the name of the first month. Meanwhile, even now, I caught myself recently on the idea that I know only a few names of months. And since some months the names have meanings, then I suggested that they are certainly connected with the rest. :) This thought I already occurred to me when I lived in Ukraine. In the Ukrainian language, the names of the months have Slavic roots, and therefore can be comprehended by us. In Russian, the calendar comes from Latin words, and therefore perceived by our consciousness as a "set of letters".

Before moving to the main issue - actually names of months, I would like to continue to touch the history of our modern calendar. It all started from ancient Egypt. The first astronomers of this country another 4,000 years ago calculated that the period between Heliakish sunrises of Sirius (i.e., when the star appears for the first time in a year visible in the sky) lasts 365 and 1/4 days. For the year they really took the 365-day period, and the leap year did not invent. Therefore, every 1460 years (365 * 4) the date of the celebration of the New Year returned to the old place. The primary date was set 1 day of the month total. And the whole cycle was called the Great Year of Sodis (Sodis called Sirius in ancient Egypt). The next new year of Sotis will come in 3059 G.N. These are the brief business. We will postpone the ancient Egyptian calendar.

Further, many more calendars were developed in the world: Babylonian, Greek, Roman. But they were all inaccurate and had a number of flaws. It is however, it will stop in Roman, for it is directly related to the modern calendar.

The first Roman calendar, according to legend, approved the legendary founder of Rome - Romul. It was an adapted system of the lunar calendar of the ancient Greeks. The year consisted of 304 days, which were divided for ten months. The remaining 64 and 1/4 days were not taken into account, which resulted in serious problems expressed in the permanent shifts of the seasons. The second ruler of Rome, Numa Pubrugi, borrowed a calendar of Etruscov, and introduced an additional two months - January and February to bring the calendar year in line with the seasons. The first month was MART, and the last - December. What is noteworthy that at the beginning of January inserted before the first month, and February - after the last. Thus, February preceded January and only in 452 BC February was moved to the place between the January and Mart. But this year was not perfect. Everything also based on the moon phases, he was 355 days, not coinciding 10 and 1/4 days with a sunny year. As a result, to adjust the seasonality, once a few years have inserted an additional month - Mercedoney.

The decision on the addition of an additional month was taken by the Great Pontiff - the head of the priestly collegium. Given that elected positions in Rome had a period, it served as an excellent political instrument, for the monthly extension of someone's power. That in every possible way was used by the priests in good.

All this confusion and associated corruption abolished Julius Caesar, who introduced a new calendar, which will later be called Julian. He returned the Egyptian sunny year, but with the difference that he appointed every 4 year leaps. What helped prevent shift for one day every four years. The word "leap" comes from Latin "BIS SEXTUS" and indicates the "second sixth". The days were then considered in relation to the "calendas" - the first days of the next month. So on February 24 (February was the last month of the year, we remember) were "six afternoon before calendas of March." Julius Caesar ordered this date for a leap year, so that two "sixth days" came out. Thus, the first leap year was 45 g. BC. The beginning of the year was decided to shift for the first January due to the fact that the consuls chosen by the People's Assembly entered their position on this day. Accordingly, the first year according to the Julian calendar was also 45 g. BC. Despite the fact that the political will to change the calendar was Caesar, one of the person, the Alexandrian scientist, philosopher and astronomer was cooled, which is the calendar and developed. In Russia, it is customary to call the Julian calendar "old style".

However, this calendar had a small error, namely - it was 11 minutes more than in the real period of our planet's appeals around the Sun. This error led to the mismatch of Easter dates with actual lunar phases. Therefore, in Rome, attempts were repeatedly taken to eliminate this inconsistency. And here in 1582 AD. On behalf of the Pope Gregory XIII, the German astronomer Christopher Keaps and Italian - Aloisia Lily prepared a new calendar project. According to this project, the date of October 4 was declared the 15th of October, thus adjusting the "sweeping" error. In addition, a new rule of leap years was introduced. In Julian calendar, each fourth year was considered a leap. In the Gregoryan - every hundredth year was excluded from the list of leaps, but each four hundred and took into account as a leap. Therefore, 2000 was a leap, and 1900 and 1800 were not. This system also has an error, but significantly smaller, which will become visible in a period of 10,000 years. The calendar, as you already guessed, was named after Pope Gregory XIII. Russia, the truth did not hurry with his adoption, and we moved to the "new style" only in 1918, when the decision of the Council of People's Commissars from January 26 (signed by Lenin himself) was decided to count the day after January 31, 1918 - the 14th of February.

These are such pies. In about this place, according to my calculations, most readers should have a fair indignation: "Hey, author! What kind of garbage?! You promised to explain the names of months!" Therefore, I am finishing with calendars and turn to the names of months. :)

JANUARY

The month got his name in honor of the ancient Roman god Janus, who was considered the god of the beginning and end, opening and closing all the ways. Depicted in the form of a person with two persons looking in opposite sides. The young face looks to the future, and the old one is in the past. In principle, a very suitable allegory for the beginning of the year. We all first see first of January ago, looking around the last year, and then begin to look forward. :)

FEBRUARY

Many believe that February, like January, borrowed from Etruscans, is also dedicated to the local God - Febra. It was the God of the Underground World, an analogue of the Roman Pluto. In the underground world there was a kingdom of the dead. And this month it was customary to make sacrifices to the ancestors who lived in the possessions of the febra. However, this is not quite true. The name of the month comes from the febrality - the cleansing rituals held during this period, which, by the way, coincided with the rain period. The word it really came to Latin from Etruscans and meant the same as on Etruscan - cleansing. God Febr appeared somewhat later, and himself was named after the cleansing festivities, becoming their patron.

MARCH

March was devoted to Mars. As I wrote, this month for the ancient Romans was considered the first, since it was in him that the spring equinox was attacked, and all agricultural work began. Traditionally it was believed that this month was favorable for the beginning of military companies, and therefore it was in March that the abundant victims of the war of war were brought.

APRIL

There is a version that April received his name from the Latin verb "APERIRE" - to open. Well, i.e. No matter how "Spring opens" in it. In fact, this version is not very close to me, because then it is not clear why March is the first month, and even more so that in the warm Italy Spring accurately comes in March. More than me the version of the Divine. Like the previous months, I think it would be logical to tie April with the name of the Etruscan Goddess Aprora, which was an analogue of Greek Aphrodite. In favor of this hypothesis, there is also the fact that in the first day of April, Veneenia was held - large festivals dedicated to this goddess.

It is believed that May is named after the Greek goddess of Maya, who was associated with fertility. On the first day of this month, the goddes were sacrificed, and the Romans called her good goddess. It is noteworthy that the Greek name can be translated as "obstacle" - receiving childbirth, but the Roman analogue of the name - Miesta is already translated as "the Great" or "senior." By the way, there is another version of the origin of the name. The Roman poet of Ovid wrote that the name of the month came from "Maiores" - "senior" and was dedicated to the old men, and the name of the next month, June, was from "iuniores" - "younger" and the youth was devoted.

JUNE

If not to take into account the version of Ovid mentioned above, the most recognized version is that the name of the month is devoted to Juno, the goddess of marriage. It was June was considered the most favorable month to conclude weddings. Mention of the beneficity of June for marriage mentioned also Plutarch. And there is also a version that a month could be called in honor of the Luce of Young Brute - one of the first two consuls of Rome. Why not? Moreover, we come to July and August. :)

JULY

In the commemorative 45 BC. The Roman Senate approved the idea to name the fifth month of the year in honor of Julia Caesar. Actually, the honor was provided within the reform on the transition to a new calendar. Julius Caesar was born on July 12, and therefore this month was named after him. Before the reform, the month was called - "Quintilis", which means simply "Fifth" (if you count from March).

AUGUST

As you can guess, the ambition of the Caesar laurels did not give the ambitious Augustus. Therefore, the Senate (perhaps under pressure, and possibly not) I decided to call another month in honor of him. Augustus chose himself next after July, because for him he was memorable and associated with the triumph of the capture of Alexandria. What is noteworthy - after the calendar reform, this month became the eighth, and the family name of August - Octavian - comes from Roman numerical "eight". And he died also in August, which is symbolic. The very word "August" comes from the Latin verb "AUGERE" - "exalt", so "Augustus" - "exalted (gods). August was not his name. It's rather epithet. At birth, it was called, as we remember, Guy Octaviy Furin.

September-December.

The history of the other names is very prosaic. They are preserved from an ancient Roman calendar, which was 10 months old, you remember. The names themselves occur from Latin numerical and translated as ordinal numbers: September - "Seventh", October - "Eighth", etc.

Here you go. Everything seems to be. I hope it was interesting and informative. Personally, I got great pleasure, as I wrote a note while I learned a lot of interesting details for myself. Until new meetings in my heading "Interesting"! :)

Ryabchikov Daniel

In this paper, a material was collected on the origin of the festers in Russian, etymology, about Russian holidays, noted in a certain month, and related traditions.

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The origin of the names of months in Russian

Introduction

The word "calendar" in Russian is known since the late 17th century.
Before that, he was called "Monthly". But as not to name, the calendar goals remain unchanged - the dates and measurement of time intervals. The calendar gives us the opportunity to record events in their chronological sequence, serves to foresee the future (what to wait in three months - what weather, the holiday, when to plant potatoes and collect harvest), allows you to remember important dates, and for many other purposes. Segments of time from which it consists of this invention, it was necessary to call somehow. And every people came to it in their own way, popularly. In Greece alone in different areas there were different names of months. For example, the first month in Athens was called hecatommbamon, in a millet - PaniMos, in Delphi - Appelai, etc. In Rome were in the course of the following naming: Yanuarius, Fabrairius, Martius, Aprilice, Maius, Unius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, Oktober , Newber, Deterber. Familiar, isn't it? Many of them moved to European languages. And now we call the first month of January, the British January, Germans Januar, French Janvier, Italians Gennaio.
But earlier than these names came to us, there were other vintage names of months in Russia. The names of the months in Russia reflected his "character": if in July, it was time in full swing, he was called the appropriate, and would not come to anyone to call him "Gmury". I was interested in the question of the origin of the names of months in Russian.

The purpose of my work - Examine the origin of the names of months in ancient and modern Russian, namely, what served as the basis of the etymology.

Tasks:

1. explore the etymology of the word "month"
2. explore these etymology of the names of months in Russian
3. determine the connection of the names of months with folk labor traditions and reflection of them in folk signs, holidays.Hypothesis : The names of the months in Russian are associated with the names of the deities in the ancient Slavs, as well as in honor of any outstanding historical figure, the holiday and the peculiarities of natural phenomena occurring in its period.

1. Etymology of the word "month"

There are many sources of word education in Russian. These are also invalid Russian words, and foreign language, and church-Slavic. Etymology is a science that studies the origin of words, their lives and changes in the language.

Since the clear system of etymology is absent, it indicates various approaches to the origin of the names of months. Meanwhile, the same fact indicates that this etymology is so deep that is almost completely forgotten. But the most important thing is the other fact - the widest distribution of the same names of months among a huge number of peoples and in different territories.

In the aggregate, this allows us to conclude that the names of the months were born in that historical depths, when the European one-day people were still unified and had the same language and circle of concepts. This is the time of the existence of the Palerusky language.

The Russian family of languages \u200b\u200bis one of the three languages \u200b\u200b- the oldest in the world (the other two is non-coined and mongoloid). Her roots go to the Dissels and the Shelleous archaeological cultures of the Russian Plain Rusanoropov (2 - 1 million L.N.) and are inextricably linked with the territory of Russian plain.

It is here, in the conditions of Paleoobrusky language unity, 50 thousand years ago a modern type man was formed - Neoanthrop. Through a series of consecutive archaeological cultures of Neoanthropa reached the stage of the Russian man and formed the Russian people in the Russian plain. Starting from the 5th thousand to AD, with its settlements in the field of Greece, Sumer, Egypt, China, etc. The Russian man has formed a general-European family of languages. Therefore, the names of the most ancient concepts in different languages \u200b\u200bgo back to the Russian language of Paleolithic antiquity.

The first calendar inscriptions are archeologically witnessed at the Sungir parking lot (30 thousand BC, Vladimir), belonging to the Kostenkovsky-Streetsky community of archaeological crops formed by Paleoracian man. Since that time, the formation of a calendar as a single system of time membership and identification of its individual moments is taken. By nature, this division is fractal.

Thus, since the formation of calendar knowledge took place in Russia and here this knowledge continued to develop, then the language of production of calendar terms and their conceptual filling should be recognized as Russian stages from Paleorassian to Protorussky.

In Russian calendar, it is divided into four times - four times of the year: Spring - Axle suspension, autumn - axis support, summer - sun flying, winter - sun in the pit. At the second calendar level, every time of year is divided for three months. In total, as a result of this division, it turns out 12 months.

"Month" literally "Child Makoshi" - ancient Russian word, ascending to the time of the Paleorus language - 50s to AD. (As part of the so-called. "Nostratic" family of languages).

The word "month" is formed from the root of months and suff. -

Russian Monasses are the ancient Russian name of the wife of God - Makoshi (letters. Cow), reflecting her zoomorphic Mustier essence. At the beginning of the formation of Macosh's cult, she was perceived as the wife of God Veles: He is the great Bull Veles; She is a cow-mother of Makosh (months, in different variations of Mashka, Bear, Macka, etc.). On behalf of Makoshi there is a word space, which is described by time at all. With the help of the suffix, in Russian, diminutive nouns are formed from the foundations of the nouns of nouns.

Thus, part of the time is part of Makoshi - this is the child of Makoshi. In the ancient Russian mythology, 12 children Makoshi - 12 months, where Mes-+ Suff. C is the actual "Child of Makoshi" (Wed. Telly - Taurus, Pta (Ha) - Chick). The number of months, makoshe children, equal to 12, is obtained from the geometric division of Makoshi time.

Thus, a month, literally means in the Russian origin of the "Child of Makoshi".

2. Etymology of the names of months

January - the original Russian name of the month. Literally means "referring" (Sun-RA). The name is formed from the oldest Russian root "wife" (jena-), denoting the feminine, and the suffix -er (Wed. Pakh-Arj, Myt + Arj, deaf + Aren, etc.).

Later, the Russian name of the month "January" passed into the peripheral Russian languages: for example, in Latin language - Januarius.

Makos - the feminine began the Russian Slavic monotheistic religion. She is the wife of God. God himself - Veles. Therefore, in Russia, January was also called a vele-month month.

There are other nicknames of this month, for example, Studins, the boat (student) and others. One of the most interesting is a request. The prefix provides a partial manifestation of anything, and the root is specified to the presence of blue, as they believed, from the beginning to appear at this time the blue sky, disksay, from the amplification, with the addition of the day, sunlight. The Malorosiyskit title of January "Sochka" indicates a fracture of the winter, which, according to popular belief, occurs in January, at the dissection of winter for two halves, or on cracking, brutal frosts. In Russia, the month was initially eleven in the account, for March was the first to be considered to be considered from September, January became the fifth; Finally, since 1700, with the time of the change made in our chores by Peter Great, this month was first.

It should be discussed at the consideration of the etymology of the word January produced from Janus. Janus (Janus) is one of the most ancient Roman indiges gods, which occupied, together with the goddess of the focus of the Westa, an outstanding place in the Roman ritual. Meanwhile, ancient Rome is just 8 - 6th century BC, that is, far from ancient times. And during this period, the Romans did not know the creatures of "their" ancient gods - about the essence of the religious representation, which was embodied in Janus, various opinions were expressed in ancient times. So, Cicero put the name of God in touch with the verb in the inire and saw the deity of the entrance and exit in Janus. Others believed that Janus personifies Chaos (Janus \u003d Hianus), or air, or heavenly arch. Nigidiy Figuli was ased Janus with the God of the Sun [Brockhauses and Efron, 1907]. Thus, the Romans did not know the creatures of the "their" god. The reason for this was the fact that it was not the Roman God, but the Russian name of the calendar month is January.

February (Hevral) - the original Russian name of the month. Literally means "lived", "Life".

The name "February" etymologically known to the Russian female Fevronia, Javronia, Dr.-Russk. Hovbronya, formed from the Russian word to host South., Zap., Pskovsk., Kaluzhsk. "Hold, store" [Dal V.]. Also Ukr. Khovati, Bulgarian. Howhan, Dr.-Russk. How to "take care, stay", Cesh. Сhovati "Timp, store, wonder", Slovak. Сhovat "" "To hurt, grow", Polish. Claw "hide, store, feed". Last and ends the etymological chain: Hovral - February.

The birth of the term "February" should be attributed to the time of domestication of the cattle in Russia - approx. 13 - 11th thousand BC, Mid-Russian and Hesstian archaeological cultures. The pig was perceived as the keeper of the people in the sense that she allowed him to survive in a difficult winter time. Fevronia, Javronia - Russian. Pig (Russian. Proverbs: "Gave Chavron for Hovina Son"; "Though Baba Havronia was knocked down from the coup - yes, the will of the Lord, and not be without a compound!"; "Every Javronia praises herself").

The semantics of February is connected with the dead and living water, reflected in the Russian fairy tale "Havroshchka" and in general is as follows: Dying - the court is a resurrection. The first phase ends on the night of January 31 to February 1, when the last commemoration occurs on the old God of RA - that is, in the sun, leaving for the stars (Star - Star). 40 days are counted from the shorter (night from 21 to December 22), when the old sun is dying. On the same night, the new Sun-Ra is born - resurrect.

The second phase of the Trochism is connected with the Court of Makoshi, which she begins to be left immediately after the last commemoration of RA - that is, from February 1 (holidayLunge, sneakers of frosts) - and finishes in ten days - that is, February 10th. The semantic sense of the court is that winter and summer meet - a holidayPersonia.(February 1): "Winter met in the summer", "Sun for the summer, winter in the cold" (Russian). February in the second phase is the winter ridge. February is the ridge, line, thread, the border, after which the new life begins (Wed. Lat. Fiber "Thread"; German. Gebirge "Mountain Ridge").

The third phase begins on February 11 - the day of Veles, the day of the revival of Veles. The time of the winter selection was timed on Rus to him, that is, the birth of the bones of the old cow "new cows. February of this stage is associated with the arrival of spring (here and the semantics of the flood - flood). February - the beginning of a new life.

February at the Romans was the last month of the year and named Febra, the Ancient Little God, who was dedicated. The indigenous Slavic-Russian name of this month was "Snezhlen", probably - from snow time. In Malorussia from the XV century, to imitate Poles, the month of February began to be called "Lyud"; The village of the same northern and medium provinces of Russians today is called His "Breakfold", since then the cattle comes out of the kelves and heats the Boca in the sun, and the owners themselves, heated the sides of the stove.
One of the nicknies of February is the sechen, formed by mythologically from Russian. Singer - Battle, Winter and Summer Battle, and in the domestic plan - the treasure hurry time for cleaning the earth under arable land. They called him more "intereth" (cross between winter and spring). Because of frequent blizzards and blizzards, February is also "wind fruit".
Zimirokor, Protalnik, Dry, Berezozol (March) - From this month, the Year of Egyptians, Jews, Maurians, Persians, Ancient Greeks and Romans began. The name March is given to this month of the Romans in honor of the god of the war of Mars. It is brought to us from Byzantium.

The indigenous Slavic-Russian names of this month in the old days were different in Russia: in the north, he was called dry or dry from spring warmth, draining all moisture, in the south - Berezozol, from the actions of the Spring Sun on the birch, which at that time begins to pour sweet juice and Powder kidney. Zimorobor - winning winter, opening the road in spring and summer, the opponent - this month starts to melting snow, there are protalianes, droplets. Still often month Mart is called the "span", as they begin in spring, the harbinger of summer, and together with the following months - April and May - is the so-called "spit".
April - Breason, pollen, snowball (April) - Aprilil - Latin Word, from the verb Aperire, open, it indicates the opening of spring. The ancient Russian names of the month of April were: a tools, snowballs - streams running with them the remains of snow, or yet - a pollen, because the first trees be blooming, spring blooms.
Travnik (May) - Latin name is given in honor of the goddess Mai; Also, like many others, it passed to us from Byzantium. Ancient Russian name of the month of May was grass, or her grass, which reflected the processes that occurred in nature at this time - the rustling of herbs. This month was considered the third largest month.
Film, Cherven, Szok (June) - The word "iNii" is given to this month in honor of the goddess of Juno. In the old Russian native Russian names of the month of June, there were anti-water. The grouse was called the grasshopper, which was in particular abundance this month. Another name for this month is a cherry, especially by Maloros, from Cherwell or Cherry; So called a special kind of dyeing worms that appear at this time. In addition, in the old days the month of the people was very often called the hematus - from the cresser (fire), and at the same time from the day of John the Baptist (Ivan Khalau).
Stradist, Cherven, Lipets (July) - "Iuliy", the name given in honor of Julia Caesar, of course, has Roman roots. In our old days, he was called, like June, - Cherven - from fruits and berries, which, ripening in July, differ especially to reddish (fry, red). This month is also called Lipets - from Linden, which is usually at this time in full bloom. July is also called the "Makushka of the Summer", as it is considered the last month of summer, or also the "Stradnik" - from suffrating summer works, "slurry" - from strong thunderstorms.
Znizen, glow, Sherry (August) - As well as the previous one, this month got its name by the name of the Roman emperor - August. The indigenous Old Russian names of the month were others. In the north, he was called "garlas" - from the radiance of Zarnitsa; In the south "Sherry" - from the sickle, which is removed from the fields of bread. Often this month is given by the name "Zornnik", in which it is impossible not to see the changed old name "Zarla".
Version, Gmury, Ryun (September) - "Syntimevriy", the ninth month a year, the Romans were the seventh, which is why he received its name (from Septem). In the older Russian name of the month was Ryuin, from the roar of autumn winds and animals, especially deer. The name "Gmury" he received thanks to his weather differences from others - the sky begins to frown often, go rains, autumn goes in nature.
Leaf Fall (October) - "Octopix" \u200b\u200bis called the tenth month a year; At the Romans, he was the eighth, why and got his name (Octo - eight); At our ancestors, he is known under the name "leaf fall", from the autumn fall of the leaves, or the "Pazdernik" - from the Puzder, the fires, because this month is beginning to mive flax, hemp, spray. Otherwise, the "dirty", from the autumn rains, causing bad weather and dirt, or "wedding" - from weddings who cope at this time in the peasant life.
Pigeon (November)- "NOWEVRIEM" (November) is called the eleventh month a year, but the Romans had the ninth, which is why he got his name (NOVER - nine). In the old days, this month was named peasant or thoracic, from the soast of the frozen earth with snow, since in general the winter frozen road was called an ingredient.
Jelly (December) - "Decamber" (Lat. December) is called the 12th month, per year; At the Romans he was the tenth, which is why he got his name (Decem - ten). At our ancestors, he was called "Jelly", or a student, from the jewelry and frosts of ordinary at that time.

3. Folk signs of months

January - the first winter month - was called in Russia "Winner", because for the first time after the low Gloomy Necknow of December, "Protalins" appeared - the islands of the blue sky. But it was famous for January and blizzards, frosts. That is why the Russians called him "Sechen", the Czechs and Slovaks - "Intrun", Serbs - "WINTER" and "SOPINSER". In addition, in Russia, January was called Vasil-month in honor of St. Vasily the Great, whose day had to be on January 1 - a fracture of winter. In Russian proverbs, January is famous for the "year beginning, winter of the middle". They said that in January the day is added for two hours (after the day of the winter solstice, December 24, the turn of the summer begins).

Once in Russia began the year since March, so January was the eleventh month; Later, the new year was celebrated in September, in Semyon-day, - and January became the fifth month of the year; And after the introduction of Peter I, the new year in 1700 became the first of twelve months.

Here are the folk signs of the Russian people to this month:

Crow shouts at noon, towards the south - to warmth, north - to the cold.

Snegiri sing when changing the weather - in front of the snowfall.

Sparrows sit on the trees secretly - the snow will snow without wind.

The dog stretches on the floor and sleeps, spreading the paws - to warm weather.

In January, there are many frequent and long icicles - the crop will be good.

In January, the day grows - the cold is growing.

In January, snow inflated - bread will arrive.

If January is dry, frosty and water in the rivers is strongly decreasing, then summer will be dry and roast.

Since January, the sun turns on the summer.

January on the threshold, arrived on the sparrow scough.

January puts firewood into the stove.

January Tulup Before Pyted puts on, the cunning patterns on the windows signs, the eyes of the ears of Teschit Yes, the eyes of River.

January-Batyushka - Frost, February - Metelitsy.

"The new year is the beginning, winter - Hello," has long been talking about this month. And conventionally depicts his two-faced: He faced with the old face, young to the future.

February once in ancient Russia was the last, twelfth month ending the year. When the year began in September, he became the sixth on account. Since 1700 February - the second month of the year in new year. In the Russians, he was called "Snezhem", the Ukrainians and Polyakov - "Lighten", in Croats - "Svethen", in Chekhov and Slovaks - "Unzor". February, according to the saying, "disks winter in half", in addition, "February three in the afternoon", "in February (at the meeting) winter with the spring will meet." In a leap year, when in February 29 days, it is considered the hardest month of the year (even heavier than May).

About February put the following signs:

Strong frosts in February are only at night.

In winter, there is a lot of inlet - a lot of dew.

Morning dawn quickly goes out - cold.

The sun climbs red - on a blizzard.

Bright stars - to the frost, dull - to thaw.

The name of the third month of the year - March - came to Russian from Byzantines. In the old days this month was called "dry" and "Berezozol", and the first day of March - "newcomer", because until the beginning of the XV century. March was the first month of the year. March is connected in the folk consciousness primarily with a week of a wide carnival, which is considered the most cheerful, ragged holiday. In nature, the approach of heat is already felt, the sun heats up in the spring, and at this time the Russian people celebrate the first thaws, which precedes the Great post. The holiday is associated with the spring revival to the life of a light goddess of fertility - the fun beauty of the Lada, who went to search for the sleepy winter-morale his beloved Leller - the God of the month of May. Lada went, surrounded by numerous cheerful, kind and rosazable satellites of half-skinned, half of the midst, and the evil winter Moran was accompanied by the spirits of darkness, cold and trouble. It was believed that:

Thunder early spring - before the cold.

When the spring is rough rough surface - to the crop, smooth - to the crown.

If the icicles do not have in the middle of the void, then the bathes full of bread and the mischild is rich.

Sucked Yarilo Winter on the forks.

In the morning of the year, March in the folk calendar is meant. Winter breaks, the new season is given by the track.

The second spring month is called April not by chance: according to popular belief, in April, the Earth is executed. "March Beer, and April is famous for April," they speak people. In April, snow melts is already incomparable, as an inadequate coming of real spring, with warm, fresh greens. "The beginning of April in the snow, the end is in the greenery," they say about this month. Previously, this month was called "Schurdnik," since he foreshadowed the rapid arrival of the summer; Polyakov, he wore the name "Tevelin"; Czechs and Slovaks called April "Duben". In ancient Russia, he was the second month; Later, until 1700, he was considered to be eighth, and after Peter I reform I became the fourth on the bill.

In relation to April, the following signs have developed:

Spring rain is craying, and in the fall wet.

Spring day red.

Spring - Snow Light, Sign Operations.

Where the crawl is exhausted, there is an extra bread rusher.

Sine in the spring deeper - you will be with bread in winter.

Signs of the day of the month:

None of the colder, nor the warmer may happen to April. From snow to sheet - this is April-Aquarius. April rays will be land. Water benefits will come in handy in May, when the hint of the rain comes out.

This month was difficult for those who worked in the field and in the garden: it was necessary not to donate hands to engage in landings. Therefore, for every May day there were special signs and customs. On the last day of April, noted: if the sky is clear, the day is sunny, it means that the last spring month and even the whole summer will be good. But even if in April, the first green leaves appeared in the trees, in May, they are surely waiting for cold weather and frosts.

About May in Russia talked:

Unreliable may warm.

Rain in May - wait for the harvest.

Not good dry May.

Qi May at the beginning is warm, wait for cold weather from the second half.

May is the celebration of the awakening of nature.

June was once fourth month of the year. In Russia, the first summer month is called "RosanTzvetom", the Poles call him - "Cherver", Czechs and Slovaks - "Cherven", Croats - Ivan-Chuck and "Cleeman". This is a month of young, green grass and first harvests: In late May - early June, the first vegetables and the greens of the new season appear, and the hostess prepare a soup of young nettle. And with this month, the people are associated with the following:

One day you do not identify summer.

Cuckoo brings news about summer, and swallow - warm days.

The swallow of spring begins, and the nightingale is cumshot.

In June, a day - from year.

In June, the dawn with a zareku converge.

In June, the first beroda is put in the mouth, and the second is carried home.

In June, the holiday in Boru: pine and spruce bloom.

June thunderstorms rich.

June Month of white nights, blooming herbs singing birds.

June is the brightest month of the year.

Conducts June to work, take the hunt from dancing.

Jung came to fishing spit.

He came by June-distrust - there is no removal from work.

June raises the harvest for the whole year, but in itself it is a month's hungry - still a little kept. They call this month for flowers, paints and bright zori. Popular name is choleboard. June - Skopidom, harvest sails for a whole year.

July has always been a month of heavy work in the field and in the garden, so funny walking, and dances, and holidays, who were in June, ended with his arrival. This is the month of the first yields of berries, mushrooms and other forest gifts.

July is a slurry, a lightning mosquito, the oaks are olkit.

In July, the sun snakes. All summer is very good, and the crown hurts heavily.

June with oblique meadows passed, and July with a sickle on the meadows ran.

If there is a lot of odds in summer, the winter will be cold.

If the morning is dry grass - expect rain to night.

Deaf thunder - to quiet rain, Thunder is a grip - to the showle.

In the morning, the fog steaming on the water - there will be good weather.

In July, it's hot, and it was sorry to part with him, in July stuffy, and it is boring to part with him.

In July, the field is densely, and in the barn is empty.

If July is hot, then December will be frosty.

July mowers and wants to sleep for a long time.

July is a summer fracture, a month of red.

July - Sweet tooth: generous on fragrant berries.

Not an ax feed a man, but the July work.

Would danced Baba, and the crown of the summer came.

Saws July from the man's arm, if you have no time to sit down.

Shelving piglets and in July he chokes.

July - Summer Mc. Fertile time of ripe bread, vegetables, berries and early potatoes. Senokos, the beginning of the scooters of breads.

August - the last summer month, and from the first days of him begins to be sent to the approach of autumn. In ancient Russia, he was called "Zornitz", Czechs and Slovaks - "Serpent", Serbs - "Pratshnik" and "Women's". This month was in favor of food for the whole winter, so the harvest August, according to the proverb, fed the whole winter. There were other signs in August:

Borefish flashers tightly closed - before the rain, the water in the flower will not fall.

Before the bad singing birds stop singing.

In August, birch brooms are harvested.

Conditional collection of medicinal herbs - healing herbs in the best pore, in all healing power.

Apple trees are cloning dollars, refinery from fruits.

Farself out of the Enai - a sign to the early, student winter.

August - Gustar, Hustoed, Generous Drafting (Bosomol): Total plenty.

Augustus two o'clock widths - ran away from the day, I added the night.

August - Znizen, month of harvest.

August and fish feedst.

August - Summer Sunset, last summer month.

August night long, water is cold.

August will come - its orders will start.

Augustus commits matinees (frosts).

The first autumn month of September was called in Russia "List Falls", in Slovaks - "Burendel", in Ukraine - "Vessen". He also had a different name - "Ruong" (Ryang "at Croats), because it was in September that the autumn cold winds began. But in the middle of September, the onset of quiet and sunny "Baby Summer" was waiting for the onset of the sun, when the sun warms it in a summer, but the morning cold already make themselves felt. In September, it is customary to finish field work, and it's not by chance that it was the first month of the year: the old year ended, and the year of the new crop began.

Began to collect a rose - autumn came.

About the beginning of the mushroom pores warn dense warm fogs.

If the Owl's rainy night often fears, to be good weather tomorrow.

Frogs jump ashore and duck in the day, and fish jump out of the water - it will rain.

Leech lies calmly at the bottom - to good, clear weather.

With the North Wind, the fish beeps badly, another thing is the wind south or southwest.

Curly clouds - forerunners of loved ones bird flocks.

Thunder in September foreshadows warm autumn.

Considate September - on joy of a man.

September without fruit does not happen.

September - evening of the year.

The month is still yellow, Zhovtnem - in the color of plants at this time of year.

The leisurefall passed quickly - the sorrow will come soon and winter will be harsh, and if the leaves remain green and hold on the trees for a long time - winter will be short, with small frosts. So they spoke about the other month of autumn - October.

October neither wheels nor a caution love.

Thunder in October foreshadows a honest, short and soft winter.

Autumn says: "ozoche", and winter: "As I want!".

The first snow falls over forty days before the present winter.

September smells apple, October - cabbage.

The first snow fell on the wet earth - it will remain, on dry - will come down soon. From the first snow to the subway - six weeks.

Daily snow does not lie - the first reliable snow falls to the night.

In October, one hour and rain and snow.

In October, neither wheels or sled.

October, then crying, it laughs.

Cold Batyushka-October, and November is still cold. Preim. In autumn bad weather, seven weather in the yard: sow, itifies, stealing, mutitis, roars, pour on top and bottom. In November, the last leaves fell, and for the most part of the territory of Russia, a real winter was established. From mid-November - until the day of the saints, goats and Damian - Frost screened with rivers and lakes ice. If snow fell out at the end of October, in November he was no longer melted, lying with a dense layer.

In winter, the ice of the crown, from the Inea - Perrette, the snow of Nizan Rock.

Winter to the light of a string - ride a stack in the ride, the board covered the meadow.

Friends on trees - to frosts, fog - to thaw.

Many ducks remain on the winter, if the winter is expected warm.

In November, winter is struggling in autumn.

In November in the morning it may rain rain, and in the evening snow bugs lie down.

Mosquitoes in November - to be a soft winter.

Who in November does not choke, he will not froze in December (January).

November connects deep autumn with sustainable winter. And also called leaves - from accurate leaves.

December - Month of the first white trail.

You will not go to the forest and freeze on the furnace.

In the fur coat in the summer, and in the winter of the undressed (oak).

Graci-wintering workers - to warm winter.

Green sneezes on the okhovy branches sing "Tilly-type" - to frosts.

We are in the house of spruce, and she is a blizzard with them.

In December, winter steles white canvas, and frost through the river bridges.

In December, the frost is growing, but the day arrives.

In December, seven weather in the yard: itifies, blowing, circling, tears and swears.

In late December, the sun for the summer, winter on the frost begins.

The year decaber ends, winter begins.

December is a month of big wolf flocks.

December-month old grief cums, the new year is a new happiness track of a stel. Stunylose gives the spoil throughout the winter. The year closes, the winter begins.

4. Russian calendar holidays and rites

Among the calendar rituals, the winter and summer shins associated with winter and summer sunflowers were especially beloved. In the winter students, the thoughts of the peasants were addressed to future field works, full, anxiety for the crop. Wishes of a rich crop sounded in numerous winter ritual songs - carols, generous, sevens, melanches, oxen songs. On the night for the new year, the houses were walking with songs and jokes (they put on an inside out of the fur coat, put the beard). They congratulated the owners and wished well-being. The goals of the "sowing" also served the objectives of agrarian magic in many villages on the first day of the new year. Neighbors, relatives, children went from home to the house under the guise of "sowns", threw a handful of grain into a red corner.

Under the Christmas girls, guys and children gathered together and went to a rank. Songs-carols received their name on behalf of the pagan deities strides, oxen, symbolizing the beginning of a sunny year. In the houses specially prepared treats for quarreling. These were cakes, gingerbread, candy, but sometimes the quarrels were given money, mainly patch. Collast started in the evening under Christmas, on Christmas Eve. Early in the morning for Christmas at the sunrise, they sang a song that glorify the birth of Christ and the Virgin.

old New Yearalso widely noted, and in different villages differently. On the night of January 13-14 (on a new style), youth went to "germinated". This name came from the designation of the evening on January 13 - "Generous Evening." The shiki lasted two weeks with the sinic evenings andfortune telling. The girls were guessing on the night before the New Year, before Christmas and baptism. Divination were different. Girls went to the neighbors asking the name of the owner to find out the name of the future husband; Thought for the gate of the shoe to determine the side where they will marry.

The scents ended on January 19thBaptism of the Lord. He coped in accordance with the church canons of the rite of water department, but in each village there were its features. Early in the morning, even before dawn, all residents of the village approached the Church, from where the congestion with the father, headed, with horsights and special church chants were sent to the place on the river, where the cross was. There, the father with prayers hung water. After him, the inhabitants came to the water and gained her to themselves.

In those villages where there were no rivers, the procession went to the well. Near the well, allowed pigeons, in the appearance of which, on biblical legend, the Holy Spirit appeared to John the Baptist and pointed him to Jesus as the Son of God.

The shints with their fun and jokes, fortune-money and rode ends, and the "meatseed" comes - a few weeks separating baptism from the carnival. At this time weddings were played.

With great impatience, we expected everywhereCarnival which was celebrated in seven weeks before Easter (end of February - the beginning of March).

Every day the Maslenitsa had its name, for each of the specific actions were fixed: Monday - "Meeting", Tuesday - "Ware", Wednesday - "Lakaku", "Razgul", "Fracture", Thursday - "Wide", Friday - "Leschina Evenings "," Teschins of the evening ", Saturday -" Castle Sowdings "," Wires ", Sunday -" Forgiven Day ". On the carnival went to visit each other, Arranged dances, games, catalysis on the sleigh. For the carnival, newlyweds were magnified. They walked to the test or mother-in-law, carried nuts with them, buns, who gave the children who met on the way. On Friday, the son-in-law came to the mother-in-law "on pancakes." Also failed fighting. Since the medium, the so-called "cams" began. On Saturday was a decisive fight. The battles lasted until Sunday, up to 12 hours. At noon, the bells began to call, and all people diverged home. Ends by Maslenitsa for forgiven Sundays. On this day, people ask for examples of farewell.The last day of the week was assigned to the wires of the carnival. In the village put the straw scarecrow. "On the cross" they put on a shirt and trousers, stuck them with straw, instead of a person, a pot was adjusted. The scarecrow stood all week, and on Sunday was burned. The bonfire, on which the carnival was burned, was not funeral. It was a kind of greeting lights of the honor of the arrival of spring.

Immediately behind the carnival begins the great post - seven weeks of rigor, holiness, abstinence. During the post, they did not sang songs, did not suit the festivities, gatherings. Fieln only lean food, beels, that is, fasted. "Walk to hell, on radish and white cabbage". In the middle of the Great Post on the night from Wednesday to Thursday, "the post broke in half." Wednesday was considered a festive - "Midnoral" was noted. For this day, specially baked cookies in the form of a cross.

The sixth week of the Great Post (Prepass) is calledverbal. Verbal Sundays are sanctified willow sprigs. The consecrated willow put in the front corner, in the divine or for it. Verba and especially her earrings everywhere were considered healing, endowed with particular force. It symbolized health, strength, so the touch of willow to a person or an animal had a magical meaning. Consecrated Verba hit all households, especially children.

In recent days, before Easter, they are preparing for the Great Christian holiday of the Resurrection of the Lord. Celebrate Easter for three days. On Thursday before Easter, the bake of the cakes begin. Decorated with cake with bumps, bagels, multicolored peashed. When the cake is baked, it is not allowed to walk along the hut, clap the doors, so as not to settle the dough. The most beautiful cakes carry to the Church of Sat.

On the first or second day of Easter, everyone goes and commemorate the dead relatives with eggs, Kulich. Eggs, pre-deployed, leave on the grave, crumble so that the birds missed them. But the main mismatch of the deceased is arranged at the next week of Fomina (Russians - on Tuesday, the Ukrainians - on Monday). This day is calledRadunitsa.

May month comes and with himholiday George Victorious(Yuriev Day) - May 6 (according to a new style). A feature of this calendar holiday is a combination of cattle and agricultural rituals. In the folk consciousness of St. George was the patron saint of animals and the keeper of livestock. Many ideas and rites were transferred to him, belonged to the former "cross-gods". Georgia appealed to protect cows, sheep, horses. The peasants traveled around the snowy winter field, and then sat down a ritual meal. Food residues burned to the ground, which was an undoubted remnant of ancient sacrifices of land, To increase its fertility.

For the Ascension of the Lord (40th day after Easter), a variety of rituals were performed. Some of them were associated with carpogonic magic (magic aimed at strengthening fertility). It is baking a ritual cookie in the form of a staircase - to make it easier to Jesus Christ. "Lanenki" carried in the field, throwing up with the words: "So that my rye grew up just as high," and then threw it to Earth or eaten.

At the transition from spring by summer marksTrinity - poetic and joyful holiday. The seventh week after Easter is called "semi-", "Russal", "green", "bang". All days of the week were considered festive, but a seven-day seventh-seventh Thursday after Easter, Parental Saturday and Pentecost Troitz (50th Easter Day), Sunday was especially allocated. Trinity was a whole complex of rites. According to their abundance, this holiday is comparable only with the winter shines. It was not by chance that the Trinity was called green sagnes. The main meaning of Troitsky rites - in the worship of the Earth, the cult of vegetation, in the desire to transfer the power and power of nature in the desire.

Trinity is a virgin holiday. The girls walked into the forest or on the meadow, whipped wreaths, curled birch. Curvated birch in different ways. Branches like a wreath; Paved pigtails, bandaging sometimes branches with ribbons, threw the branches to the ground, sent to the grass. Then they came to develop wreaths - looked, they were preserved or evolved.

The girls whipped wreaths from flowers, threw them into the river and wondered them. The first Monday after the Trinity is noted asWhit Monday. He was perceived as a continuation and completion of Troitsky rites. The main event was the "Wires of the Mermaid". Therefore, the entire Trinity week, including Monday, was called "RUSSIAL". This week, according to beliefs, the mermaids came out of the water and ran through the fields and forests, swung on the trees, they pounced on the oncoming and could start to death. On the spirits of the day there was another very ancient rite - thismoraine holidayor rather, the rite is "Exile Moraine from the Forest." Morena is a female mythological character, the spirit of the forest, a kind of forest mermaid, the owner of the forest. Its strength can be hidden in a tree trunk, herbs, even in the body of a bird.

For the holiday of Moraine, like the Kupala, burn fires, but they do not jump through them. In these fires, try to burn as much as possible branches. Moraine does not bathe in the water, it does not disappear, but it is afraid of strong fire, so during the night celebration and support very bright bonfires. Only young people take part in the rite. The rite of expulsion of Moraine concludes both agrarian magic. The fact is that it is held during the beginning of the Senokos. Morane is asked that she does not interfere with hayflower on the forest meadows and did not rain.

On July 7 (June 24, on the old style, the day of summer solvent) there is an Orthodox holiday of the Christmas of John the Baptist. On this day, the most important calendar holiday of Slavyan - Ivan Kupala is falling.With the holiday of Ivan Kupala bind a lot of legends, believes, it is characterized by the wealth of ritual action. This milestone served in the people's calendar of the reference point of the set, the resulting peasant in everyday life and work. On this day, she was going to collect herbs, roots for therapeutic and meanhead purposes. On the eve of Ivan Kupala girls gadal on herbs. Collected 12 herbs (thistle and fern necessarily), put on the night under the pillow, to dream of the narrowed: "Daughty-dressed, come to my garden to walk!" In the morning they checked: if the grasses remained twelve - it was a marriage.

On the night of Ivan Khakuhu was gadal and in wreaths. In the direction of which village wreath will float, from there and wait for the groom.

At the dawn of the very holiday of Ivan Kupala, it is customary to swim, and not only water is considered to be the healing, but also dew. On Ivan Khapovu ran through the streets with buckets and poured all the oncomes. Traditionally, the bonfires were burned on the shop, drove round dances around them, jumped through them, giving tribute to the cleansing magic.

The fires arranged behind the village at a high location. Sometimes, the old wheels were sometimes tied up, set fire to them and descended from the hillocks as a sign that the day starts to decrease from that time.

The belief that it was in a bathing night, fern blooms once a year. Who will see this bloom, sore flower and eat it, will be a "connoisseur", everything will know and will be happy all his life.

According to beliefs, it is impossible to sleep in a bathing night, as it comes to life and becomes especially dangerous all the unclean power - witches, wrases, mermaids, water.

Summer continues, breeding harvest. From July 21, the Day of the Summer Kazan Mother of God begins preparation for the harvest. The first compressed sheaf stored especially, it is called a birthday room, it starts to grind from it, his straw feed the cattle, his grains are healing for people.

August 2 is notedthe day of Ilya-Prophet. "Ilya Troza, keeps and leads." According to beliefs, there are usually "Sparrow Nights", when a deafening thunder is heard throughout the night, lightning, all living things are in fear, especially birds, hard on the heart and man. According to others, the "Sparrow Nights" is very short nights - shorter sparrow tail. Since there were thunderstorms on Ilya, this day did not work in the field, fearing that the Terrible Holy Safety of the harvest.

In August, harvest is cleaning, the crust is filled with grain and fruits. Time comesSaches. The first saved - honey, the second is apple, the third is nut, linen, bread.

On Assumption (August 28 - on a new style) was notedholiday end of harvest (dogs). These days before the ancient rite was performed, associated with the reverence of the Mother Earth. Upon completion of the works, Zhnii rode in Niva.

September 21 notedChristmas of the Virgin. The people called this dayoutnaires, aspress. It is also an important calendar date - day of autumn equinox. For several centuries (starting from the XIV century), the new year was celebrated in September.

Autumn is not as rich in calendar holidays, like winter and spring. Pokrov, Parashen Friday, Dmitrieva Saturday, especially stand out. Day of Nikola Winter, Spiridon.

Pokrov (October 14 for a new style) accounted for the first Zazimier. By what the weather is on the cover, they determined what winter will be. "For the cover to lunch, autumn, and after lunch - winter-winter." On this day, feed the cattle with the last sheaf and then keep her at home. Pokrov - the start time of the gatherings. "If snow falls on the cover, it foreshadows a lot of weddings."

Parashen Friday (October 27) - the feast of the Holy Patron of Women, Babiy Intercession. Paraskeva patronizes women's winter work - spinning and weaving.

In Dmitrov Day (November 8), a commemoration was made on Dmitrovsk Saturday everywhere, the whole week was called the parent, grandparents. "Kolya will rest on the grandfather's grandfather's grandfather (a thaw) will happen to the whole winter-winter to be with wet greenhouses." Dmitrovsk Saturday was always solemnly: we went to the graves and served there a memorial, arranged rich treats.

On November 27 - the day of Nikola Winter, Cold. On Nikola - the first serious frosts. Unlike others, it is the holiday of Starikovsky, Bolshakov families and representatives of rustic and rural births. The overall fun and hunting for beer lasts at least 3-4 days, at the congress of all the closest relatives, and the neighbors were certainly invited.

Swells began with Nikola. The youth shot at this time a single woman or widow. In the evenings, the guys and girls gathered there, they were preparing the soda masks and costumes for omens, having fun, sang, played "kiss games". Watching the day began on Nikolin.

December 25 - Spiridon Solvice- winter solstice. After Spiridon, the day begins to add. "From Spiridon Sun for the summer, winter in the frost." Overlooking the old custom, in the period of solvent, the bonfires burned in honor of the sun. Rated from the mountains the wheel, which was then burned from the hole.

Approached New Year. The annual circle of folk calendar holidays was closed.

5. Conclusions

Having considered all the names, it is difficult not to notice that the month could get his name because of his "character", that is, natural features, as well as the name of the holiday, which they coped in it. The names of the months also occurred by the name of the deities in the ancient Slavs. The facts were noted when the names of months were associated with the name of any outstanding historical hero. The origin of the names of months in Russian is associated with the origin of national holidays, rituals, traditions. The features of these names can be traced in folk sayings, proverbs, riddles and signs. Thus, my research hypothesis was confirmed.

Our usual twelve-month names were successfully entrenched in Russian after the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, which we told a little about. However, if you turn to history or just look at the calendars of other Slavic countries, Ukraine for example, it turns out that there are completely different names in the calendar. What is the case and why not everywhere the names of months are the same? We suggest to understand this issue.

Winter months

December. In the ancient Roman calendar, most of the months are named either in honor of the ancient gods of the Roman Pantheon, or in honor of the Roman emperors. However, the last month of our calendar is not included in their number, because our first winter month was in the ancient Romans with the tenth, for which, in fact, received his name. Slavic languages, and Russian in particular, Dali Decabrew several names, from different sides, characterizing this month: breast, jelly or snowfriend. The name of the months in Finnish is significantly different. Here, the name of each month ends on Kuu - month (calendar and in heaven). So in the Finnish calendar on the site of December you will find Joulukuu ("Christmas Month"), and its former name in Finland was Talvikuu and translated as "winter month."

January. In the tradition of Roman announcing January was the eleventh month of the year and the penultimate. January got his name just in honor of one of the gods of the ancient Roman Pantheon: Janus. Its distinctive feature was his two-cap: one person, according to the ideas of ancient Romans, looked into the future, and the other thing in the past. If we consider that today is January - the first month of the new year, everything looks quite logical. In Slavic languages, and in Russian, including January - plasign. If you do not delve into linguistic and cultural debris, then such a name is usually associated with increasing longitude of the day and a large number of clear days than in the previous month. In Finnish January - Tammikuu. Tammi is Finnish Oak, but the very name of the month is closely related to the archaic meaning of the word: center, focus, core. Tammikuu - mid winter.

February. In the ancient Roman calendar, this winter month was the last and the name was his name thanks to the holiday of purification from everything bad, which was in the outgoing year. However, the exact origin of the name is pretty difficult. The Slavic calendar in this sense is much easier. According to him, February either section (the forest fell on firewood), or Lyutny / Lyuty (February frosts they are). The observant Finns celebrated short February thaws and this month was called droplets from freezing on branches, which appear after short warming. Helmi is finished "Pearl", and the month itself is Helmikuu.

Spring months

March. This month opened the ancient Roman calendar. The name of the month dates back to Mars, who was so honored by militant Romans. All their hiking and conquest, they started planning in March. Slavic languages \u200b\u200bare rich in different names of March: dry, zincor, a protontarm, birch (in the southern areas of spring comes earlier and kidney on birchs swell also earlier), Beloyar, Socokik. The name of the first spring month in Finnish comes from the word MAA - "Earth". In March, she begins to penetrate from under the snow. Martha's name in Finnish calendar - Maaliskuu.

April. Latin word Aprilis means "disclosure". This month reveals the first kidneys on the trees and the first spring greens appear. In the Slavic calendar, this month also has several names: snowball and pollen, sometimes - birch. In Finland at this time, the cutting down of the forest under arable land and therefore the name of Huhtikuu was fixed during the month. Huhta in Finnish - pins, refinement. By the way, on April 1 in Finland, as in other countries - the day of laughter.

May. In Roman mythology, there was such a Goddess of Spring-Maya, in her honor ancient Romans and called a month, in which nature is finally awakened from winter cold. The Slavic calendar also celebrated the violent May blossom, giving this month the name of the herbal. Finns also noted the beginning of the first agricultural work: Toukokuu. TOUKO - so far the so-called spring field work.

Summer months

June. The first month of summer ancient Romans was also called in honor of one of the goddesses: Juno, who was considered a patronage of women and a homely focus. Slavic calendar gave the first day the name associated with insects. In Bulgarian Language June and today - Szok. With this word in the old days called grasshoppers, which in the initial summer hours are very and very much. As for the Finnish calendar, June and all other summer months in the names carry the memory of agricultural work. Kesä in Finnish - "Summer", Kesanto - the field left under the ferry, plowed it by June, raised steam. And June - Kesäkuu.

July. It seems that everyone knows the origin of the name of this month. After all, in him, the name of Julia Caesar was perpetuated, although before a month was called Quintilius from the word Quintus - the fifth. In the Calendar of Slavs, depending on the region, July was called: Cherven (from red berries), Lipette / Lypene (month of blossoms of Linden), Stradalnik (month of the most active field work, suffering) and slurry (month of the most stormy thunderstorms). Translated from Finnish, July is the month of grass, more precisely - the billets of the hay on the feed Cotot: Heinäkuu, Heinä in Finnish - Grass.

August. Another renamed month of the Roman calendar. The "sixth" Augustus was called exactly 8 years before AD, when he was overheaded in honor of the emperor of August, who really wanted to be like Caesar. Even days added to the desired amount. Ancient Slavs this month began to harvest wheat and the month was called respectively: Sherry or Znizen. Far thunderstorms, raging at the horizon, and zipper gave another name - glow or zornishka. In Finnish August - Elokuu. ELO - Life, bread, grain.

Autumn months

September. In the names of the autumn months, the Romans did not show special originality. Probably dried fantasy. So September is just the "seventh month." Due to the fact that in September, the marriage period begins in many animals and males, especially deer, privilely root causing rivals to fight, the first autumn month received the name "Ryun". For the violent blossom of heather, he was also called "Vessel", and for changeable weather - Gmury. Syys, Syksy in Finnish - "Autumn", and a month - Syyskuu.

October. The "eighth" month of the Roman calendar. "Listfall" and "Dressing", and also - "wedding". After the end of the field work on the autumn played weddings, from here and the name of the month. The rainy and slakry Finnish October is called - "Slushy Month" - Lokakuu.

November. "Ninth" month in the Roman calendar. In the Slavic calendar this month is breast. Breast called broken and frozen ruts on the road. In Finnish, this month is called Marraskuu, because in Finland this month is considered the greatest and lifeless.

• V. Shaur. On the question of the reconstruction of Praslavyan names of months.
• V.E. Gusev. On the reconstruction of Praslavyansky calendar (to the problem of ethnogenesis of Slavs).
• IN AND. Dal. Dictionary of the living Great Russian language.