"The Park of the Jurassic Period" taught us that the most terrible prehistoric lizards were aggressive predator Tiranozavr. But the cinema, as it often happens, told us not the whole truth. Millions of years ago on the planet there were much more terrible predators, compared to which the tyrannosaurus will seem a children's toy! Let's get acquainted with these horror stories!

This dinosaur was a contemporary Tiranosaurus Rex and quite reminded him. However, judging by the found remains, he was much more so much. Their metabolism, according to scientists, was among the average between the metabolism of mammals and reptiles, which allowed them to achieve such impressive sizes. They were predators, ran with a speed of 14 meters per second and hunted on dinosaurs of smaller size, above all, long-haired Zauropodov and their young, grabbing them with their huge jaws. And, according to Paleontologists, they have eaten everything in their path.

Living in the chalk period, the utaraptors were like miniature Ti Rex, but differed by force and outstanding even by the measurements of dinosaurs aggressiveness. In addition, they were distinguished by an extraordinary dexterity - they could jump immediately on a dozen meters long and four more than a meter in height. Sorokasantimeter claws on the hind legs they joined the back of the production of scientists suspect that they were hunted by groups; If so, they no longer wore a dinosaur much more than themselves.

Larger than tyrannosaurs (no less than nine meters, not counting a three-meter tail!), These predators of the late Cretaceous period differed almost complete invulnerability. Reinforced skull bones, crowned with powerful horns, left the slightest chance to attack him in front. What is the most amazing, so this is what, being really huge, the carnotaurs were also among the fastest dinosaurs of their era. From such a lizard no one will hide!

Formally, these predatory marine reptiles were not dinosaurs, but, as contemporaries and competitors of the ancient lizards, they should not be mentioned in a general row. These marine giants grew up to 17 meters, and 10% of their size occupied the head - more precisely, the elongated jaws, full of sharp teeth. Previously, scientists believed that they were moved quite slowly, wriggling with all the body, like sea snakes. But detailed studies of the tails of Mosazavrov allowed them to come to the conclusion: in fact, these maritime predators moved deftly and quickly, like sharks, and grabbed the prey with one lightning movement. Well, the prey could be anyone.

One of the largest and most aggressive predators, the spinosaurus possessed the seizion of the sail on his back, because of which he looked twice the larger and terrible. But he called the major horror by the victims of this, and his ability to quickly move both on earth and water. There was no salvation from the spinosaur! He ran at a speed of about 25 km / h and weighed more than tyrannosaurus and giantozar, taken together. Truly terrible creature!

In addition to the magnificent set of teeth, this dinosaur, according to scientists, possessed good social skills. Paleontologists suggest that these dinosaurs lived with groups and did not show aggression to their appearance. All other remaining strong and rapid predators who could run at a speed of 30 km / h, ate with pleasure. Herbivores and predatory dinosaurs are not only small, but also enough large size. They themselves differed a little in size from tyrannosaurs, but their ability to hunt the group made them even more dangerous.

Tiranotitan was a relative of Giantosaurus, and was distinguished from him only a few peculiarities. He had more powerful teeth, longer forelimbs and more squat addition. This lock ran faster than tyrannosaurus, besides, Paleontologists suggest, I knew how to swim. Yes, there is something to be frightened!

These horrorists differed noticeably from relatives. To begin with, instead of three fingers, like the overwhelming majority of dinosaurs, they could boast four. But the main thing was claws on the front paws. They achieved almost a meter in length! Teresinosaurovar himself grew, on average, up to 10 meters. Judging by the dimensions, many living creatures are unlikely to meet with them on a narrow path!

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That creature is enough to flush from horror. The gigantic bat of a 10-meter growth, equipped with a long neck and a powerful beak - this can only dreamed in nightmares. But Ketzalcoatle also flew no worse than bat! With a scope of wings, reaching up to 50 meters, it is considered the largest of the well-known science of flying beings. They hunted the fish and small grounding creatures, Paleontologists believe, and did not measure with large terrestrial predators, but they do not become less wage.

This giant nautical predator is a real life! His length reached 30 meters, and when he revealed the mouth, she swallowed no less than three meters! He is easily to eat anyone in his path, and not surprisingly: the largest prey was about twice the smallest. None of the marine inhabitants could feel safe. Anthropologists suspect that Meghalodonov were the kings of the ocean: their remains found along the whole of the earth, from North America to India.

Albertosavr is one of the ancestors of the Tiranosaurus, and in many ways it is a minor descendant. The bones of the skull is thinner, and the bite is weaker. But he also had advantages, and very frightening. First, thanks to the bacteria, specific dinosaurs specifically for this type, his bite was poisonous for any victim, except for his tribesmen. And secondly, he could rush for prey at a speed of 60 km / h - no worse than the car!

This dinosaur race from India is not yet too well known to the scientist: his remains were found only in fragments. However, it is known that he resembled Ti-Rex with dimensions and general views, but most likely was heavier and more dense addition. If so, from his steps should tremble the Earth, and from the roar - fall foliage from the trees. With one thought about such a creature, it becomes somehow not in itself.

Lyod from a few dinosaurs, about which scientists know more than it that they were covered with dense feathers or fur. Otherwise, Yutiranus resembled Ti-Rex: nine meters long, the complete mouth of the teeth and willingness to devour anyone in its path. That's just a shaggy skin ... BR-R-R!

Another relative of the Tiranosaurus, who was able to surpass him according to strength and rage. The AcrossoTosavr largely resembled Ti-Rex, that's just that thieved front handles were suitable except that to pick up in the teeth, and the Acrochanatosaurus, they were a full-fledged hunting tool, which he had enough and ruptured prey. This allowed him to hunt for dinosaurs no less large than he himself, and to go out of the fight the winner.

Anyone represents a dinosaur in the form of a fierce lizard of frightening sizes, rocking a huge mouth and crashing everything in its path. Indeed, most of the ancient reptiles possessed gigantic sizes affecting the imagination. There are numerous finds of individual fragments and even whole skeletons of fossil lizards. However, not all dinosaurs were giants, among them there were separate species, which nature, as if in a mockery, endowed the growth of chicken. These tiny creatures of numerous flocks of sneaks among thickets of relict fern, trying not to fall under the feet of their huge relatives and looking for even smaller prey.

Why, until recently, scientists knew so little about these amazing crumbs? It was a small growth that played a sore joke with them. The bones of these dinosaurs were so easy and fragile that they could not withstand the test of time and practically not survived to the present. Only single finds allowed these little reptiles to declare themselves.

This lizard gained the fame of the most petty predator of the Jurassic period. The length does not exceed the meter, and the weight reached only two kilograms. He moved on the quick hind legs, had a long tail and a moving head. The yurt dinosaur hunted insects and lizards. A total of three skeletons of compartment were found. Two of them discovered in the territory of Europe in the middle of the nineteenth and at the end of the twentieth century, and one skeleton was preserved in Russia and was found quite recently, in 2010. Thanks to these finds, scientists managed to restore the appearance and habits of the fossil dinosaur.

NKVebazavr
The only fragment of the skeleton of this lizard was found in 2000 in Africa, near the Sahara desert. Most likely the remains belonged to the young. To the peculiarities of the structure of these lizards include the presence of long fingers, which allowed the prey to capture. In the intestine, the so-called gastric stones are preserved, which are usually intended for grinding plant food. This allowed scientists to conclude about the omnivities of the NKVabazavrov. In the length, the dinosaur did not exceed the meter and was a contemporary of the compartment.

SciPionix
The perfectly preserved skeleton of this lizard was found on the territory of Italy at the end of the twentieth century. The skeleton belonged to the dinosaur's cub was pleased with the scientists of an extensive base for research, because the fossil remains retained the structure of not only soft animal tissues, but also its internal organs. Most likely, the body of the lizard was covered by primitive feathers. He moved on the hind legs, supporting the body with a tail. The size of adults, according to scientists estimates, reached two meters. Dinosaur lived in the chalk period and was a predator. In any case, among non-digested food residues, scientists discovered lizards and fish.

In past publications, we have already affected the topic of dinosaurs. Then it was about the ten largest types of famous science. Today we want to familiarize you with the list of the deceased sea dinosaurs. So.

Shastasaurus - the genus of dinosaurs, who lived at the end of a triad period (more than 200 million years ago) on the territory of modern North America and, possibly, China. His remains were discovered in California, British Columbia and Chinese Guizhou Province. This predator is the largest sea reptile, ever found on the planet. He could grow up to 21 meters long and weigh 20 tons.


At the ninth place in the ranking, Dakosaurus is located - a sea crocodile, who lived in the late Jurassic - early chalome period (more than 100.5 million years ago). It was a rather large, carnivorous animal, adapted almost exclusively to hunt for large prey. Could grow up to 6 meters long.


Thalassomedon (Thalassomedon) - the genus of dinosaurs, who lived in North America about 95 million years ago. Most likely, he was the main predator of his time. Thalassasedone grown to 12.3 m in length. The size of its flippers, reached about 1.5-2 meters. The length of the skull was 47 centimeters, teeth - 5 cm. Food was fed.


Nothosaurus - Marine Lizard, having lived 240-210 million years ago in modern Russia, Israel, China and North Africa. In length reached about 4 meters. He had a webbed limbs, with five long fingers, which could be used both for movement on land and swimming. Probably fed fish. The full skeleton of the notocation can be seen in the Museum of Natural History in Berlin.


In the sixth place in the list of the most ferocious sea dinosaurs there is a Tilosaurus (Tylosaurus) - a large marine predatory lizard, inhabited oceans at the end of the chalk period (about 88-78 million years ago). He was the dominant maritime predator of his time. Grow up to 14 m in length. Food with fish, large predatory sharks, small mosazes, plesiosauria and waterfowl.


Talattoarhon (ThalattoArchon) is a large marine reptile, who has lived more than 245 million years ago on the territory of the current Western part of the United States. The remains consisting of a part of the skull, spine, pelvic bones, and parts of the rear fins were discovered in the state of Nevada in 2010. According to estimates, Talatotoarhon was an ultra-slip of his time. He grown at least 8.6 m in length.


Tanyatrofee (Tanystropheus) - the genus of lizard-like reptiles who lived in average TRIAS is about 230 million years ago. It grown up to a 6-meter length, and was distinguished by a very elongated and movable neck, which reached 3.5 m. The predatory water or semi-wheeled lifestyle was probably hunting near the shore on the fish and chalp clams.


Lopelodon (LiopleUrodon) - a genus of large carnivorous marine reptiles living at the turn of the Middle and Late Jurassic period (from about 165 million to 155 million years ago). It is assumed that the largest known lopelyrodon was just over 10 m in length, but the typical dimensions range from 5 to 7 m (according to other data 16-20 meters). Body mass is estimated at 1-1.7 tons. These ultra-hulls probably hunted from an ambush, attacking big chappings, ichthyosaurov, plesiosaurov, sharks and other large animals that could catch.


Mosasaurus (Mosasaurus) - the genus of extremely reptiles inhabited in the territory of modern Western Europe and North America in the days of the late chalk - 70-65 million years ago. For the first time, their remains were found in 1764 near the Masa River. The total length of the representatives of this kind was fluctuated from 10 to 17.5 m. In appearance, a mixture of fish (or whale) was reminded with a crocodile. All the time were in the water, plunging at a significant depth. Food with fish, ciphat mollusks, turtles and ammonites. According to some scientists, these predators are distant relatives of modern Varanov and Iguan.


Megalodon (Carcharoocles Megalodon) - extinct view of the prehistoric shark, who lived throughout the oceans 28.1-3 million years ago. It is the most famous predatory fish in history. It was estimated that megalodon reached 18 meters long and weighed 60 tons. On the shape of the body and behavior was similar to a modern white shark. Hunt for cetaceans and other large marine animals. Interestingly, some cryptosologists argue that this animal could continue to the present, but in addition to the found huge teeth (up to 15 cm in length), there are no other evidence that shark and now lives somewhere in the ocean.

When in the US and Canada, the dinosaurs bones were found bags, in Russia they could not boast of at least one or two vertebrae of ancient animals. The fact is that during the Jurassic and Cretaceous period, the territory of the current Russia was filled with shallow seas. Dinosaurs lived here, but it turned out to be more difficult to find their remains - water and stones were grinding their bones into the trunk. Skeletons are preserved in swamps and volcanic ashes, but the glaciers went to the porridge, and the glacial waters blocked what was left. But Russian scientists have adapted to such difficult conditions. Now the scattered dinosaurs bones are found in the Far East, and in the Moscow region. Professionally, Pavel Skhodnya is engaged in the candidate of biological sciences, a specialist in the Mesozoic vertebral, Associate Professor SPbSU. Paul described the new genus of the Giant dinosaurs - Tengrizaurs, and then a new dinosaur - Sibirotitan, which launched 120 million years ago in the territory of modern Russia. Agata Korovina talked with Pavel about what dinosaurs we eat for dinner, which is common between Mickey Mouse and amphibians, as a person will change in the future and can we ever be able to graze a dinosaur in the backyard.

If the paleontologist walks through the forest with a girl who is not a paleontologist, what does he see what will tell her if take into account his professional deformation?

If the girl is a biologist, then you can afford a lot ... Dinosaurs have a bright feature - they have legs are located under the body, slim, while the lizard, for example, sticks out on the side, she moves the rotational. And you can make a girlfriend compliment: "You have legs like a dinosaur." Untisited will give in the face, and the savvy will rejoice that a good couple, the sagittal formulation of the limbs.

- And around? We see forest belts, crusts, cliffs, and what are you seeing?

The brain reacts to careers, especially when you go on the train. Immediately remember the geological map, the age of breed. Sometimes Paleontologists are fused from the train, they run and find interesting things. And the second moment when you come from the expedition, it is very good to look for mushrooms. It is easier than bones. Because the bones sometimes in one centimeter, the teeth are one and a half or two millimeters.

- What kind of super supervision? How do you find them?

There is a special approach. The bonefield is gaining, ideally some sand, sandstone. A small handy rushes into a sieve, and you begin to wash it gently in water. Small grains flooded, stones and bones remain. And here you start choosing. When the eye is not suitable, one and a half or two millimeters of the tooth are normal, you find. To find something from the Jurassic period, one eye is not enough. What remains in the sieve, dries, and then we already consider it under the microscope.

- You restored the Tengrizaurus for several vertebrae. How is it possible?

Reconstruction of the appearance of fossil organisms for small remains, for example, two vertebrae, very approximate. Received the next relatives of this dinosaur, for which a whole skeleton is known. You can understand whether the dinosaur was 10-12 meters, as in the case of our Siberian dinosaurs, Zauropod, or it was a giant. Scientists are focused on published articles. Sometimes more than a hundred or two hundred and signs are used to clarify related links.

- But the difference will still be: another jaw, another musculature ...

Indeed, therefore, any reconstruction on an incomplete skeleton is a convention and assumption.

When paleontologists in their works describe insulated bones, they do not reconstruct the appearance. This is already the prerogative of people who are interested in paleontology.

It's great that several wonderful paleoylistors and paleochitors appeared in Russia. One of them, for example, Andrei Atuchin.


The voice of some dinosaurs reconstructed. There is a group of dinosaurs that lived at the end of the Cretaceous period, they are called waterproof dinosaurs, or gardensaws. They were herbivores, quite peaceful, though large, 5-6 meters, went on the hind legs, and the males on the head were hollow ridges that were connected to the nasophall. There was an idea that it is a resonator. Created a model, poured, got some kind of sound. It is hardly the perfect coincidence, because you need to take into account soft tissues, but still we understand how the dinosaurs have shine.

- Why do these three vertebra stayed that with the rest of the skeleton?

Fossil residues, especially mesozoic age, were often preserved in very specific conditions. Usually it is a reservoir: lake, river, sea. In the river, the flow, so the skeletons in river sediments are usually not saved, they will carry them out, they begin to fall apart, and they find isolated remnants.

The desert is the perfect option for the paleontologist. We worked in Uzbekistan, there are wonderful exits of ancient breeds, and dinosaur bones can be collected like mushrooms.

We have forests. You can find something on the banks of the rivers, where a break is formed, or in existing or abandoned careers. For example, coal is mined, and over - layers containing dinosaurs residues. This also happens.

When I communicated with, they said that they were described and photographed, and sketch, and make computer models - because they do not know what it turns out to be important, because something they can miss now. You have something you are not sure, but you just save it?

Of course, it works especially with insulated residues. So far there are bones, we do not understand whose they are. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, there were very small vertebrae with the abnormalities in the form of Lancet, Roma - there is nothing similar in the modern fauna. We can not even determine the group. We just understand that this is some reptile. I showed at the conferences: "Colleagues, please, what is it?" (This is a normal practice when the paleontologist does not understand anything at all). And so far no one said. But we published an article, and when, for example, in the UK, they will find a skeleton of an animal, on the vertebra of which will be the same processes, they immediately recall our find, and the task will be solved. If you can't solve some task, put this task to all - let everyone think.

- Where in Russia you can find dinosaur bones?

You can list on the fingers of one hand. Unique place - Chebuli district in the Kemerovo region. There are many river deposits, and there is a shestakovo location, where whole skeletons are preserved. Other places - surroundings of Blagoveshchensk in the Far East, South of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Chita region. The bones, which in Shestakovo, very fragile.

Even if you find a skeleton and start picking your finger, then everything quickly falls apart. Experts every bone had to soak with special glue. The skeleton is not pulled out of the breed, the breed is deceived by plaster and shakeped with boards, it is called "to take by monolith", and disappear into the laboratory, where they are clearing.


- How did it happen that dinosaur bones and in the UK, and in the Chebuli district, and in Antarctica?

The configuration of the mainland is constantly changing. When the dawn of dinosaurs began, the Jurassic period, all the continents were combined into a single supercontinent - page. And the composition of the faun in different parts of the globe was very similar. The Fauna of Great Britain of the middle of the Jurassic period and Western Siberia is almost identical, and these are long distances. Then Pangaya split into the northern continent - Laurelasia, where Europe, Asia and North America, and Gondwan - a group of southern continents. In Gondwan, strange creatures have always lived. They penetrated there from the laure and there they evolved completely independently of other regions.

- What is the specificity of ours, "Russian", dinosaur? What is it different from the rest?

He is not different from others. But he is very evolutionally advanced, that is, it has already been difficult absorbance. Giant dinosaurs Zauropod externally, if you look from afar, about all the same type: long neck and tail, four legs, large sizes, and then some variations are already: for example, the teeth were arranged, the primitive is in the form of spoons, that is with the extension to bite branches, more advanced - in the form of pencils. Ours - something intermediate between spoons and pencils.

- There was no protection?

When you are 10-12 meters, no one is afraid. The main task of Zauropod is to grow to these sizes as soon as possible. There were barbered and under 30 meters, while predators usually grow up to seven meters.

- Why did not predators develop to superhires?

It is very unprofitable. And 20-meter predators never existed. Vegetation, apparently, it was enough to feed even such giants like Zauropod. Predators always have a problem - they need to hunt. Hunting is a big waste of energy. The larger the predator, the more meat you need.

Predators are very vulnerable, it even in modern lions and tigers can be seen. For example, if the tyrannosaurus, when attacking the victim, breaks the leg - all, this is death, because it will not be able to eat anymore.

To be extremely difficult to be a big predator. Even the tyrannosaurus of Rex is unlikely to climb on the gigantic zauropod, because he understood that the price of the error is very large. Plus, some life experience, because the dinosaurs were clearly not a stupid bird.

- Which dinosaur lived to this day?

Only birds. Crocodiles are modern dinosaur cousins. And those and others belong to the Archozaur group. "Arkho" is "Higher", Arhozovars are the highest lizards.

But according to the behavior of modern birds and crocodiles, you can understand how dinosaurs behaved. Even there is such a method - bracketing. If crocodiles have complicated behavior - care for offspring, a demonstration during the marriage period, if it is in birds, it means that dinosaurs were also.

In Mongolia, even found a dinosaur in the pose of the zeal.

- When you eat a grill chicken, do you think that dinosaur?

I used to think. Previously, even with children who are interested in paleontology, we had a separate occupation on the anatomy of dinosaurs, we firing a Kuru Grill. Yes, indeed, one in one, not very much changed.


- There was a period when the horse could carry predatory birds. What is it during this?

This is the beginning of the Cenozoic Era. Before that, there was the end of the chalk period, most dinosaurs die off, with the exception of birds. Niche large flutter running predators empty. Mammals, such a feeling, several million years have been in some kind of awesome - where are these predatory guys? They continued to be small enough. But there were large predatory non-flying birds and large crocodiles. For those birds, wings were reduced, they themselves are about two meters. A little looked like ostrich: the legs are powerful, the wings are small, only the beak is half meter. And the horse was the size of the dog. Beak's blow this horse bird could kill instantly. But then the mammals were attenuating, and among them predators also appeared.

- And what carried horses - is it installed on bone scratches or is it an assumption?

This is an assumption. When the paleontologist reconstructs Fauna, he looks at who was a herbivore, who was a predator, reveals the most terrible predator, an ultra-slip, Top Predator. Superchirchers are usually eating everyone. Take a white shark - she will see, he will devour. In Taiga Top Predator Spring - Bears. A hungry large male and another male will be burned, smaller, and a man, and boar.

- Can you explain then why dinosaurs so decreased?

Partly myth that all dinosaurs were large. Dinosaurs occupied different niches. And there was a lot of small dinosaurs. When you are petty, you can run and catch up with insects. This is your niche, you are insect hunter. What you are more, these are more vulnerable. A completely brilliant step is to master the flight. When dinosaurs learned how to fly, they had a chance to survive - you can fly if unfavorable conditions here.

- What other evolutionary stamps helped the ancient animals to occupy new niches?

Preservation of children's, larval features in adulthood. This is called the Pymatophosis. The second option, when the larva begins to multiply, is the dead. This is an absolutely ingenious thing, it is characteristic of tailed amphibians. There is still a phenomenon as optional inquisition. For example, the larva of the ambiton (), very beautiful, with outer gills, in the reservoir of South America, stands in front of a life dilemma: to go to the land or not. If there are a lot of food - a lot and good, - Why pass metamorphosis? And she remains a larva, begins to multiply. The second way - the reservoir dries, there is little food, it means that the metamorphosis is passing and become ground Salamandra.

The braking of some kind of development program, the acquisition and consolidation of children's features is generally a very frequent evolutionary biscorund. For example, we are with you - we have a lot of faithful features. Even if we approach the mirror, let's look at yourself - typical children's features: big eyes, unsuccessful muzzle.


Quite right. There may be different reasons for which the program is braked. A common case when a part of the body becomes a creamy, and some, on the contrary, superwatching. For example, a very powerful skull begins to form a very powerful frog, while the rest of the body remains half-solid. The prefabric faith is both Mickey Mouse, and female characters Anime. In the latter - big eyes, chest very serious size, it turns out a mixing: hyperwear breast with a completely children's head.

There are a lot of such mixes. It is even believed that people, dinosaurs, vertebrates in general, occurred by a pyrestrosis. Our type is chord. Our relatives are shells. The shells have a larva with a tail and a sitting stage. And now I will imagine: the sitting stage is lost, the larva begins to multiply, and thus, most likely, "Prosters" appeared. But then the jaws appeared from the "Prottors", and they became fish, the fish went to the land, the reptiles took away from the amphibians, which came off from the water, and then the case came to a dinosaur and man.

He heard the insane theory that aliens are people from the future, modified. They have huge eyes to get more visual information, small mouth, as the conversation will stop playing an important role, just a pair of fingers, since it is not particularly necessary in the world of computers, etc. Do you think it is possible to change in such a way?

Is that possible. There was a wonderful paleontologist - Alexey Petrovich Fastrov, he participated in the formation of the St. Petersburg school of Paleontologists, and in the 60s he wrote the book "Past, present, the future of man." Alexey Petrovich - one of the first to dream of how the people of the future will look like. But his fantasy had a serious scientific substantiation. He was not only a paleontologist, but also a military doctor. And during the war, several thousand human skulls passed through his hands. He tried to find out that a person no longer works, which is Rudiment.

According to the quickstrov, after several thousand years, a person will be a small growth, with a small number of teeth - the teeth of wisdom will be disappeared first, - with a big head, as you have to handle a lot of information.

Perhaps the fingers will become less, and the eyes will increase. Why spend the body's energy on the development of sense organs, if you can perceive all the information visually and you feel good?

- And you cannot learn to regenerate? Amphibians are regenerated and paws, and brain sites, and eyes.

This is already from the field of fiction. Salamandras and some other amphibians could really regenerate. But as soon as they moved to the land, complicated the body structure, the ability to regenerate was lost. This is some evolutionary fee. The dinosaurs began to bite pieces of pieces, and they had nothing more than anything.


Some scientists are trying to revive mammoths, try to do it with mice. Can I have any residues to revive dinosaurs, for example, with the help of chickens?

If you were asked for five years ago, I would say that it is absolutely impossible. Now I say that it is impossible at 98-99%. Why? First, to reconstruct something, you need DNA. In frozen mammoths, only DNA scraps are saved. Even this technically did not decide. When the mammoth is restored with the help of mice or elephants, let molecular biologists think, it will be a breakthrough. Although I do not understand why. Well, probably, cool to have a homemade mammoth in the backyard.

Regarding dinosaurs.

It used to be believed that nothing organic and complexolecular from dinosaurs remains. Then there was a brilliant study: dissolved the bone of the tyrantosaurus, and it turned out that something was preserved there. But this is not a DNA, these are proteins-collagen, these are structural molecules that are in the bones.

But this is already great progress. Once something molecular persists, maybe we will find anything else under certain conditions. The minimum probability is.

Now the last word of technology in paleontology is the use of synchrotron. With it, you can explore the detailed structure of the bones. At one of the conferences we were distributed to special glasses and said: "And now we will fly through the cavities inside this bone." And so we flew. This is a completely different level.

- Would you like home dinosaur?

No, home dinosaur I would not want. I would be more interesting to see how it really was. This is not a pile of stones for us, in fact, these are live creatures. We can assume how they developed, to assume that this dinosaur hunted in a flock, but this is all assumptions. So we suggested that our Tengrizaur was 10-12 meters. I would like to know - is it true? And see some details that we can not even assume.

An unimaginable event occurred about 251 million years ago, which significantly affected the following epochs. The name assigned by scientists this event sounds like perm-tertiary extinction, or great extinction.

It has become a formative border between two geological periods - Permian and Triassic, or, in other words, between Paleozoa and Mesozoa. It took some time that most marine and terrestrial species stop their existence.

These events contributed to the formation of a group of arousauses on land (the most vivid representatives - dinosaurs) and so-called. "Sea dinosaurs".

Because It would not be correctly dinosaurs, called sea, such a phrase as "sea dinosaurs" we take in quotes and ask to refer to such a "dilatant" definition further in the article (approx. Ed.).

Sea reptiles inhabited water areas of mesozoic together with land dinosaurs. They disappeared the same at one time - about 65.5 million years ago. The reason was the chalk Paleogenic extinction.

In this article, we want to introduce you to a selection of 10 brightest and fierce representatives of the Sea Dinosaurs.

Shastasaurus - the genus "dinosaurs", which existed more than 200 million years ago - the end of the triad period. According to scientists, their habitat was the territory of modern North America and China.

The remains of Shastazavrov found in California, British Columbia and the Chinese Guizhou province.

Shastasaur refers to ichthyo-brothers - marine predators similar to modern dolphins. Being the largest reptiles in the water, the individuals could grow to unthinkable sizes: the body length is 21 meters, weight - 20 tons.

But, despite the major sizes, the sastases were not very terrible predators. They fed on the method of sucking, and ate, mostly fish.

Dakosaurus - Marine crocodiles who lived over 100.5 million years ago: Late Jurassic - early chalk period.

The first remains were discovered in Germany, and later the territory of their habitat was expanded from England to Russia and Argentina.

Dakosaurs were large, carnivorous animals. The maximum body length, reptile and fish at the same time, did not exceed 6 meters.

Scientists who studied the structure of the teeth of this species believe that Dracozavr was the main predator during the stay.

Dracosaurs hunted exclusively for large prey.

Thalassomedon - "Dinosaurs" belonging to the Pliosevarov group. Translated from the Greek - "Marine Lord". Lived 95 million years ago on the territory of North. America.

The length of the body reached 12.5 meters. Huge flippers that allowed him to swim with an incredible speed could grow up to 2 meters. The size of the skull was 47 cm, and the teeth were about 5 cm. The main diet is fish.

The primacy of these predators was preserved until the late Cretaceous period, and stopped only with the advent of mosazavrov.

Nothosaurus - "Sea Lizards", which existed in the Triassic period - about 240-210 million years ago. Were found in Russia, Israel, China, North Africa.

Scientists believe that not bellows are relatives of Pliosevrov, another kind of deep-water predators.

Not beats were extremely aggressive predators, and their torso reached a length of up to 4 m. The limbs were overpriced. There were 5 long fingers intended for and for movement on land and for swimming.

The teeth of predators were sharp, directed outwardly. Most likely, not bells of fish and squid. It is believed that they were attacked from an ambush, using their smooth reptile build for an inconspicuous approach to food, thus putting it in the very surprise.

A full-fledged Skeleton of the Notozava is located in the Museum of Natural History, Berlin.

The sixth place in our list of "sea dinosaurs" is occupied by Tilosaurus.

Tylosaurus - belongs to the type of mosazavrov. A major predatory "lizard", having lived in the oceans 88-78 million years ago - the end of the chalk period.

Huge Tilosaurs reached 15 meters in length, thus being dominant predators of their time.

Tilosaurus food was diverse: fish, large predatory sharks, minor mosazas, plesiosaur, waterfowl.

ThalattoArchon is a sea reptile that existed in the Triassic period - 245 million years ago.

The first remains found in Nevada, 2010, allowed the scientists to take a fresh look at the lightning reduction of the ecosystem after a great extinction.

The found skeleton is part of the skull, spine, pelvic bones, part of the rear fins - was the size of a school bus: about 9 m. In length.

Talatottoarhon was an ultra-slip, growing up to 8.5 m.

Tanystropheus - Lizard-like reptiles, existing 230 - 215 million years ago - the average triad period.

Tanistroinet grown to 6 meters long, had a 3.5 meter elongated and movable neck.

They were not exclusively aquatic inhabitants: most likely could lead both a water, and a semi-water lifestyle, hunting near the shore. Tanistores - predators who eaten fish and charts.

Liopleurodon - large carnivorous seaside reptiles. They lived about 165-155 million years ago - the border of the Middle and Late Jurassic period.

Typical dimensions of Lopelodone - 5-7 meters in length, weight - 1-1.7 tons. It is believed that the most famous major representative was more than 10 meters in length.

Scientists believe that the jaws of these reptiles reached 3 m.

In its period, Lopelyrodon was considered an ultra-slip, dominating in the food chain.

They hunted from the ambush. They were fed on cephalopod, ichthyozoram, plesiosauria, sharks and other large animals.

Mosasaurus - reptiles of the late Cretaceous period - 70-65 million years ago. The habitat is the territory of modern Western Europe, North America.

The first remains found in 1764 not far from the Maas River.

The appearance of Mosazaurus is a mixture of whale, fish and crocodile. There were hundreds of sharp teeth.

Preferred to eat fish, chalp clams, turtles and ammonites.

Studies of scientists suggest that mosazagues can be distant relatives of modern Varanov and Iguan.

The first place is rightfully occupied by a prehistoric shark, which is considered truly a terrible being.

Carcharoocles lived 28.1-3 million back - Cenozoic Era.

This is one of the largest predators in the history of marine inhabitants. It is considered the ancestor of a large white shark - the most terrible and strongest predator today.

The length of the body reached up to 20 m., And the weight is up to 60 tons.

Meghalodonov hunted on cetaceans and other large aquatic animals.

An interesting fact is that some cryptosologists believe that this predator could live to the present. But, fortunately, in addition to the found huge 15-centimeter teeth, there are no other evidence.