Municipal state educational institution

"Kezhemskaya secondary school"

9th grade history lesson outline

Teacher: Panova Lyubov Vladimirovna

Political development at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Planned results:

1) Explain the essence and directions of the democratization of life at the beginning of the XX century.

2) Compare the political parties of the early XX century. and XIX century.

3) Assess the role of trade unions.

Key questions.

1. Democratization of the political structure of European states and the United States.

2. The transformation of political parties into mass ones.

3. Ideological directions of the party struggle.

4. Liberals in power.

Basic concepts and terms.

Democracy, mass political party; conservatism, liberalism, socialism, Marxism, nationalism.

Methods and forms of organizing the cognitive activity of students

    Democratization of the political structure of European states and the United States

It is advisable to conduct the initial stage of the lesson in the form of a heuristic conversation with students. Questions for conversation:

1. What is democracy? When did this phenomenon originate and this term appeared?

2. What was the main slogan put forward by democrats in the 19th century?

3. Why historians argue that by the end of the XIX century. in the countries of Europe and the United States has developed a liberal democracy? What signs of democracy have appeared in the political structure of these states?

4. Democratization has become a worldwide trend by the beginning of the twentieth century. In which countries was this process most active? Under what forms of government is it possible to democratize the political regime?

5. Prove that the expansion of the powers of the representative bodies of power - parliaments, the expansion of the electoral rights of citizens (universal suffrage) and the removal of restrictions on the activities of political and public organizations are signs of democratization.

6. Why did governments try to limit universal suffrage to property or educational qualifications?

7. Why in the late XIX - early XX century. was it about the introduction of universal suffrage for men only?

8. Why did governments ban the activities of socialists for a long time?

9. Task 1 in the workbook (p. 5-6).

    The transformation of political parties into mass

Independent work of students. Working in groups

1 group. Students write out from the textbook (p. 23) the changes that took place in political parties at the beginning of the twentieth century, and answer the question: why did these parties come to be called mass ones?

Group 2. Task 2 in the workbook (p. 6).

    Ideological directions of the party struggle

Role-playing game.

    The class is divided into four groups according to the possible political parties: conservative, liberal, reformist social democratic and radical social democratic.

    Each group, relying on the knowledge of the course in New History and the read material of the paragraph (pp. 23-25), prepares a short speech (2-3 minutes) on the advantages of the ideology of this party and the proposed ways to improve the life of society and on one question to representatives of other groups regarding their ideology.

    A representative from each group speaks to the class.

    Members of other groups ask the presenter the questions they have prepared.

4. Liberals in power The issue is studied in the form of independent homework Fill in the table: Social and political movements in power

The social and political movement that was in power at the beginning of the twentieth century

Most famous political leaders

United Kingdom

Liberals

D. Lloyd George

Germany

Conservatives

B. von Bülow

Radicals (Left Liberals)

J. Clemenceau

Reformists (liberal-democratic direction)

J. Jollity

To consolidate the material, you can complete tasks 6-7 in the workbook (p. 7).

By the beginning of the twentieth century, imperialism began to defeat in the developed countries of the world as the highest stage of capitalist development based on an industrial base. At this time, practically all sales markets, colonies, and spheres of influence were divided between the leading powers. In the era of intensive industrialization, the number of the working class - the proletariat, which began to demand more and more material and other benefits - increased. The antagonism between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie began to deepen more and more. By the beginning of the new twentieth century, two opposing military-political camps had almost completely developed in the world, relations between which became more and more tense every year, which ultimately led to the First World War. This lesson is devoted to the events of the early twentieth century.

Theme:Man among people

Lesson:Political and economic development of the countries of Europe and North America at the beginning of the twentieth century

At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. the most developed countries of human civilization were the countries of Europe and, first of all, Great Britain, France, Germany, in North America - the USA; Russia stood apart, in which the pace of economic development increased every year and approached the pace of developed countries.

Rice. 1. The bourgeoisie is in power. Caricature ()

In all these countries, surprisingly similar specific processes could be observed, adjusted for the national character, namely: the increasing growth of industrial and other bourgeois and bourgeoisie in general and workers who left the countryside for the cities and became proletariat- hired workers in various enterprises of the bourgeoisie, often having almost no rights and having a rather small salary (see Fig. 1). As a result of this contradiction ( antagonism) between these categories (or classes) of the population increased every year. To defend their rights, workers began to create trade unions (trade unions), who began to fight with the "owner" of the enterprise and the system as a whole. Due to the contradictions that arose in the developed countries of the world, ideas began to gain more and more popularity social democracy, Marxism and social revolution, with which the official authorities fought in every possible way. There was such a thing as gaining momentum population migration... Hundreds and thousands of families of Western Europe and Russia (mainly the Jewish population from the Pale of Settlement) began to move to new countries - the majority in the United States, for the so-called. " american dream"(See Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Emigration to the USA ()

At the same time, the increase in the growth of the proletariat led to the emergence of new industrial objects, and, consequently, to an even greater enrichment of the bourgeoisie. Capital has become supranational... Created multinational companies and corporations that gradually "entangled" the countries of the world with their financial networks. The whole world became the market. In conditions of fierce competition, individual companies appeared that became monopolists in their field. Thus, oil and petroleum products were associated with the family Rockefeller, sewing machines - with the company " Singer" etc. (see Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Coca-Cola production. The beginning of the twentieth century ()

The turn of the century was the time for the emergence and implementation of new discoveries. Electricity illuminated hundreds of cities in the developed world. Telephone, telegraph and radio connected countries and continents with each other. Aviation, airship, new types of steamships brought countries closer to each other. Appeared cinematograph(cinema). Style dominated art modern. At the same time, new means of mutual destruction appeared - a machine gun, a tank, a submarine, an airplane with bombs, poisonous gases, etc.

Capital not only moved outside its own countries, it needed more and more markets. Colonies and spheres of influence developed countries were no longer saved. Almost all countries have reached their highest limit of territorial development. To obtain new sales markets, a new redistribution of the world was required, which threatened a new, already world war.

By 1914, by the beginning of the First World War, two opposing military-political camps had taken shape in the world. On the one hand, these were Great Britain, France and Russia, the union of which was called “ Entente", Which in translation means" Hearty agreement "and Triple Alliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. The essence of the confrontation was reduced to a new redistribution of the world and the acquisition of new lands and territories (from Germany and the allies) and to the prevention of such a redistribution (from the Entente).

In 1900-1914. In Europe and the world there were local, local conflicts (the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa, clashes in Iran (Persia), the Russo-Japanese War, two Balkan Wars (see Fig. 4), etc., in which either otherwise (mostly behind the scenes) the "bloc" countries took part, as if probing each other in a third territory.

Rice. 4. First Balkan War. 1912 year ()

Thus, by 1914 the world had finally entered a new era, the logical outcome of which was the First World War.

1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - early XXI century. - M .: Mnemosina, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M .: Russian word, 2009.

2. Russian Party of Communists ().

1. Read Chapter 1 of the textbook by LN Aleksashkina. General history. XX - early XXI century and give answers to questions 1 - 3 on p. nine.

2. Read Chapter 2 of the textbook by LN Aleksashkina. General history. XX - early XXI century and give answers to questions 1 - 4 on p. 17.

3. Read Chapter 3 of the textbook by LN Aleksashkina. General history. XX - early XXI century and answer questions 2 - 6 on p. 32.

Political development at the beginning XX century.

General history


Lesson plan

  • Features of democratization
  • Directions of democratization


Democratization - the process of introducing democratic principles into the political system, culture, lifestyle, etc. In Russian journalism, the term was first used at the end of the 19th century by Konstantin Leontiev


Features of democratization

Political system of countries:

  • Republican monarchies
  • Parliamentary monarchy

The pace of democratization was different, as it depended on:

  • Historical traditions
  • Political forces dominant in a particular country


Directions for the development of democratization

Expansion of powers of representative bodies of power - parliaments

Examples of the manifestation of these trends in the political life of countries

1 ... In the USA since 1913. the upper house of Congress - the Senate - began to be elected by universal suffrage

2. In Great Britain, the liberals have achieved restrictions on the rights of the House of Lords - since 1911. lords were excluded from participation in the adoption of financial laws, including the budget.

Expansion of the electoral rights of citizens in favor of general elections

Removal of restrictions on the activities of various political and public organizations.

At the turn of the century, according to the constitutions of Germany, France, according to the electoral laws of Great Britain, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Italy, universal suffrage was introduced. It was possessed by well-to-do literate men - 30-40%

The bans on the activities of socialist parties ceased to apply (Germany, Italy)


Political Party is a continuously operating organization that exists both at the national and local levels, aimed at obtaining and exercising power and striving for this purpose to broad mass support.


Political movements at the beginning of the century

  • Parties go massive
  • Centralized, with a party apparatus
  • An ideology arises, both of the course of the parties and of the party-political struggle.
  • Initially, the vector of political struggle was as follows: liberal conservatives; monarchists are republicans.
  • At the beginning of the 20th century: bourgeois parties - socialist (capitalism versus socialism)

Ideological directions

Conservatism - an ideological and political trend based on the idea of ​​preserving traditional values ​​and the old order in the life of society.

Liberalism - philosophical, political and economic theory, as well as ideology, which proceeds from the position that individual human freedoms are the legal basis of society and economic order.


Ideological directions

Liberalism - philosophical, political and economic theory, as well as ideology, which proceeds from the position that individual human freedoms are the legal basis of society and economic order.

Socialism - economic, socio-political system. Characteristic features: the process of distribution and production is under the control of the society; public ownership of the means of production fully or partially replaces private ownership.


Political movements at the beginning of the century

Labor movement.

  • Unions
  • Strike movements
  • Requirements: higher wages, better working conditions.

The results were positive, as trade unions influenced the government to bring about the necessary changes.


Political movements at the beginning of the century

Read the paragraph on pages 24-25, answer the questions:

  • List the main ideas of the socialist movement?
  • What trends stand out in the movement at the beginning of the 20th century, name their main ideas.
  • Tell us about the divisions within the socialist movement.

Political movements at the beginning of the century

Read the item on pages 25-26, answer the questions:

  • List the main ideas of liberals
  • What changes have occurred in the views on power?
  • What kind of policies did the liberals pursue in power in the countries of the world?

Nationalism - ideology and policy direction, the fundamental principle of which is the thesis about the value of the nation as the highest form of social unity, its primacy in the state-forming process. As a political movement, nationalism seeks to defend the interests of a certain national community in relations with state power.


Pan-germanism - cultural and political movement, which is based on the idea of ​​political unity of the German nation based on ethnic, cultural and linguistic identity. Formed at the beginning of the 19th century .


Homework:

  • Paragraph 3
  • Answer questions 2, 3, 4, 8.
  • Fill in the table (link)

Political development of the country in 1918–1922

After the October armed uprising, changes took place in the position of all the socio-political forces of the country. The proletariat became the ruling class. The nature of the activities of the Bolshevik Party has changed. She became the ruling party. The opposition to the new government was made up of the overthrown classes and the spokesmen of their interests - the monarchist, bourgeois and petty-bourgeois parties, which took active steps, incl. military, to restore the lost position.

The reluctance of the Bolsheviks to share power with other political forces, their transformations ("war communism") aroused the discontent of the majority of the country's population. The Bolsheviks opposed themselves to almost all social strata of society. This was the cause of the civil war of 1918-1922. During the war, three political camps were formed: white, red and green. The basis of movement whites were officers of the tsarist army, they were supported by: the bourgeoisie, landowners, clergy, kulaks, middle peasants, Cossacks. Core red were the Bolsheviks, they were supported: the workers, the poorest peasantry.

Green- These are rebel movements in the rear of the red and white. The rebels opposed both some and others. Some formations of the Greens helped the Reds to defeat the army of the White Guards, and then themselves were destroyed by the Reds.

The peculiarity of civil war in Russia lay in the close interweaving of the internal political struggle with foreign intervention. Both Germany and the Entente allies sent troops to Russia in an effort to prevent the spread of Bolshevism from its territory to other countries.

In 1918 the White movement took shape. Anti-Bolshevik demonstrations are carried out in many cities of central Russia. But the most significant military operations take place on the Eastern Front in the Urals and the Volga region. During October-November 1918, the Red Army ousted the Whites beyond the Urals. At the end. 1918-1919 the white movement reaches its maximum scope, some coordination of their actions is observed, the scale of intervention is expanding. In November 1918 A.V. Kolchak launched an offensive in the Urals and reached Perm. In April 1919, the Red Army stopped the offensive of the army of A.V. Kolchak, and in the summer drove him to Siberia. There are remnants of A.V. Kolchak were defeated, and he himself was taken prisoner and executed in February 1920. In 1919, two military campaigns were carried out from the Baltic to Petrograd under the leadership of N.N. Yudenich: in May-June and October. Both attacks by N.N. Yudenich ended in defeat. The greatest success was achieved by A.I. Denikin. He captured Ukraine, then Kursk, Oryol, Voronezh. In October 1919, the Red Army went on the offensive and defeated the AI ​​Volunteer Army. Denikin, its remnants took refuge in the Crimea. In 1920, the main events were the Soviet-Polish war and the struggle against P.N. Wrangel, who led the remnants of the Volunteer Army. The Soviet-Polish war was ended by a peace signed in Riga in March 1921. In November 1920, the Red Army captured the Crimea and defeated PN's units. Wrangel. The main military actions of the Civil War ended, but individual centers of resistance to Soviet power remained on the outskirts of Russia until the end of 1922. In the center of Russia, where it seemed that Soviet power had already been consolidated, new uprisings took place in late 1920 - early 1921. The former support of the Bolsheviks took part in them: workers, sailors, peasants. They demanded the elimination of the dictatorship of the RCP (b), the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, the expulsion of the Bolsheviks from the Soviets, the abolition of the policy of "war communism". The largest were the peasant uprisings in the Tambov region, Ukraine, Don, Kuban, the Volga region, Siberia, the uprising of sailors and Red Army men in the naval fortress of Kronstadt. All speeches were suppressed by units of the Red Army and the Cheka.

Devastation and famine, workers' strikes, uprisings of peasants and sailors testified that a deep economic and social crisis was ripening in the country. IN AND. Lenin comes to the conclusion that in order to stay in power, it is necessary to satisfy the demands of the peasantry, and for this purpose he is revising the internal political course. By the decision of the X Congress of the RCP (b) in March 1921, NEP was introduced - a new economic policy. It was new only in relation to "war communism". NEP recreated a diversified economy and revived commodity-money relations. The introduction of the NEP began with agriculture by replacing the surplus appropriation system with a food tax; allowed free trade in the products of their economy, allowed the lease of land; in industry and trade, individuals were allowed to open small and lease medium-sized enterprises; foreign capital was attracted; wages in kind and equalization were abolished, and elements of gratuity were eliminated. New trends in domestic politics did not change the methods of governing the country.

The supreme bodies of power included the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (the highest representative body), the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK).

The exclusive competence of the Congress of Soviets included the following issues: adoption and amendment of the Constitution; ratification of peace treaties; establishing, changing the borders of the republic; declaration of war and conclusion of peace; election of the Central Executive Committee and hearing reports on its activities. The subjects of the conduct of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee were not delimited in detail. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee could independently resolve all issues of national importance. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was considered the highest legislative, administrative and controlling body. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee formed a government - the Council of People's Commissars (SNK).

The working bodies of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee were the Presidium, departments and commissions. The Presidium carried out all the organizational work for the preparation of the meetings of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, was supposed to organize the implementation of the decrees and resolutions adopted by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and supervise the work of the departments and commissions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. SNK carried out the general management of state affairs. The Council of People's Commissars performed complex functions as the supreme governing body, but also had the right to adopt legislative acts.

The Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), created under the Council of People's Commissars, was a special body for managing the national economy and public finances.

The party apparatus played a huge role in resolving state issues. The second link in the political system was the apparatus of violence - the Cheka (then the OGPU); it fought mercilessly against dissent. At the same time, an internal party struggle for power was unfolding between Trotsky, Stalin, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin, and others.

The civil war on the territory of Russia ends with the formation of the USSR on December 30, 1922. It included the RSFSR, the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Azerbaijan, Armenian, Georgian republics, as well as the Bukhara and Khorezm People's Soviet Republics.

Political development of the USSR (1922-1991)

In the 20s - 30s. in the USSR, a political system has developed, which is now called differently: "Stalinist socialism", "barracks socialism", "state capitalism", "realized utopia", "totalitarian system", "Asian (Eastern) mode of production." But no matter how this system was called, it was far from an ordinary democratic state and, moreover, from the ideal drawn by the utopians of a socialist or communist plan. There was no separation of powers in the country into independent branches - legislative, executive, judicial.

According to the 1924 constitution, the supreme body of power was the All-Union Congress of Soviets, in the intervals between congresses - the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (CEC of the USSR), and between sessions of the CEC of the USSR - the Presidium of the CEC. The Central Executive Committee of the USSR consisted of two equal chambers. The Union Council was elected by the congress from representatives of the republics in proportion to the size of their population, and the Council of Nationalities consisted of representatives of the union and autonomous republics - five deputies from each republic. The jurisdiction of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR included legislative activity, the determination of the powers of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The Presidium of the CEC, as the highest legislative, executive and administrative body of power in the USSR, was vested with the right to issue legislative acts, suspend and cancel decisions of the Council of People's Commissars and individual people's commissariats of the USSR, as well as the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Union republics. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

A totalitarian system is being formed. A rigid centralization of management is established, power is concentrated in the hands of one person, the role of the bureaucracy is strengthened, the omnipotence of the party leadership is established, the fundamental rights and freedoms of the country's population are virtually destroyed, society is virtually deprived of any opportunity to influence the formation of the ruling circles of the USSR and the development of state policy. A whole system of coercion and control was created - from the party bureau to the GULAG. A special place in the repressive policy of the Bolsheviks was occupied by the GULAG, which included more than 50 camps and over 420 correctional colonies for adults and 50 colonies for minors. The interest of state structures in the expansion of the GULAG system was determined by the fact that the prisoners who were used in logging, construction of canals, factories, railways, provided free labor (slave labor), and the larger the tasks of socialist construction, the more prisoners were required for cheap labor. The repressions began with the destruction of dissidents, representatives of other parties and non-proletarian classes, then affected the economic and party workers, the commanders of the Red Army, Stalin's direct opponents in the party. As a result, the repressive machine passed to ordinary citizens, who, slandered out of envy or anger, on false denunciations and accusations, were among the "counter-revolutionaries", "saboteurs", "enemies of the people" and were sentenced to imprisonment in the GULAG.

The state in relation to society has become relatively independent. There was a total nationalization of all aspects of life, the state was the owner of the means of production, the employer, it owned the system of distribution of material wealth, it exercised control over the individual, had spiritual, ideological functions. All legal ties in society were vertical, i.e. carried out exclusively through the power structures. Economic, political, and cultural ties independent of the authorities were impossible: they were severely suppressed, were considered a criminal offense and were immediately punished.

According to the 1936 constitution, the system of all-Union state bodies was simplified, the competence of the legislative and executive powers was clearly delineated. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR is the supreme body of state power, consisting of two equal chambers - the union of councils and the union of nationalities. Both chambers were elected simultaneously and for the same term - 4 years.

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was the second highest state body in the country, but it did not have the right to engage in legislative activity. The constitution gave him the right only to interpret laws and pass decrees. In practice, this led to the fact that the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR began to adopt decrees amending existing laws, that is, to carry out legislative activity contrary to the Constitution.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR is the highest executive and administrative body of state power of the USSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, as an executive body, was supposed to enforce the laws of the USSR, take effective measures to fulfill the national economic plan, protect the interests of the state and protect the rights of citizens. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, as an administrative body, was vested with the right to issue, within its competence, normative legal acts - decrees and orders, which were binding throughout the USSR. In 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was renamed the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

In the Soviet Union there was no private property, no division of society into classes. There were no formalized social-class interests and political programs reflecting them. It was argued that there were two friendly classes in the USSR - workers and peasants. However, this is a conventional designation, since in their relation to state property, role and place in the political system of the country, they represented a homogeneous mass. In an undifferentiated society, a person's place in the social structure was rigidly fixed. Falling out of this system was tantamount to death: a person was, as it were, excluded from the life support system. The way of life outside of production began to be built on the basis of production tasks and was completely subordinated to them. It was clearly defined what is allowed and what is not. Not only brigades-communes were created, but also houses-communes, collectivization of everyday life took place. The communist ideology promoted that society was in the first place, and the person was in the second, and he had to subordinate all his interests to the interests of the collective. The personality of the communist was subordinated to the interests of the party corporation, and the party control committee, personal commissions followed every step of the party member. The leading principle of building society was production collectivism. The society consisted of collectives - production communities, among which four types stand out: spiritual and ideological (party, Komsomol, etc.), production (factories, factories, research institutes, etc.), territorial-production rural community (collective farm) , camp production community (GULAG).

A special place in the country was occupied by the nomenklatura, through which the leader's power was exercised. The nomenclature is the ruling elite. She disposed of state property, including people's lives. She was omnipotent, it depended on her what place a person would take in the social structure, in the state distribution system. The party-state person had nothing but a place in the nomenclature. Losing this place meant turning him into an ordinary person. Therefore, the nomenclature strictly monitored the observance of the rules of the game: it is omnipotent as long as the established order of things was maintained. The number of the nomenclature was different in different years: from several hundred thousand in the 20-30s. up to several million (18-20 million) people. at the time of L.I. Brezhnev.

The totalitarian system existed in the USSR until the middle. 50s After Stalin's death, it is transformed into an authoritarian regime, which falls on the mid-50s - mid. 80s With the coming to power in the party, N.S. Khrushchev is entering a period of "thaw"; it consisted in the liberalization of public life (or otherwise, in the de-Stalinization of society). One of the central places in the activities of the new leadership was occupied by the work to overcome the personality cult of Stalin. The main role in it belonged to N.S. Khrushchev. Of great importance in the liberalization of social and political life was the 20th Congress of the CPSU (1956), at a closed session of which he spoke. NS. Khrushchev with a report “On the personality cult and its consequences”. The report contained P.N. Pospelova, information about mass repressions of innocent people and the deportation of entire peoples (Ingush, Chechens, Kalmyks, Crimean Tatars, Volga Germans, etc.) in the 30s - 40s. The rehabilitation of the repressed began. Among the rehabilitated persons were many prominent Soviet, state and military workers (A. Bubnov, S. Kosior, P. Postyshev, M. Tukhachevsky, etc.). A policy was carried out aimed at restoring the rule of law in the socio-political sphere. To strengthen the rule of law, a reform of the justice system was carried out. New criminal legislation was developed. The Regulation on Prosecutor's Supervision was adopted. The legislative powers of the union republics were expanded. The new Rules of the CPSU consolidated the mechanism for renewing the party cadres. In 1964, the period of the "thaw" and the transformations carried out by N. S. Khrushchev. Its transformation was the first and most significant attempt to reform Soviet society. The desire of the country's leadership to overcome the Stalinist legacy, to renew political and social structures was only partially successful. The reforms were not always consistent and thoughtful. The reforms carried out on the initiative from above did not bring the expected effect, although they managed to destroy the totalitarian system and give an opportunity to form an authoritarian, softer regime of power. The deterioration of the economic situation caused dissatisfaction with the policy of reforms carried out by N.S. Khrushchev. By the fall of 1964, N.S. Khrushchev was relieved of all his posts and dismissed.

With the resignation of N.S. Khrushchev and the coming to power of L.I. Brezhnev, the process of liberalization of social and political life is coming to an end, the transformations are over. A departure from the course of de-Stalinization began. Criticism of the Stalin personality cult and exposure of the lawlessness of the Stalinist regime ceased in the press. Censorship was tightened. Access to sources of information was limited. 70s - early. 80s in the USSR are a period of "stagnation", which is characterized by a moderately conservative course in politics and ideology. According to the 1977 constitution, the system of government and administration bodies remained basically the same. The powers of the central bodies were clarified and concretized, the term of office of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR increased from 4 to 5 years. The age limit for election to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dropped from 23 to 21 years.

The ideological and theoretical basis of the country's leadership was developed in the late. 60s the concept of "developed socialism", which was interpreted as an obligatory stage on the path to communism. The communist perspective was not questioned, and the shortcomings and crisis phenomena that existed in society were viewed as the result of contradictions inevitable in the process of its development. The period of stagnation is characterized by the adoption of a large number of laws by the government. But there was a significant gap between these laws and real life. In the field of the theory of socialism, dogmatism prevailed; ideologists, instead of promoting the ideas of communism, carry out propaganda of the achieved level of socialism. In the 70s - early. 80s the number of public organizations grew rapidly, but the day-to-day work of all structures of state power in the center and at the local level continued to remain under strict party control. A gradual disintegration of the party-state apparatus and its merging with the shadow economy begins. An opposition movement is emerging in the country, which consisted of a movement of human rights defenders and a movement of nationalists in the republics of the USSR. Human rights defenders (dissidents) strove to improve the existing system (advocated the observance of human rights in the USSR), and later began to advocate abandoning the country's political system. The main forms of activity of the dissidents were demonstrations, appeals to the country's leaders, the publication of literary works prohibited in the country. Representatives of the dissident movement were persecuted by the authorities. Participants in nationalist movements advocated the preservation of national identity, national traditions, and later - for the withdrawal of their peoples from the USSR.

Fundamental changes in the political system of the USSR begin with the coming to the leadership of the CPSU M.S. Gorbachev. He carries out "restructuring" (1985-1991), which led to the democratization of the country. The glasnost policy introduced freedom of speech, press, rallies and demonstrations. Social movements began to emerge, which later grew into political parties. This served as the basis for the formation of a multi-party system in the country. The formation of a multiparty system was facilitated by the abolition in 1990 of Article 6 of the USSR Constitution on the leading role of the CPSU in society. A new stage of rehabilitation of repressed people and entire nations begins in Stalin's time. Attitudes towards religion and believers are radically changing. New bodies of power are being created: the presidency, the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, from which a permanent Supreme Council was formed. Elections began to be held on an alternative basis.

"Perestroika" M.S. Gorbachev's results led to the following results: there was a transition from an authoritarian to a democratic political system; the end of the Soviet period in the development of Russia; in December 1991, the collapse of the USSR, once a huge multinational state, took place; 15 independent republics arose, many of which are developing along the democratic path.



At the very beginning of the 20th century, the Russian autocracy faced a socio-political crisis of enormous power. A social explosion began in the country. A rapid growth of peasant unrest began, which in 1902 took the form of mass riots and numerous destruction of landlord estates. At the same time, workers' strikes began to increase. The rise of a mass social movement gave impetus to the formalization of political parties.

1) Revolutionary parties:

a) Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs)... It was designed in 1902. VM Chernov became the leader. The autocracy, in their opinion, should have been destroyed and a democratic republic would come in its place, i.e. the establishment of peasant socialism through the violent overthrow of the existing system or individual terror. The social base of the party consisted of: peasants, the petty bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia (teachers, students). Party ideology: neo-people (classical. Neo-people. They believed that socialism can be achieved bypassing capitalism, but neoclassicists believed that capitalism was inevitable).

b) Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP. The party began with the Second Congress of the RSDLP in 1903 abroad. At this congress, the registration of two factions took place:

- Mensheviks. The leaders were Plekhanov and Martov. They adhered to classical Marxism. The goal was to establish proletarian socialism through a bourgeois-democratic revolution. They believed that the small number of the proletariat and its low level of political development did not allow raising the question of the early establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat, i.e. first it is necessary to democratize polit. and economy. While building, then go through the stage of industrial development, and only after this will the working class become a powerful and cultural force, conditions will arise for the establishment of proletarian democracy. The social base was made up of: the petty bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia.

- The Bolsheviks. Lenin became the leader. The goal was to establish proletarian socialism through a socialist revolution. They adhered to the ideology of Leninism. The Bolsheviks believed that there should not be a significant break between the democratic revolution and the transition to the dictatorship of the proletariat. The social base was made up of: the proletariat (working class), the intelligentsia.

2) Liberal parties:

a) Constitutional Democratic Party of People's Freedom (Cadets)... The party was founded in 1905, headed by Milyukov. The fundamental element in the Cadet program was the idea of ​​radical liberalism, government reforms and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy of the English type. They promoted the idea of ​​separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers. The Cadets insisted on strict observance of the civil and political rights of the individual. The social base was made up of: the middle bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia (university professors, journalists, publicists, writers, zemstvos).

b) Octobrists."Union of October 17" (Octobrists) in direct connection with the appearance of the tsarist Manifesto. Party leaders: Rodzianko and Guchkov. The main ideology is moderate liberalism. The aim was to establish a constitutional monarchy with a strong tsarist power through parliamentary reforms. The Octobrists' program insisted on promoting the development of industry, on the construction of railways, and the removal of the government's tutelage. Along with the maintenance of political and civil liberties, the Octobrists insisted on freedom of trade and industry. The social base was made up of: the big bourgeoisie, the wealthy intelligentsia (bankers, lawyers, big businessmen).

3) Conservative-monarchist parties(for the king) :

a) Union of the Russian people. The Union of the Russian People was the largest Black Hundred organization.
The "Black Hundred" meant the burdensome townspeople, simple "black people". The leaders were: Purishkevich, Markov, Dubrovin. The basis of their program was the preservation of the autocratic system. They tried to achieve this with mass actions and mass terror (Jewish pogrom). Nationalism and the "Theory of the Official Nationality" became their ideology. The extreme right proclaimed that "the Russian nationality, as the collector of the Russian land and the organizer of the Russian state, is the people's sovereign, dominant and dominant." All nationalities were divided into "friendly" and "hostile". Judophobia (hatred of Jews) and great-power nationalism were the main pivots of the politics of the extreme right. The bulk of the party consisted of merchants, shopkeepers, cabbies and janitors, nobles and merchants, clergy, burghers, officers.

The manifesto on October 17 announced the tsar's promise to introduce new principles into the state. device and social life of the country. On December 11, 1905, Nicholas II signed the first law in the history of Russia on elections to a supreme legislative institution. The law established that everyone should participate in the elections, but elections are held in curiae (it was added to the curiae of private landowners, city property, peasants 4 curia-worker)

Legal consolidation of changes in the state. the device was carried out by the adoption on April 23, 1906 of the "Basic State Laws". They defined a new procedure for the functioning of the legislative branch. It was established that the law comes into force only after approval by both chambers and signing by the emperor. The Emperor had the right to convene and dissolve the State Duma. Sessions began on April 27 I of the State Duma. But she worked only 72 days and on July 9 was disbanded. The reason for the dissolution was that neither the Duma nor the government showed any desire to cooperate. The majority of the Duma (Cadets, Trudoviks) immediately made tough demands on the government: to recognize the primacy of the legislative branch over the executive branch and to transfer to the Duma the right to form a cabinet of ministers. The government headed by Goremykin was not going to compromise. In the end, Nicholas II issued a decree on the dissolution of the First State Duma and elections to the Second Duma.