Oprichnina was a sharp change in the domestic political course from reforms to repression. The historians of the 19th century were looking for the reasons for this turn in the nature of the king and his relationship with the nearest environment. Soviet historians have long tried to submit these reasons as a conscious desire to end with a boyars aristocracy.

The modern interpretation interpretation is based on the fact that it was the struggle of the king against any political opponents for the approval of autocracy.

Skrynniknikov considers it to be a top coup in order to approve unlimited rule.

Flaran - political coup.

Causes of Officials

1. The inability to realize completely reform, especially military, due to lack of land for distribution.

2. The political jealousy of the king to the nearest surrounding as an interference with its one.

3. The desire to weaken the influence of the princely-boyarsky aristocracy on state policy.

4. Failures in foreign policy. In 1564, the inevitability of war and in Livonia became obvious, and with Crimea.

Since it was about the war of the Orthodox State with Protestant and Muslimsky, then, leading the responsibility to another warning of war on the negligent boyars, the king received the opportunity to accuse them in treason not only by the sovereign, but also to all Orthodox Christianity.

Official backgrounds

1. Personality of the king.

2. His belief that faithful servants can only be honey.

3. His belief that he must rule the one.

4. Confidence of the king in how the governor of God on Earth, he must save the soul of sinful subjects.

5. The state of war gave a slight opportunity to blame political enemies in state treason.

Preparation of Okrichnina

In 1560, Queen Anastasia died and began the decay of the elected glad. Adashev got into opal. Sylvester was sent to Kirillov Monastery to the north.

In 1561, Ivan 4 married Maria Temryukovna (Kabardian Princess Kuchna).

After that, the sons from the first marriage were highlighted in a special courtyard. In the will, just in case, a list of boyar guardians was provided in case Knyazhich Ivan inherits the throne with a child. At the head of Seven Boyar was the prince of Mstislavsky. Zakhariah - Rodin on mothers took four places in this list. More aristocratic labor - old, Beliek, Sheremetyev, Morozov, etc. offended.

In 1562, some aristocratic surnames were forbidden to inherit victobs without the knowledge of the king, and the women's line was excluded. Vorotnsky, Suzdal, Shui, Yaroslavl, Starodubsk princes were injured. For political weight and local account, they were higher than other servant princes.

Then it began to accusing the treason of relatives, acquaintances and neighbors Adashev ("Starodubskoye").

Then Sheremetyev was injured. Kurbsky ran to Lithuania.

In 1564, Romanovich Zaharin died, and it became obvious that this genus loses his political weight.

The new setting of the king is treated.

The place of the nearest adviser was taken by Alexey Basmanov-Shtcheyev, Boyarin, Voevod (Silovik). His son Fyodor became the Favorite of Ivan.

The place of the confessor of Sylvester first occupied Metropolitan Macarius, and then Athanasius, who had thrown the king.

For Basmanov, the Othanasiy Vyazemsky and nobleman of Pettca Zaitsev was hit by the King's environment. + characteristic boyar-princes Cherkasy.

But the Boyarskaya Duma is dissatisfied with traditional ways to make it impossible to accept her.

Need extraordinary measures. Departure Ivan 4 in December 1564 in Alexander Slobodi. He was accompanied by nobles. He has enough children's children, and the governor. On the eve of the clashes, the king was able to provide her support for a number of boyars and devils, members of the courtyard sovereign. It is that such support allowed the king to take an independent position.

In January 1565, the Message of Metropolitan, that he left his state, since he was expelled his own chores - boyars. The accusation concerned not only the Boyar Duma. But the entire ruling layer, as they supported the boyars, making up chassions. The prosecution was to remind society that she was waiting for the country if the king would not be in him.

Boyarskaya Duma asks the king to fold from them anger and rule the state, as he "pleased." The townspeople were afraid that without the king, the velmes can make merchants and artisans do everything in a gift, black on the side of the sovereign.

Klyuchevsky wrote that "the king seemed to raise himself from the State Council a police dictatorship."

Children of Boyars were impossible to raise on the war to protect the rights of the narrow circle of the Councilors of the Sovereign and Higher Hierarchs. And no ordinary wars do not happen. → He "Suitable" to demand the creation of an oprichny. The elite was not psychologically ready for war with a "natural" king, which was recently married to the kingdom and conquered the Muslim kingdoms. The only Orthodox king in the world.

Initially, it was about the territory with separate management. A little later, the word will be perceived as a policy symbol.

The Moscow State was called the land and remained under the control of the Boyar Duma. But the oprichnina was set as if the grounds.

The territory taken by the king under the control of the territory was called Officient. To manage them, he received unlimited powers. In fact, it turned out the goal of the king.

Territory

1) Palace parish;

2) Northern territories with active trading. Vologda, Ustyug + for the North Dvina and access to the White Sea;

3) Solvement centers. Kargopol, Galitskaya salt, Salt Cell, a kind of salt monopoly;

4) Suzdal, Mozhaisky, Vyazemsky county.

Then the territory expanded.

Finance

Taxes from oprich land + property of the Opt (and the Bohrin was in the land of → and their king).

Okrich Boyarskaya Duma

Formally headed the brother of Queen Mikhail Cherkassy. Really managed Basmanov and their friends.

The new spirit chin was introduced \u003d - a twin nobleman for those who are very languid. The Duma includes Staromoskovskiy Boyar Shtcheyev, Kolychev, Buturlin.

Okrich army

They are scored from human courses who did not know with the boyars. The boyars received posts not by the local account, but by the will of the king. Land salaries are larger than in the land. The sovereign not included in the troops could not count on the preservation of labor property.

In order to really find land, they were confiscated from all not enrolled in the ugly army (including the nobles, and not only princes and boyars). So the noble estate was divided. Okrichniki retained the victobs located in the Zemsky Counties. Their lands were freed from a number of taxes and doubues.

It is for the confiscation of lands and it took such a numerous army (a vicious circle).

In the event of the participation of the Ochrichnikov in hostilities, the opscript governors were considered above the Zemsky.

Discipline in the troops due to the king of personal loyalty to the king and the possibility for high-healthy driving.

The army has a guarantee of impunity in actions against the enemies of the king.

Thus, oprichnina is a full-fledged state in the state.

Zemstnaya

Manages Semiboyarschina led by I.P. Chelyanthnic (keen).

The Zemskaya Boyar Duma was headed by the princes of Belsky and Mstislavsky.

The orders continued to work. Despite the section produced, the solution of all important issues relating to this territory and the whole state as a whole continued to remain in the hands of the king.

Officer terror

1564-1565

Ivan 4 and the environment understood that their policy makes damage to the interests of many, does not enjoy the support of wide circles of the nobility and can meet resistance → terror should have frightened disagree and deprive their will to resist.

1567-1570 - mass terror.

First, it was revealed first to know the Kazan lands and endowed their estates. Kazan governors (!) P.A. Kurakin and A.I. Katyrev-Rostovsky at the salary One thousand quarters of Pashni received villas for 120 fourth ferrog. 12 princes of Gagarines got one village at all, etc.

Suzdal wake up most of all (still Moscow was the city-general-Suzdal principality, and not vice versa).

A decree on Ochrichnina marked the beginning of the "Great Resettlement" of landowners of all categories in Staromoshkovsky lands.

In 1566, part of the optocrons returned back and even gave land, including generic (but not all). The king is waited to execute and pretty.

But the compromise is not achieved. Staromoshkovskoy Boyars and Zemskoy Nobility feared OPALs beginning to express dissatisfaction with the king's policy + rumors about the plot of Staritsky. It was possible to cope with their opposition, only by going to the mass terror.

The king felt uncertain.

The territory of Okrichnina was expanded → the army is already 1.5 thousand. New Officon Fortresses are being built in Moscow opposite the Kremlin and in Vologda.

The mass terror is judged mainly by the "Synhodika" of Ivan the Terrible. 3-4 thousand people were destroyed, of which no less than 700 nobles (without family members).

Many members of the Zemskoy Boyar Duma, returned from the reference in Kazan Prinas and Boyar. But neototulated sacrifices prevailed.

Surrounded by the king, Malyuta Skuratov appeared (Grigory Lukyanovich Belsky). The Chin of the Duma Nobleman in Okrichnina received the executioner Vasily dirty.

After the death of the Tsaritsa Mary in 1569 followed the disgrace with Cherkasy, Basmanov, Vyazemsky.

In 1570, the Okrichnaya Pogrom Novgorod and Pskov into the retrieving land and replenishment of the urban treasury. Novgorod is taken into an oprichnin.

Moscow was executed by the top of the land, including Printer
I. Viscous, Treasurer Nikita Funic, the main devils of orders (! And bureaucracy got).

By the end of 1570, Terror had exhausted himself. The top, including the one that has established an oprichnin, is eliminated, black is intimidated.

Young people from Zemsky and Optial Godov - Shuisky, Trubetskoy, Odoyevsky, Prone, got into a new Okrichny Duma. Really led others and dirty. Skuratov died at war in 1572.

1571 - Crimean Tatars burned Moscow.

The king had to gradually wash the difference between the management of the Okrichnina and the Zellow. Equalized land salaries. Combined treasury. Increasingly combined the army.

The text of the declaration of cancellation specialists is not known. He could not be.

The reasons for the coagulation of the oprichnic

1. The new environment cannot be created without the land (since its creators or power, or eliminated, and there are no others).

2. The absolute power of the king has increased and he actually decides both in Ochrichnina, and in the land.

3. The concerns of the disobedience of the painful population that condemned terror.

The consequences of oprichnina

1. Political:

1) stabilization of the regime of the king's personal power with the strengthening of despotism.

2) restriction of the competence of the Boyar Duma in the internal management.

3) the growth of the political weight of the service of bureaucracy (duma nobles, devils).

4) Unconditional association around the king of all landowners.

5) Strengthening the relationship between the Church and the Tsarist authorities (the disadvantageous clerks are also the victims of terror).

6) the prospect of consolidating the noble class in the struggle for the expansion of their rights is excluded.

2. Social

1) Replaced the personal, but not the social composition of major landowners (boyars and princes remained).

2) the combat capability of the army is weakened.

3) the local government of the Posted population is completely eliminated.

4) the exploitation of the supply population and the dependent population increased.

3. Economic

1) launching a marriage center (population care, cuts cut)

2) Inlays of taxes.

3) the inability of landowners to keep the dependent population (especially small nobles).

Deep crisis, demoralization of society.

State Polar Academy

Department of French and Literature

By discipline

"National history"

Okrichnina Ivan the Terrible: Her Backgrounds and Consequences

Performed

female group 201 group

Moroz E.S.

scientific adviser

cand. East. Sciences., Dot Purchant N.A.

St. Petersburg 2010

Introduction

1. Prehistory

1.1.1. Ivan Grozny

1.1.2Dechnology

1.2. The beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible

1.3 Foreign Policy

2. Oprichnina

2.1 Definition

2.2 Beginning of Okrichnina

2.3 The essence of Okrichnina

3. Oprichnina prerequisites

4. The consequences of Oprichnina

Historical sources

Introduction

Ivan IV (1533-1584) is a bright person in Russian history, but few of us perceives him as a person positive, and he contributed to the development of his country, in particular, made the first steps in creating a consonant monarchy in Russia. And what's so overshadowed his reputation?

8. Official: its causes and consequences.

- One of the main reasons is an oprichnin policy. And although it cannot be called ill-conceived, she was still not far from. It is noteworthy that in the view of a modern person the main quality of this policy is cruelty. However, it is impossible to forget that it passed more than 5 centuries ago and the temperament of the people of that time was very different from the current: many things associated with the Okrichnina were completely tolerant for that time, nevertheless, some king contemporaries were shocked at the time. It also causes surprise, then how much the policy of Ormpnic is contrary to the time of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, when the elected glad was created and the Zemsky Cathedral was convened. Compared to the first period of the Board of Ivan IV, the Ochrichnin cannot be called politics working for the benefit of the residents of the state. And now a lot of generations of people ask the question: what are the reasons for choosing such a rigid policy? Could she subsequently be the cause of the crisis who swollen Russia in the late XVI-early XVII centuries? Undoubtedly the answers to these questions should be seen not only in the political situation of that time, but also in the life of the king himself. All these aspects will be discussed in this abstract.

Objective: To determine because of what Ivan Grozny decided to introduce an oprichnin and what this policy was taking.

Objectives: Analyze the contradictory actions of the king, trace the formation of its character, to understand how his personal aspect of his life influenced its political activities, which consequences led its actions during the period of Okrichnina.

1. Prehistory

1.1 Life period Ivan IV to coronation

Since the personality and character of the king has no influence on his political actions, it is worth paying attention to those conditions in which his personality was formed.

1.1.1 Birth of Ivan the Terrible

Ivan was born on August 25, 1530. Already at this time there were signs of the degeneration of the royal order: the brother of the future king was born a deaf-and-and-and-the-mounted idiot. "The descendants of the" Old Igor ", Kiev Prince Varangian origin, for seven centuries married in their circle. Moscow Rurikovichi chose brides from the families of Tver, Ryazan princes and other Rurikovich. Ivan IV received serious heredity from ancestors. "(2.1) His son, Fedor, suffered a dementary, and Dmitry was amazed from infant years epilepsy. It is possible to assume that bad heredity could also affect the psychological health of Ivan: the accomplice of life in the behavior of the Grozny becomes noticeable with sharply pronounced features of the scientific and scenery (D.S. Likhachev). With the amazing ease of Tsar Ivan passed in his writings from humility to Gordin and anger, who degraded and destroyed the interlocutor. The king was not offended to start a verbal duel with the victim at the moment when the executioner had already prepared the ax. "

1.1.2 Childhood

After the death of Vasily III, the grand per-hour throne took His Three-Year Son Ivan. In fact, the state of his mother Elena Glinsky rules, although the traditions did not allow women's participation in the Office of Management, Vasily told his wife before his death :: "I blessed my son of my Ivan and the Grand Discontinacy, and Tobe Esmi wrote in a spiritual diploma, as in the previous Spiritual diplomas of our fathers and progenitors in the property, as the former great princesses. "

The Great Princess died on April 3, 1538 (there are assumptions that it was poisoned). Power has moved to surviving members of the semiboyarschin.

1.1.3 Advocacy and Youth of the Tsar

Ivan grew up in the situation of palace coups, the struggle for the power of the Boyars of Shuisian and Belsky. "Being members of one of the most aristocratic Russian names, Shui did not want to share power with those who acquired an impact due to the personal location of Vasily III. Discosts between the "princes of blood" (so Shuisi called foreigners) and old advisers to Vasily III (boyars Yuriev, Tuchkov and Duma Diaki) was allowed by Smutoy. Six months after the death of the Government, Shuisi captured the near Deca of Fyodor Mishurin and betrayed him execution "(2.1).

Therefore, the view that murders, intrigue and violence surrounding Ivana contributed to the development of suspicion, secrecy and cruelty. S. Solovyov, analyzing the influence of the era of the Epoch on the character of Ivan IV, notes that he "did not conscious of moral, spiritual means to establish the truth or, even worse, well, forgot about them; Instead of a kidding, he strengthened the disease, taught even more to torture, fires and feet. "

The boyars trying to get the location of the young king in every way encouraged his "pranks": "They brought it up with important and proud Pany, competing with each other, cheering and cauting him in His Sostroma and Lust, - herself and their children on trouble. And when he began to grow up, in twelve years, - she used to pull out, everything will be omitted, only this is: he began to shed the blood of animals to first shed, throwing them from a high height ... Many other unsuitable things ..., and the teachers stole him, allowing it , praising him, at his misfortune of the child "(1.1) for fifteen years he has already begun and" throw people ", more and more showing, developed boyars, cruelty.

According to A.M. Kurbsky (from "Stories about Great Prince of Moscow"), when Ivan IV was seventeen years old, Senators began to use it in the fight against people who are interested in people: so "Brave Strategist" Ivan Belsky was killed. After some time, the king himself "ordered to kill another noble prince named Andrei Shuisky," in two years he killed three more noble people. And only with the arrival of Sylvester - "man in San of the priest" of Ivan's riotiness was more or less gratened, "the sternly jerked by his terrible name of God and, in addition, revealing wonders and, as it were, the sign of God" corrected the Sylvester "Depraved" King's temper and instructed him on Right way. And with him in the Soyuz, then Alexei Adshev, who was useful to the state.

1.2 Beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible

At 16, Ivan first made a desire to be fed to the kingdom for the first time, this can be explained from two points of view: Skidnnikov and Kostomarov believe that this was facilitated by Metropolitan Macarium and the relatives of the king on the maternal line, and the historian V. O. KlyuchevskyPreded Ivan on his own will accepted such a decision - this was spoken by a pronounced desire for power. On January 16, 1547, Ivan Vasilyevich became a full king.

After the period of "Boyarsky rule", Ivan Grozny needed to strengthen its power. Russian nobility was particularly interested in conducting reforms that were proposed by I.S. Peresvetov. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe strong royal power, bunking of boyars of governments, support on the "servicant people" (nobles) were approved by the king. Selected glad was created, in which A.M. Kurbsky, A.F. Adashev, Priest Sylvester, M.I. Vorotynsky, I.M. Viscous. She began to play the role of the Boyar Duma. The elected glad is rated by historians in different ways. According to V.V. Kobrina This was a manifestation of the conflict of two programs of centralization of Russia: by slow structural reforms or rapidly, power. Historians believe that the choice of the second path is due to the personal character of Ivan the Terrible, who did not want to listen to people who do not agree with his politics. Thus, after1560, Ivan becomes the path of tightening power, which led him to repressive measures. In the Favorites Rada, a number of transformations were prepared: Zemskaya reform, lifting reform, transformation in the army. In 1549, the first Zemsky Cathedral was convened, and 1550 created a new judiciary, etc.

However, the temper of Ivan the Terrible gave itself to know and at this time. The political persecution was stopped, which became the topic of correspondence of the Terrible and Kurbsky. Kurbsky complained about the injustice of repression against the boyars, to which the king replied that he punishes not "Dobrochildren, and the traitors, and that the boyars suffered from him much less than he from them" (2.2) the king wrote about those suffering he suffered during His orphan childhood for the fault of the Boyar, described his insult to Sylvester and Adashev. Soon there was a resignation of Adashev, who did not have explanations, it was the reason for the desire of the sovereign to revise the royal book. The biggest sequence of the text of this book is devoted to the "story about the conspiracy of Boyar and Prince Staritsky during the sickness of the king in March 1553" (2.2) Almost all participants in the rebellion were severely punished: Staritsky executed, and the tpet of the king (a pretty young woman) sharpened in the monastery .

The royal book: "... and Ottol to be a female the great sovereign with Prince Volodimer Ondreyevich." It is impossible to say that excessive injury and secrecy of Ivan IV was groundless. Perhaps the origin in his childhood, she constantly "fed" by subsequent conspiractions against the royal power: the Synodal List: "... and from that time a feud near the sovereign and people"

Officer Ivan the Terrible.

Oprichnina - This is one of the periods in the history of Russia, between 1565 and 1572, denoted by an extreme terror in relation to the citizen of Tsar Ivan IV. Also, this concept was called part of the country with a special control system, which was highlighted for the content of scrambles and the royal yard. The word Old Russian word by origin is "special".

Officer Ivan Grozny Exposed repression, confiscation of property, forced resettlement of people. It included central, western and south-western treasures, partly Moscow and some of the northern regions, sometimes under the Ochrichnin fell entirely in the entire settlements.

The reasons for the appearance of Okrichnina.

Causes of Officials Until now, they are definitely not named, perhaps it was just the desire of the king to strengthen power. Introduction Official It was marked by the creation of an oprich troops in 1000 people who were delivered to perform the royal decrees, later their number increased.

Oprichnina as a state policy feature has become a huge shock for the country. Implementing extreme measures to confiscate the property of feudal and land in government benefits, Okrichnina was aimed at the centralization of power and the nationalization of income.

Oblichnina goals

The phenomenon was aimed at eliminating the feudal fragmentation of the principalities and his goal was to undermine the independence of the boyars. Introduced in 1565 Okrichnina He became the desire of Ivan IV, tired of changing the boyar, to execute the wrong nobles in his will.

The consequences of the administration of oprichnina

Official Ivan 4. Almost completely eliminated the owners who could be the basis of civil society in the country. After her, the people became even more dependent on the existing power and the monarch's absolute despotism was established in the country, but the Russian nobility was in a more privileged position.

Backgrounds and Consequences of Okrichnina

Establishing Oprichnina worsened the situation in Russia, in particular, in the economy. Some villages were ruined, the processing of arable land ceased. The ruin of the nobles led to the fact that the Russian military, the basis of which they accounted for, weakened and this was the reason for losing the war with the Livonia.

The consequences of oprichnina There were such that no one regardless of the estate and position could not feel safe. In addition, in 1572, the king's army could not repel the offensive of the Crimean troops of the Tatar to the capital, and Ivan Grozny decided to abolish the current system of repression and punishment, but in essence it existed until the death of the sovereign.

The second stage of the Board of Ivana is this introduction of an oprichnin in Russia.

In January 1565 ᴦ. From near Moscow, the royal residence went to the Alexander Slobod.

From there he appealed to the capital with two messages.

Officon Ivan the Terrible: Causes and Consequences

In the first, directed clergy and the Boyar Duma, Ivan IV informed about the refusal of power due to the treason of the boyars and asked him to allocate him a special lotion - Okrichnin.

In the second message, converted to the Posad people of the capital, the king informed about the decision taken and added that he had no complaints about the citizens.

It was a well-calculated political maneuver.

Using the faith of the people in the king, Ivan Grozny expected him to call back to the throne. When it happened, the king dictated its conditions: the right of unlimited autocratic power and the institution of Okrichnin.

The country was divided into two parts: an oprichnin and the land. In Omrichnina Ivan IV included the most important lands. It includes Pomeranian cities, cities with large posads and important strategically, as well as the most economically developed areas of the country.

On these lands were placed nobles, which were included in the ugly army.

Oprichnina - This internal policy of Ivan the Terrible from 1565 - to 1572, whose goal was to strengthen the personal power of the king and the fight against the boyars.

Ivan IV, struggling with the reeds and treasures of Boyarskaya nobility, saw in them the main reason for the failures of his politics.

Because of the permanent betrayal of Ivan, he sought to strengthen his power. His goal, he puts the extermination of any betrayal. In the life of Ivan Grozny, there was such a period when he became very sick

The center and the north-west of the Russian lands, where the boyars were particularly strong.

At the same time, the king canceled an oprichnin, which in 1572 ᴦ. was transformed into sovereign yard.

Official results:

Strengthening the personal power of the king

Social crisis, reducing the population and deterioration of the situation of the people

The state crisis (some land were about 70% not processed)

Further processes of registration of serfdom. 1581 - Decree on the reserved years.

Oprichnina - a period in the history of Russia from 1565 to the very death of Ivan Grozny, marked by state terror and emergency measures.

In 1572, Oprichnina actually stopped - the army showed its inability to repel the attack of the Crimean Tatars to Moscow, after his king decided to cancel it.

Question 19.

The best thing is that the story gives us is an enthusiasm.

Goette

Okrichnina Ivan the Terrible is considered briefly modern historians, but these were events that had a great influence, both on the king himself and his environment and the whole country as a whole. In the course of the Officials of 1565-1572, the Russian king tried to strengthen his own power, the authority of which was in a very shaky position. This was due to the increasing cases of treason, as well as the mood of most boyars against the current king. All this turned out into mass violence, much because of which the king got the nickname "Grozny". In general, Okrichnina was expressed in that part of the land of the kingdom was transferred to the exclusive rule of the state. On these lands, the Boyar was not allowed. Today we will briefly consider the ryaming of Ivan the Terrible, its reasons, the stages of the reform, as well as the consequences for the state.

Causes of Officials

Ivan the Terrible remained in the historical look of the descendants with a minting person who constantly saw around himself conspiracy. It all started from the Kazan campaign, from which Ivan Grozny returned in 1553. The king (at that time the Grand Duke) fell ill, and badly fearing the betrayal of Boyar, ordered everyone to swear to her son, baby Dmitry. The boyars and the courtes were reluctant to feel faithful to the "pelleon", and many were completely avoided from this oath. The reason for this was very simple - the current king is very sick, the heir has less than a year from the genus, a large number of boyars who claim power.

After recovery, Ivan Grozny changed, becoming more cautious and unformed to others. He could not forgive the court betrayal (refusal of the oath Dmitry), understanding perfectly than it was caused. But the decisive events that led to the oprichnin were due to the following:

  • In 1563, Moscow Metropolitan Macarius dies. He was known for the fact that he had a huge influence on the king and enjoyed his location. Makariya constrained the aggression of the king, inspiring him the thoughts that the country was controlled and no conspiracy. The new Metropolitan of Athanasius took the side of the displeased boyars and opposed the king. As a result, the king was just intensified in the idea that there are some enemies around him.
  • In 1564, Prince Kurbsky threw the army and moved to the ministry to the Principality of Lithuanian. Kurbsky took with him many military units, as well as in Lithuania herself declassified all Russian spies. It was a terrible blow to the pride of the Russian king, who after that became finally convinced that there were enemies around him who at any time could betray him.

As a result, Ivan Grozny decided to eliminate the independence of Boyar in Russia (they owned land at that time, contained their army, had their assistants and their yard, their treasury and so on). It was decided to create autocracy.

The essence of oprichnina

At the beginning of 1565, Ivan Grozny leaves Moscow, leaving behind two letters. In the first diploma, the king appeals to the Metropolitan, saying that all the clergy and boyars are involved in state treasures. These people wish to only have more lands and plunder the royal treasury. The second diploma king turned to people, saying that his reasons for the absence in Moscow were associated with the actions of the boyars. The king himself went to Alexander Slobod. There, under the influence of Moscow residents, the boyars were sent to return the king to the capital. Ivan Grozny agreed to return, but only on condition that he will receive an unconditional authority to execute all the enemies of the state, as well as to create a new system in the country. This system is called Officon Ivan the Terrible, which is expressed in the division of all lands of the country on:

  1. Oprichnina - the lands that the king takes into its own (public) management.
  2. The farmer - the land, which continued to keep the boyars.

To implement this plan, Ivan Grozny created a special detachment - chickpeas. Initially, their number was 1000 people. These people constituted the secret police of the king, which was submitted directly to the head of the state, and which in the country the necessary order in the country.

As an oprichny lands, some of the territory of Moscow, Kostroma, Vologda, Mozhaisk and some other cities were chosen. Locals who have not entered the State Program of Oprichnin, were forced to leave these lands. As a rule, they were provided with land in the most distant depths of the country. As a result, Okrichnina decided one of the most important tasks that was supplied by Ivan Grozny. This task was to weaken the economic relics of individual boyars. This restriction was achieved due to the fact that the state took into a personal disposal one of the best lands in the country.

The main directions of Okrichnina

Such actions of the king were met with sincere discontent of Boyar. Wealthy families, who first actively expressed their dissatisfaction with the activities of Ivan Grozny, have now become more actively to lead their struggle, to restore their former power. To counteract these forces, a special military unit "Ochrichniki" was created. Their main task, by order of the king itself, was to "bite" all the trains and to "take" treason from the state. It is from here that they went to those symbols that are directly related to ryrichniki. Each of them wore his head with his horse's head as well as a broom. Okrichniki destroyed or sent to the link of all people who were suspected in treason.

In 1566, the next Zemsky Cathedral was held. On him, the king was handled, with a request to eliminate the oprichnin. In response to this, Ivan Grozny ordered to execute anyone who was involved in transfers and to the preparation of this document. The response of the boyars and all dissatisfied followed immediately. The most significant is the decision of the Moscow Metropolitan Athanasius, who has resigned a spiritual san. His place was appointed Metropolitan Philip Kolychev. This man also actively opposed the Okrichnina and criticized the king, as a result of which, in just a few days, Ivan's troops sent this person to the link.

Main blows

Ivan the Terrible sought with all their might strengthen his power, the authorities of the autocrat. He did everything for this. That is why the main strike of Okrichnina was directed to those people and those groups of people who could really claim the royal throne:

  • Vladimir Staritsky. This is the cousin of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, who enjoyed great respect among the boyars, and which was very often called as a person who should take power instead of the current king. To eliminate this person, the Ochrichniki poisoned Vladimir himself, as well as his wife and daughters. It happened in 1569.
  • Velikiy Novgorod. Novgorod from the very beginning of the formation of the land of Russian had a unique and original status. It was an independent city that obeyed only. Ivan, realizing that it is impossible to strengthen the power of the autocratic, without pacifying the revolving Novgorod. As a result, in December 1569, the king at the head of the troops go on a campaign to this city.

    Officer Ivan the Terrible 1565 - 1572

    At its path to Novgorod, the tsarist army destroys and execute thousands of people who have been disconnected by the actions of the king. This trip lasts until 1571. As a result of the Novgorod campaign, the oprichny army approved in the city and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe power of the king.

Canceling Okrichnina

At the time when Oprichnina was approved by a campaign to Novgorod, Ivan Grozny received news that Devlet-Garyre, Crimean Khan, made a raid on Moscow and almost completely lit the city. Due to the fact that almost all the troops who submitted the king were in Novgorod, to resist this raise was no one. Boyar, refused to provide their army to combat the royal enemies. As a result, in 1571, the oprichny army and the king himself were forced to return to Moscow. To combat the Crimean Khanate, the king was forced to temporarily abandon the idea of \u200b\u200bOkrichnina, uniting his troops and Zemsky. As a result, in 1572, 50 kilometers south of Moscow was defeated by the Crimean Khan.

One of the most significant problems of the Russian land of this time was on the Western border. There did not stop the war with the Livonian Order. As a result, the permanent raids of the Crimean Khanate, the ongoing war against Livonia, the inner riots in the country, the weak defense capability of the whole state contributed to the fact that Ivan Grozny refused the idea of \u200b\u200bOkrichnin. In the fall of 1572 Okrichnina Ivan the Terrible, which we briefly reviewed today was canceled. The king himself forbade everyone to mention the word Okrichnina, and the Ochrichnikov themselves became outlawed. Almost all the troops that obeyed the king and indulge the order of him, in the future the king themselves were destroyed.

Official results and its meaning

Any historical event Well, all the more such a massive and significant, as an oprichnina, bears after a certain consequences that are important for descendants. The results of the Oritron of Ivan the Terrible can be expressed in the following main points:

  1. Significant strengthening of the autocratic power of the king.
  2. Reducing the influence of boyars on the affairs of the state.
  3. The strong economic decline of the country, which came as a result of the split, which was outlined in society due to the Officials.
  4. The introduction of the protected years in 1581. Reserved summer, which forbade the transition of peasants from one landowner to another, was due to the fact that the population of the central and northern part of Russia massively fled to the south. Thus, they rescued from the actions of power.
  5. The defeat of large boyars. Some of the first steps of Okrichnina were aimed at destroying and take their property from the boyars, and transfer this property to the state. It was successfully implemented.

Historical assessment

A brief story of an oprichnin does not allow to understand the essence of those events with accuracy. Moreover, it is hard to do even with more detailed analysis. The most indicative in this regard is the attitude of historians to this issue. Below are the main ideas that characterize the ryamper, and which indicate that there is no single approach to the assessment of this political event. The main concepts are reduced to the following:

  • Imperial Russia. Imperial historians presented an oprichnin as a phenomenon that has fallen into the economic, political and social development of Russia. On the other hand, many historians of the Imperial Russia talked about what exactly the origins of the autocrat and the current imperial power are worth looking for origins.
  • Epoch of the USSR. Soviet scientists always described the bloody events of the royal and imperial regime with particular enthusiasm. As a result, in almost all Soviet works, Oprichnina was presented as the necessary element, which formed the movement of the popular masses against oppression by boyars.
  • Modern opinion. Modern historians talk about an oprichnin, as a destructive element, which killed thousands of innocent people. This is one of the reasons that allow you to blame Ivan the Terrible in bed.

The problem here is that the study of oprichnina is extremely difficult, since there are practically no real historical documents of that era. As a result, we are dealing not with the study of data, nor with the study of historical facts, but very often we are dealing with the opinions of individual historians who are not substantiated. That is why oprichnina cannot be estimated unequivocally.

All we can talk about is that at the time of the official inside the country there were no clear criteria for which the definition of the "Okrichnik" and the "Zemmitka" took place. In this regard, the situation is very similar to the one that was at the initial stage of the formation of Soviet power, when there was an extinguishing. In the same way, no one had even a remote idea of \u200b\u200bwhat a fist is, and whom to the cams are classified. Therefore, as a result, the delaiming as a result of the Ochrichnina suffered a huge number of people who were not guilty of anything. This is the main historical assessment of this event. Everything else goes to the background, since in any state the main value is human life. Strengthening the power of the autocrat from the destruction of ordinary people is a very shameful step. That is why in the last years of life Ivan Grozny forbade any mention of Ochrichnin and ordered to execute almost people who actively participate in these events.

The rest of the elements that modern history presents as the consequences of Okrichnina and its results are very dubious. After all, the main result of which all historical textbooks is spoken is to strengthen the autocratic power. But what kind of strengthening power can we say if, after the death of King Ivan, the troubled time came? All this broke out not just into some unrest or other political events. All this resulted in replacing the ruling dynasty.

The word "Okrichnina" since ancient times was called a special land, which received a widow of the prince, that is, the land "Occupic" - except - the main lands of the principality. Ivan Grozny decided to apply this term to the state allocated to him in the personal administration of the state, its own willing, in which he could rule without the intervention of the Boyar Duma, the Zemsky Cathedral and Church Synod. Subsequently, Okrichnina began to be called not land, but the internal policy conducted by the king.

Beginning of Okrichnina

The official reason for the administration of Okrichnina was the renunciation of Ivan IV from the throne. In 1565, going to the Bogomol, Ivan Grozny refuses to return to Moscow, explaining his act of treason from the nearest boyars. The king made two letters, one boyars, with reproaches and renunciation from the throne in favor of his young son, the second - "Posad Luda", with the assurances that his act of Boyarskaya treason. Under the threat to remain without the king, the anointed of God and the defender, Poshesky people, representatives of the clergy and boyars went to the king to the Alexander Slobod, with a request to return "to the kingdom." The king, as a condition of his observation, put forward the requirement to allocate him his own lot, where he could rule at his own discretion, without the interference of the church authorities.

As a result, the whole country was divided into two parts - the land and oprichnin, that is, the state and personal prince of land. The Ochrichnin includes northern and northwestern areas rich in fertile lands, some central dots, Kamae, and even individual streets of Moscow. The capital of Okrichnina became the Alexandrovskaya Sloboda, the capital of the state was still Moscow. Official lands managed personally, the king, and the Zemski - Boyarskaya Duma, the treasury of Okrichnin was also separate, its own. However, a great arrival, that is, an analogue of modern tax management, which was responsible for the receipt and distribution of taxes, was one for the whole state; The general and the Embassy Order remained. This, as it were, symbolized that, despite the separation of land into two parts, the state is still uniformly and indispensable.

According to the intent, the king of Ochrichnina was supposed to be a certain analogue of the European Church Order. So, Ivan Grozny called himself as an igumen, his closest associate Prince Vyazemsky became keerare, and the notorious Malyuta Skuratov - Ponomarem. For the king, as the head of the monastic order, a number of responsibilities were fixed. At midnight, the igumen got up for reading the midnight, at four in the morning he served the Southa, then followed the lunch. All Orthodox posts and church presses were observed, for example, daily reading of the Holy Scriptures and all sorts of prayers. Religiosity of the king, and before the well-known, during the years of Okrichnina, has grown to the maximum level. At the same time, Ivan independently participated in torture and executions, gave orders about new atrocities, often right during worship services. Such a strange combination of extreme piousness and unaczzle, the huge church, cruelty was subsequently one of the main historical evidence in favor of the mental illness of the king.

Causes of Officials

"Treason" boyars, on which the king referred to his letters demanding the allocation of ugly lands, became only an official reason for the introduction of terror policy. The reasons for the radial change of the format of the board immediately served as several factors.

The first and, perhaps, the most weighty, the cause of the Okrichnina began to fail in the Livonian War. Conclusion In 1559, unnecessary, in fact, the truce with the Livonius became actually the provision of recreation by the enemy. The king insisted on harsh measures towards the Livonian Order, the elected glad considered the unleashing of the war with Crimean Khan to the more priority direction. The gap with the once closest associates, the leaders of the elected Rada, and became, according to most historians, the most important cause of the administration of oprichnin.

However, there is another point of view on this. So, most of the historians of the XVIII-XIX centuries considered the result of the mental illness of Ivan the Terrible, to tighten the nature of which influenced the death of his beloved wife Anastasia Zakharian. The strong nervous shock was the cause of the manifestation of the most terrible features of the king, animal cruelty and impassional.

It is impossible not to note the influence of the boyars at the change of power conditions. Fears for their own position were the reason for the movement of some statesmen abroad - to Poland, Lithuania, Sweden. A big blow to Ivan the Terrible was to flee to the Lithuanian principality of Andrei Kurbsky, a friend of childhood and the nearest associate, who actively participated in state reforms. Kurbsky sent the king a number of letters, where Ivan's actions condemned, accusing in the tyranny and murder of "faithful servants."

Military failures, the death of his wife, the disapproval of the actions of the king of a boyar, confrontation with the chosen Rada and flight - a betrayal - the nearest colleague inflicted a serious blow to the authority of Ivan IV. And the Ochrichnina conceived by him was to fix the current situation, return the trustworthy trust and strengthen autocracy. As far as Officon acquitted the obligations assigned to it, historians argue so far.

In January 1565, from the Moscow Region of the Tsarist Residence of the village of Kolomensky through the Trinity-Sergiev, the monastery King went to the Alexander Slobod (now the city of Aleksandrov Vladimir region). From there he appealed to the capital with two messages. In the first, directed clergy and the Boyar Duma, Ivan IV informed about the refusal of power because of the treason of the boyars and asked to allocate him a special lotion - Okrichnin (from the word "to otrich" - except, in the old days it was so called an additional land, complained by the Grand Princessed). In the second message, converted to the Posad people of the capital, the king informed about the decision taken and added that he had no complaints about the citizens.

It was a well-calculated political maneuver. Using the faith of the people in the king, Ivan Grozny expected him to call back to the throne. When it happened, the king dictated its conditions: the right of unlimited autocratic power and the institution of Okrichnin. The country was divided into two parts: oprichnin and land. In Omrichnina Ivan IV included the most important lands. It includes Pomeranian cities, cities with large posads and important strategically, as well as the most economically developed areas of the country. On these lands settled nobles, which were included in the ugly army. Its composition first was defined in a thousand people. To keep this army was the population of the earth. In an oprichnin, in parallel with the land there was its own system of management bodies.

Management of Russia during the period of Official

Comparison lines

Oprichnina

Zemstnaya

Territory

Center of Russia, Stroganov Land in the Urals, Primorye, part of Moscow

All lands outside the Official

Alexandrovskaya Sloboda

Ruler

Grand Prince Moscow (Ivana Vasilyev)

Sovereign All Russia (Simeon Bekbulatovich)

Control

Officon Duma

Officon orders

Official treasury

Zemskaya Boyarskaya Duma

Zemsky orders

Zemskaya treasure

Military forces

Okrich army

Zemsky army

Oprichnina is a system of measures of terrorist military dictatorship by defeating the enemies of the king, the strengthening of one-owned, further reassurance of the people.

It is impossible to assume that Okrichnina was directed entirely against the boyars. She did not change the nature of feudal land tenure, did not eliminate the remnants of the specific system. If the elected glad walked along the way the country of gradual reforms needed, then Officient is an attempt to accelerated centralization, establishing a severe despoty, autocratic orders.

In an effort to destroy the separatism of feudal nobility, Ivan IV did not stop any kind of cruelty. Officer terror, execution, references began. In Tver, the Moscow Metropolitan Philip (Fyodor Kolychev) was strangled in Tver, condemned Okrich Stateless. In Moscow, the prince Vladimir Staritsky, the cousin of the king, who claimed the throne, his wife and daughter was poisoned. His mother of the princess Evdokia Staritsky was killed. The center and the north-west of the Russian lands, where the boyars were particularly strong. In December 1569, Ivan made a trip to Novgorod, the inhabitants of whom they wanted to join Lithuania. On the road, wedge, Tver, Torzhok. Especially cruel execution (about 200 people) were held in Moscow on June 25, 1570. In Novgorod, the pogrom lasted six weeks. Thousands of his inhabitants were killed in the death of his death, houses, churches were plundered.

However, an attempt by coarse force (executions and repression) to resolve contradictions in the country could only give a temporary effect. She did not destroy the finally boyars-princely land tenure, although he strongly weakened his power; The political role of Boyar aristocracy was undermined. It still causes horror and shudders wild arbitrariness and the death of many unusual people who have become victims of an oprich terror. Oprichnina led to an even greater exacerbation of the contradictions within the country, worsened the position of the peasantry and in many ways contributed to its consolidation.

In 1571, the oprichny army could not reflect the Riege to Moscow of the Crimean Tatars, which burned the Moscow Posad, - this revealed the inability of the oprichny troops successfully fighting external enemies. True, in the following 1572, near Podolsk (Molly village), 50 km from Moscow, Krymchaki suffered a crushing defeat from Russian troops, headed which experienced commander M.I. Vorotynsky. However, the king canceled the oprichnin, which in 1572 was transformed into the "sores of the courtyard".

Oprichnina weakened the country politically and economically. A number of historians believe that structural transformations by the type of reform elected Rada could become an alternative to the Officient. This would allow, according to experts who share this point of view, instead of an unlimited autocracy of Ivan IV, have a conspicitational monarchy with a "human face".

OUTPUT

During the reign of Tsar Ivan IV (Terrible), the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian Khanate was conquered, the raids of the Crimean Horde for Moscow were stopped. During his long-term reign, Ivan IV sought to create autocratic power, centralized power, introduced the Legal Code (Faith), the Streetsky army, significantly expanded the territory of Russia.

At the same time, the king brought the country to the economic destroy, political destabilization, weakening the position in foreign policy.

There is an eternal dispute: "Who was the Grozny - the hero or executioner." Oprichnina, meaningless executions of prominent people, Samoramon and arbitrariness will not be without the attention of historians. The Livonian war turned out to be unsuccessful, which lasted 25 years and fortunate Russia of innumerable victims.

The Board of Ivan Grozny in many respects predetermined the course of the further history of our country - "Entry" of the 70s and 1980s of the XVI century, the establishment of serfdom on a state scale and the complex node of contradictions of the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries, which contemporaries called "Smutow".

But, in spite of the "Description of Despotia", often peculiar to the epoch, every true-Russian man with feelings of appreciation and respect must remember the first dynasty, together with which the Russian people, in the eyes of history, survived more than six centuries of their existence performed and great cases and great disasters; During the reign of which he developed into a mighty nation, acquired an extensive territory and occupied his place among other historical peoples of Europe and the whole world.

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Oprichnina - a period in the history of Russia (from 1565 to 1572), marked by state terror and emergency system. Oprichnina - the state policy of terror, who reigned in Russia at the end of the 16th century under the Board of Ivana 4. The essence of the Okrichnina consisted of rejection of property among citizens in favor of the state. According to the command of the sovereign, special lands were distinguished, which were used exclusively for the royal needs and the needs of the royal yard. These territories were their own management, and they were closed for ordinary citizens. All territories were selected from landowners with threats and strength.

The word "Okrichnina" comes from the ancient Russian word "to give", which means "special". Also, Okrichnina was called that part of the state, which has already moved into the sole use of the king and its subjects, as well as the Ochrichnikov (members of the Secret Police of the Soviet).

The number of oprichnin (royal suite) was about a thousand people.

Causes of administration of oprichnin.King Ivan 4 Grozny was famous for its harsh moral and military campaigns. The emergence of oprichnina is largely due to the Livonian war.

In 1558, he began the Livonian war for the right to master the Baltic coast, however, the course of the war was not the way that I would like the sovereign. Ivan has repeatedly reproached his governor because they act is not strong enough, and the boyars do not honor the king for authority in military issues. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that in 1563, one of Ivan's military leaders betrayed him, thereby increasingly undermining the confidence of the king to his retinue. Ivan 4 begins to suspect the existence of a conspiracy of the governor with the boyars against his royal power. He believes that his surroundings dreams of stopping the war, to overthrow the sovereign and put the prince of Vladimir Staritsky in his place. All this makes Ivan to create a new environment, which would be able to protect him and show all who will go against the king. Thus, crypts were created - the special soldiers of the sovereign - and the Policy Policy (Terror) was established.

The beginning and development of Okrichnina. Main events.Okrichnikov followed everywhere for the king and had to protect him, but it happened that these warriors were abused by their powers and committed terror, punishing innocent. The king looked at all this through his fingers and always justified his chicks in any disputes. As a result of the dedication of the oprichniki, very soon they began to hate not only ordinary people, but also a boyar. All the most terrible executions and acts committed during the reign of Ivan Grozny were committed by his oprichniki. Hevan 4 leaves to the Alexander Slobod, where he creates a secluded settlement along with his ovarists. From there, the king regularly performs towards Moscow in order to shout and execute those whom he considers to be a traitor. Almost everyone who tried to prevent Ivan in his lawlessness soon died. In 1569, Ivan begins to suspect that intrigues fly in Novgorod and there is a conspiracy against him. Having collected a huge army, Ivan is moving to the city and in 1570 reaches Novgorod. After the king gets into the lair, as he believes, the traitors, his ghosts begin their terror - they rob in the inhabitants, kill innocent people, harness at home. According to data, every day passed mass beats of people, 500-600 people.

The next stop of the cruel king and his oprichnikov became Pskov. Despite the fact that the king initially planned also to make races over the inhabitants, were executed as a result of only some of the Pskovicians, their property was confiscated.

After Pskov, the Terrible goes back to Moscow again to find the accomplices of Novgorod treason and make a reprisal over them.

In the 1570-1571 in Moscow, a huge number of people flew in Moscow from the hand of the king and his oprichnikov. I did not gentle the king of anyone, even his own approximate, as a result, about 200 people were executed, among which the most noble people. A large number of people remained alive, but strongly suffered. Moscow executions are considered an apogee of the terror of Okrichnin.

End of Okrichnina.The starting system began to fall apart in 1571, when the Crimean Khan Devlet-Gary was attacked on Russia. Okrichniki, accustomed to live due to the robbery of their own citizens, turned out to be useless warriors and simply did not appear on the battlefield. It was this that forced the king to cancel Okrichnin and introduce the land, which was not different. There are information that the king's retinue continued to exist in virtually unchanged form until his death, replacing only the name from the "Ochrichnikov" to the "courtyard".

The results of Ochrichnina Ivan the Terrible.The results of the Oprichnina 1565-1572 were deplorable. Despite the fact that Oprichnina thought as a means of unity of the state and the purpose of Osrichnina Ivan the Terrible was the defense and destruction of feudal fragmentation, it led only to chaos and a complete anarchy.

In addition, terror and ruin, which arranged Ochrichniki, led to the fact that the economic crisis began in the country. Feudals lost their lands, the peasants did not want to work, the people remained without money and did not believe in the justice of his sovereign. The country was mired in chaos, Okrichnina divided the country into several scattered parts.

Played a significant role in the history of the formation of the Russian state. The king was planted on the throne in 1547. But in the first years of his rule, the main political course of the state was not at all the Okrichnina Ivan the Terrible.

Briefly about the reforms of the elected Rada

Selected Rada became the actual government collected from noble boyars, nobles, some government officials and clergy representatives. This government operated from 1547 to 1560. Essentially, all his reforms were aimed at state centralization and the absolutment of power, the creation of united state bodies and orders in the whole country. Actually, such trends required time. Absolutization of monarchical control occurred in the same way and in

Briefly about the reasons

However, the activity and the very existence of the elected welcome for a number of reasons in time begins to contradict the aspirations of Ivan the Terrible. In 1560, a gap between the king and his associates takes place, the result of which was the Ochrichnina Ivan Grozny. Briefly speaking about the reasons for the gap of this union, it should be noted that the progressive nature of the reforms of the elected Rada across the time he was tired of the king. The latter appeared that the centralization of the state was deliberately delayed by the boyars, moreover, in 1560 he accuses two members of the elected Rada

Sylvester and Adashev - in the fact that they want to focus the real levers of power in their own hands. The conflict between the figures of the informal government and the royal spouse Anastasia Yuryeva becomes an important cause of the gap. After her early death, the king repeatedly accused Boyar in the fact that they "gone from the light of her." The last spark, who finally broke the hostility of Ivan IV to the Boyarskaya Tips, became the transition of one of the participants in the formerly elected Rada Andrei Kurbsky to the side of the Poles during the cause that prompted the latter to do this, it became discontent with the fact that the king trampled the binding liberties and the right of boyarism. In response to this, the king forms obedient for himself the Corps of Ochrichnikov, who begins a large-scale terror against aristocracy in the country.

Officer Ivan the Terrible: briefly about holding

Since 1565, a brutal struggle on elimination begins, or rather, the physical destruction of the boyars layer begins. The country was divided into two parts: one of the parts became the personal diet of the king and was called an oprichnaya. Another was managed and called the land. The territory of Okrichnina continuously increased and covered the majority of land in the country. The political essence of Okrichnina Ivan Grozny was that the king was achieved for himself and the consent of the boyars on the fact that he could peckly expose the opaire and execute all those whom he himself would consider traitors. Is it worth saying that after the flight of the Kourbi king saw traitors and conspirators everywhere among the boyars elite? Over the subsequent years, hundreds of families of the aristocrats were evicted from their lands who have departed governors. The terror reached its apogee for 1570, when the last Prince Vladimir Staritsky was killed in Russia. A punitive hikes were made to Novgorod, Wedge, Torzhok, Tver. Were bedrooms hundreds of villages, mass executions were committed in Moscow.

Official results

The result of such a policy was the weakening of the political role in the country of boyars. As a result, the king has achieved selfhood. On the one hand, the despotus and the very fact of mass ruins and murders are negative trends. However, self-deficiency made it possible to create a strong army and effective for its time, which resulted in the translational expansion of state territories.