Theme : "General developmental exercises as a means of preventing posture disorders in students"

Teacher

physical culture

higher square. categories

GOU "Parkanskaya

secondary general education

boarding school "

N.V. Gaidarzhi

An analysis of the reasons causing a sharp decline in the level of health of children and adolescents in the last decade indicates, first of all, the ecological aspect and a decrease in the motor activity of schoolchildren (up to 40% in the lower grades and more in the older ones), associated with the specifics of school work. Physical inactivity against the background of a sharp deterioration of the ecological environment in combination with malnutrition and increasing psychological overload is fraught not only with a temporary deterioration in health, but also with genetic changes.

Today, no one will deny that there is a close connection between the health of children and the organization of physical education. Nevertheless, despite the tasks set, physical education does not adequately solve the health-improving function, but continues to be entertainment, active recreation or a means of achieving sports results.

An important question is: how to carry out in practice health-improving work with children and adolescents with non-drug means? What is the connection between the growth and development of all organs and systems of the developing organism of children and adolescents and the system of means that affect it? And does the modern system of physical education correspond to the solution of the problems of the health-improving orientation of the younger generation in modern conditions? And today, the issue of the health of children and adolescents has become especially acute.

The health-improving effect of physical education depends not only on the availability of proper programs and educational documentation, but also on many other factors, for example, on the professional preparedness of the teacher and the means and methods chosen by him in solving specific problems of educational and health-improving orientation.

Among the most common diseases of the musculoskeletal- locomotor system in childhood and adolescence shouldhighlight the different types of posture disorders, based onpassing deformity of the spine.

According to the clinical examination of studentsgeneral education schools, the percentage has almost doubledsuch diseases of the spine, as a bad posture( slouch), scoliosis, hyperlordosis and juvenile osteochondrosis. Deformationthe spine develops in children at any age until graduationgrowth( from1 years before18 years), however, it is most often observed in8-14 years.

Of interest is the comparison of the incidence of posture disorders among girls and boys. At an early age (up to 5 years), there are practically no quantitative differences, but at school age girls have postural disorders 4-6 times more often than boys. This is explained by the fact that boys are more mobile, active, and also physically better developed, which helps to stabilize and correct the deformity of the spine, while in girls, on the contrary, due to weaker physical development and calm behavior, the progression of spinal deformity occurs.

Such facts cause natural concern for doctors, teachers and parents. Poor posture, a curved spine not only spoil the figure, but also significantly affect physical development, reduce the vital functions of the body, its performance.

The upbringing of a harmoniously developed personality is impossible without the formation of correct posture.

Physical education plays an important role in ensuring the functions of the spine and its normal development, which should ensure the development of general and strength endurance of the muscles of the trunk and limbs, creating a strong muscular corset - the basis of posture.

Formation of correct posture is a pedagogical and hygienic problem. Therefore, it must be solved by the joint efforts of teachers, doctors and parents.

When shaping posture, one cannot limit oneself to the use of rationally selected physical exercises; it is necessary to organize a general and motor regime at home and at school.

General developmental exercises (ORU) - one of the most widely used tools in physical education. Unfortunately, this group of exercises is not always given due attention, and they are most often used as a warm-up in the preparatory part of classes for the physiological preparation of the body for the upcoming muscular work or for the development of physical qualities. ORU offered to children and adolescents should solve more important problems - improving the quality of life of all organs and systems of a growing organism.

When planning this or that lesson,especially in workwith children, the following should be considered:

1. Knowing that muscle developmentgoes unevenly (small and large develop at different ageperiods, etc. it is also necessary to take into account the fact thatafter some period muscle growth begins to adaptto this type work and its further development stops.

2. Performinglimited quantity exercise doingcan unwittingly compensate insufficient development of some muscle groups by the best development of others. That is, one-sided improvement of already developed groups can occur to the detriment of the development of the weak, which in turn negatively affects both the coordination of movements and the motor fitness of the growing organism.

3. For the development of strength qualities in children, especially in younger and middle school age, most often it is not so much an increase in the quantitative characteristics of the development of this quality that is required, but the improvement of intermuscular coordination and the establishment of new coordination relationships between working muscle groups and even individual muscles, which is the main base of motor fitness of schoolchildren.

The development of such intermuscular coordination will be facilitated by the performance of a variety of general developmental exercises (OBE) with and without objects, with weights, in pairs, etc., since with the help of the OBU it is possible to exert a relatively selective effect on both individual parts of the body and individual groups muscles, and on the development of all motor qualities.

The unlimited variability of the outdoor switchgear allows:

- acting on underdeveloped muscle groups, to form correct posture in children;

- prepare the body for significant muscle efforts;

- restore optimal joint mobility;

- learn accurately, differentiate your movements, develop coordination abilities;

- enrich your motor experience, that is, master the "school of movements";

- regular implementation of ORU contributes to the development of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the central nervous system, and therefore, has a comprehensive effect on the body of those involved.

A set of general developmental exercises (ORU) without objects and with objects (gymnastic sticks, rubber and stuffed balls, hoops, skipping ropes, etc.), as well as on apparatus - a gymnastic wall, bench, crossbar - should help teachers in controlling the posture of students and in school, and at home. It is necessary to include in almost all exercises exercises for the muscles of the shoulder girdle, back and abdomen, which help to strengthen the "muscle corset" and keep the body in the correct upright position.

When teaching these exercises, the teacher, showing particular exactingness in working with students, must pay attention to the position of the arms, legs, posture, that is, the movements and postures that make upgymnastics school. This is the foundation of correct posture for life.

In the world around us, human motor activity is the most complex and multifaceted. A person can perform an infinite number of different movements. However, all this variety of forms of movements becomes available to him far from immediately after birth. But it is in childhood that motor skills develop most intensively, since during this period the entire musculoskeletal system is formed, the gait and manner of keeping one's body - posture - develop.

In ontogenesis, the age-related dynamics of the development of the musculoskeletal system (posture formation) is characterized by two periods: early posture formation - from 4-5 up to 6-7 years old and late formation - from 11-12 to 14-15 years old.

The period of puberty for schoolchildren is no less important for the formation of posture than the primary school periods. So, in accordance with our data, the number of schoolchildren with postural disorders from the beginning to the end of puberty increases by 40-60%. At the same time, prior to puberty, many schoolchildren did not have significant postural disorders.

The skill of correct standing and the corset muscles, which ensure the upright standing, were quite well formed and developed in them. This means that the identified violations are due to the characteristics of puberty in schoolchildren.

Thus, the so-called weight jump in girls and the growth jump in boys observed during puberty force them to look for such a position of the body in which it is possible to maintain its balance, especially when moving. And this causes changes in the character of the muscular sensations of correct posture that were previously formed in schoolchildren. In addition, the development of flexibility is of great importance for finding an individual balanced body position. As a result, adolescents, especially boys with insufficiently developed flexibility, are more susceptible to negative changes in posture than their peers with relatively good mobility of the spinal column.

Taking into account age characteristics in the formation of posture, we have carried out a correction of the existing methodological approaches to the formation of correct posture in schoolchildren during puberty, the important content lines of which are:

    preventive exercise complexes aimed at preserving the previously formed posture, of course, if it is formed correctly;

    preventive exercise complexes aimed at the local development of the strength of the muscles of the musculoskeletal system, ensuring the upright position of the body and the safety of the arch of the foot;

    corrective exercise complexes aimed at correcting existing or just beginning posture disorders.

The first line of content includes standard exercises for teaching the skill of correct posture. It is recommended to start using these exercises in physical education lessons with the first signs of maturation (at 10-11 years old for girls and 11-12 years old for boys).

Second pithy line characterized by standard exercises for the development of strength of the muscles of the back and abdominal muscles, lateral muscles of the trunk and muscles of the arch of the foot. Additionally, exercises for the development of flexibility are recommended, especially exercises for the development of mobility of the spinal column in the thoracic and lumbar regions. All these exercises are included in physical education lessons simultaneously with exercises of the first content line.

The third line of content to a greater extent focuses on the correction of posture disorders. Here, the standard sets of exercises for therapeutic gymnastics are emphasized, among which, in addition to exercises for mastering the skill of correct posture and local development of the strength of the musculoskeletal system, there are quite a few exercises to correct existing disorders. It is very important to introduce into the complex of such exercises exercises for stretching the spinal column (exercises in hanging) and for correcting its thoracic and lumbar regions (exercises performed on a medical roller lying on the back), as well as exercises aimed at straightening the arch of the foot. In this case, it is necessary to observe a certain sequence in performing the exercises: first, do exercises to correct posture, and then to develop the strength of the corresponding muscles and flexibility.

It is also mandatory during puberty for schoolchildren at physical education lessons, which does not provide for the purposeful formation of posture, to use exercises to prevent postural disorders after physical exertion. As a rule, these are exercises to restore the shape of posture and the shape of the arch of the foot.

When determining the dosage of exercises, the teacher must take into account that exercises for the formation of the skill of correct posture should be performed in series under conditions of optimal physical performance, the number of exercises in a series should not cause students to feel tired;

exercises related to the development of individual corset muscles are also performed in series, but their number in a series should cause students to feel tired (the dosage is set in the "to failure" mode);

exercises for flexibility and stretching of the spinal column are given in series, their number should be such as to cause a slight pain in the students, but in no case lead to excessive fatigue.

Conclusion

The basis for the use of special exercises, aimed at the formation of correct posture, the following principles should be laid: individually- a differentiated approach to each child and a gradual increase in the load in the applied physical exercises. The load during classes should not exceed the functional capabilities of schoolchildren and, without prejudice to their health, improve physical development and posture.

When choosing and using exercises, it is necessary to take into account the level of physical development., the readiness and state of health of each child and, in accordance with this, think over the volume and intensity of the loads.

Work on the formation of correct posture should be constantly carried out with all children., and not only with those, who have seen what- or deviations. Special exercises for the formation of correct posture should be included in the exercise complexes when carrying out various forms of physical culture work at school: in physical education lessons, gymnastics before classes, in physical education in the classroom( especially in primary school), in sports sections. Besides, posture exercises must be included in physical exercise at home, especially in complexes of morning hygienic gymnastics and physical culture breaks when doing homework.

In correcting posture disorders, it is of great importance to identify damaging factors, which, if possible, are eliminated. Correction of violations is carried out with the help of physical exercises affecting the deep and superficial muscles of the trunk, the purpose of which is to restore the symmetry (tone, strength, extensibility) of the muscles that form the posture. At the same time, they achieve physiological normalization of the curvature of the spine, the shape of the chest, and the symmetrical position of the shoulder and pelvic girdles (I.V. Rubtsova, 2006). To form correct posture, it is necessary to evenly develop the muscles of the whole body, primarily the static strength of the muscles of the back, abdominal and shoulder girdle, as well as the mobility of the spine.

The correct position of body parts during movement is reinforced by the creation of a natural muscle corset. It is also necessary to form the skill of correct posture based on the muscular-articular feeling, which allows one to feel the position of certain parts of the body.

As a means of correcting posture disorders, gymnastic exercises are used for relaxation, corrective, for coordination, in balance, for stretching, to increase the mobility of the spine, aimed at developing a sense of the skill of correct posture. To restore normal symmetrical muscle tone, it is necessary to learn how to relax and manage muscle tension; this is especially true with asymmetric posture. In case of defects in posture in the sagittal plane, in order to increase the angle of inclination of the pelvis, exercises are used that strengthen the muscles of the back of the thigh, the transverse muscles of the lower back and muscles of the abdominal press.

To reduce the angle of inclination of the pelvis - exercises that strengthen the muscles of the lumbar spine and the front of the thighs. Normalization of the physiological curves of the spine is achieved in a number of cases by improving the mobility of the spine at the site of the most pronounced defect. The pterygoid scapula and forward-shouldered shoulders can be corrected with dynamic and static loading exercises on the trapezius and rhomboid muscles and pectoral stretching exercises. The abdominal standing is eliminated by exercises for the abdominal muscles.

Simultaneously with exercises for muscles, the skill of correct posture is formed on the basis of muscular-articular feeling with the desired position of certain parts of the body. To do this, use exercises in front of a mirror, against a wall, walking with an object on your head, etc. The development and consolidation of the skill of correct posture also occurs during general developmental exercises, exercises in balance and coordination, in which attention is paid to maintaining the correct body position.

The formation of the correct stereotype of posture and the elimination of vicious conditioned reflexes require a strictly regulated approach to the organization of physical exercises, their regularity at least three times a week and the obligatory completion of homework.

The formation of the skill of correct posture is achieved by using a number of exercises to improve its feeling.

  • 1. Stand with your back to the wall and perform the main exercise to form the correct posture: spread your legs slightly, lower your arms freely. Touch the wall with the back of the head, shoulders, calves and heels. Pick up your stomach, stretch your neck up a little and raise your shoulders. In this position, try to lean against the wall so that the distance between it and the lower back is no more than the thickness of a finger. Remember this position of body parts, especially the muscles of the back and abdomen. Do this exercise as often as possible throughout the day. As soon as it becomes possible to maintain this position of the body against the wall for a minute without fatigue, walk forward, maintaining the same posture.
  • 2. Complete the main exercise. Remember the position of the body. Take a step forward and perform turns, head rotations, check the correct position.
  • 3. Squat and stand, abduct, raise and bend your legs, without lifting your head, back and pelvis from the wall.
  • 4. Remember the correct position against the wall. Move away, make several arbitrary movements of the head, arms, legs, body. Check for correct posture.
  • 5. Take the correct posture in front of the mirror. Remember it. Make several arbitrary movements of the head, arms, legs, body. Check for correct posture.
  • 6. Perform a stance with a gymnastic stick, located vertically behind the back along the spine. The stick should touch the back of the head and spine.
  • 7. Perform exercises in a supine position while maintaining correct posture.

First of all, in order to form posture and correct existing defects, it is necessary to evenly develop the muscles of the whole body.

  • 1. The first exercise in a complex should always be the main exercise for the formation of correct posture.
  • 2. Then general developmental exercises are planned: for the shoulder girdle, back, abdominals, legs.
  • 3. After exercises of general influence, the first exercise should be repeated.
  • 4. Further, it is planned to perform 4-6 exercises to correct the existing shortcomings.
  • 5. The last (2-3 exercises) in the complex should be exercises for a sense of correct posture.

TOGLIATTA STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Adaptive Physical Education

COURSE WORK

Discipline: "Theory and organization of adaptive physical culture"

Topic: "Correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system in preschool children"

Group student - AFKb 1201

Kasilov Ya.E.

supervisor

Dr. ped. Sciences, Balashova V.F.

Togliatti - 2016


INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………3

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE PROBLEMS OF FORMING THE CORRECT POSTURE IN CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE IN THE PROCESS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6

1.1 The main aspects of the problem of the formation of correct posture in preschool children …………………………………………………… ..6

1.2 Anatomical and physiological features of the formation of correct posture and the causes of impairment in preschool children ……………… .10

1.3 Means and methods of forming correct posture in preschool children …………………………………………………………… ... 18

CHAPTER 2. METHODS AND RESEARCH ORGANIZATION…………...28

2.1 Research methods ……………………………………………… ... 28

2.2 Organization of the research ………………………………………… ... 31



CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………...33

3.1 Analysis of research results …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33

3.2 Discussion of research results …………………………… ..37

CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………………..39

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………….40

APPLICATION…………………………………………………………….......44


INTRODUCTION

Relevance of our research due to the fact that correct posture is of great importance in human life, since it contributes to the rational use of the biomechanical properties of the musculoskeletal system and the normal functioning of the life-supporting systems of the body.

According to the Scientific Center of Children's Health of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, about 90% of children have various deviations in physical and mental development. One of the first places among them is occupied by disorders of the musculoskeletal system, which have a negative effect on the leading physiological systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, etc.), on health indicators in general and on the level of working capacity.

According to M.S. Milovzorova (1999) the formation of correct posture is one of the main tasks of physical education. It is especially needed in the initial periods of age-related development, when the morphofunctional formation of the body is most intensive, including the formation of spinal curves and other structural foundations of posture.

Thus, it is most favorable to start activities to educate the skill of correct posture in children from the first year of life in the form of sufficient and harmonious training of all four chain setting reflexes. The problem of prevention and correction of deviations in the state of health of children has acquired particular urgency. This is primarily due to the presence of a large number of preschoolers (84.0%) and younger schoolchildren (89%) with various deviations in health (O.M. Evdokimova, 1996; R.B. Sterkina, 1996).

Based on the above, it can be concluded that conducting specially organized exercises in therapeutic gymnastics in a preschool institution will allow timely and effective elimination of the indicated reasons at the early stages of the formation of posture disorders. It is the timeliness of the use of physical exercises for therapeutic purposes that is the most significant factor in the introduction of remedial gymnastics into the practice of correctional work in preschool institutions. The physical exercises used in therapeutic gymnastics should be simple and accessible to perform, not cause side effects, and carried out in a playful way, become more attractive, increase the child's emotional state, his physical capabilities and eliminate the existing disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

Object of study: The process of physical education of preschool children.

Subject of study: formation of correct posture in preschool children by means of physical culture.

purpose of work: to substantiate the formation of correct posture in preschool children by means of physical culture.

Research objectives:

1. To study the problem of correction of posture disorders in children in theory and

practice;

2. Determine the features of physical development and conditions

contributing to the correction of posture disorders;

3. Analyze the results of the study

Research methods. In the work, theoretical and practical research methods were used: study and analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, observation, examination, pedagogical testing of physical qualities, anthropometric measurement, methods for assessing physical performance, processing of the materials obtained.

Organization of research.

1. Choice and comprehension of the topic. At this stage, the state of the problem in the psychological and pedagogical research of scientists was studied, attention was paid to the preliminary definition of principles, the development of practical foundations and experimental techniques.

2. Determination of the characteristics of physical development and physical fitness of children. Conditions conducive to the formation of correct posture.

3. Analysis of research results, registration of work experience on the topic "correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system in preschool children."


CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL BASIS OF FORMATION OF CORRECT POSTURE IN CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE IN THE PROCESS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

1.1. The main aspects of the problem of forming correct posture in

preschool children

The human body develops and changes throughout its life from the moment of conception to death. This process of individual development is called ontogenesis. The most pronounced changes in the structure of the human body occur during the period from newborn to puberty. Each age period from birth to maturity has its own specific structural and functional features.

Being a biological object of a natural ecosystem and a member of society, a person is under the influence of a complex complex of climatic, chemical, radioactive, electromagnetic, noise and other factors, a kind of socio-economic environment of his habitat. Therefore, health is a complex result of the complex interaction of man with nature and society.

According to the definition adopted by the World Health Organization, health is a state of complete bodily, mental and social well-being. The Institute of Hygiene of Children and Adolescents of Russia proposed a more specific definition of health: "health is the absence of disease and damage, harmonious physical development, normal functioning of organs and systems, high efficiency, resistance to adverse influences and sufficient ability to adapt to various loads and environmental conditions."

Protecting the health of the younger generation is the most important state task, since it is known that the foundation of the health of an adult is laid in childhood. A child and adolescent differ from an adult in the features of the structure and functions of the body, which change significantly at different periods of their lives. Knowledge of the age characteristics of the morphology and physiology of children should be used to the greatest extent in the upbringing of the younger generation.

Famous teachers have repeatedly spoken out in their pedagogical works about the role of anatomical and physiological knowledge in the upbringing of children. KD Ushinsky emphasized that teachers must necessarily have natural science training, he believed that only if teachers are familiar with the basics of anatomy, physiology and psychology of a child, they can educate, improving the physical and mental abilities of children.

According to VK Balsevich (1988), "the strategy of physical education of a child should be to teach him as many different movements as possible ...". Mastering various motor skills enriches motor experience, expands the range of motor abilities of children, and helps to increase the functional capabilities of the body.

Taking into account the fact that during preschool and primary school age skeletal muscles are in the stage of intensive formation and development, one of the most important tasks of physical education of children is the task of forming correct posture and preventing deformation of the musculoskeletal system.

There are different concepts of "posture". Some authors understand posture as the usual posture of a naturally standing person, holding the torso and head straight without active muscle tension. Others consider posture as a developed posture, maintained under certain conditions, a person's manner of sitting, standing and in motion.

According to others, posture is a complex of qualities and skills that provide a general posture and position of the body in space that are beneficial for life (Zemskov E.A., 1991). From a physiological point of view, posture is a dynamic stereotype that is acquired during the course of a person's individual life.

Thus, we can conclude that posture is not only the usual position of a person's body at rest and in motion, but also one of the important indicators of health, as well as one of the criteria for the harmonious development of a person (Glushakov T.G., Volkova L. N., 1994).

Formation of correct posture is one of the main tasks of physical education. It is especially important in the initial periods of age-related development, when the morphofunctional formation of the body is most intensive, including the formation of spinal curves and other structural foundations of posture. The posture status in subsequent years largely depends on how well the rational skill of fixing the main standing posture in unity with the harmonious development of muscles and strengthening of the osteo-ligamentous apparatus is developed at this time.

Why does a modern child develop a posture disorder?

Obviously, among the most important reasons should be attributed a high percentage of the birth rate of weakened children, diseases in the neonatal and later period of child development, associated with limited physical activity. All this negatively affects the condition of skeletal muscles and the spine. It is important to start the prevention of posture defects or correction of the existing type of its violation as early as possible so that the child does not have problems with increased fatigue, headaches and pain in the muscles of the trunk at school.

According to L.G. Mirkhaidarova (1997), the greatest number of posture disorders in children is associated with a change in the position of the shoulder girdle (71.8%).

According to I.V. Penkova (1997), in children the most common postural disorders in the sagittal plane (75.6%), among which predominate: flat back (29.8%), flat back (18.0%), stoop (13.8%), round back (8.2%), curved back (5.8%).

Posture disorders only in the frontal plane (asymmetric posture) account for 5.4%. The rest of the posture disorders are of a combined nature: posture defects in the frontal plane are combined with all types of sagittal disorders.

Obviously, the risk zones that determine the nature of posture disorders are the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine, the angle of inclination of the pelvis, foot, and the muscular system.

Studies by L.G. Mirkhaidarova (1997) confirm that posture disorder in preschool children occurs under the influence of static loads, and, in particular, during prolonged sitting in one place, with only 33.3% of children taking the correct posture.

According to O.V. Kozyreva (1997), one of the most important reasons for the increase in the prevalence of posture disorders in children in recent years is a sharp decline in the level of health of newborns and the deterioration of the ecological situation, which caused a decrease in the immunobiological response. The consequence of this is a high level of morbidity in the neonatal and later periods of the development of children, which leads to the limitation of their physical activity. According to the specialists of the pediatric service, among the reasons that can lead to impaired posture, a significant place is given to inadequate muscle tone, which often occurs in a maladaptive state of the psyche. So, for example, as a result of the study by M.V. Kiseleva (1994), it was found that children with the initial stage of postural disorder have a high level of personal anxiety, which reflects the presence of long-term significant stagnant foci of emotional stress.

Conclusion: Summarizing the above, it should be noted that during the preschool age the skeleton is in the stage of intensive formation and development, and therefore, any unfavorable external or internal influences can easily lead to the effects of deformation of its various links.

1.2. Anatomical and physiological features of preschool children

Consider some of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the body in children of 6 years of age.

At this age, the musculoskeletal system continues to form intensively. Virtually each of the 206 bones varies significantly in shape, size, and internal structure. The growth zones in the bones are still distinctly expressed. New centers of ossification appear.

The spine, which has complex supporting functions, consists almost entirely of cartilage tissue. Mobility in girls is more pronounced than in boys. Observation of the hygienic conditions of training, improper seating, physical activity inappropriate for age can easily lead to poor posture associated with an excessive increase or decrease in the severity of the curvature of the spine: cervical, thoracic, lumbar (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Sections of the spine and its physiological curves

Physiological bends make it easier to maintain balance, provide high mobility of the spine, cervical and lumbar lordosis improve the ability to rotate, lateral bend, bend forward and, to a lesser extent, back. In the thoracic region, flexion is relatively small. It occurs largely due to the lower thoracic vertebrae. The lower thoracic vertebrae, together with the free ribs, increase the range of motion, bringing it functionally closer to the lumbar spine. One of the most mobile parts of the spine is considered to be the transition from the thoracic vertebrae to the lumbar. With pronounced or flattened thoracic kyphosis, the mobility of the chest decreases.

There are different opinions of specialists about the timing and order of the appearance of physiological curves of the spine.

A newborn child has only sacrococcygeal kyphosis, other physiological curves are absent and begin to form later.

The beginning of the formation of physiological curves of the spine refers to the period of infancy. By about 3 months of age, a child develops cervical lordosis under the influence of developing muscles in the neck and back during the raising of the head while lying on the back and maintaining this position for a certain time.

By 6 months, thoracic kyphosis begins to form. The child develops the ability to move from a lying position to a sitting position and independently maintain this position.

By the age of 9-12 months, lumbar lordosis begins to form under the action of muscles that ensure the vertical position of the trunk and limbs while standing and walking.

By the age of 3, the child has all the bends of the spine that are characteristic of an adult, but they are less pronounced, or rather, smoothed out. Until the age of 5-7 years, the shape of the spine is not fixed. In a 6-year-old child lying on his back, all the curves of the spine disappear. By the age of 7, the cervical and thoracic bends are firmly fixed, and the lumbar bends at puberty.

In younger schoolchildren, the formation of physiological bends is completed, which are supported by the corresponding balance of traction of the muscles attached to the spine. The most stable posture is observed in children aged 10 years.

According to V.V. Anisimov, G.V. Terent'ev, the magnitude of the physiological bends of the spine smoothly increases with the growth of the child.

In boys 4-7 years old, the average size of cervical lordosis increases from 2.47 to 2.7 cm, and lumbar lordosis - from 1.52 to 1.8 cm.

In girls of the same age in the cervical spine, the indicators increase from 2.46 to 2.69 cm, in the lumbar spine - from 1.56 to 1.93 cm (Table 1).


Table 1

The results obtained have a significant deviation of the mean values ​​from the sigma, which confirms the high lability of the spine of preschoolers.

In the preschool period, the so-called first growth shift occurs, when changes in the structure of the body occur: lengthening of the limbs, a decrease in fatty subcutaneous tissue.

There are about 600 muscles in the human body, most of which are paired. The mass of skeletal muscles in an adult reaches 35-44% of body weight, while in newborns and children, muscles account for 20-23% of body weight (Fonarev M.I., 1983). By the age of eight, muscle mass accounts for 27% of body weight. An increase in skeletal muscle mass is associated with an increase in motor activity.

In the preschool period, there is a vigorous growth of muscle tissue and a significant progressive increase in its strength. Flexor tone still predominates over extensor tone. The abdominal muscles are unable to support the tension associated with heavy lifting. The large muscles of the trunk and limbs are well developed, but the small muscles of the back, which are of great importance for maintaining the correct position of the spinal column, are less developed. Incorrect forced posture during classes, excessive stress in the process of physical education, contributes to the progression of disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

Formation of the correct posture - takes a significant place in the harmony of the physical development of children. Good, correct posture plays a positive role in the life of the body, since it significantly affects the condition, function and development of internal organs.

Posture depends on the state of the neuromuscular system and the human psyche, on the degree of development of the muscular corset, on the functional capabilities of the muscles to prolonged static stress, on the elastic properties of the intervertebral discs, cartilaginous and connective tissue formations of the joints and semi-joints of the spine, pelvis and lower extremities.

Correct posture of a person is characterized by:

1.the straight position of the head and spine;

2. vertical arrangement of spinous processes;

3. the horizontal level of the shoulder girdle and the angles of the shoulder blades;

4. equal triangles of the waist;

5. the horizontal level of the iliac crests;

6. symmetrical position of the gluteal folds;

7. correct physiological curves;

8. the same length of the lower limbs and the correct position of the feet.

But the posture of a preschooler has several distinctive features:

9. the head is slightly tilted forward;

10. the line of the chest smoothly passes into the line of the abdomen, which protrudes by 1-2 cm;

11. the curves of the spine are poorly expressed, the angle of inclination of the pelvis is small and is 22-25 ° in both boys and girls.


Rice. 2. Correct posture of the child in three projections

The characteristic features of normal posture in children are as follows: the head is slightly tilted forward, the shoulder girdle is slightly displaced forward, not protruding beyond the level of the chest (in profile). The line of the chest smoothly passes into the line of the abdomen, which protrudes 1-2 cm, the bends of the spine are poorly expressed, the angle of inclination of the pelvis is small.

There are three degrees of these violations:

I degree - characterized by small changes in posture, which are eliminated by the purposeful concentration of the child's attention;

II degree - characterized by an increase in the number of symptoms of impaired posture, which are eliminated when unloading the spine in a horizontal position or when suspended (by the armpits by the hands of an adult);

III degree - characterized by a combination of impaired posture with the initial signs of scoliotic disease.

For preschool children, I and II degrees of postural disturbance are most characteristic, for schoolchildren - II and III degrees.

Various changes in posture are based on a violation of the correct ratio and severity of physiological curves of the spine, which is characterized by the formation of a flat, round, round-concave and flat-concave back.

With a straightened posture (flat back), all physiological bends are smoothed or absent altogether, the angle of inclination of the pelvis is reduced, the chest is flattened - the shock-absorbing capacity of the spine is sharply reduced. Flat back children are prone to scoliosis.

The stooped posture (round back) is characterized by an increased cervical bend, the head is tilted forward, the shoulders are lowered and brought forward, the angle of inclination of the pelvis is reduced, "pterygoid scapula", the abdomen is protruded, the buttocks are smoothed. Weakness of the back muscles and increased tone (tension) of the pectoral muscles contribute to the development of stoop. As a rule, this is due to psycho-emotional stress or prolonged sitting at a low table, which leads to shortening of the pectoral muscles.

Lordotic posture (concave back) is characterized by a tilted torso, an elevated head, and a protruding and drooping belly.

The kyphotic posture (round-concave back), the shoulders are lowered, the head is tilted forward, the abdomen is protruded, the chest is flattened, the angle of inclination of the pelvis is increased. This is facilitated by the weakening of the abdominal muscles or the increased tone of the iliopsoas muscle, which connects the pelvic bones with the lumbar spine. As with the stooped posture, there is tension in the pectoral muscles.

Asymmetry of the shoulders and lateral curvature of the spine lead to a violation of the proportionality of the waist triangles. The waist triangle is the space between the elbow joint of the free-hanging arm and the waist. If the size of the waist triangle is not the same on the right and left, this indicates scoliosis or asymmetry of the shoulders.

The curvature of the spinal column in the frontal plane, as mentioned, is known as scoliosis. In 95% of cases, it develops as a result of rickets, different leg lengths, incorrect posture at the table, which leads to muscle stretching on one side and shortening on the other. The earlier scoliosis develops, the worse the outcome: it is accompanied by significant changes in the musculoskeletal system, chest organs, abdominal cavity and pelvic organs.

The main mechanism for the formation of incorrect posture is a violation of the balance of muscle tone. Normally, the state of muscle tension is such that the muscles retain their length, providing a stable, balanced body position. In case of posture disorders, the body spends additional energy capabilities to ensure an upright position.

Thus, the formation of correct posture in preschoolers is one of the main tasks of physical education. It is especially important in the initial periods of age-related development, when the morpho-functional formation of the body is most intensive, including the formation of spinal curves and other structural foundations of posture. The posture status in subsequent years largely depends on how well the rational skill of fixing the main standing posture in unity with the harmonious development of muscles and strengthening of the osteo-ligamentous apparatus is developed at this time (Ponomarev N.I., 1998).

The reasons causing various kinds of posture defects in children, and the conditions that aggravate them, are many:

Unfavorable environmental conditions;

Unfavorable genetic prerequisites (for example, a congenital wedge-shaped vertebra with an asymmetry of the growth axis, a congenital difference in the length of the lower extremities, etc.);

General pathological factors (for example, frequent childhood infections and colds;

Weakness of muscle groups that support the posture, or their disharmonious development;

Limitation of mobility in joints, elasticity of muscles and ligaments;

Hypodynamia;

Physical education defects;

Prolonged stay in a number of everyday and work postures, while the vicious position of the body takes on the character of a new dynamic stereotype;

Failure to comply with hygienic conditions;

Malnutrition.

The main reason for the violation of posture in children should be considered the formation of the skill of improper body positioning. Posture disorders develop more often in weakened children against the background of a decrease in the functionality of the musculoskeletal system.

Posture disorders are often promoted by:

adverse environmental factors;

furniture inappropriate for the height of children;

too soft bed;

the habit of taking wrong postures, etc.

Most often, posture defects are in principle preventable and amenable to correction (excluding, of course, irreversible defects of genetic, pathological and traumatic origin).

Thus: unstable functional posture disorders are relatively easy to eliminate by means of physical education. For the correction of persistent abnormalities of posture of a pathological nature, the intervention of a doctor and a specialist in physiotherapy exercises is necessary.

1.3. Means and methods of physical education for the formation of correct posture in preschool children

Physiotherapy is the use of physical education for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The main remedy for physical therapy is specially selected, methodically designed physical exercises.

They are complemented by physical factors: massage and natural factors of nature as means of hardening, the use of which changes the nature of neurohumoral processes and adaptive reactions of the human body. Physical exercises used in exercise therapy are divided:

for gymnastic exercises;

applied sports exercises,

A special place is occupied by ideomotor exercises: exercises in sending impulses to muscle contraction and exercises performed mentally.

Gymnastic exercises are artificial combinations of movements natural for a person, divided into constituent elements, during the implementation of which a selective effect on certain muscles and physiologically related organs is achieved. In exercise therapy, movements of individual parts of the body are most often used, performed from certain starting positions, with a predetermined direction, amplitude, speed, degree of tension, relaxation or stretching of the muscles. Distinguish:

Gymnastic exercises without objects,

With objects (dumbbells, sticks, balls, skipping ropes, etc.),

On shells, paired.

1. According to the effect on the human body, general developmental

(restorative) and special exercises.

General strengthening exercises have a general effect aimed at improving and strengthening the whole body.

Special exercises have a selective effect on certain parts of the musculoskeletal system or certain organs or systems.

The nature of the exercise depends on the characteristics of the pathology and the therapeutic problem being solved. One and the same exercise may be general developmental in one case, and special in the other. For example, exercises for the muscles of the back and abdominal muscles are general developmental by the nature of their effect on a person, but in the treatment of patients with pathology of the spine, these exercises solve the problem of strengthening the muscle corset and are special in this case. In addition, the same exercises, depending on the method of their application, can provide a solution to different treatment problems. So, movements in the joint in one patient can be used to restore range of motion, in another - to strengthen the muscles surrounding the joint, and in a third - for the development of muscular feeling (accuracy of reproduction of a given range of motion without vision control). When building a complex of exercise therapy, both general strengthening and special exercises are used.

2. On anatomical basis, exercises are subdivided according to the location and size of the trained muscles:

for small muscle groups (muscles of the hand, foot, face);

for medium muscle groups (muscles of the neck, forearm, lower leg);

for large muscle groups (muscles of the thigh, trunk).

This division is necessary to determine the magnitude of the load, since it depends on the amount of muscle mass involved in the exercise.

3. By the nature of muscle contraction, exercises are divided into: dynamic (isotonic) and static (isometric).

Dynamic exercises are exercises in which an isotonic muscle contraction occurs, accompanied by a change in its length, which ensures the movement of the corresponding segment of the body in space. Most gymnastic exercises are dynamic. According to the degree of patient participation, dynamic exercises are: active, passive, reflex.

Active dynamic exercises can be performed with the help, with self-help, in light conditions (with a decrease in gravity, friction force), with weights, with resistance (at the beginning, in the middle, at the end of the movement).

Passive dynamic exercises are movements performed without active muscle contraction with the help of a healthy limb by the patient himself or the instructor, without the participation of the patient. Passive exercises are used to improve blood and lymph circulation, to maintain and increase joint mobility in the absence of active movement.

Reflex dynamic exercises are unconditional reflex motor reactions in response to irritation of the skin, tension of other muscle groups, changes in body position in space (crawling reflex, spinal extension). Most often, these exercises are used for children in the first six months of life, in the rehabilitation of patients with neurological pathology.

Static (isometric) exercises are exercises in which muscle contraction is accompanied by a change in tension in it in the absence of changes in length. These exercises improve blood circulation in damaged tissues, promote bone tissue regeneration, and prevent the development of muscle atrophy during immobilization. Isometric muscle training is most effective for developing muscle strength and mass. Isometric muscle training under a plaster cast is widely used in traumatology and orthopedics.

Ideomotor exercises are exercises in sending impulses to perform movements and mentally performed movements. They are used in the absence or significant decrease in active movements in order to stimulate neuro-reflex processes, improve conduction along centripetal and centrifugal nerve fibers.

4. According to the methodological orientation, they are distinguished: power, speed-power, developing flexibility, speed, stretching and relaxing muscles.

In balance, for coordination, corrective, drill, breathing exercises.

Stretching exercises are used in the form of various movements with an amplitude slightly exceeding the mobility available in the joint. The intensity of the exercise is dosed by the amount of active tension of the muscles producing stretching, the patient's pain, the force of inertia that occurs during rapid swinging movements with a certain amplitude, the initial positions that allow lengthening the lever of the body segment being moved. These exercises are used for joint stiffness, decreased tissue elasticity.

Relaxation exercises involve an active voluntary decrease in the tone of various muscle groups. They can be general and local. For better muscle relaxation, the patient must be given a position in which the attachment points of the tense muscles are as close as possible.

Balance exercises are used for balance disorders of various origins: disorders of the vestibular apparatus, central nervous system; in case of posture disorders; when getting up after prolonged bed rest.

Coordination exercises are complex combinations of different movements. They are designed to restore and develop coordination of movements of individual body segments or general coordination.

Corrective exercises are used to correct various

deformities of the musculoskeletal system (deformities of the spine, chest, feet). In essence, these are movements performed from a certain starting position, causing a local impact.

The purpose of these exercises is to eliminate muscle imbalance by strengthening weakened and stretched muscles and relaxing, stretching tense ones.

Exercises with weights and resistances increase the load on the muscles, contribute to a faster increase in their strength and elasticity, and stimulate the regeneration processes.

Postural exercises (position treatment) are methodological techniques that provide a special laying of the trunk and limbs in certain corrective or drainage positions using various devices: a special table, an inclined plane, rollers, splints, fixing bandages, etc.

Breathing exercises are exercises with an arbitrary change in the nature or duration of the phases of the respiratory cycle in combination with movements of the trunk and limbs (dynamic breathing exercises) or without them (static breathing exercises).

Dynamic breathing exercises are various combinations of breathing movements with movements of body segments, and the movements are selected in such a way as to facilitate or enhance breathing. For example, the forward bend of the torso is combined with exhalation, and straightening of the torso with inhalation. Dynamic breathing exercises can be selected in such a way as to ensure the predominant participation in the respiratory act of a certain part of the lungs.

Static breathing exercises are breathing movements performed with a change in the rhythm, depth of breathing, the duration of the phases of the respiratory cycle, pauses between inhalation and exhalation, predominantly increasing the excursions of the chest or diaphragm. A variety of breathing exercises are exercises with breathing resistance, with an elongated and staggered exhalation, with the pronunciation of sounds, with coughing. Distinguish between general and special breathing exercises.

General breathing exercises are used to improve lung ventilation and to strengthen the respiratory muscles.

Special breathing exercises are used for the prevention and elimination of pulmonary pathology: pschostatic and aspiration pneumonia, hypoventilation and atelectasis of the lungs, adhesions in pleurisy, etc. This group of exercises also includes "local" breathing exercises, which, with the help of a special positioning of the patient, provide preferential ventilation of a certain area of ​​the lungs.

Applied exercises are exercises that represent basic natural movements (walking, running, crawling, climbing, throwing), integral everyday movements (gripping and shifting objects, washing, dressing), labor movements (used in occupational therapy).

Sports exercises are exercises that use the technique of various types of sports movements (swimming, skiing, cycling, skating, etc.).

Games. Games as a means of medical physical culture is aimed at improving motor skills in changing conditions, at improving the functions of analyzers. Apply: sedentary, outdoor and sports games.

The main remedies for exercise therapy used in violation of posture in children are posture treatment, exercise and massage.

Positional therapy is used in therapeutic exercises during rest breaks and during exercise. For this purpose, an elastic roller 2-3 cm high is used (this can be a blanket folded 4-6 times). So:

with a round back, the roller is placed under the shoulder blades when performing exercises lying on the back, during rest;

with a flat-concave back, the roller is placed under the stomach when performing exercises lying on the stomach or under the neck when performing exercises lying on the back.

Thus, the child's spine takes the correct position within 5-8 minutes.

Exercise is the leading remedy for posture disorders. General developmental exercises (ORU) are used for all types of posture disorders and improve blood circulation and respiration, improve trophic processes. ORS are used from various starting positions, for all muscle groups, regulating the overall load of the session. They can be performed with or without objects, using simulators. Exercise is selected according to the type of posture disorder. Exercises that provide correction of the existing posture disorder are called corrective (or special), their implementation leads to the elimination of the defect. Distinguish between symmetrical and asymmetrical corrective exercises.

Symmetrical exercises. When performing these exercises, the median position of the line of the spinous processes is maintained. If posture is disturbed in the frontal plane, performing these exercises evens out the muscle tone of the right and left half of the body, respectively stretching the tense muscles and straining the weakened ones, which returns the spine to the correct position. These are exercises in the initial position lying on the back, abdomen without and with weights for the muscles of the back and abdominals, upper and lower extremities. For example: lying on your back, hands behind your head, bend to pull your legs to your chest; lying on your stomach, raise your torso and perform arm movements as in breaststroke swimming; lying on your back, legs bent and standing on the floor, arms along the body. Raising your torso, touch your knees with your hands.

Asymmetric exercises help align the spinous processes to the median position. They are more often used for scoliosis and require high professionalism in the selection. If posture is disturbed in the frontal plane in the thoracic region, the initial position of the upper and lower extremities changes, giving the body an asymmetric position. For example: asymmetric posture with a raised right shoulder - the left hand is raised up or behind the head and the child performs the "bicycle" exercise in the supine position; lying on your stomach, left arm up, right along the body, raise the body, bend over and return to its original position; lying on your back, left hand behind the head, right along the body - flexion of the legs in the hip joint to an angle of 90 °.

In practical work with preschool children, symmetrical exercises prevail.

Special exercises for poor posture include exercises aimed at strengthening the muscles of the front and back of the thigh, exercises to stretch the muscles of the front of the thigh and trunk (with increased physiological bends), stretching the muscles of the back (with a decrease in physiological bends).

In the course of therapeutic gymnastics, ORUs, breathing exercises, special exercises, and relaxation exercises must be alternated.

Massage in childhood is an effective method for the prevention and treatment of posture disorders. The basic techniques are used: stroking, rubbing, kneading, vibration and their varieties. All techniques are performed smoothly and painlessly. For children in the first year of life, as a rule, a general massage is performed. For older children, the emphasis is on the muscles of the back, chest and abdominals. Preschool children include self-massage techniques with assistive devices - roller massagers, massage paths, massage balls, which are used in combination with physical exercises.

It is important that a preschool child has not only a certain amount of knowledge and skills, but also good physical and mental health, is developed according to age in all indicators. Achievement of positive results in the upbringing of a physically healthy child can only be if appropriate conditions for upbringing and education are provided, taking into account individual characteristics.

Process the formation correct posture at children senior preschool age

GOAL RESEARCH:To uncover influence physical exercise for the formation correct posture at children senior preschool age

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The use of physical exercises as a means of forming correct posture in older preschool children Completed by: Smirnova E.G. Student of the correspondence department of group number 352

The object of the study is the process of forming correct posture in older preschool children

The subject of the research is physical exercises for the formation of correct posture in older preschool children.

The research problem is to determine the effectiveness of physical exercises for the formation of correct posture in older preschool children.

PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH To reveal the influence of physical exercises for the formation of correct posture in older preschool children

HYPOTHESIS OF THE RESEARCH If physical exercises are carried out systematically and systematically, including them in various forms of work, this will contribute to the formation of correct posture in older preschool children.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES To study and analyze scientific and scientific-methodical literature on the research problem; Assess the state of posture in older preschool children; Selection of complexes with the use of physical exercises aimed at the formation of correct posture in older preschool children.

RESEARCH METHODS Analysis of literary sources; Study and generalization of medical records data; Experience of GBOU; Pedagogical experiment; Testing, questioning, conversation, mathematical methods.

Research by leading experts on the formation of correct posture in older preschool children. This work is reflected in the works of M. Aliyev on the formation of correct posture; EN Vavilova on strengthening the health of children; NN Efimenko on physical education and health improvement of a preschooler; VM Krasnova about the posture of the child. Therefore, ongoing research aimed at transforming preschool physical culture is primarily associated with increasing the teacher's creative initiative, expanding the composition of the means and methods used, taking into account the tasks and conditions of their implementation, this is noted by many researchers of E.N. Vavilova; S.I. Galperin; O. Kozyreva; T.I. Osokina; A. Shcherbak and others.

Analysis of literary sources shows that the requirements for the level of physical fitness and the state of health of preschoolers are constantly increasing (L.I. Lubysheva, V.I. Lyakh, V.V. Kim, L.P. Matveev, A.Ya. Nain, N. A. Fomin), there is an increasing need to provide a steady interest and need for regular exercise.

An important component for the formation of correct posture is the use of physical exercises, which well develop and strengthen the musculoskeletal system, contributing to the growth and proper formation of the child's body. Gymnastic exercises with various objects are a good means of forming correct posture and preventing its violations, according to M. Aliyev. You can use rubber and tennis balls, hoops, sticks, sandbags, etc.

The existing techniques for the formation of correct posture are based on two groups of exercises: Exercises that have a general effect on the body; promote the harmonious development of the locomotor system, develop and strengthen all muscle groups. Exercises aimed at developing sensations of correct posture, as well as the development and training of various analyzers involved in maintaining correct posture.

CORRECT POSTURE Posture is a relaxed interposition of parts of a person's body when standing and sitting and moving. With correct posture, the body is symmetrical in relation to the spine. The shoulders are at the same level. Physiological deflections of the spine are moderately expressed and correspond to the norm. Correct posture in a standing position Stand straight with your shoulders turned, your stomach tucked in, leaning on both legs at the same time

Correct posture when walking When walking, keep your head straight and high, walk with a free, confident, springy step. Start with your hips, not your knees. When walking, the step should not be shallow or very wide. Don't lean forward. Don't walk with your head down.

CORRECT POSTURE IN THE SITTING POSITION Sit upright, without tension. The back is straight, the head is slightly tilted forward, Both arms are free, better supported. You can lean on the back of a chair, feet rest on the floor.

TYPES OF POSTURE

The experimental study was carried out in the GB OU kindergarten No. 85 in Moscow from October 1, 20 11 to April 1, 201 2 years and included three stages: ascertaining, formative, control.

C ONSTATING STAGE Compiled 2 groups of children of senior preschool age from 5.5 to 7 years old, 25 and 23 people; children of I, II, III health groups, with different physical fitness PURPOSE: To reveal the state of posture in older preschool children, examination by medical staff; Reveal the level of knowledge and ideas about correct posture in older preschool children; To reveal the level of development of movements of senior preschool children, monitoring according to the program "Istoki"; all-Russian monitoring.

For the implementation of the first stage, a medical examination was carried out Experimental group

Medical examination chart Control group

Revealing the level of knowledge and ideas about correct posture Experimental group

Revealing the level of knowledge and ideas about correct posture control group

Testing according to the program "Origins" 1. Balance 2. Flexibility 3. Throwing medicine ball

"Origins" level of physical fitness of senior preschool children "D" - sufficient level "B" - close to sufficient "N" - insufficient level

All-Russian monitoring (mandatory for all types of educational institutions)

FORMING STAGE Purpose: 1. Selection of complexes with the use of physical exercises, aimed at the formation of correct posture in older preschool children 2. To test the complexes of physical exercises on the basis of GBOU kindergarten №85

Small ball outdoor switchgear complex

Outdoor games aimed at the formation of correct posture in older preschool children (I.S. Krasikova). Games with maintaining the correct posture "The quieter you go, the further you will be", "Fifteen" and others. Complexes (MALeontieva, Yu.S. Zherebtsova and MM Borisova) Morning gymnastics complexes; physical education; OSU with a hoop; A set of exercises (Krasnova V.M.) with holding objects on the head, a game task "Eastern waiter" and much more.

Control stage Purpose: 1. To reveal the state of posture in older preschool children. 2. To reveal the level of knowledge and ideas in older preschool children about the correct posture. 3. To identify the level of development of movements in older preschool children.

Medical checkup. Assessment of the state of posture in older preschool children

Medical examination data

Knowledge level of senior preschool children at the beginning and end of the school year

Testing under the program "Origins"

Results of identifying the level of physical fitness of senior preschool children

All-Russian monitoring

Summary test results Monitoring

During the 2011-2012 academic year, the children of the experimental and control groups took part in sports activities of the VAO: On the outdoor and sports games "Karapuz"; in district athletics competitions; in district rhythmic competitions; in circuit athletics competitions.

Regional athletics competitions took I PLACE

GBOU kindergarten number 85

District competitions in track and field athletics of the VAO took II place

Children's works on the topic "My friend - physical education!

Thank you for attention!


Completed by: Tsigiman Tatyana Vladimirovna.

Topic: Physical exercise is the main means of forming correct posture in children of middle preschool age .

Recent studies in the field of environmental education indicate serious disorders in human health, in particular, abnormalities in the development of the musculoskeletal system.

Posture is a complex indicator of the state of physical development and health of children. According to the Research Institute of Physiology of Children and Adolescents of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 79.8% of first grade students have postural disorders, mainly of an unstable functional nature (69.9%). The greatest number of posture disorders was recorded in preschool children.

The formation of posture is closely related to all aspects of development: physical, mental, moral, aesthetic, mental. Correct posture ensures high physical and intellectual performance. A special role in the preservation of the correct posture by children is played by the formation of a psychological attitude towards maintaining the body in space.

The most important condition for correct posture is the normal development of the spine. If the position of the body is correct, then there are no negative changes in the state of human health. This is especially true of the condition of the bone skeleton and muscles.Posture disorders are not a disease, it is a condition that does not progress with timely commenced health-improving measures and is a reversible process. Issues of early diagnosis and prevention of posture disorders in children deserve special attention. An integral part of physical culture is the upbringing and formation of the correct posture of a person.

The use of a variety of physical exercises, taking into account the individual characteristics of preschool children, based on the analysis of the reflex excitability of the nerve centers that innervate the skeletal muscles on both sides of the spinal column and the developmental characteristics of physical qualities will increase the healing process of children prone to postural disorders in the frontal plane.

The relevance of this topic is undoubted, because the health of children largely depends on the formulation of physical culture in the family and in children's institutions. It is necessary to ensure that children experience the need for exercise as well as the daily intake of food.

The object of the research is the formation of correct posture in children of middle preschool age.

The subject of the research is physical exercises as a means of forming correct posture.

The aim of the study is to determine the value of correct posture in preschoolers and the effectiveness of physical exercises in the formation of correct posture.

Tasks:

1. To study the problem of the formation of the correct posture of preschoolers

2. To determine the level of formation of correct posture in children of middle preschool age

3. To compose and test a system of physical exercises as the main means of forming correct posture.

Hypothesis: Exercise will be an effective means of developing correct posture if:

- They will be used in various forms of physical education work;

The appropriate conditions will be created for the formation of correct posture;

Close contact between the kindergarten and the family will be established;

- A variety of physical exercises will be used.

Research methods:

Analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature,

Conversation.

Qualitative and quantitative processing methods.

Posture defects can be conditionally divided as follows: posture disorders in the frontal, sagittal plane and both planes at the same time. Each type of posture disorder is characterized by its own position of the spine, shoulder blades, pelvis and lower extremities. Preservation of pathological posture is possible due to a certain state of the ligaments, fascia and muscles.

All methods for diagnosing spinal deformity can be divided: subjective and objective. Subjective methods include visual inspection.

The most common is the Adams test. When the patient bends forward, the frontal curvature of the spine and torsion-rotational displacement of the trunk are visually assessed.

The base of the experimental work was determined by the middle group No. 4 of preschool educational institution No. 60 in Blagoveshchensk in the amount of 30 people.

We have determined the goal of the ascertaining stage: to identify the level of the state of work on the formation of correct posture in children of middle preschool age, preschool educational institution No. 60.

Research objectives:

1. To establish the content of the work of educators on the use of physical exercises for the formation of posture.

2. Determine the level of impaired posture in the study group.

Preschool childhood is an important period in the formation of correct posture , since, despite the increased functional capabilities of the child's body, his skeletal system is still in the stage of formation.

With this in mind, at preschool educational institution No. 60, work is constantly being carried out to improve the general regime, hardening, to improve nutrition, to educate the culture of movements. The preschool institution has created good conditions for the life of children and their upbringing. Educators constantly monitor the change in the activities of children, in-depth medical examinations are systematically carried out. The selection of furniture takes place in accordance with the height and age of the children.

In kindergarten, it is practiced to check the posture of children in the presence of a teacher, which makes it possible to get acquainted with the examination technique. The kindergarten doctor, determining the state of posture of each child, speaks about the identified defects and the reasons for their occurrence, gives educators specific recommendations for their elimination, and prescribes corrective exercises.

After the examination, on the advice of a doctor, observations were made of the individual characteristics of the behavior of children. We were interested in what position of the body they take in different situations: when walking, sitting, standing and lying down. With close observation during classes, we noticed that children either lower their heads, lean forward and lean their breasts on the tabletop, or take even more uncomfortable postures: the body is tilted to the right, left, and the legs are tucked under the chair. While playing on the carpet, many children often sat with one leg underneath them.

After talking with the doctor, we realized that in order to form the correct posture, daily corrective work is required, both in the classroom and in the free activity of children. First of all, we set ourselves a specific task - to conduct constant work to strengthen the strength and endurance of large muscle groups and develop a persistent reflex of the correct body position of children.

Determination of the state of posture of children in the sagittal plane was carried out by the goniometric method according to V.A. Gamburtsev; in the frontal - by measuring the Moshkov rhombus. The study involved 5-year-old children of preschool educational institution No. 60 in Blagoveshchensk, in the amount of 30 people (12 girls, 18 boys).

It should be noted that 41.6% of girls and 72.2% of boys have the first degree of posture disorder, which indicates insufficient attention paid to the process of its formation in preschool institutions and the family. Comparison of the prevalence of posture disorders in boys and girls did not reveal significant gender differences.

In addition to the general state of the posture of children, we analyzed the nature of the identified violations, the most common type of posture disorder in preschoolers - stooped back - 23.1% of children, flat back - 13.2%, lordotic posture - 3.5%, kyphotic - 3.5% and round-concave - 10.1%.

In accordance with the long-term plan of work on the formation of a healthy lifestyle, which includes measures for the formation of posture, work began with the organization of a rational motor regime in the group.

During the year, the children were talked about the meaning of correct posture, and familiarity with the human skeleton.

In addition to the work on physical culture, physical culture pauses were added and they began to be carried out between classes for 5-6 minutes, and after a day's sleep, in combination with hardening procedures, lasting up to 15 minutes.

We also reviewed the organization of children's physical activity during a walk. Together with the methodologist, we drew up a schedule for the week, where they distributed all the mobile,sport games and game exercises, providing for their various uses, taking into account the conditions and time of the day. Such planning determined the perspective and made it possible to use all the main types of physical exercises in work with children more widely.

At the same time, we began to educate children in the habit of adopting the correct working posture in various conditions: to sit on a chair at the table straight, at ease, with our feet on the floor, back on the chair back, forearms on the table top; walk and stand correctly, evenly distributing the weight of the torso on both legs or alternating the supporting leg.

We taught the children to take the correct body position and, at the verbal instruction of the teacher, to control their posture, see and correct the wrong body position of a comrade, taught them to actively help us in this work.

For the prevention of posture disorders, a system of special exercises was drawn up.

We include corrective movements in outdoor games and relay games.

At the second examination, the children of the group had the best results in all indicators of physical development. They put on more weight, the chest circumference increased by 2-3 cm. Colds decreased by 12%, the group became the best in kindergarten in terms of attendance.

In 9 children, the signs of postural disturbance completely disappeared, in 6 children they were significantly smoothed out. The children have disappeared slouching, only one girl still has shoulder asymmetry.

The results achieved have convinced us that the education of correct posture is possible when carrying out educational and health-improving work with children in a complex, subject to a strictly scientific approach to its planning and implementation.