Assessment of investments in fixed assets. What is investment in fixed assets? Fixed capital and investments

The content of the article:

What is investment in fixed assets:

Before talking about investments in fixed assets, let's define the terminology.

Fixed capital is the material assets of an economic entity, such as:

Real estate.
Land.
Transport.
Financial assets (securities).
Debts of counterparties to the entity, expressed in numerical value. They refer to fixed assets on a formal basis - this is a potential income.
IA () - this includes a variety of licenses, as well as patents, grants, etc.

Fixed capital investments- these are investments in construction, reconstruction, modernization and improvement of facilities, including those already owned by the company. - making a profit from improving objects after a certain period of time.

Examples of

Purchase of new equipment, thanks to which the production process will accelerate, and the price of the goods can be increased in the market, since the goods will become more competitive.

Acquisition of a new fleet of vehicles, if the company is engaged in a business in the field of cargo transportation or passenger transportation. Thanks to new cars, it is possible to expand the range of services, increase the cost of travel, offering customers more favorable commercial terms.

Investments in the search for new employees and salary increases for professional personnel with specific knowledge. Providing social guarantees for employees (housing construction, compensation for treatment, travel, corporate privileges). This will allow the company to retain unique personnel and retain know-how, not be afraid of the outflow of valuable employees and the loss of confidential information (know-how is unique knowledge and techniques unknown to competitors, which make it possible to create a product rare on the market).

Investment in intangible assets: product certification, expenses for the acquisition of grants, registration of patents. By the way, the patent itself also has a nominal commercial value, which is reflected in the balance sheet of the enterprise. The actual (real, market) price of the patent can be changed upon sale. Also, the cost of a patent and other intangible assets changes when the assets of the enterprise are revalued.

The structure of investments in fixed assets

Own funds

Involved funds

State resources

Budgetary and extrabudgetary income

State programs
State policy in the field of financing of economic sectors
Macroeconomic situation
Strategic plans of large companies that set a general direction in a specific area of business

Borrowed funds

Bank loans

Loans from foreign partners

Other investments to be reimbursed

Investment government programs
Stock market maturity
Government agreements
Financial attractiveness of loan sources (% for a loan, terms and conditions of repayment)

Other sources

Venture funds

Factoring and forfaiting

The economic situation in the country
Economic attractiveness of projects
Tax incentives

The volume of investments in fixed assets. Investments of global importance

In a global sense, investments in fixed assets are understood as investments in the development of cities, regions and the country as a whole.

Depending on the tasks, a specific amount of funding is determined for certain purposes. Whereas in a small enterprise investment in fixed assets can be determined by the director himself together with an accountant, in a large enterprise, special analytical departments are already being created that summarize the performance of the company, display statistics, on the basis of which the owners of the company, together with the co-owners (shareholders), make decisions about which directions for financing to choose. The goals themselves are formed on the basis of the company's development strategy. The planned increase in investment volumes and their decrease are determined on the basis of annual reports.

For example, the company's management decides to expand production areas or finance the construction of kindergartens for the children of its employees. In this case, new directions are included in the investment project plan, and the entire volume of investments is distributed according to the goals set.

On the basis of the available amount of financing, the divisions of the company, which are engaged in a specific direction, form their investment plans, in turn, distributing the available budget for their tasks. thus, it resembles a layered tree-like scheme. When calculating the amount of investment, the planned calculation of profit from, which is distributed per capita, for a given direction of economic activity, and so on, is also made.

At the level of the region and the country, the scheme looks the same, only the structure includes various institutions and bodies of executive and legislative power. Each branch is occupied with its own narrow direction.

Situation in Russia

Investments in our country, as in any other country in the world, affect the economic situation in Russia and its well-being.

Investment activity is carried out under the direct supervision of the Government of the Russian Federation, finances are allocated to the needs of specific industries according to the analysis of needs and spending of funds, investment plans and tasks of the state. Ultimately, investment in economic facilities affects the quality of life of the country's population.

In essence, these are expenses for the creation and / or modernization of economic activities. Not always the result of investing is profit, expressed in monetary terms. In a broad sense, one can understand an investment in improving the well-being of a country, a nation. This includes indicators such as satisfaction with the quality of life, the amount of social benefits per capita, and so on.

In Russia, investments are investments in:

Construction, modernization, reconstruction of new buildings, houses, structures, structures
Purchase of equipment, consumables, machinery and so on
Design and survey work, science, education and so on.

Fixed capital investments are distributed by shares depending on the areas of activity of business entities and trends in macroeconomics as a whole. In 2016, according to Rosstat statistics, almost half of investments in Russia were directed to the construction of new buildings and structures (approximately 45.2% of the total investment in the Russian economy). Another 30.6% were invested in the purchase of machinery, various equipment and the renewal of the vehicle fleet.

In total, in 2016, foreign companies invested their funds in the country's economy, PPP (public-private partnerships, entrepreneurs) in the amount of about 15 billion rubles. This amounted to about 20.4% of GDP.

What is the volume of capital investments and what fixed assets are included in the fixed capital? How are fixed capital statistics kept? Where can I get help in attracting foreign direct investors?

The successful development of any enterprise - be it a large oil production complex or a coffee shop for 10 persons - depends on competent financial investments in the company's fixed assets. To make the most of your profit tomorrow, you need to take care of it today.

This goal is achieved through investment in fixed assets. About what such investments are and how to make them competently, I, Denis Kuderin, an investment expert, will tell you in a new publication.

At the end of the article, you will find an overview of professional companies that will help you invest profitably, plus tips for attracting investors.

Let's start, dear friends!

1. What is investment in fixed assets

Each enterprise has fixed assets, represented by intangible and tangible assets. This includes the company's circulating money, profits, immovable and movable property, licenses, patents, shares, and other resources. This is the fixed capital.

Investments in fixed assets are aimed at the development of the enterprise, its modernization, strengthening of market positions, and expansion of spheres of influence. The more funds are attracted to fixed assets, the more prospects the company has.

With these funds, the organization purchases modern equipment, builds new facilities, expands the staff, and attracts profitable business partners.

(PKI) - investments aimed at the acquisition, creation and expansion of the company's fixed assets. Fixed capital contributions increase the initial value of the assets of the enterprise. The long-term goal of such investments is the stable development of a particular economic entity.

Since 2001, investments in fixed assets in Russia are accounted for without value added tax. Rosstat takes care of such investments. The website of this organization presents the volume of investments in the economy of the Russian Federation for certain periods.

PKIs make up the bulk of the total investment of any commercial organization. True, the amount of investment is not constant and depends on the needs and capabilities of an individual enterprise.

Fixed assets are means of production. They are used over many production cycles, gradually wearing out and becoming unusable. This is another of the reasons why funds require investment and renewal.

Fixed assets of enterprises include:

machinery and equipment;
transport;
devices, tools;
structures and buildings;
land.

Funds not only bring profit to their owners, but also constitute a part of the national wealth of the country, since the well-being of citizens depends on the status of individual economic entities.

The more successful companies develop, the more jobs appear, more resources are developed, more quality goods per capita. In the end, the gross national product is increasing.

Enterprises themselves choose directions and instruments for investments in fixed assets. The needs and requirements of organizations are different, but there are general trends for all economic actors.

Experts identify 4 main areas for financing:

Long-term in the expansion of production, capital construction, construction of new production facilities.
Short-term investments in production assets and projects that are completed before the end of the financial year.
Investments in securities (stocks, bonds, promissory notes) and loans (the company is the creditor).
Intangible contributions - patents, licenses, scientific and technological developments.

The main investment goals are to increase commercial efficiency and increase profits. If the investment pays off, and the enterprise reaches new levels of economic development, it means that the investment policy of the company was organized competently, and you can continue to conquer new frontiers.

When raising funds for investment, companies use their own working capital, third-party assets, loans, financial assistance from investors.

The volume of capital investments- an indicator that in monetary terms characterizes the size of the cost of reproduction and increase in fixed assets.

The following factors influence the return on investment:

quality and competitiveness of finished products;
rational use of production facilities of the enterprise;
competent sale of goods and services (marketing, advertising, pricing policy);
economical use of financial and labor reserves of the company;
professional implementation of investment projects.

Investing in fixed assets is carried out not only by private commercial companies, but also by the state. In this case, we are talking about the development of specific sectors of the economy. Federal investments take years, and sometimes decades, to pay off.

Read additional material on investment topics - "".

2. What are the sources of investment in fixed assets - 3 main sources

Where to get money for investment? There are 3 main sources of assets for investments in fixed assets.

Let's consider each of them in detail.

Source 1.

Don't have your own funds for the development of fixed assets? We attract third-party sources - the state, shareholders, equity holders, co-owners, direct foreign investors interested in promising investments.

Of course, no one will give money just like that. Even charitable foundations invest only in those industries that in one way or another affect their interests. The state also subsidizes such enterprises that affect the general economic situation in the country.

Example
Federal structures finance enterprises that produce scarce, socially or strategically important products. For example, they support companies producing Russian analogues of foreign drugs.
Loans are given to enterprises developing economically lagging regions and regions - the Far East, Western Siberia, Crimea.
After the imposition of sanctions in 14-15, the share of foreign investment in the Russian economy decreased by 70%. But some of the largest multinationals continue to invest in financially promising industries. These are mainly raw materials and processing enterprises.
Source 2. Own funds
It is the main source of funding for stable and successful companies. This includes net income and depreciation charges. The money that is not spent on salaries of employees, taxes, maintenance of production and other current needs is invested in fixed assets.
Simply saving money in bank accounts means losing it. In a market environment, enterprises cannot afford to simply accumulate funds without putting them into circulation. This economic suicide is a sure way to bankruptcy and ruin.
The own funds also include free money of the authorized capital, insurance indemnities, assets received from the sale of the company's shares.
Source 3. Borrowed funds
If the first two sources are not enough, we take loans. Banks willingly give large loans to stable companies to expand their business. There are specific options for loans - for example, leasing. Machinery and expensive equipment are leased with the condition of further redemption of the property.
In addition to banks, loans are issued by the state, other enterprises, foreign companies, and private investors.
To understand what the sources of funding are, the table will help:
For more information on the principles of competent distribution of investments, see the article "".
3. How to make capital investments - 5 main steps
Before investing in fixed assets, decide on the long-term goal of such investments. Think over a strategy, calculate the preliminary profitability, assess the financial capabilities of the company.
Investment activity is painstaking work, the results of which often cannot be predicted in advance. The investor's business is to foresee all risks, fit into the budget, and correctly distribute cash flows.
Let's consider the main stages of capital investments.
Stage 1. Determination of the volume of investments in fixed assets
We calculate how much funds are needed and for how long. Money loves the account, and investment capital in particular.
Large enterprises have financial departments that deal with economic calculations. They will determine the amount of capital investment and at the same time estimate the return on investment. If there is no such department, it is worth attracting professional consultants from a reliable specialized organization.
Stage 2. Assessment of fixed assets
Accounting documents and special technologies owned by professional specialists will help to evaluate fixed assets.
Facts
Every year, the total volume of investments in fixed assets in Russia increases by 1-3%, but according to experts, inflationary processes in the economy partly affect the growth. Many enterprises lack funds for the development of fixed assets.
Regional leaders in terms of the volume of investments in fixed assets are the Central District, the Urals and the Volga region.

Stage 3. Drawing up an investment plan
An investment plan is not an abstraction, but a very specific document, broken down into points and tied to specific dates. The instruments and directions of investments depend on the specifics of the company and economic feasibility.
The plan must indicate the following parameters:
the ultimate investment goal;
monetary expression of investment assets;
terms of project execution (implementation schedule);
payback periods of investments;
estimated income.

The development of a plan is the business of professional specialists.
Stage 4. Equity financing
We invest in fixed assets according to the approved plan. In each organization, either a specially formed department or invited specialists are responsible for investment projects. The manager should take control of the final decisions on the project and the distribution of job responsibilities.
Stage 5. Maintaining statistical records of fixed capital
Professional accounting of funds is the basis for success. Direct investment in fixed assets requires the investor to participate directly in the process.
This is not buying stocks, bonds, investing in gold, etc. Investing assets and forgetting about them for several months or years will not work.
It is necessary to constantly monitor the implementation of the investment project and check how things are going on the ground. For example, if a new workshop is being built, you need to ensure that contractors buy quality materials and do not steal money.
In the process of execution, the person in charge no longer works with assets, but with living people. The fate of the company's fixed capital will depend on the rational distribution of responsibilities and competent control.
4. Where to get help with capital investments - an overview of the TOP-3 brokerage companies
Representatives of small and medium-sized businesses, as well as start-up entrepreneurs, often use the services of professional intermediaries to achieve investment goals.
We present an overview of the three most reliable brokerage companies in the Russian Federation that will help you manage your money profitably and invest it in the most promising financial instruments.
1) Opening Broker
The company was founded in 1995. The total number of clients at the time of this writing is 95,000. Last year, the broker's total volume of operations on the Moscow Exchange exceeded 14 trillion rubles. Otkritie Broker is a confident leader in the number of new clients among Russian companies. The company has a huge number of professional awards, prizes, medals and diplomas.
Clients have access to all the most effective modern investment instruments - investing in their own business through the Otkrytie partner program, opening a brokerage account and buying and selling securities, assistance in managing the company's fixed assets. Experts will help to form an investment portfolio, teach beginners the basic skills of profitable investing.
2) BM Invest
The company was founded by private investors who have been multiplying their personal funds since 2006. As you can see, they did it very successfully, since they eventually managed to open their own investment company.
The priority area of activity of "BM Invest" is professional assistance in the development of small and medium-sized businesses. The company attracts investments from clients, as well as issues loans for the development of commercial projects. The organization operates under the supervision of the Central Bank. All investments of the company are insured.
3) RICOM-TRUST
The company was founded in 1994 and is one of the twenty largest investment companies in terms of the number of active clients. Equity capital of RIKOM-TRUST is over 1 billion rubles. The size of assets under the management of the company is 3.5 billion. The company operates in the Moscow region and in 10 other regions of the Russian Federation.
Experts will help enterprises and private merchants to increase their fixed capital by investing in the most reliable and profitable areas - securities (including shares of the largest American companies), currency, gold and other precious metals.
5. How to attract investment in fixed assets - 5 useful tips
Attracting business investment is an art. To achieve success, it is not enough to understand the economy, you also need to be a psychologist, marketer and negotiator. In order for an investor to become interested in your project, he needs to be carried away.
Advice 1. Use the advice of brokerage companies
Act through intermediaries. There are dozens of professional exchanges, brokerage firms and companies specializing in attracting investments on the Internet and offline today.
You just need to become a client of such a company and submit a ready-made business plan for public consideration. Intermediaries will help you find an investor using their database. Help, of course, is not gratuitous, but the reward, if successful, will pay off many times over.
Tip 2. Develop a smart business plan
A professional business plan disciplines the project manager himself and attracts potential investors. Investors need to be clear about what your business goals are and how they can be achieved. If you attach a feasibility study drawn up by specialists to the plan, the result will be even more evident.
Tip 3. Offer special conditions to investors
People with big money need guarantees and prospects. And they are also attracted by the special conditions that you provide them. Sometimes it is a share in the profit of the enterprise or the registration of the investor as a co-owner of the company.

For fixed capital investment accounting account - 08. Let us study how the accounting of investments in fixed assets using accounting entries on account 08 can be carried out in practice.

What is investment in fixed assets

Investments in fixed assets are understood (section II of Rosstat order No. 746 dated November 25, 2016):

expenses for the creation, reconstruction (modernization) of objects, the purchase of machinery, equipment, inventory, classified from the point of view of accounting as non-current assets;
investments in intellectual property;
investment in biological resources.

Investments in fixed capital can be made both at the expense of their own and at the expense of borrowed (or received in the form of assistance) funds, within the framework of exchange agreements, agreements on equity participation.

Fixed capital investments do not include the cost of acquiring assets, the price of which is less than 40,000 rubles, except for cases when these assets are reflected in the accounting records as fixed assets.

Are not recognized as investments in the fixed capital of the organization:

purchase of fixed assets that were previously on the balance sheet of third-party organizations;
the cost of purchasing apartments in multi-apartment residential buildings;
purchase of land plots, natural resources;
conclusion of lease agreements, purchase of licenses, acquisition of goodwill, marketing relations (referred to non-produced assets in accordance with the system of national accounts).

A synonym for the concept of “investment in fixed assets” is “capital investment” (Article 1 of the Law “On Investment Activity” dated 25.02.1999 No. 39-FZ).

It should be noted that investments in fixed assets (as opposed to, in fact, fixed capital) are outside the jurisdiction of the main sources of law regulating the accounting of fixed assets - the order of the Ministry of Finance dated 13.10.2003 No. 91n, as well as PBU 6/01. What rules of law should be considered as guiding when accounting for capital investments?

Accounting for investments in fixed assets: basic regulations

The main attention of the legislator is paid to the accounting of the results of investments - directly the fixed capital on the balance sheet of the organization. As soon as the share capital is formed and recorded at its initial cost, it already falls under the jurisdiction of the specified legal norms - Order No. 91n and PBU 6/01.

Until the moment the object of fixed assets is registered, it is legitimate for the accountant to be guided in fact by only one source of law - the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2000 No. 94n, which introduces into circulation accounting charts used by private enterprises.

How to account for investments in fixed assets by order No. 94n (on accounting accounts)

The order in question introduces into circulation account 08 "Investments in non-current assets", which is legitimate to use in order to reflect investments on the balance sheet of the enterprise as accounting objects. But as soon as the result of these investments is the manufacture or acquisition of a fixed asset, its accounting is already on another account - 01 "Fixed Assets", and this accounting, as we noted above, is regulated by the norms of Order No. 91n and PBU 6/01.

Account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" may reflect the costs incurred from any funding sources:

own;
borrowed;
directed from the budget.

Account 08 reflects the costs of creating, modernizing, as well as maintaining the capacity of the enterprise, the purchase of equipment, machinery and other production and non-production facilities of fixed assets.

This is evidenced by the provisions of clause 1.2.1 of the Recommendations for maintaining accounting in agricultural cooperatives, approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia on 25.01.2001. By the principle of legal analogy, due to the absence of other sectoral norms, this formulation can be applied to enterprises in other spheres, not related to agriculture.

An enterprise, carrying out accounting for investments in fixed assets, can open to account 08, if necessary, various subaccounts. For example, if capital investments are made in the independent production of an asset, then subaccount 08.03 "Construction of fixed assets" can be used. If the asset is purchased, subaccount 08.04 "Acquisition of fixed assets" is used.

Account 08 of the Chart of Accounts of accounting can legitimately be attributed to active. That is, its debit directly reflects investments in working capital, and the loan reflects the write-off of the company's costs in the process of capitalizing certain assets. The transactions on this account reflect the monetary value of business transactions on an accrual basis from the beginning of the reporting year.

Let us now study the nuances of accounting for investments in fixed assets using the specified account and subaccounts to it in more detail.

Investments in fixed assets can be made in the form of:

investments in the independent production of funds;
investments in the production of funds with the involvement of contractors;
procurement of ready-made funds.

Accounting for capital investments on account 08: production of fixed assets

Accounting for funds produced by an enterprise independently in an economic way is carried out in the following business operations:

1. Payment of wages to employees engaged in the production of fixed assets. This payment is made out by transactions:

Dt 08.03 Kt 70 - the calculation of the actual salary is reflected;

Dt 08.03 Kt 69.01 (02, 03, 04) - the accrual of contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, FSS, FFOMS is reflected.

2. Acceptance of equipment in the production workshop in order to install it on the created object of fixed assets. This transaction is reflected in the ledger using postings:

Dt 08.03 Kt 07.

3. Acceptance of materials in the production workshop for the purpose of their use when creating an object of fixed assets. The following correspondence applies here:

Dt 08.03 Kt 10.

4. Implementation of other expenses that are not classified within the above operations, but are directly related to the creation of an item of fixed assets, which characterize the corresponding operations. For example, it may be the costs associated with paying for the services of transport companies. They are reflected in the ledgers by posting:

Dt 08.03 Kt 60.

Thus, the main objects of accounting in the framework of investment in fixed assets will be:

labor costs, equipment, materials;
costs of third party services.

In turn, if an enterprise, investing in the production of fixed assets, attracts contractors, then the cost of the work performed by these contractors (excluding VAT) is reflected in the debit of account 08 and credit of account 60. VAT is reflected in the debit of account 19.01.

Another way to invest in fixed assets is to buy ready-made assets.

Capital investment accounting: buying a fixed asset

Business transactions that characterize this option for investing in fixed assets are reflected practically on the same principle as in the case of the registration of transactions involving the services of contractors in the construction of fixed assets. That is, provided:

reflection of expenses for the purchase of fixed assets on the debit of account 08 and credit of account 60;
when taking into account VAT on the debit of account 19.01.

In addition, if additional spare parts and tools are supplied to fixed assets, then their value may be reflected in the debit of account 10.05. If necessary, other sub-accounts of account 10 may be involved. For example, sub-account 10.03, if gasoline is supplied along with the fixed asset represented by the car. Or - subaccount 10.09, if agricultural implements (mowers, winders) are also supplied to the main tool, for example, represented by a tractor.

Fixed assets are taken into operation at the formed initial cost, and the corresponding business transaction is reflected by posting Дт 01 КТ 08. After that, the company records the fixed assets accepted on the balance sheet according to the rates established by the above federal regulations.

You can learn more about the features of accounting using postings on account 08 in the article .

Outcomes

Investing in fixed assets (making capital investments) refers to the process in which an enterprise invests in the creation, modernization or purchase of an item of fixed assets. Before this object is accepted on the balance sheet, account 08 is used for the purpose of accounting for investment in it. After that, the fixed asset is recorded using account 01 (in accordance with the norms of PBU 06/01 and corresponding sources of law).

You can get acquainted with other facts about the capital investments of the enterprise in the articles:

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For reading 10 min. Views 13 Posted on 28.12.2018

Fixed capital investments are considered as long-term cash investments with the aim of obtaining financial benefits. Such investments are expressed in the form of various operations aimed at managing the firm's assets. The purpose of such operations is to increase the volume of business profitability. It is important to note that this type of investment has a time frame. The time allocated for the use of funds should be sufficient to achieve the goal. In order to increase production capacity or achieve other results, both cash and other assets can be used. In this article, we propose to consider the question of what investment in fixed assets is.

Fixed capital is all the property of the organization expressed in monetary terms

Fixed capital investments: the essence of the concept

Companies that want to increase their income every year must constantly develop. Various methods of increasing the efficiency of economic activity and optimizing the work process, allow you to obtain a number of competitive advantages. The main task of company management is to develop a strategy that will increase the amount of profit. In the course of economic activity, each organization uses different assets, thanks to which the market is replenished with new products. Such assets can be both tangible and intangible. Fixed capital is used to support business processes.

Financial injections into fixed assets are one of the important factors in the development of a business and the growth of its efficiency.

The attracted monetary assets make it possible to establish a flexible pricing policy, develop new markets and modernize production. The large-scale concept of investment in fixed assets can be characterized as the costs of a company for the modernization of equipment, the acquisition of various units and the construction of new facilities. There are also financial investments in intellectual property and biological assets.

Injections into the main fund can be carried out at the expense of third-party organizations, as well as personal income. Personal income is considered to be the income of the company received from the main and additional activities. All existing types of investments can be divided into several groups using the classification in the form of sectors of financial investments. Funds can be invested in trade and construction, repair and household services, as well as culture and sports. All of the above areas are united by the ability to trace the sources of the formation of fixed capital. It is important to note that the size of this fund may change due to changes in the efficiency of the company.

State supervision of investment activities

Government agencies exercise supervision over investment activities using various methods that are of an economic and administrative nature. For this, the state apparatus issues various laws governing investment policy. It is important to note that this policy should be aimed at fulfilling government objectives. Such tasks can be the development of a specific social or economic sector.

In addition to general state laws governing investment activities, there are special regulations in our country. The Government of the Russian Federation has taken measures aimed at improving the efficiency of the structural and investment policy of the state itself. The government constantly uses various methods of attracting extra-budgetary funds to the development of manufacturing companies. These methods allow you to create all the necessary conditions for the activities of private investment companies.

Fixed capital investments are investments that contribute to the purchase, creation and expansion of the company's fixed assets

Features of investment in fixed assets

Each business entity involved in the production sector is interested in attracting counterparties that provide additional investments in the main fund. One of the tasks of the administrative level is to constantly monitor the opportunities for obtaining additional assets. Below we propose to consider the features of investment activities.

Sources of contributions

Investment in fixed assets is one of the methods of improving the financial condition of a company through additional sources of financing. Such sources can be divided into two separate groups. Internal sources are more readily available assets. A distinctive feature of such sources is the ability to determine the volume of receipts not only for the current date, but also in the medium term. O one of the main sources of internal financing is commercial profit... Most large companies invest the proceeds received in the further development of the company. In addition, the funds received can be postponed for a rainy day in order to compensate for the risks of unprofitable projects.

Another internal source of funding is depreciation charges. This term refers to the funds accumulated by the company for the repair of equipment and its operation. All technical products tend to fail. That is why depreciation costs are included in the book value of an asset. This source of contributions is used for the timely modernization of production. A distinctive feature of internal sources of funds is the ability to use them at their own discretion. However, quite often, manufacturing companies have to attract third-party assets to their capital.

The second category of funding sources includes precisely external contributions. As a rule, such sources are large in volume. This can be money from domestic and foreign sponsors or funds borrowed from financial institutions. The same category includes securities issued by the company, as well as subsidies from the regional or federal budget. It is necessary to use the attracted funds very carefully.... Violation of the terms of debt repayment or lack of money to pay off financial obligations can result in lengthy litigation and subsequent bankruptcy.

What determines the efficiency of investments

Various economic indicators are used to assess the effectiveness of investment activities. During such an analysis, not only the amount of income received is taken into account, but also other important factors. Among such indicators, it is necessary to highlight:

Predicted and maximum payback period.
The amount of net profit at various stages of the firm's development.
Compliance of the level of profit with the rate of return.
The level of profitability of investment activities.

Such activities are carried out in several steps. The first step is to assess all available funding sources. After that, plans are made to make a profit at a specific stage of the company's development. When conducting such an analysis, such macroeconomic indicators as the inflation rate, refinancing rate and the number of unemployed in the country are taken into account. The above activities make it possible to identify the risks associated with a specific area of investment activity. These criteria make it possible to assess the results of the company's economic activities.

The result of investments in fixed assets is the construction of new facilities, the repair and modernization of equipment, the purchase of vehicles, inventory and the necessary tools, the purchase of real estate

Ways to attract investment

Cash contributions to fixed assets are used to increase the profitability of the business through the modernization and expansion of production, as well as the general development of the company. However, the amount of self-earned funds may not be enough to implement all the plans of the company's management. That is why entrepreneurs are beginning to consider the idea of attracting external sources of financing. This can be money received through charity or borrowed funds.

As mentioned above, free profit and depreciation deductions are related to own sources of financing. In order to develop the company, you can use insurance payments, income from the sale of securities, free money from the authorized capital and other assets. Many entrepreneurs often seek financial assistance from their counterparties and financial institutions. Lending is one of the most popular sources of capital replenishment. However, before using this tool, it is recommended that you carefully research the other available tools. First of all, you need to study all the available charity events. Large holdings and joint stock companies often sponsor small businesses in order to receive tax breaks.

Types of investments

Considering issues related to investments, it is necessary to focus special attention on their types. There are several different methods for classifying deposits, differing in the purpose of allocating funds. Below we propose to familiarize yourself with the key characteristics of the main types of investments.

Direct

Direct deposits can be characterized as the use of funds in order to obtain a share in a company. An investor who invests in the development of a company becomes the owner of a certain share of the authorized capital, which allows him to receive a percentage of the company's profits. As a rule, large investors prefer to acquire a controlling stake, which allows them to control the course of the company's development.

According to the international classification, direct investment is considered as a financial investment that allows you to get a share in a business, the volume of which exceeds ten percent of the authorized capital. The dynamics of investments in fixed assets is of increased importance. In the event that the acquired share is less than ten percent, the investor cannot take part in management activities. Direct investments can have a direct impact on the overall development of the business. According to experts, many large investors reduce the size of portfolio investments in order to focus on direct investments.

Investment in fixed assets is the main driving force behind the increase in production volumes and the growth of its economic viability.

Social

This type of investment is aimed at solving environmental, social and social problems. Such investments can be directed both to the development of the internal infrastructure of the state, and to a certain area of public life. It is important to note that such financial investments, in the capital of a particular organization, may have an indirect connection with the solution of social problems. As an example, let us give a situation in which injections from investors allow expanding production and creating new jobs. Thanks to this factor, the problem of unemployment is partially solved. This means that the investor's investments are not only business, but also social in nature.

Design

This type of activity implies financial investments in the technical, economic, social, scientific or environmental sphere in order to obtain monetary profit. Project investments require a responsible and careful approach. The need for careful analysis is explained by the volatility of the market and the presence of specific features in each area of the business.

Accounting features

We have already noted above that the government pays increased attention to the accounting of funds invested in the company's fixed capital. After the creation of this fund, the funds fall under the jurisdiction of the administrative act of the Ministry of Finance under the number "91Н". In the event that the funds received are not credited to the account, the company's accountant should be guided by the order of the Ministry of Finance under the number "94H".

According to this document, the creation of fixed capital leads to the activation of account number "08". This account is used to display financial injections as an accounting object. In the event that the funds received are used for the acquisition of fixed assets, the account numbered "01" (Fixed assets) is used in accounting.

The eighth account is used to reflect the costs incurred from various financial sources. These can be funds belonging to a company, the state budget, or money borrowed from credit institutions. Also, this account is used to fix the costs associated with the modernization of equipment and the increase in production capacity.

The current regulations allow the opening of additional sub-accounts related to the eighth account. These accounts are used to show the costs of acquiring assets and building construction projects. It is important to note that this account is considered active. Information about attracted investments must be reflected in the final reporting.

Fixed capital investments contribute to more flexible and fine regulation of the price level for manufactured products, increased profits, structuring and renovation of production

Investment project risks

When developing investment projects, it is necessary to take into account not only the volume of investments in fixed assets, but also the associated risks. All risks associated with such activities can be divided into two groups. The first group includes systematic risks associated with the development of adverse events. Such events are directly related to the activities of the company and the effectiveness of the implementation of the project being developed. Systematic risks include:

Operational risk- the occurrence of unfavorable factors of a technical nature. This group includes power outages, breakdowns of utilities, injuries to workers and industrial accidents.
Market risk- this group includes adverse events related to the market sector where the main activity of the company is conducted.
Financial risk- these risks are associated with an unforeseen increase in inflation and changes in the value of currencies. In the event that a company uses imported equipment, the change in the value of currencies may affect the implementation of the project and require additional financial investments.

The second group of risks includes factors of a non-systemic nature. This category includes all risks that cannot be predicted or prevented.

Conclusions (+ video)

In this article, we examined the issue of investments in fixed assets. Based on the above, we can conclude that such financial investments allow you to expand and develop your business. The funds raised can be used to modernize equipment, attract highly qualified specialists and launch new products on the market.

In contact with

Investments in fixed assets are associated with the purchase of new equipment, repair and modernization of technical mechanisms, which ultimately leads to an increase in production and an increase in profits in the medium and long term. Usually, such investments do not give a quick return, but they provide stable profits for several years and even decades.

Concept and types of investments in fixed assets

In a simplified sense, this concept means the entire volume of investments in fixed assets, which is also called fixed assets. This refers to objects of physical capital that constantly, for a long time, participate in the production of material objects.

The capital structure is represented mainly by the following objects:

machine tools;
building;
technical and production facilities;
machines, devices;
vehicles for any purpose (cars, trains, planes, special vehicles and much more);
tools;
livestock (meaning the basis of agricultural production);
mechanisms;
devices;
conveyor line, etc.

Material objects include such examples as ovens for making bread, a production hall, metal rolling machines, weaving machines for the production of cloths, a cow that gives milk, a car that transports this milk, and much more. The cost of such objects is repeatedly transferred to the price of the product. This means that the consumer, every time making a purchase of a product, pays, among other things, the costs of:

purchase of equipment;
its maintenance, current work;
modernization, purchase of new machines.

Among the fixed capital, mainly tangible objects are found, however, in some cases, intangible values can also be considered fixed assets - copyrights, trademarks, patents for inventions. They also "participate" in production and are included in its cost. For example, the inventor has patented a new technology for the manufacture of semiconductor materials. After that, the microelectronics company bought the technology and started making parts that would give gadgets the best performance.

The structure of investments in fixed assets is determined by various criteria. It is possible to classify such investments according to the already described criterion into 2 groups:

investments in material objects (equipment, buildings, machines and much more);
investments in intangible assets (purchase of patents, copyrights, trademarks).

You can also classify investments depending on the area:

Agriculture;
industry;
construction of residential and non-residential facilities;
transport;
communications and communication;
financial activities;
healthcare;
education, etc.

Such a classification is important not only from a theoretical but also from a practical point of view. It is always important for an investor to understand exactly which area to invest in at the moment. When financing certain enterprises, the amount of expected profit, the stages of the company's work, the timing of income generation and the payback time of the project are taken into account.

The calculations necessarily analyze the current market situation and predict the development of the situation in the coming years. For example, if an increase in construction volumes is expected, then it makes sense to invest in this area, as well as in the production of building materials, the purchase of special equipment and vehicles for its transportation.

Sources of investment in fixed assets

Each manufacturing company is interested in attracting partners who can provide the optimal amount of investment in fixed assets. Therefore, the management of the enterprise or other responsible persons must constantly monitor the possibilities for obtaining new investments. To do this, you need to know about all possible sources of investment. In practice, it is convenient to combine them into 2 groups - internal and external.

Internal sources

These are the most accessible sources of funding, the volume of which is fairly easy to determine both at the current moment and in the medium term. These include:

Commercial profit of the enterprise. As a rule, the net proceeds are re-invested in production, i.e. in fact, there is a process of reinvestment due to a positive balance of funds in the company's accounts. Another model of the company's economic policy - saving funds - is used in the event of an unfavorable market environment, when the investments made risk not paying off.
Depreciation deductions - this means funds that are constantly accumulated by the management of the enterprise due to the maintenance and repair of equipment. Any mechanism is subject to wear and tear (physical and mental). Therefore, the price of a product always includes the cost of its depreciation (depreciation). These funds, accumulating, constitute a separate source of financing for future investments.

Internal sources are notable for their accessibility - management can dispose of them at their discretion, without resorting to interest-bearing loans and other less profitable measures. However, very often it is impossible to do without additional financing, therefore it is useful to know about external sources of funds for making investments.

External sources

These are less readily available sources that are large in volume:

loans, loans from banks, organizations and individuals;
attracting foreign investment;
placement of shares and bonds;
budgetary subsidies (both from the federal and local budgets);
gratuitous contributions from individuals and legal entities in the framework of charitable activities.

You need to work with such sources as carefully as possible, since non-repayment of loans, delinquent loans lead to negative consequences for the company and may even lead to its bankruptcy.

Where to invest

Investing in equipment almost always guarantees a profit, provided that it is used properly and in full, without significant downtime. The return on investment does not occur immediately for a number of reasons:

The cost of machines and mechanisms is quite large, so it takes a long time to reach the level of profitability.
Establishing product relations, the process of entering the market is also associated with certain time and other difficulties.
It is possible that unforeseen circumstances arise (equipment breakdowns, falling effective demand, etc.).

Therefore, before making a decision on investments, an investor must carefully analyze several aspects:

Sphere of investments, type of fixed capital and a specific company (or several companies).
The volume of investments at each stage - initially, by half-year, month, year or other time periods.
Determining the time when the project will reach the payback stage, i.e. will become economically viable.
Calculation of income and net profit at different stages of enterprise development.
Analysis of market conditions in the industry, risk forecasting, development of action scenarios in the event of an unfavorable circumstance.

Accounting features

To determine a specific area of investment, they use their own calculations, as well as statistics and expert materials from analysts, which are provided both in open sources and on a paid basis.

In this regard, market participants often ask themselves what investment in fixed assets is for statistics, i.e. how investments are reflected in statistical calculations. In the Russian Federation, such work is carried out by Rosstat, which has recently been subordinate to the Ministry of Economic Development (MED). Investments in fixed assets in Russia are calculated on the basis of complex methods; based on the results of research, a reference book is compiled, which is published annually. It is a statistical compilation that contains a large amount of data:

Macroeconomic indicators of development.
Dynamics according to direct investment data.
Indicators of the development of conditions for investment activities.
Analysis of investment resources.
Dynamics of investments in non-financial assets.
Capital investments in fixed assets with analysis of data for each type of economic activity.
The results of economic activity (including the commissioning of fixed assets - buildings, equipment, etc.).

Investment efficiency

Efficiency assessment is determined not only by the profit received. The calculations usually use complex techniques that simultaneously take into account several factors. Analysts use several statistics:

Expected and maximum payback period.
Net income at different stages of enterprise development.
Rate of return.
Return on investment, on the basis of which the profitability index is calculated.

The assessment takes place in several stages:

Analysis of the initial sources of funding - internal and external.
Profit forecasting for specific stages of project development.
Analysis of macroeconomic indicators (key rate, inflation, unemployment rate, etc.).
Analysis of risk factors.
Determination of the main criteria by which the effectiveness of the company and the investments made is assessed.

The main differences between investing in working capital and fixed capital

Working capital refers to resources that are constantly spent for the production process, i.e. this part of the capital used in day-to-day activities in each production cycle (from the processing of raw materials to the receipt of finished products). These are raw materials, labor and other types of resources. Thus, if fixed capital is constantly used in the production process, then circulating capital is used one-time.

An investor can invest in either one or another type of capital. At the same time, it is important to immediately anticipate the practical differences between these types of investments:

Investments in working capital pay off much faster, because their cost is immediately included in the unit of production. At the same time, investments in fixed assets reach the level of profitability much more slowly due to the high cost of equipment, buildings, vehicles, etc.
Another difference is the volume of investments. Since fixed assets are expensive, only medium and large investors can invest in them. However, the profit from such investments in the future is much more attractive.
It is also useful to know that the risks of investment in fixed assets are greater than in working capital. The fact is that the volume of investments is much larger, therefore, there are fewer opportunities to distribute risks.

Therefore, it is possible to invest large sums in production mechanisms and other types of fixed assets only after a thorough analysis of the situation. Then the investor can expect to receive a stable income for several years and even decades.