In entrance gunshot wound when fired with a loose focus on the skin, a significant number of additional factors of the shot are detected; with a tight stop, they are found mainly in the wound channel, over a considerable length of it. With both variants of a point-blank shot at areas of the body where the bone is close, bone fragments and scraps of muscle fibers can be seen in the preparations of the entrance wound.

They are appear here due to the fact that the column of compressed air and powder gases, producing significant damage, causes the movement of damaged tissues in the direction of the shot. Scraps of muscle fibers can be observed in the entrance wound not only when fired at point-blank range, but also from various distances due to the special ballistic properties of the high-energy wounding projectile.
This must be kept in mind so as not to accept an entrance wound for an exit wound, if there are no other signs of an entrance wound.

exit wound. With a long shot distance, as well as with a long wound channel, regardless of the shot distance, the morphology of the edges of the exit bullet wound is not much different from wounds such as lacerations or stab wounds caused from the inside by bone fragments. The edges and surface of the skin around the wound do not have sediment and additional factors of the shot. The edges of the wound are raised, in some places turned outward, the tissue of the skin itself protrudes from the wound above the level of the skin, and sometimes subcutaneous fatty tissue and fragments of muscles.

Change skin along the edges of the wound, simulating a belt of sedimentation, can be observed if the body at the exit site of the bullet was in close contact with some blunt solid object. Morphologically, such "settlement" is similar to the settling around the entrance wound (see above).

At shot at point-blank range or from a very close distance into the area of ​​the body where a short wound channel is formed, in it, near the exit wound, you can find metal particles, soot, single powder grains, graphite particles, and if the body area was covered with clothes, then fibers of clothing fabrics. Metal particles in the area of ​​the exit wound are sometimes found even with a large length of the wound channel, when the bullet was damaged by passing through the bone.
In this case, bone fragments are also found near the exit wound.

It must be emphasized that in definition type of weapons and ammunition used, microscopic examination results are of limited value. They come down to the definition of smokeless or black powder by the type of grains, and in some cases, the grade of smokeless powder. So, viscose powder is determined by its characteristic concentric striation.

The study of the wound channel begins from the edge of its wall. It appears to be uneven, the tissue here is crushed, torn, split, in some places turned into amorphous areas. In structureless tissue, erythrocytes are well defined. Occasionally, fragments of blood vessels, adipose tissue, and muscle fibers are found among them. Violation of the integrity of the tissue should be determined over several consecutive fields of view of low magnification of the microscope.

In forensic medicine, there are point-blank shot, close range shot And shot from close range.

Close range has three zones and is characterized by additional factors (besides the main feature left by the projectile). These include:

1. The action of powder gases and bullet air in the bore. The powder gases formed during the combustion of gunpowder give the bullet forward motion and fly out after it at high speed.

Encountering air resistance, they lose their strength. However, up to 5 cm, gases have a mechanical effect, which leads to cruciform, T-shaped or slit-like tears in the textile fabric of clothing, to X-shaped skin tears with peeling off at the edges. These breaks can cause severe injury. This is why a blank shot can be life-threatening from a distance of up to 5 cm. The indicated distance is the first zone. Further, the gases act only chemically - when they are burned, a large amount of carbon monoxide is formed, which forms carboxyhemoglobin with the protruding blood. The blood and walls of the wound channel acquire a bright red color, noticeable for some time. If necessary, the muscles of the wound channel are taken for chemical or spectral examination. The thermal effect of gases is due to the fact that their temperature can reach several hundred degrees, but, acting for a short time, they cause only a first-degree burn, scorching of the clothing fibers near the hole. The chemical and thermal effects of gases can manifest themselves at a distance of up to 10 cm. Sometimes, especially when using black powder, a flame acts up to 5 cm, which scorches hair, fibers of textile fabrics, and leads to skin burns.

2. The second zone of a close shot. Further, the effect of gases does not manifest itself at all, however, soot flies, which spreads to a distance of up to 35 cm, although soot can be at a much greater distance from black powder. This is the main feature of the second zone, in which powder grains and metal particles are also noted. Soot is a black or grayish-black coating, consisting of particles of coal salts, burnt gunpowder and metal. If it is not visible to the naked eye, soot is detected using infrared rays, either when viewed with an image intensifier tube or when photographing the area with damage. After placing the skin flap in cold water, dissolving the blood and drying, soot is detected with stereomicroscopy, as well as with histological examination. After examining and photographing clothes, the method of color prints is used.

Rice. 12.3. Soot deposition on a shirt when fired from a distance of 1 cm from an AK-74 assault rifle (butterfly shape) (but) and the muzzle compensator of this machine (b)

The form of soot deposition around the inlet is also of forensic medical significance. When fired at a right angle to the target, the shape of the soot deposit is round, when fired at an acute angle, it is elliptical. Sometimes the form of the deposition makes it possible to solve the problem of weapons. The most characteristic form of soot distribution near the hole when fired from a Kalashnikov assault rifle is in the form of a narrow ring around the hole and two additional sections (“butterfly wings”) on both sides (Fig. 12.3, but), which is explained by the structure of the muzzle compensator, into the windows of which soot flies out (Fig. 12.3, in).

In some cases, when fired from a short distance, through several layers of clothing (with an air gap of 0.5-3 cm between the layers), a dark gray coating may be deposited on its second layer or on the skin, which is mistaken for the deposition of soot. Powder soot in the form of a radiant whisk partially remains on the first layer and resembles a wiping rim, but due to the turbulent movement of air behind the bullet, it breaks off and is deposited, resembling soot. This is a Vinogradov phenomenon, it is important because it can lead to an error in determining the distance of the shot. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that there is no soot on the outer layer, that “false sooting” of varying intensity, that sometimes it is located at some distance from the edges of the hole, that along with it, fibers of the outer layer of clothing fabric are detected during stereomicroscopy. The soot deposition radius does not exceed 1.5 cm, there are no gunpowder grains.

3. The third zone of a close shot. Grains of unburned gunpowder are usually found at a distance of 1-2 m, cause damage to clothes in the form of pinholes, or leave small abrasions on the skin, sometimes getting stuck at the bottom (Fig. 12.4).

Rice. 12.4.

In some cases, especially when using smoky, damp gunpowder, there are many such grains and then they fly even further - up to 4 m. It is important to prove the effect of gunpowder when there are single injuries near the entrance wound. Particles extracted from skin (or clothing) should be checked to prove the effect of gunpowder, because it is not enough to do this by sight. Chemical tests are used, for example, with diphenylamine, which, when instilled, produces a blue color. But the use of physical tests is effective. For example, when using the Vladimirsky sample, particles of gunpowder are placed on glass, heated over an alcohol lamp, and flashes in this place under a microscope mark a cellular overlay. In the Eidlin test, the particle placed on the glass is poured with glycerin, brought to a boil. Examining the figures obtained after the dissolution of the particles under a microscope, they determine smoky or smokeless powder, and sometimes its grade.

To determine the distance from which the shot was fired, the degree of dispersion of gunpowder around the wound is also important, which can be compared with the experimentally obtained damage when fired with the same weapon and ammunition. Another sign of a close shot is gun grease splashes, which can be detected using ultraviolet rays and appear as dotted bluish glows. They occur in cases of barrel lubrication before a shot, when the distance does not exceed 50 cm.

The given distances are average for different types of weapons; if the brand of the weapon is known, then the distance is specified taking into account its features; if there is a specific copy of the weapon and a series of used cartridges, then it is advisable to carry out an investigative experiment in the conditions closest to the circumstances of the case to resolve the issue of the distance of the shot.

A point-blank shot can also be considered as a shot in the first close-range zone. This is a shot when the cut of the weapon at the time of the shot rests on the skin or clothing of a person. A distinction is made between tight (sealed) and loose (leaky) emphasis, when the weapon is placed at an angle and touches the target with only part of the muzzle.

Depending on the degree of pressure of the weapon, its power, the quantity and quality of gunpowder in the cartridge, gases can have a bursting effect, forming a rounded, X-shaped or star-shaped shape larger than the diameter of the bullet. The same form of tears are formed on clothing. They exfoliate the skin from the underlying tissues, pressing down to the muzzle. This explains the formation of a muzzle imprint (stamp-imprint or “stamp mark”). Such an abrasion, with a tight stop, repeats the shape, dimensions, details of the muzzle (Fig. 12.5), and with a loose


Rice. 12.5. Scheme of the formation of an imprint of the muzzle of a weapon when fired at close range (from the atlas of A. A. Solokhin et al.) nom - that part of it that was in contact with the skin. This is an absolute sign of a point-blank shot. With a tight stop, all factors of the shot will be inside the wound channel - gases with mechanical, thermal and chemical effects, soot deposits, gunpowder grains, lubricant. If the pressure was strong, then a narrow border of sooting can pass along the edge of the wound. With a loose stop, the factors of a close shot are on the surface of the skin on the opposite side of the muzzle imprint. When examining a corpse at the scene of the incident and finding a weapon next to it, one should pay attention to splashes of blood inside the barrel, they also indicate a point-blank shot.

If used blank cartridge, i.e. without a charge, then the shot is called a blank. A strong damaging factor (up to 5 cm) can be powder gases, as well as wad. Depending on the material (felt, cardboard, paper, cotton wool), it can pierce the skin at different distances, but mostly at close range. With a blank shot, a blind wound from such wads can occur, sometimes, depending on its density and distance, such a wound can be life-threatening. But the most dangerous blank shot is in the first zone of a close shot, when the mechanical action of gases leads to rupture of soft tissues, and sometimes in a confined space to comminuted bone fractures.

Depending on the distance between the muzzle of the weapon and the object being struck, a point-blank shot is distinguished (the muzzle of the weapon at the time of the shot is in contact with the surface of the clothing or the damaged part of the body) and three conditional zones (the muzzle at the time of the shot is at some distance from the object being struck).

When fired point-blank at a right angle to the surface of the damaged part of the body, the main mass of powder gases emitted from the bore, acting compactly, pierces the skin and, expanding in all directions in the initial part of the wound channel, exfoliates and sharply seals it to the muzzle end of the weapon. When the strength of the skin is exhausted, it breaks. Together with powder gases, shot soot, powders and metal particles rush into the wound channel. Penetrating into the wound channel, powder gases interact with blood-rich tissues and form carboxyhemoglobin and carboxymyoglobin. If the powder gases reach the cavities and hollow organs, then with a sharp expansion they can cause extensive ruptures of the walls of the internal organs.

Thus, the following morphological features testify to a point-blank shot:

  • - a large skin defect exceeding the caliber of a firearm, as a result of the penetrating action of powder gases;
  • - detachment of the skin along the edges of the entrance gunshot wound and ruptures of the edges of the skin from the penetration of powder gases under the skin and their explosive action;
  • - abrasion or bruising in the form of a stamp-imprint of the muzzle end of the weapon due to the impact of the skin on the muzzle of the barrel at the time of its detachment under the action of expanded powder gases that have penetrated the skin;
  • - extensive ruptures of internal organs as a result of the explosive action of powder gases trapped in cavities or hollow organs;
  • - skin ruptures in the area of ​​the exit wound in case of damage to thin parts of the body (fingers, hands, forearms, lower legs, feet) as a result of the explosive action of powder gases;
  • - the presence of soot only along the edges of the entrance wound and in the depth of the wound channel due to the tight stop of the weapon in the target;
  • - bright pink coloration of the muscles in the area of ​​the entrance wound due to the chemical action of powder gases.

Due to the design features of the muzzle end of the barrel of some types of weapons (windows for the removal of powder gases, oblique muzzle end, etc.), there may be no individual signs of a point-blank shot.

When fired point-blank at a certain angle to the surface of the damaged part of the body, the bulk of the powder gases, soot, powder still penetrates into the wound channel. Some of these additional factors of the shot damage the skin surface near the wound, which leads to the formation of unilateral skin tears and eccentric deposition of soot and powders in the immediate vicinity of the edges of the entrance gunshot wound.

In some cases, the eccentric, butterfly-shaped, three- or six-petal arrangement of soot near the edges of the gunshot wound is determined by the design of the muzzle end of some weapons (the presence of a muzzle brake, flame arrester, etc.).

When fired at close range, they distinguish three conditional zones.

IN first zone close shot, the entrance gunshot wound is formed due to the explosive, concussive action of powder gases and the penetrating action of the bullet. The edges of the wound may be torn. If they are not present, then the wound is surrounded by a wide annular sedimentation. 32

The effect of powder gases is limited to skin damage and does not extend into the depth of the wound channel. Around the wound, intense dark gray, almost black soot and powders are observed. The area occupied by them expands as the distance from the muzzle of the weapon to the target at the time of the shot increases. In addition, there is a fall of vellus hair or clothing fibers due to the thermal action of powder gases. Around the entrance wound, when using ultraviolet radiation, splashes of gun grease (multiple luminescent small spots) are often found. The length of the first zone depends on the power of the weapon used. So, for a Makarov pistol, a 7.62 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle and a rifle, it is about 1, 3 and 5 cm, respectively.

In second zone a close shot wound is formed only by a bullet. Soot, powders, metal particles, splashes of gun grease, etc. are deposited around the entrance wound. With an increase in the distance from the muzzle of the weapon barrel to the target, the area of ​​their deposition expands, and the intensity of the soot color decreases. For many samples of modern firearms, the second zone extends up to 25-35 cm. Taking into account that the nature of deposits of soot, powders and metal particles depends on many factors, in order to determine the distance of a shot in each case, experimental shooting is carried out in compliance with the conditions of the incident. and compare its results with the nature of the damage under study.

IN third zone a close shot wound is formed only by a bullet. Powders and metal particles are deposited around it. When fired from a Makarov pistol, these particles can be detected on the target at a great distance - up to 150 cm from the muzzle, from a Kalashnikov assault rifle - up to 200 cm, rifles - up to 250 cm. As the distance increases, the number of powders and metal particles reaching the target, getting smaller and smaller. At extreme distances, as a rule, single particles are detected, up to 4–6 m on a horizontal surface - powder and metal particles flying to the sides and back up to 1–2 m, settling on the arrow, surrounding people and objects.

It must be borne in mind that when shots from 10, 25, 50 m or more into a dense barrier (for example, into the chest of a person wearing protective body armor), metal particles may be deposited on the first layer of clothing around the entrance gunshot wound. They are formed during the interaction of a bullet with a target, they have ultramicroscopic dimensions and very fragile contact with the surface. As a result, a false picture of a shot at close range is created, so the nature of the obstacle (or clothing, or another target) must be taken into account when studying. At present, objective methods have been developed to distinguish such particles from those that are deposited on the target at a close shot distance.

There are through, blind and tangential bullet wounds. A through bullet wound is called a wound that has an input and output gunshot wounds connected by a wound channel. Penetrating wounds arise from the action of a bullet with high kinetic energy, when wounding thin parts of the body or only soft tissues.

A typical entry gunshot wound is small and round. In the center, her skin is missing (these are the so-called minus tissues). The defect is in the form of a cone with its apex inward, the edges are uneven with short radial breaks in the surface layers of the skin. The skin along the edge of the defect is aggravated in the form of a thin ring or oval (ablation belt), the outer diameter of which is approximately equal to the caliber of the firearm. The surface of the belt of deposition is contaminated with the metal of the bullet surface. Hence its other names: pollution belt, metallization belt, rubdown belt.

Exit gunshot wounds are more variable in shape, size and nature of the edges. They usually do not have belts of sedimentation and metallization. The defect in the area of ​​the exit wound is either absent or has the shape of a cone with its apex outward. A skin defect occurs if, having passed through a thin part of the body or only soft tissues, the bullet retained a significant part of the kinetic energy and the ability to exert a penetrating effect. A belt of rawness at the exit wound appears if, at the time of the lesion, the surface of the body area in the area of ​​the exit wound was pressed against a dense barrier, such as, for example, a waist belt.

Differential diagnosis of entry and exit wounds is facilitated by the nature of gunshot bone fractures along the wound channel. The main distinguishing feature of the entrance gunshot injury on the flat bones of the skull is a cleavage of the inner bone plate, forming a funnel-shaped defect, opened in the direction of the bullet's flight. Output gunshot injury is characterized by a chipping of the outer bone plate.

Gunshot fractures of long tubular bones usually represent an extended area of ​​small and large comminuted fractures. If the fragments are given their original position, then from the side of the bullet entry, a round defect with radially extending cracks will be visible, which form large fragments resembling butterfly wings on the lateral surfaces of the bone. On the exit side of the bullet, a large bone defect is found; multiple cracks extend from its edges, mainly along the length of the bone. An indirect sign indicating the localization of the entrance and exit gunshot wounds is a path of bone fragments that runs from the bone in the direction of the exit wound and is clearly visible on radiographs.

The wound channel can be straight, and with an internal rebound from bone or other relatively dense tissues, it can be in the form of a curved or broken line, sometimes stepped-like due to displacement of organs (for example, intestinal loops).

Blind is called such a bullet wound, in which the firearm remained in the body. Blind wounds, as a rule, are caused by bullets with low kinetic energy due to its low initial speed, unstable flight, design features that lead to its rapid destruction in tissues, a large distance to the target, preliminary interaction of the bullet with an obstacle, damage to the body of a large array of dense and soft tissues, internal rebound (for example, in the cranial cavity).

The firearm, the localization of which is determined by X-ray, is carefully removed from the wound channel and sent for forensic examination to determine the specific weapon from which the shot was fired.

Tangential bullet wounds occur if the bullet does not penetrate the body and forms an open wound channel in the form of an elongated wound or abrasion.

1. Traces of action of powder gases. Hot powder gases, escaping at high speed after the projectile from the bore of the weapon, when fired at close range and at very short distances, have a mechanical and thermal effect.

The mechanical ones include: punching and rupture, and the temperature ones include scorching, charring and burns. In some cases, a sign of a point-blank shot is the formation of a so-called stamp-imprint.

The penetrating effect of powder gases is expressed in damage to the material of the object outside the area of ​​impact of the projectile itself. But the possibility of penetration depends to a large extent on the properties of the material of the object, primarily its elasticity and mechanical strength.

The same properties affect the shape and size of the damage.

So, in materials with high elasticity, for example, sole rubber, rubberized fabric, even when fired at close range and, moreover, from such a strong combat weapon as a 7.62-mm domestic rifle of the 1891/30 model, only a pinhole is formed with torn edge.

In less elastic materials (cloth and cotton fabrics), when shot from the same rifle from a distance of up to 3 cm from the stop, a tissue defect is formed, the dimensions of which exceed the diameter of the bullet by two to three times.

The penetrating effect of gases on the skin, protected by clothing, when firing from the specified rifle is observed at the following distances of the shot.

When fired at close range, the inlet in the skin has a size that is much larger than the diameter of the bullet.

When fired from a distance of 1 cm, the inlet in the skin is smaller in size than when fired at close range, and sometimes approaches the diameter of a bullet.

The penetrating effect of gases on the skin ceases from a distance of 3 cm.

The explosive effect of powder gases is manifested in the tearing of the edges of the inlet. Depending on the number of tears and their location, the inlets are named - linear (slit-like), star-shaped (radiated) and cruciform.

The shape and size of damage depend on the distance of the shot, the caliber and system of the weapon, the strength and elasticity of the material of the object, and in clothing, for example, on the presence of seams, its moisture content, the tension of the material, the nature of the interlacing of threads, etc.

This relationship can be traced from the data below.

When shooting at cotton fabric - madapolam - (given by V.I. Prozorovsky), tearing of the edges of the entrance bullet hole was observed:

a) from a stop to 1.5 cm - when firing from a 7.62 mm Tokarev pistol (TT) and a 7.65 mm Walter pistol;

b) from a stop to 3 cm - when firing from a 7.63 mm Mauser pistol, model 1908 and a 9 mm Bor pistol
hardt-Luger (Parabellum);

c) from a stop to 10 cm - when firing from a 7.62 mm domestic rifle mod. 1891/30

It was noted that when firing from the same weapon within the above distances, with the exception of a shot at close range, tears in the edges of the entrance bullet holes were not always formed.

There were no tears in the fabrics of clothing when firing at point-blank range from small-caliber pistols and revolvers.

When shooting at clothing fabrics and shoe materials from a 7.62-mm domestic rifle mod. 1891/30 (according to I. F. Ogarkov) the following phenomena occur:

a) in cotton fabrics, the edges of the inlet were torn at a distance from the stop up to 3 cm; from a distance of 5 cm or more, they were torn only in some cases; from a distance of 10 cm, the explosive action ceased;

b) in the cloth fabrics, tears were formed when fired from the stop up to 5 cm;

c) in leather shoes from the stop to 3 cm;

d) in the rubber sole of the shoe from the stop to 3 cm; there was no tissue defect.

When firing at cotton and woolen fabrics, with factory-made cartridges from smooth-bore shotguns-12, 16, 20 calibers (according to Ya.

Tears of the edges of the inlet during shots into the skin (according to M. I. Avdeev) were observed in the following cases:

a) at point-blank range from a 7.62 mm Nagant revolver model 1895, a 7.62 mm Tokarev pistol (TT), a 7-65 mm Browning pistol model 1910, an 11.43 mm Colt pistol model 1911 .

b) When firing from a stop to 5-9 cm from a 7.62 mm domestic rifle mod. 1891/30

All the above data are indicative for determining the distance of a shot, since the occurrence of tears also depends on a number of other factors, in particular, the condition of the weapon, the brand of ammunition, etc.

In the presence of weapons and ammunition, which, according to the assumption of the investigation, the shot was fired, it is necessary to clarify the specified data in relation to this type of weapon and these ammunition by means of experimental shots.

It should be borne in mind that tears in the edges of the bullet hole do not always indicate that this hole is an inlet and is formed by the mechanical action of powder gases. Similar damage is observed at the edges of the exit holes. They occur when fired from a weapon of strong combat (rifle, carbine, etc.) and, as a rule, when the bones of the skeleton are damaged. The mass of bone fragments knocked out of the perforated bone, moving along with the bullet, first causes a rupture of the skin, and then the fabrics of clothing. Sometimes the length of individual rays of tears of the outlet exceeds the length of the rays of the inlet. In these cases, the inlet is determined by the presence of traces of a close shot (subsidence, soot, powders).

When describing a gunshot injury in the protocol, it is necessary to note:

a) the shape of the damage and the nature of the edges of the damage;

b) the size of the damage. When describing a defect of a round shape
it is characterized by its diameter. With an oval-shaped defect, the major and minor axes of the oval are measured in mutually perpendicular directions. In this case, the torn edges of the fabric around the defect are included in the determined dimensions, that is, the measurement is made between opposite points of the defect lying on
the base of the flared edge. Separately, each ray of tear is measured with an indication of its direction.

Formation of a stamp-imprint (stamps). When fired point-blank or almost point-blank, that is, with a small gap between the target and the muzzle of the weapon, sometimes an imprint of the muzzle end or some part of the weapon (ramrod, namushnik, casing) located in the plane of the muzzle is formed on the surface of the affected object weapons. This imprint is observed both on the skin and on the fabrics of clothing. According to the configuration of the imprint, in some cases it is possible to determine the caliber and type of weapon, and sometimes the number of barrels of hunting weapons.

Temperature effect of powder gases. Gases, having a high temperature, affect the fabrics of clothing, the skin of the body, causing scorching, charring, burns and, in some cases, ignition.

Singed. White fabrics made from plant fibers, exposed to high-temperature powder gases, acquire a color from yellow to dark brown; while the structure of the fibers that make up the threads of the fabric remains unchanged. In wool materials, depending on the degree of shedding, in addition to color changes, there is also a structural change in the material of the hairs. Structural change is expressed in the appearance of air bubbles both in the medulla and in the thickness of the hair. With intense burning, the number and volume of air bubbles increase, as a result of which individual sections of the hairs swell unevenly (swell), and the hairs bend or twist. Light hairs become dark yellow to dark brown in color. Traces of light delamination, marked by yellowing of the hairs, are difficult to recognize by visual examination, as they are covered with soot. Signs of scorching on woolen materials that have a color that differs little from the color of scorched hairs are detected using a magnifying glass or microscope.

Charring of clothing material is the result of a slow process - smoldering or a fast process - ignition. The charred edges of the entrance gunshot holes are very fragile and crumble from a light touch, forming an irregularly shaped hole. Depending on the nature of the fibers that make up the fabric, the latter in a charred state has a color from dark brown to black. Areas of charred woolen clothing give off the smell of burnt horn.

We give approximate data related to the temperature effect of powder gases on clothing materials.

When firing with black powder, shots from revolvers of old systems and a 7.62-mm Nagant revolver of the 1895 model in the range from stop to 10-15 cm cause the following phenomena: skin burns, inflammation, smoldering and browning of clothing fabric (according to M. And . Avdeeva). Shots from a hunting smooth-bore shotgun in the range from stop to 50 cm often cause burns on the edges of the inlet on clothing (according to Ya-S. Smusin).

When firing with smokeless powder, shots from a 7.62-mm Tokarev pistol (TT) in the range from stop to 8-10 cm sometimes cause singing, which is expressed in browning of the clothing material around the inlet (according to A. P. Belov and S. D. Kustanovich).

Shots from rifle sawn-off shotguns in the range from stop to 30 cm sometimes cause scorching of clothing fabrics (according to B. R. Kirichinsky).

Shots from a hunting smooth-bore shotgun at close range sometimes cause burnt edges of the inlet, and in the range from stop to 25 cm, only slight scorching is observed (according to Ya-S. Smusin).

Not every shot at the above intervals from the same weapon with ammunition loaded with smokeless powder causes the fibers of the clothing around the inlet to be singed. Singing is noted only with a sharp increase in the pressure of powder gases at the muzzle of the weapon barrel.

The reasons that give rise to muzzle pressure, which is many times higher than the norm, are diverse and difficult to take into account. Such reasons include bore wear, barrel shortening (cutoff), mismatch between bullet and weapon calibers (bullet diameter is smaller than the barrel bore diameter in the fields), reduced primer sensitivity, gunpowder moisture, etc.

2. Traces of soot. Soot is a small solid and liquid particles formed in the bore of a weapon during the explosive decomposition of gunpowder and percussion composition. Soot mainly consists of metals and their compounds.

Powder gases and the soot suspended in them escape from the bore not in a continuous jet, having a cylindrical or cone shape, but in the form of a jet consisting of a number of successive uneven portions (condensations) of gas.

The flight range of soot particles depends on the type, system, caliber of weapons, grade and amount of powder charge. Soot, meeting with an obstacle, settles around the bullet hole in a black-gray spot of a rounded shape, and sometimes in the form of two spots of a rounded shape, located at some distance from each other. Such isolated termination spots occur when a strong combat weapon (rifle, carbine, etc.) is used, either when fired point-blank or almost point-blank, or when the weapon is not firmly fixed in the hands at the time of the shot.

The spot surrounding the bullet hole is called the main (primary) field of soot deposition. A spot located away from the bullet hole is an additional (secondary) field of soot deposition. An additional field of soot deposition occurs after the main one at the moment of recoil of the weapon, that is, after the barrel moves quickly a certain distance to the side. If the displacement of the trunk is small, the secondary field of termination remains within the primary field, and the overlap of the two fields is more pronounced.

Cases have been registered when, when fired at close range, only an additional (secondary) field of soot deposition is found on the outer surface of the tissue, which is located away from the bullet hole. In these cases, the bulk of the soot is on the opposite side of the outer clothing, on the fabrics of the lower clothing and in the bullet channel.

Depending on the distance of the shot, the type and amount of gunpowder, the type, system and caliber of the weapon, the placement of soot particles within the boundaries of the spot is uniform or uneven.

The main types of uneven pumping are ring-shaped, beam-shaped and spotted.

Ring-shaped infilling is characterized by the alternation of dark and light zones, that is, the presence of a number of concentric zones around the bullet hole, which differ from each other in width and the amount of soot per square centimeter of area. Radiation infiltration differs from annular infiltration by the presence of thickenings radiating from the central zone in the form of rays. Spotty sooting differs from annular soot by the presence of soot thickening in the form of spots of various shapes, which are located within the total area of ​​soot deposition.

The deposition of soot around the bullet hole indicates a close shot and that this hole is an inlet.

Detection of ring-shaped, ray-shaped and spotted inkling by ordinary examination is possible only on light-colored clothing fabrics. Detection of soot on dark or contaminated surfaces presents significant difficulties.

The soot, meeting with the fabric of clothing or skin, not only settles around the bullet hole, but also penetrates into the thickness of the material, being located between the fibers of the fabric. The depth of penetration of soot particles, for the same type of weapon, depends on the distance of the shot and the density of the tissue encountered. As the distance of the shot increases, the depth of soot penetration decreases, and from a certain distance, soot particles settle only on the surface of the fabric.

We provide indicative information for determining the distance of a shot based on the signs of deposition of soot of smokeless powder.

The 7.62 mm Nagant revolver of the 1895 model, when fired at white material from distances of up to 15 cm, gives a clearly visible filling; from 15 to 20 cm - slightly noticeable; over 20 cm, there is no infilling (according to M. I. Avdeev and N. V. Popov).

The 7.62-mm Tokarev pistol (TT) when fired at a white material (coarse calico) from a distance of less than 45 cm gives a clearly visible blocking (according to I. V. Skopin).

The 7.63 mm Mauser pistol, when fired into white material, gives a noticeable smoky eye from distances less than 30 cm.

The 7.65 mm Walther pistol and the 9 mm Borchardt-Luger pistol cause visible under normal conditions blotting of white material when fired from distances less than 25 cm (according to V. I. Prozorovsky).

The 7.65 mm Browning pistol causes visible blotting of white material when fired from distances of less than 15-20 cm (according to N.V. Popov).

7.62 mm domestic rifle - model 1891/30 causes a clearly visible infiltration of white material when shot from distances less than 30 cm. On materials of gray and dark gray, soot is clearly visible when shots are fired from the stop to 5 cm. Infiltration is a blackish rounded spot with a diameter of 3 cm to 8 5 cm

When shot from a distance of 7-15 cm, a faintly noticeable spot of a rounded shape without visible borders along the periphery is observed. When shot from distances exceeding 15 cm, soot is not noticeable.

On darker materials than the above, soot is detected by ordinary inspection when shots are fired from the stop to 5-10 cm.

On the inner layers of clothing, soot is observed when shots are fired from a distance of up to 5-7 cm from the stop.

The deposition of soot on the skin, protected by clothing or leather shoes, is observed constantly with shots from a stop up to 3 cm and inconsistently - from 5 cm to 15 cm. When shots from distances exceeding 20-25 cm, soot is not noticeable.

The belt of soot, around the inlet in the skin, has a width of 1.5 mm to 4 mm (according to I. F. Ogarkov).

When determining the distance of a shot by the nature of pumping, it must be borne in mind that the first shot from a fired weapon (the bore is covered with dirt and rust) can create a false impression of a close shot, since particles of dirt and rust fly a much greater distance than powder soot.

Shot distance - the distance from the muzzle of the weapon to the surface, the affected part of the body or clothing.

There are three main shooting distances: point-blank shot, close-range shot, and close-range shot.

shot stop- a shot when the muzzle of a weapon or a compensator (a device for improving the accuracy of combat during firing and reducing recoil) is in direct contact with clothing or skin. In this case, the muzzle can be pressed against the body (full hermetic stop), loosely touch the entire surface of the muzzle (non-hermetic or incomplete stop) and touch the body only with the edge of the muzzle when the weapon is attached to the body at an angle. When fired at close range, the first traumatic effect on the skin and underlying tissues is exerted by the pre-bullet air, the impact continues by the bullet, knocking out a fragment of the skin, and following the bullet, powder gases and other additional factors of the shot burst into the wound channel.

At full stop the bore of the weapon goes directly into the wound channel, and all additional factors of the shot will be in the wound channel.

The entrance wound at full stop has a star-shaped, less often spindle-shaped or irregularly rounded shape, there is a detachment of the skin along the edges of the wound, tears or ruptures of the skin in the circumference of the inlet without soot, the inner edges of the hole and the tissues of the wound channel are covered with soot, there are others in the wound channel additional shot factors. The skin defect in the area of ​​the entry wound exceeds the caliber of the firearm.

From close contact on the skin, an imprint of the muzzle of the weapon is formed - a "punching mark" due to the fact that gases spreading under the skin lift it, pressing it to the muzzle, this is also facilitated by the suction effect of the discharged space, which is formed in the bore after the shot. The imprint of the muzzle on the body and on clothing is not always found, but its presence is a convincing sign of a point-blank shot. On the skin, such an imprint looks like an abrasion, bruising, or an additional wound.

When shot in the mouth, ruptures of the corners of the mouth in the form of radial cracks, fractures of the jaws, destruction of the skull and brain are observed.

One of the signs of a point-blank shot is a bright red staining of the tissues in the area of ​​​​the inlet due to the formation of carboxyhemoglobin, which is formed from carbon monoxide contained in powder gases.

With incomplete, non-hermetic stop, part of the powder gases breaks between the skin and the muzzle, and soot particles settle on the skin within a radius of up to 4-5 cm.

With side stop gases and soot break out in the area of ​​​​the open corner, where the end of the barrel did not come into contact with the body. The exit hole on the skin when fired at close range has a normal appearance.

Shot at close range (within additional factors)

A close distance is understood as such a distance when not only a bullet affects the body, but also additional factors of a shot (pre-bullet air, thermal effect of a powder charge - gases, powder grains, soot particles, powder gases, soot particles, unburned powders, metal particles, gun grease, primer particles). There are three zones:

1st zone (3-5 cm.) - a zone of pronounced mechanical action of powder gases, the entrance wound is formed due to the bursting and bruising action of powder gases, pre-bullet air and the penetrating action of a bullet. The edges of the wound have ruptures, a wide ring of settling ("ring of air settling") due to the action of pre-bullet air; deposition around the wound of soot of dark gray (black) smokeless powder and black or dark brown smoke powder; particles of incompletely burned powders; scorching of vellus hair or clothing fabric fibers (thermal action of powder gases); traces of gun grease;

2nd zone (20-35 cm)- deposition of soot together with particles of powder grains and metal particles, the wound is formed only by a bullet. Around the wound is the deposition of soot, powders, metal particles, gun grease.

3rd zone (150 cm)- deposition of powder grains and metal particles, the wound is formed only by a bullet, around the wound is the deposition of powders, metal particles.