Many often and gladly revise the Soviet films about the war. In almost every one of them, it is necessary to meet the engineering structure, ninnable anti-tank "Yozh". Several rails welded between them, resembling a six-pointed star.

For many years, this Military Engineering structure was considered a product of soldier creativity. And no one thought that hedgehog had the author who had to work thoroughly to create an effective barrier for German tanks. The name of this person-Mikhail Lvovich Goricker.

Mikhail Lvovich is a participant in the two world wars, to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War - Major General of Technical Forces, Head of the Kiev Tank School.

So what is the genius "hedgehog"? In the simplicity of its design. Profile or rails cut into approximately equal pieces. Then sliced \u200b\u200bpieces were welded to each other in the form of the letter "F". And all, an irresistible barrier for German equipment is ready.


However, in this case, the accurate calculation of welding was required. "Yozh" should not have been higher than the beginning of the frontal leaf of armor tank. Its height was 80 cm. The tests were proved that the "right Yozh" could withstand the tank leakage weighing 60 tons. The next phase of the organization of defense was an effective installation of obstacles. A strip of defense from "hedgehogs" - four rows in a chess order - turned into a serious problem for tanks. The meaning of the "hedgehog" is that he had to be under the tank, and the tank was to become at all. As a result, the armored car was finally stopped, "hung up" above the earth, and it could be fought from anti-tank weapons. "Gorryor's asterisks", as in some documents, named boom, turned out so much "ideal", which in the future did not require refinement. This invention has become one of the symbols of the battle for Moscow in the winter of 1941. Only in the near bonds of the defense of the capital of the USSR was placed about 37,500 "hedgehogs". In Khimki there is a monument to anti-tank hedgehogs, but there is no surname of their creator.

Film director Vladimir Gorikker, the Son of General, put a lot of effort so that a memorial plaque appears in Moscow in honor of his father. "The first days after the fascist attack on the USSR I remember well. The Father was appointed to command the defense of Kiev, to which the enemy was approaching. There was a lot of work, but, returning late in the evening home, dad, instead of a little rest, "requisired" I have a toy model of tanks, who used to have himself, and almost all night have fallen out of them, rearrangement on the table Together with some designs from matches connected by glue or plasticine. To me, the boyfriend, the appointment of these things was incomprehensible. I even thought that my father was simply, so trying to distract, fights with insomnia. But, once, he returned before the usual, literally shining, and almost shouted with a threshold of the apartment enthusiastically: "We tracked two tanks !!!" Here are on! In the family they also knew how carefully he belongs to the preservation of technology, as it gives to damage even for minor violations, which can damage tanks, and here - does not hide joy about breakdown two combat vehicles ... Only much later, I understood the importance of the event. Which occurred on the day at the polygon of the raw Kiev Tank-Technical School, "recalls the son of the famous military engineer.

Here is an excerpt from an act of a test conducted on July 3, 1941. "Commission as part of the secretary of the Central Committee of the CP / Used MachineryTension Tov. Bibdychenko, head. Department of Defense Industry CC Tov. Yaltan, secretary of GPK Tov. Chamrylo, chief of the Kiev garrison of Major General Tov. Goricker, Plant Directors: Bolshevik - Tov. Kurganova, 225 T. Maksimova, Lenkusnya Tov. Mercuryeva and representatives of the CTTU Colonel Raevsky and Miliatreer 2 rank Kolesnikov conducted tests of the anti-tank obstacle - 6-finite asterisk made from the Rail of Utlin, the proposal of Major General Technological Tov. Goricker.

Conclusion of tests

The tank is forced to stop, as the fang [barriers] got between the caterpillar and the drive wheel of the caterpillar, and the strip of the 3rd line of the barrier, overlooking the bottom of the tank's nose, lifted the latter on the air. This position without the help of the outside does not make it possible to continue movement. Stopping the tank on the barrier is the most effective phenomenon for the execution of his artillery on previously targeted sites of the established barrier.

Conclusion: "The Commission believes that anti-tank obstacles six-pointed stars are an effective anti-tank barrier, this type of barrier can be widely used in the level, defile and especially important directions."

In early September 1941, General Gorikker was recalled to Moscow, where he held the post of head of the management of the Main Directorate of the Motor Transport and Road Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the head of the Auto control of the Leningrad Front, the head of the Inspectorate of the Main Automotive Office of the Red Army. After the war, he commanded by car schools, died in Moscow in 1955. By the way, the idea of \u200b\u200bour "enemy" was subsequently used by the Germans during defense in 1944-1945.

The whole course of the Great Patriotic War clearly showed: not only complex systems of weapons with excellent characteristics, but also simple and cheap products may be effective. So, a small anti-tank mine can not only seriously damage, but also to destroy the enemy tank at all, and the simple concrete pyramid can simply not miss his territory. Among such simple and effective types of barriers and armaments, anti-tank hedgehogs received special glory during the war years. Extremely simple and convenient in production, they significantly helped the Red Army women in battles and even managed to become symbols of war.

Many often and gladly revise the Soviet films about the war. In almost every one, we will definitely meet this engineering structure. Several rails welded between them, resembling a six-pointed star.

For many years, this Military Engineering structure was considered a product of soldier creativity. And no one thought that hedgehog had the author who had to work thoroughly to create an effective barrier for German tanks.

Rows of concrete foreman, Aachen, Germany

Broken of various types were used in military case from time immemorial. Even in ancient Rome, collapsible wooden structures were used, installed in those areas where it was necessary to prevent the enemy breakthrough. Over time, this idea has only developed, connected with other inventions, such as barbed wire, etc. However, the appearance on the battlefield of tanks, which were originally created as a means of breaking out of barriers, demanded a response to maintain defense.

First, the supersers appeared - granite or concrete blocks installed on tan hazard directions. They were quite effective in holding the enemy, which, however, was more than compensated by the complexity of manufacturing and installation. It was required something simpler.

Major Major General Mikhail Gorikker entered the story primarily as the inventor of the Anti-Tank Herge, also known as a "slingshot" and "Goricker asterisk". For more than half a century, the name of the inventor "ENGE" was unknown to the general public. The vulture "secretly" firmly enveloped the many years of labor of a talented military engineer.

So what is the genius "hedgehog"? In the simplicity of its design. Profile or rails cut into approximately equal pieces. Then sliced \u200b\u200bpieces were welded to each other in the form of the letter "F". And all, an irresistible barrier for German equipment is ready.

Goricker offered to collect six-pointed construction from metal rolled steel, called the "asterisk". Theoretically, as a raw material for spars, it was possible to use any suitable metal part. However, from the calculations of General Goricker followed that the optimal is a foreign profile. Other types of rental are square beam, brand or channel - did not fit in strength. As a method of connecting the beam, the Goricker suggested a riveting with jams. In principle, with the appropriate opportunity, welding was allowed, however, everything was restarted in the strength of the structure: for sufficient rigidity and fortress on a welded asterisk, larger jacks were used, which, in turn, led to excessive expenditures of materials.

However, in this case, the accurate calculation of welding was required. "Yozh" should not have been higher than the beginning of the frontal leaf of armor tank. Its height was 80 cm. The tests were proved that the "right Yozh" could withstand the tank leakage weighing 60 tons. The next phase of the organization of defense was an effective installation of obstacles. A strip of defense from "hedgehogs" - four rows in a chess order - turned into a serious problem for tanks. The meaning of the "hedgehog" is that he had to be under the tank, and the tank was to become at all. As a result, the armored car was finally stopped, "hung up" above the earth, and it could be fought from anti-tank weapons. "Gorryor's asterisks", as in some documents, named boom, turned out so much "ideal", which in the future did not require refinement. This invention has become one of the symbols of the battle for Moscow in the winter of 1941. Only in the near bonds of the defense of the capital of the USSR was placed about 37,500 "hedgehogs". In Khimki there is a monument to anti-tank hedgehogs, but there is no surname of their creator.

Film director Vladimir Gorikker, the Son of General, put a lot of effort so that a memorial plaque appears in Moscow in honor of his father. "The first days after the fascist attack on the USSR I remember well. The Father was appointed to command the defense of Kiev, to which the enemy was approaching. There was a lot of work, but, returning late in the evening home, dad, instead of a little rest, "requisired" I have a toy model of tanks, who used to have himself, and almost all night have fallen out of them, rearrangement on the table Together with some designs from matches connected by glue or plasticine. To me, the boyfriend, the appointment of these things was incomprehensible. I even thought that my father was simply, so trying to distract, fights with insomnia. But, once, he returned before the usual, literally shining, and almost shouted with a threshold of the apartment enthusiastically: "We tracked two tanks !!!" Here are on! In the family they also knew how carefully he belongs to the preservation of technology, as it gives to damage even for minor violations, which can damage tanks, and here - does not hide joy about breakdown two combat vehicles ... Only much later, I understood the importance of the event. Which occurred on the day at the polygon of the raw Kiev Tank-Technical School, "recalls the son of the famous military engineer.

Making anti-tank heroes on the outskirts of Moscow.

The simplicity of the proposed barrier allowed to start his tests in the first days of July-month. The Commission arrived at the small tankodrome of the Kiev Tank Technical School and several stars were delivered. Interesting is the fact that the test stars were made of rail scrap. As subsequently, the origin of raw materials does not affect the barrier quality of the invention of the Goricker. As tanks trying to overcome the barriers, T-26 and BT-5 were used. The results of test passages of tanks on a four-row barrage were simply wonderful. So, during the first attempt to get through the ranks of the stars T-26, the hatch of the oil pump lost and damaged the oil system. A few minutes after that, all the oil, which was addressed in the tank, flowed out and the combat machine could not continue its "raid". For repairs left for several hours. BT-5 got off a little better: hesitated, he was able to overcome the asterisks. However, it was worth it the bent bottom and damaged transmission. Repeated again. The first attempts to overcome the barrage from the stars clearly showed their effectiveness and testes of the Tankodrome of the Kiev School, were instructed to choose the optimal procedure for the arrangement of a new barrage. As a result, it was recommended to arrange asterisks by rows every four meters, and the front distance should be equal to one and a half meters for the front row and 2-2.5 m for the remaining rows. In this case, disperse and move through the first row, the tank could no longer continue the speed movement and simply stuck between the rows of stars, along the way, get damage to the body and, sometimes, internal units.

Here is an excerpt from an act of a test conducted on July 3, 1941. "Commission as part of the secretary of the Central Committee of the CP / Used MachineryTension Tov. Bibdychenko, head. Department of Defense Industry CC Tov. Yaltan, secretary of GPK Tov. Chamrylo, chief of the Kiev garrison of Major General Tov. Goricker, Plant Directors: Bolshevik - Tov. Kurganova, 225 T. Maksimova, Lenkusnya Tov. Mercuryeva and representatives of the CTTU Colonel Raevsky and Miliatreer 2 rank Kolesnikov conducted tests of the anti-tank obstacle - 6-finite asterisk made from the Rail of Utlin, the proposal of Major General Technological Tov. Goricker.
Test conclusion: The tank is forced to stop, as the fang [barriers] got between the caterpillar and the drive wheel of the caterpillar, and the strip of the 3rd line of the barrier, overlooking the bottom of the tank's nose, lifted the latter on the air. This position without the help of the outside does not make it possible to continue movement. Stopping the tank on the barrier is the most effective phenomenon for the execution of his artillery on previously targeted sites of the established barrier.

Conclusion: "The Commission believes that anti-tank obstacles six-pointed asterisans are an effective anti-tank barrier, this type of barrier can be widely used in the level, defile and especially important directions."

The optimal sizes of the six-pointed asterisk were picked up on the same tests. The height of the finished barrier must lie from one to one and a half meters. The reasons for this are as follows: the asterisk should be higher than the clearance of the tank, but at the same time its upper part should not rise beyond the upper slice of the lower head plate. In this case, for the first time, the tankers met with asterisks, seeing the small size of the obstacle and the absence of any attachment to the ground, may want to just move it away. The driver mechanic begins forward, the asterisk falls under the lower head list, and from there "climbs" under the bottom of the tank. In addition, in some cases the asterisk can be checked under the front of the armored vehicles. One way or another, driving on an asterisk tank turns out to be in a very inconvenient position: the front part is suspended in the air. Moreover, the caterpillars that rose above the ground cannot provide proper clutch with the surface, and the tank can no longer move from the sprocket without help from the side. The armored car, designed to suppress the firing points of the enemy, becomes pretty light target.

The simplicity of the manufacture of goricker stars in combination with their effectiveness influenced the further fate of the invention. In the shortest possible time, the guide for the manufacture of barriers was distributed over all parts of the Red Army. For a characteristic appearance in the troops, this barrier was nicknamed. It is under this name that the anti-tank star of the Goricker entered the story. The simplicity of production and low cost of the source materials allowed to make tens of thousands of anti-tank hedges in the shortest possible time and install them on a large part of the front. In addition, even in the assembled form, the hedgehog could be transported from place to place, which also improved the reputation of a new barrier. In general, the new hedgehog came to the Red Army. Wherever he "liked" the German tankers. The fact is that at first everything went exactly as it was assumed by Gorikker - seeing unfamiliar, but the loose barrier, the tank workers tried to move it and drive further, which led to a literally suspended state. An affordable event, especially if somewhere near the Soviet anti-tank gun. It is unlikely that you can present a better goal than a fixed tank raised above the ground level. Finally, with a completely unsuccessful coating of the circumstances, the hedgehog was cut down the lower frontal plate or bottom, passed inside the tank and damaged the engine or transmission. The features of the placement of transmissions on the German tanks PZKPFW III and PZKPFW VI only increased the chances of the car to get such damage.

True, the Germans quickly guessed that he should first make passes in barriers, and then just follow them. Here, in some extent, they were helped by the fact that the hedgehog was not fixed to the surface of the Earth. A couple-triple of tanks with the help of towing cables could pretrately make a gap for the passage of troops. Red Army team answered this by the laying of anti-personnel mines next to the hedgehogs, as well as, if possible, the placement of machine guns or anti-tank cannons not far from the barrier. Thus, attempts to remove the hedgehog or to tie them to the tank were severely punished machine-gun, or even artillery fire. Soon another technique appeared to make it difficult to do the passages: the hedgehog began to bind with each other and tie to various objects on the ground. As a result, German tankers and saresmen had to first solve a "puzzle" with cables and chains and only after that remove the hedgehogs themselves. And do it all under the fire of the opponent.

However, an excellent idea, as often happens, there were also unsuccessful incarnations. So, often for reasons of savings or for other similar reasons, hedgehog was made not from foreign beams, but from other profiles. Naturally, the strength of such barriers was less than the necessary and sometimes tank could simply crush the "wrong" hedgehog. Another problem of the goricker asterisk was a demand for the placement site - to effectively confront the tanks, it was required solid surface. The best asphalt was suitable, which was stronger enough to withstand the pressure of the tank on his head. As for even more solid concrete, it was not recommended to put hedgehogs on him. The fact is that friction on such a surface was insufficient and the tank could move his hedgehog, and not contracted him. Finally, at some points of the war, the hedgehog could not fulfill their duties for more enjoyable reasons. For example, on the outskirts of Moscow, such barriers were installed in the fall of the 41st. But, fortunately, the Red Army did not allow the enemy to get to the hedgehogs on the outskirts of the capital

Anti-tank hedgehog system General Major M.L. Goricker played an important role in the Great Patriotic War. They helped relatively small forces to improve the possibilities of the army in containing the enemy. It should be noted in the invention of the Goricker not only the Red Army took advantage. The Germans, retreating, also actively used a simple barrier design of three rails and fasteners. On the approach to all important points of the German defense, the Red Army chairs had to see familiar angular objects. Yes, and allies, landing in Normandy, were also able to familiarize themselves with the Soviet tool of the barrier. There is an interesting opinion that the Germans themselves did not produce hedgehogs themselves, but only disassembled and stored the Soviet, who were useful by the end of the war. In any case, it is this way, according to some historians, a large number of echoes in front of German positions can be explained at the stage of war, when Germany experienced serious difficulties even with arms production.

In early September 1941, General Gorikker was recalled to Moscow, where he held the post of head of the management of the Main Directorate of the Motor Transport and Road Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the head of the Auto control of the Leningrad Front, the head of the Inspectorate of the Main Automotive Office of the Red Army. After the war, he commanded by car schools, died in Moscow in 1955. By the way, the idea of \u200b\u200bour "enemy" was subsequently used by the Germans during defense in 1944-1945.

The legendary defensive barrage "Hedgehog" played a decisive role during hostilities during the Great Patriotic War. "Jeys" stopped not one German tank. The monument should be at the entrance to the city of Khimki. However, today few people remember their creator - Mikhail Goricker. Only thanks to the documents found in the home archive, the son of General, film director Vladimir Gorikkeru, managed to find irrefutable evidence that the "anti-tank hedge" constructed his father.

General Gorikker was not only an outstanding inventor, but also a brave soldier. He participated in the first and second world wars and was awarded the 3rd and 4th degrees with the soldier's Georgievsky crosses of the 3rd and 4th degrees, as well as the orders of Lenin, the Red Banner, the Red Star and the Patriotic War of the 1st degree.

Mikhail Lvovich Goricker was born in 1895 in the city of Berislav Kherson province. He graduated in 1912 the Pedagogical School, worked as a teacher, participated in the First World War. Since 1918 - in the Red Army, a participant in the civil war. After graduating from the Military Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army. Stalin Goricker served by the Military Engineer Motomekhvascular of the Red Army, commanded experienced tank parts, held the post of chief of the Moscow Tank and Technical School. In 1940, Goricker was one of the first to receive the title of major general troops.

In the Great Patriotic War, Goricker took part from the very first days. In June 41, remaining the head of the Kiev Tank and Technical School, he was also appointed head of the Kiev garrison and leader of the Defense of Kiev. On July 3, 1941, on the twelfth day of the war, Goricker held the first successful tests of the "anti-tank hedgehog" at the landfill near Kiev. After the war, General Gorikker held the position of Chief of Ryazan, and then the Ordzhonikidze Military Automobile School, and in 1951 he retired.

Currently, anti-tank hedgehogs almost completely come out of use, although occasionally they can be seen next to the warrior parts or similar objects. Also anti-tank hedgehog, being one of the symbols of the Great Patriotic War, was actively used by sculptors in creating monuments. For example, a monument with hedgehogs on the Leningrad highway not far from Moscow denotes the frontier on which the German troops were stopped. The memorials like him can be found almost throughout Europe, in places where the battles went.
http://infoglaz.ru/?p\u003d58249.

I never knew. That these hednes have the author. I thought they were simply cooked from the rail on the eye, without any science. But it turns out, everything is not so. And the man over them broke his head for a long time.

The attention to the unspoken booming in military science in the post-war period was not paid. Meanwhile, they, including anti-tank hedgehogs, under certain conditions and in the modern war, can play although not decisive, but a significant role in the success of the defense of one side and the failure of the attack another.

The main error in the manufacture of heroes is the excess of the sizes. Even in the instructions, the height of the anti-tank hedgehog is indicated 1 m. 45 cm.

Meanwhile, the essence of this barrier is that the height must have a height higher than the clearance of the tank, but below or equal distance from the soil to the top edge of the lower head of the tank. Approximately the height of the height should be about 0.9 -1.0 meter.
Because A hedgehog is not fixed in place and does not get into the ground like a foremap, then the tanker should have a temptation to shift hedgehog's front armor of his car. When moving the tank on the hedgehog, the latter starts rolling under it, and ultimately the tank is raised above the ground. His caterpillars lose reliable grip with the ground. And because The bottom of the tank is flat, then when trying to move from hedge back, the tank often turns out to be unable to do it.

And here zlobny_troll. Skalked somewhere material about the author:

Outside the windows - silence, because this house, standing opposite now already formerly "sinters", is protected from the noise of the street with a whole army of huge trees. And, imagine, old-timers remember the one who planted every tree. They called him "General." But the main monument to General Mikhail Lvovich Gorikkeru stands at the entrance to Moscow - an anti-tank "hedgehog increased several times is a symbol of the first formidable days of war. And each boy knew - "hedgehog" will stop the German tank. But not many know the name of the inventor, although on the traces sent in armies, indicating how to arrange tank barriers, how many of them should be for a kilometer of defense, stood a laconic hedgehog gorgeous days of war. Military Commander of Kiev General Gorryor, Head of the Kiev Tank and Technical School, Days and Nights spends at the headquarters and on a tankodrome, and at night in their office, conducts calculations and all masethers from matches, plasticine, putty, bread crumpled, lampsome strange geometrics figurines. In the mornings, his son, Fifteen-year-old Vladimir, is surprised to look at them, leaving in guesses in our editor there is an act of testing "hedges". Described "The most effective placement of anti-tank obstacles in four lines, the distance between the axes on the front" and how "the fang of the 2nd line got between the caterpillar and the drive wheel of the caterpillar and the fang of the 3rd line, overlooking the bottom of the tank's bow of the tank lifted the last On the air. " The Commission concluded: it is necessary to apply a "star", so at first they dubbed the "hedgehog" - the people gave him the more rigid and stroke at the most important directions.

"Hedgehog" simply needs railway rails, and they were stacking at stations, and welding. But the exact calculation, so that the "hedgehog", acting on the principle of "Vanka-stand" turned over, inflicting a blow, and when it was - that he had A place where to turn over: the tank himself paid him in his enemy. General Goricker was called to Moscow and - flew over fronts, giving exact instructions ...

Today, there are many memorable things in the house of the Tishka, associated with the war. "Lives" the old piano, exported by cadets from the burning Kiev in forty-first. It drove to the Urals on the platform along with tanks. The son of General, director of the Miraculous film operas "Iolanta", "Tsarist Bride" Vladimir Mikhailovich Goricker. In the 55th anniversary of Victory in the Museum of the Armed Forces, he saw on one of the exhibits, "hedgehog" taken to the museum directly from the military streets of the capital. " And it stands nearby, with Heinkeill, shot down in Moscow Viktor Talalichin. And on the cooked rails inscription: "Hedgehog Gorryor", and all this is because the act of testing "hedgehog", tracing drawings sent in the armies, the son of General found quite recently in his apartment in the box, where the filmters and his "Iolants" were lying ... "Hedgehog", crossed by a swastika.


Inventor of anti-tank hedgehog Major General Technical Forces Goricker Mikhail Lvovich (1895-1955). During the First World War, the soldiers of the Russian army. Awarded by two St. George crosses. In civil war, the Commissioner of the field hospitals of the South-Western Front, Commissar Command Courses of Heavy Artillery, Commissioner of Infantry Commandracy Courses. At the end of the Civil War, the chief inspector of the PCQA political management on military-educational institutions. From 1929 to 1933, the listener of the Military Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the RKKA Navy. At the end of the Academy, the head of the Moscow Tank Technology School is appointed. In 1938, together with the school moves to Kiev. In June-July 1941, being the head of the Kiev Tank-Technical School, at the same time he is the head of the Kiev garrison and the head of the Defense of Kiev. During the war, it takes consistently by the post of the head of the motor transport department of the Main Department of the Motor Transport and Road Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the head of the management of the operation and road transport of the main automotive management, the head of the Auto control of the Leningrad Front, the head of the Inspectorate of the Main Automotive Office of the Red Army. In the post-war years, the head of Ordzhonikidzevsky, then Ryazan Automotive School. He was awarded the Order of Lenin, two orders of a combat red banner, the Order of the Patriotic War, the Order of the Red Star, the Order of the Honor, the Medal of the 20th year of the Red Army, the Medals "For the Defense of Moscow", for the defense of Lizard, "for the defense of Stalingrad", "for victory over Germany" and other medals.

The entire course of the Second World War has demonstrated that it is effective in battlefields, not only arms systems with excellent characteristics, but also enough cheap, simple solutions. So, a small anti-tank mine was able to not only seriously damage the tank of the enemy, but also to completely destroy it with a successful situation, and the simple concrete pyramid could become an insurmountable obstacle for armored vehicles. Among the simple and at the same time effective means of barriers and armaments, anti-tank hedgehogs took particular fame during the war. Very simple and convenient in production, they seriously helped the Red Army fears in the fights of 1941 and even became one of the symbols of the Great Patriotic War, which was captured on numerous photographs and frames of the newsreel of those years.

Anti-tank Yozh is the simplest anti-tank barrier, usually representing a bulk six-pointed figure. They began to be applied while building fortifications since the 1930s, for example, were used on the border of Czechoslovakia and Germany. Anti-tank hedgehis was inferior on the efficiency of mine booms, but they could be produced in very large quantities of grain materials without the use of high technologies and relatively easy to move from one front portion to another, which in wartime was particularly valuable.

Apparently, for the first time attempting to use such a barrage against tanks was taken in Czechoslovakia (hence the English name of the barrage - Czech Hedgehog, "Czech Yozh"). The design proposed by the engineers of this country repeated the principle of ancient slingshots, which were effectively used against the cavalry for many centuries and were known since the times of ancient Rome. At the same time, the Czechs believed that the barrier should be massive and absolutely fixed. An imperfect similar obstacle was also because it was spent a lot of time and money was spent, since it was manufactured using reinforced concrete.

A fundamentally new type of design of the anti-tank hedgehog was opened by the Soviet Major General Engineering Forces Mikhail Goricker. Goricker was not only a good inventor, but also a brave soldier. Born back in 1895 in the city of Berislav Kherson province, he took part in the First World War, becoming a cavalier of the two soldiers of St. George Crosses of the 3rd and 4th degree. Since 1918 in the Red Army, participated in the Civil War. In the interwar period, a good military career was built, he graduated from the Military Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the RKKA named after Stalin, served as a military engineer Motomekhvascular of the RKKA, commanded experienced tank parts, held the post of chief of the Moscow Tank and Technical School.

In June 1941, Mikhail Gorikker was the head of the Kiev Tank and Technical School, after the beginning of the war, he was appointed head of the Kiev garrison, as well as the head of the defense of the city. Already on the 12th day of the war, on July 3, 1941, he designed and calculated his version of anti-tank hedgehog, which allowed him to enter the history of the XX century wars. His engineering barrage, also known as the "Gorryor Star", played a prominent role in the Battles of 1941 during the defense of Odessa, Kiev, Moscow, Leningrad, Sevastopol and other operations of the Great Patriotic War.

The revolutionism of the idea of \u200b\u200bGeneral Goricker was that the anti-tank Yuzh was not fixed on the spot, like its Czech analogues, and also did not get into the ground like the abolition. At the race at such an obstacle, Yozh began to ride, gradually lifting the battle car over the ground surface. When you try to "play" from Hedgehog, the tank often could not do this. The mobility of the hedgehog was revolutionary and contracted with numerous static anti-tank obstacles to those years. Under the onslaught of the enemy tank, the anti-tank Yuzh turned over, turning to him under the bottom. As a result, the fighting car was lifted above the ground, very often hitting such an obstacle was accompanied by the failure of the chassis. At the same time, German tanks with the front location of the transmission were especially vulnerable to heroes, since the hitting on them could bring it out of order. With the most favorable for the defendant troops, the situation under the influence of their own mass of the tank, which went on the hedgehog could have been punked and could not continue further movement.

The tests carried out showed that the design of the "six-pointed asterisk" (this is exactly the horizon called his invention, because of which it took place in some military documents as the "goricker asterisk") is effective. The optimal material for the manufacture of such anti-tank barriers was a steel 2-way profile, and the best way to connect the elements of the design - brazers on rivets. In practice, in real conditions, the hedgehog was very often made from everything that was operating at hand - various corners, a channel or rail, which combined with each other often with conventional welding even without slats. In the years of the Great Patriotic War, anti-tank hedgehogs (quite often made not according to the rules - very large, interconnected or not durable) were used very actively, including in urban battles, becoming one of the symbols of the war that today can be found in any artistic film About those events.

In the manufacture of "hedgehog" on the ground, there were very often cases when their design was broken, a common mistake was an increase in their size - in one and a half, or even twice. Such an error deprived the design of the integer inventor of the destination. The main essence of the anti-tank barrage was that it should have been higher than the clearance of the tank, but at the same time lower or equal to height the upper edge of the lower windshield. Only under such conditions the obstacle could be turned over, and not to shift the tank. The idea was supported by the calculations and tests. The maximum height of the hedgehog was supposed to be from 0.8 to 1 meter. The most rational alignment of such obstacles on the area was taken into account: 4 rows in checkered procedure. The simplicity of the design of this barrier allowed in a short time of the difficult 1941 to provide the Red Army with a new anti-tank barrier, and the weight of the design was made easy to install and quite mobile.

The tests of the hedgehog took place on July 1-3, 1941 on the small tankodroma of the Kiev Tank and Technical School, where the Commission was specially arrived and several "goricker stars" were delivered. Interesting is the fact that anti-tank barriers were made of rail scrap. As it turned out later, the origin of raw materials did not particularly affect the invention itself. As tanks that should have tried to overcome such a barrier, light cars were used - T-26 and BT-5.

The result of the passage of tanks along a four-row anti-tank barrage was wonderful for the inventor and his brainchild. During the first attempt to overcome the obstacle T-26 tank lost the hatch of the oil pump, oil pipes were damaged. As a result, after 3-5 minutes, all the engine oil flowed outwards, which led to a forced stop of the fighting car. For the repair of damage printed damage passed several hours. BT-5 showed itself better. Disrupted, this light tank was able to overcome a number of "stars". But this trick cost him the driven bottom of the corps, which was reflected in his management and work of onboard friction. The tank took two-hour repairs.

The first real tests have shown that new anti-tank barriers may disable armored vehicles, confirming its effectiveness. At the same time, the test of the Tankodrome of the Kiev Tank and Technical School was instructed to develop the optimal procedure for the arrangement of such a barrier on the ground. As a result, a recommendation was developed to arrange anti-tank hedgehogs in rows every 4 meters, and the distance along the front between adjacent barriers should be one and a half meters for the front row and 2-2.5 meters for the remaining rows. With such an arrangement, the first row of heroes, the tank could no longer continue to move at a given speed and simply stuck between the rows of obstacles, in the way he could get damage to the body or internal aggregates, and also became a convenient target for anti-tank facilities of the defendant party.

According to the results of the tests carried out in early July, the Commission recognized an obstacle in the form of six-pointed asterisks with an effective anti-tank bar. A recommendation was given to widely apply it in the strip of fortified areas, defile and especially important directions. The conclusion also contained exemplary calculations. So the number of "stars" on the kilometer of the front was estimated at 1200 pieces. The average weight of the version of the lightweight design, released using welding, was 200-250 kg. At the same time, it was emphasized that the design can be released by any factory in large quantities. It was also noted that you can transport them to the place of use in the finished form by road and rail transport.

A strip of defense from anti-tank heroes established in four rows in a checkerboard order became a very serious obstacle to the enemy tanks. Who were either stuck in them, trying to overcome them, or became an easy target for artillery. The barrier was so ideal that in the future the design was not even refined. Anti-tank hedgehog became one of the symbols of the battle for Moscow in the fall-in winter in 1941. Only in the near approaches to Moscow, about 37.5 thousand such obstacles were established.

True, the Germans quickly rated the impact of the novelties on their tanks and came to the decision that first it is worth making passes in such booms and only then move forward, and not going to try to move through them. He helped them and the fact that hedgehog was not attached to the surface on which they were installed. Using a couple of troops of tanks, the Germans could with the help of ordinary cables quickly quickly remove the hedgehog, forming a broach for the passage of armored vehicles.

The Red Army women parried this by installing anti-personnel mines next to anti-tank hedgehogs, as well as, if there is such an opportunity, the placement of machine-gun points and anti-tank guns near the barriers. So attempts to remove the installed hedgehog by tosing them to the tank could be severely punished by defending. Another technique, which was called upon to make it difficult to do the passages in such a barrage, was the binding of heroes with each other or bringing them to a variety of subjects located on the ground. As a result, German saves and tankers had to solve this "puzzle" with chains and cables, often making it under the enemy's fire.

Currently, one of the most famous monuments that were opened in our country in honor of the events of the Great Patriotic War is the "Hezhi" monument, located on the 23rd kilometer of the Leningrad Highway in the Moscow region. At the same time, the majestic monument in the form of three enemas, which noted the frontier, to which the Germans were able to walk in 1941, keeps the mystery. It shows the names of the creators of the monument, but there is no surname of the inventor, who came up with the design of the anti-tank hedgehog. Mikhail Lvovich Goricker was immortalized only in August 2013, when at a residential building in Moscow at the Tishinskaya Square, in which a military inventor lived, a memorial plaque was discovered in his honor.

Necessary preface

Lord Moderators, do not consider the flame. Small appeal to the community. More precisely, lovers of non-constructive criticism. Do not misunderstand me. Yes, I am "jacket". Yes, my special. Preparation is many times worse than the preparation of graduates of VVIZs. But! Firstly, I have some preparation after all, unlike many zhinds; I, as you shoveled a serious amount of literature of the chipboard, and with handles with their own deal (SETECTIVE engineering iron, shovel stalks and so on). Secondly, I am a sapper in the 3rd generation, I grew up in this. Thirdly, I am not only a luteant of military history and the "unfinished" lieutenant Sun, I still graduated from the highest technical educational institution - the head university of the construction industry of Russia, therefore, at least, in engineering issues, knowingly the stronger majority of the majority of Humanitarians.
Find interesting text and "rally" him - a big mind is not necessary. I write my articles somewhat different way. This compilation of proven materials found on the network (who is interested, I will write where), the ancient materials of the chipboard of different years, the stories of the officers of the Inzh.Vask, my own abstracts and knowledge. I do not pretend to "the role of God", as I wrote recently. I am very grateful alarik_O_shie. And other comrades who are looking for real "shoals" in my works. If there are experienced people in the issues under consideration - write, correct, supplement. I will be very happy. In my opinion, here is one of the goals of our and alternative communities in such a joint work. The end of the "lyrical retreat"

Anti-tank hedgehogs

I think everyone who traveled Moscow from Sheremetyevo saw this monument:

This type of unspoken engineering barriers has become a kind of symbol of the heroic defense of Moscow in 1941. It is with this battle that the Most of our compatriots anti-tank Yuzh are associated. Although it is not quite fair. The hedgehogs were used in other places, for example, on the Leningrad Front. Yes, and the Germans in 44-45, when it became hot, anti-tank hedgehogs were used. By the way, according to Yu.Vermemeyev, the Germans, faced with the deficit of the steel, were used by Jersies exported in 41-42 from the territory of the USSR. Well, it is quite possible ...

So, what is the anti-tank hedgehog?
Wikipedia says clearly:
"Anti-tank Yuzh is the simplest anti-tank barrier, which is the volumetric six-pointed stars. Ezhi less effective than mine and other barriersBut they can be made in large quantities from the undergraduate materials without the use of high technologies and easily move from one site to another, which is especially valuable in wartime. "
Less effective? Oh well. We were taught that no unspoken barrier was effectively in itself. Only in a compartment with other unspoken and with explosive! And only being in the zone of the valid fire of the fiery means of defeat (sorry for the tautology). Well, this is so. By the way. High level. Wikipedia, however.

And who invented them? "The anti-tank properties of the slingshots opened in Czechoslovakia (hence the English name of the hedgehog - Czech Hedgehog," Czech Yozh ")"
Well, I can't comment on this - we did not teach us. Maybe the Czechs. And maybe neither.

"In the USSR, Yuzh experienced (independently invented or borrowed - unknown) Major General Mikhail Gorikker"
This is true, here is the document:

Camp Ktt.

Test act.

1.3- July 1941 Commission consisting of the secretary of the Central Committee of the CP / U / U Mashinology Tov.Bibdychenko, the head of the Defense Industry of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee, Tov. Bolshevik - Tov.Kurganova, 225 TOV Maksimov, Lenkusnya Tov. Memkuryeva and representatives of CTTU Colonel Raevsky and Milnisher 2 rank Kolesnikova conducted tests of the anti-tank obstacle - 6-finite asterisk made from the Rail of Utlin, the offer of Major General Technical Tov. Goricker.

The tests were performed on the CTTU curriculum - a small tankodrome soil sandy-soft. For testing for overcoming obstacles, the BT-5 and T-26 tank is highlighted from CTTU. The technical condition of the selected machines is quite good. Anti-tank obstacles were exhibited in the 4th line of obstacles with intervals between axes of obstacles 2-3 mP. On the front 2-2.5 MTP.

The light tank T-26 at the first race to the obstacle was disabled-torn the hatch of the oil pump and damaged oil-water to the tube, as a result, the oil from the motor flowed in 3-5 minutes, which led to a forced stop of the machines.

BT-5 tank due to the large stock of dynamic efforts the initial alignment of obstacles overcomed by having as a result of this defect in the form of a reference to the bottom of the tank, which was reflected in its management and work of onboard friction and tank demanded a two-hour repair.

The most effective alignment of anti-tank obstacles in the version of the survey arrangement produced 3.7-41g.: Obstacle in 4 lines of barriers with arrangements of stars in a checker order in depth 1st line of barriers after 6 mrt., 2nd line of obstacles after 4 mP., 3- I am a line of barriers to 2 mP. 4th and last line of barriers.

Distance between axes on the front: 1st line 1.5 mP., 2nd and subsequent lines 2-2.5 mP. Gave a positive result, on the 1st line of the barriers, the dynamic efforts of the tank were partially muffled, the tank lost the speed and on the 2nd and 3rd line forced to stop, as the canine 2-1 lines got between the caterpillar and the drive wheel-tracked stroke and The string of the 3rd line - overlooked in the bottom of the bow of the tank lifted the last on the air.

This position without the help of / outside will not give letters. Labor continue to move and depart the tank after clearing the field from the barrier. Stopping the same tank on the barrier is the most effective phenomenon for shooting tanks of artillery on the tange of the installed barrier. CONCLUSION: The Commission believes that anti-tank obstacles six-pointed stars are an effective anti-tank barrier, this kind of barrier I can be widely used in the level, defile and especially Important directions.

SMN / OB.
-2-

The number of obstacles of "stars" on 1 CLM, up to 1200 pcs. The average weight of the facilitated design of the welded type 200-250 kGR. Sizes-bars for a length of 1.9- 2 mT, only 6 pcs. At the intersection of 3 planes.

The weight of the design of the flooded steel from 300-400 kGar.

Constructions transported on cars and juggling transport in finished form to the place of use.

Designs are not complex and can be made by any plant in large quantities.

Appendix: Photos of the experiments.

P / signed: Secretary of the Central Committee of the CP / Used / Bibdichenko /
Head. Votd.Forone. Promyshl.ts.K / Yaltansky
Secretary kp / chamrylo /
Major General / Goricker /
Colonel / Raevsky /
Milifornizer / Kolesnikov /
Director Z-yes "Bolshevik / Kurganov /
- "- 225 / Maximov /
- "- Lenkusnya / Mercuryev /

Copy Verne Head of the Secret Part
Technician intentent 2 rank
- / janitors / -

And on the last, the photo I did in my native district military office. What is it? Anti-binding hedgehogs? Or young anti-tank?