Wasps are reflected in the balance sheet. Book value. Practical examples of OS posting

Fixed assets are classified as production and non-production. The main PS are funds directly or indirectly involved in production. Non-production objects - serving social needs and being on the balance sheet of the OS organization.

Since profitability determines the efficiency of using fixed assets and capital investments, the profitability of using fixed assets demonstrates the level of profitability received by the institution from the use of OPS, and the results of investing in fixed assets.

The higher the ROPS indicator, the higher the productivity from the use of production fixed assets.

If the indicator began to decline sharply, then management can conclude that the functioning of a particular OS object is inefficient and decide to write it off.

Thus, the analysis of the profitability criterion of the OPS is aimed at finding inefficient and ineffective segments of the production processes at the enterprise, at assessing the quality of work and the degree of professionalism of employees involved in production and using specialized equipment. External and internal users of economic reporting with the help of ROPS can see how successful the organization is in its financial and economic activities, and how high the return on investment in fixed assets and capital investments is.

The formula for calculating the profitability of fixed assets

The economic indicator of the ROPF is defined as the ratio of the balance sheet, net profit to the average annual cost of fixed assets.

Data on profits and the average annual value of funds can be found in the annual financial statements - in the balance sheet and income statement.

The balance is calculated in several ways:

OPF profitability = (Net profit / Average annual cost of fixed assets) × 100%.

Example.

The value of the OPF in 2016 is 1,060,000 rubles, in 2017 - 1,890,000.00 rubles.

The net profit of the institution for 2017 amounted to 2,300,000.00 rubles.

The average annual cost of fixed assets is determined as the arithmetic mean of the indicators for 2016 and 2017: (1,060,000 + 1,890,000) / 2 = 1,475,000.00 rubles.

ROPF = (2,300,000 / 1,475,000) × 100% = 156% - the real profitability of the organization from the use of the OPS.

To determine the amount of return, it is necessary to calculate the average annual cost of OPF:

With a known value of OS production facilities, the ROPF indicator is determined in the following way:

Calculation example

Initial conditions:

the net profit of the organization for 2017 amounted to 8350 rubles;
OPF at the beginning of the year - 53,635 rubles;
OPF at the end of the year - 64,970 rubles.

Thus, the profitability of production fixed assets for 2017 amounted to:

The average annual cost of OPF: (53,635+ 64,970) / 2 = 59,302.50 rubles.

ROPF = (8350/59302.50) × 100% = 14.1%.

Reflection in the balance sheet of the receipt of fixed assets

In the Russian theory and practice of accounting, the priority areas are the issues of reforming accounting and accounting (financial) reporting in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). At the same time, a special role is given to issues of regulatory regulation and the format for presenting indicators of accounting (financial) statements, in particular the balance sheet, to internal and external users. In this regard, since 2011, Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 2, 2010 N 66n "On the forms of financial statements of organizations" (hereinafter - Order N 66n) introduces significant changes in the composition of indicators of accounting (financial) statements, which affected all forms of reporting and explanations to them. These innovations can have a significant impact not only on the composition and structure of indicators of individual reporting forms, the nature of the explanations to them, but also the formation of financial indicators, as well as the results of financial analysis of organizations and the nature of the decisions of interested reporting users.

In general, the nature of innovations is undoubtedly aimed at improving the quality of accounting information presented in financial statements. However, the existing contradictions in the system of regulatory regulation and the study of new forms of reporting indicate that the issues of forming indicators require detailed comments and explanations.

In this regard, it is necessary to dwell in more detail on the features of the formation of individual indicators of the balance sheet, in particular indicators reflecting the presence and change in investments in non-current assets, in terms of fixed assets (construction in progress).

Operations for the formation of capital investments in fixed assets when they are made between reporting dates in no way affect the preparation and reading of financial statements, since account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" has no balance, there is no need to show it in the balance sheet. However, if the main<1>requires investments in the formation of the initial cost, which may fall on different reporting periods or a long period of creation of a fixed asset, then such information must be presented in the balance sheet.

<1>According to the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for Fixed Assets" PBU 6/01, an asset is accepted by an organization for accounting as fixed assets if the following conditions are simultaneously met: needs of the organization or for provision by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use; b) the object is intended to be used for a long time, i.e. period of more than 12 months. or the normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months; c) the organization does not assume the subsequent resale of this object; d) the object is capable of bringing economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future.

The receipt of fixed assets is reflected in accounting on account 08 "Investments in non-current assets". At the end of the reporting period and, accordingly, at its beginning, the specified accounting account may contain a balance indicating the presence of unfinished capital investments<2>(construction in progress), if we are talking about fixed assets.

<2>According to clause 41 of the Regulation on Accounting and Accounting in the Russian Federation, capital investments in progress include the costs of construction and installation work, purchase of buildings, equipment, vehicles, tools, inventory, other durable material objects, other capital works and costs (design and survey, geological exploration and drilling, costs for land acquisition and resettlement in connection with construction, for training personnel for newly built organizations, etc.).

If there is a balance on account 08 "Investments in non-current assets", information about it must be indicated in the balance sheet, which is compiled on a static basis. With the approval of the accounting forms by Order N 66n, the line "Construction in progress" was removed from the balance sheet<3>. Prior to the adoption of Order No. 66n, organizations had the right to independently develop forms of accounting (financial) statements on the basis of samples approved by the Ministry of Finance of Russia, enter lines into them, if necessary, to reflect important indicators. But p.

3 of Order N 66n allows organizations to independently determine only the detailing of indicators for the balance sheet and income statement items.

<3>The "new" forms of financial statements do not contain a separate line for construction in progress; "old" forms of financial statements contained a separate line "construction in progress".

In connection with the foregoing, a legitimate question arises: in which balance sheet item should information be reflected on the balance of account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" in terms of investments in fixed assets?

An analysis of the positions of scientists and practitioners regarding the reflection in the balance sheet of information on incomplete investments in non-current assets (construction in progress) allows us to summarize them in the following areas:

information on construction in progress should be reflected in the item "Other non-current assets";
disclose information on construction in progress under the item "Fixed assets" by detailing the specified item of the balance sheet.

Each of the positions has the right to exist, but it seems to us necessary to substantiate our position on this issue. To substantiate it, we will use the documents of the regulatory system of accounting and accounting (financial) reporting in the Russian Federation.

According to paragraph 20 of the Accounting Regulations "Accounting statements of the organization" (PBU 4/99), the balance sheet must contain the following numerical indicators on fixed assets: land plots and nature management facilities; buildings, machinery, equipment and other fixed assets; construction in progress, therefore, such property must be accounted for in a separate line as part of fixed assets.

Order N 66n contains an example of the design of explanations for the balance sheet and income statement, in which Sec. 2 examples "Fixed assets". As part of this section, it is proposed to provide information in tabular form on the availability and movement of fixed assets, capital investments in progress, changes in the value of fixed assets as a result of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction and partial liquidation and other use of fixed assets. Therefore, we can conclude that the unfinished capital investments are included in the item "Fixed assets".

With all this, clause 3 of the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for Fixed Assets" PBU 6/01 defines a list of objects that do not relate to fixed assets, in particular, these are capital investments or construction in progress. According to PBU 4/99, it is necessary to disclose information on fixed assets in financial statements in accordance with PBU 6/01.

Paragraph 32 of PBU 6/01 does not contain information on fixed assets in the list of financial statements disclosed, taking into account the materiality of information on capital investments in progress. Therefore, it is not possible to present capital investments in progress as part of property, plant and equipment. However, such a balance on account 08 must be reflected in section. 1 of the balance sheet - "Non-current assets", which can be carried out as part of the disclosure of the article "Other non-current assets".

The presented positions directly contradict each other. They can be reconciled by the Regulation on Accounting and Accounting in the Russian Federation, which contains the section "Rules for evaluating accounting items", within which, in accordance with paragraph

p. 41, 42 discloses the assessment of unfinished capital investments. These items indirectly testify to the need to disclose capital investments in progress in the reporting as a separate line (not in the items "Fixed assets" and "Other non-current assets"). This provision fully contradicts Order No. 66n, and, as a result, it is not possible to reflect unfinished capital investments in a separate line.

In order to determine when disclosing information on unfinished capital investments in financial statements, it is necessary, first of all, to proceed from the principle of materiality<4>, i.e. If significant information, including capital investments in progress, is not reflected in the financial statements, a qualified interested user will not be able to draw the right conclusions.

<4>According to paragraphs 29 and 30 of the Concept of International Accounting Standards, information is considered material if its omission or distortion could affect the economic decisions of users.

Clause 20 of PBU 4/99 says that information, including fixed assets, must be reflected in the balance sheet in accordance with clause 11 of PBU 4/99. According to paragraph 11 of PBU 4/99, indicators on individual assets, liabilities, income, expenses and business transactions should be presented in the financial statements (including the balance sheet) separately if they are significant, and also if interested users do not know about them it is impossible to assess the financial position of the organization or the financial results of its activities. In addition, clause 32 of PBU 6/01 contains a minimum list of information to be disclosed (an open list) as part of fixed assets, i.e. the organization may, taking into account the principle of materiality, expand the specified list for reflection in the financial statements. Thus, to disclose the item "Fixed assets", the provisions of clause 20 of PBU 4/99 can be applied.

When filling out the balance sheet, it must be borne in mind that if it is necessary to disclose material information in the balance sheet for which there is no separate line in the form, then the balance sheet indicators must be detailed (clause 11 PBU 4/99; clause 3 Order N 66n). The specified detailing can be carried out within the framework of the article "Fixed assets, including capital investments in progress", which is presented in the example of explanations to the balance sheet and income statement in Order No. 66n, indirectly proving the correctness of the conclusions.

Given the insignificance of information on capital investments in progress, it is impossible to consider them as part of fixed assets. In this regard, it is advisable to disclose such information as part of the item "Other non-current assets".

The criterion of materiality is currently not presented when reflecting information in the balance sheet. Each organization solves this problem independently. The level of materiality for the purposes of the formation of accounting (financial) statements must be established in the accounting policy of the organization. How to determine the level of materiality is the topic of separate studies.

Let us give examples of the implementation of the presented provisions.

Example 1

fixed assets - 1100 thousand rubles;
incomplete capital investments in fixed assets - 190 thousand rubles.

Total - 1910 thousand rubles.

Due to the fact that the balance of unfinished capital investments in fixed assets is more than 5% ((190 thousand rubles : 1910 thousand rubles) - 100% x 10%) of the section total, this balance is reflected in the item "Main means" with its decoding. In this case, the user of the information will receive a full breakdown of the state of fixed assets.

The filling of the fragment from the balance sheet is presented in Table. one.

Table 1

Example

————————————————————T————-¬

+————————————————————+————-+
¦II. Non-current assets ¦ ¦

+————————————————————+————-+

+————————————————————+————-+
¦ Fixed assets ¦ 1290 ¦
¦ Including construction in progress ¦ 190 ¦
+————————————————————+————-+

+————————————————————+————-+
¦ Financial investments ¦ 200 ¦
+————————————————————+————-+

+————————————————————+————-+
¦Other non-current assets ¦ 0 ¦
+————————————————————+————-+
¦Total for section ¦ 1910 ¦
L————————————————————+—————

Example 2. LLC "Balance" in its accounting policy described that information is recognized as material if the balance on a particular account is more than 5% of the total of the corresponding section of the balance sheet. Balances at the end of 2011:

intangible assets - 100 thousand rubles;

results of research and development - 23 thousand rubles;

fixed assets - 1200 thousand rubles;

financial investments - 200 thousand rubles;

profitable investments in material assets - 247 thousand rubles;

deferred tax assets - 50 thousand rubles;

incomplete capital investments in fixed assets - 90 thousand rubles.

Total - 1910 thousand rubles.

Due to the fact that the balance of unfinished capital investments in fixed assets is less than 5% ((90 thousand rubles : 1900 thousand rubles) - 100% x 4.7%) of the total of the section, this balance is reflected in the article "Other noncurrent assets". In this case, the user of the information will not receive a full transcript of the specified indicator. The filling of the fragment from the balance sheet is presented in Table. 2.

table 2

Example formation of the section "Non-current assets", thousand rubles.

————————————————————T————-¬
¦ Name of the indicator ¦As of December 31, 2011¦
+————————————————————+————-+
¦II. Non-current assets ¦ ¦
¦Intangible assets ¦100 ¦
+————————————————————+————-+
¦ Results of research and development ¦ 23 ¦
+————————————————————+————-+
¦ Fixed assets ¦ 1200 ¦
+————————————————————+————-+
¦ Profitable investments in material values ¦ 247 ¦
+————————————————————+————-+
¦ Financial investments ¦ 200 ¦
+————————————————————+————-+
¦ Deferred tax assets ¦ 50 ¦
+————————————————————+————-+
¦ Other non-current assets ¦ 90 ¦
+————————————————————+————-+
¦Total for section ¦ 1910 ¦
L————————————————————+—————

Thus, if information on capital investments in progress is significant, then it is necessary to disclose them as part of the item "Fixed assets" with the necessary decoding, if insignificant - under the item "Other non-current assets".

Bibliography

Averchev I.V.
IFRS. 1000 application examples. M.: Reed Group, 2011. 992 p.
On accounting: Federal Law No. 129-FZ of November 21, 1996 (as amended on November 28, 2011).
On the forms of financial statements of organizations: Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 22, 2003 N 67n.
On the forms of financial statements of organizations: Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02.07.2010 N 66n.
On approval of the Accounting Regulations "Accounting statements of the organization" (PBU 4/99): Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.07.1999 N 43n (as amended on 08.11.2010).
On approval of the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for fixed assets" PBU 6/01: Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 03/30/2001 N 26n (as amended on 12/24/2010).
On approval of the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation: Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 N 34n (as amended on August 23, 2000).

O.V. Kotlyachkov

departments of accounting,

finance and audit

Izhevsk State

agricultural Academy

I.P. Selezneva

departments of accounting,

finance and audit

Izhevsk State

agricultural Academy

Lecture Search

What transactions reflect the acquisition of intangible assets from a legal entity?

Topic 1. Business process of supply / procurement / acquisition. Accounting for inventories.

1. What kind of posting is used to draw up the operation “accepted company account for materials received at the warehouse”?

2. What kind of posting is issued for the release of material from the warehouse for the packaging of finished products shipped to the buyer? (D44-K10)

3. According to what assessment are materials reflected in the balance sheet? ( at their actual cost)

4. Specify the posting of the operation of transferring funds to the transport organization for the delivery of materials? ( D76-K51)

5. Is the register of analytical accounting of materials? ( Turnover balance sheet)

6. In what accounting register do the calculation of the amount and percentage of transport and procurement costs take place?(SHEET No. 10)

What document is used to document uninvoiced deliveries?

Valuables Acceptance Act

What does FIFO valuation mean?

FIFO is a method for estimating inventories when they are written off for sale. Means that the inventory, the first to enter production, should be valued at the cost of the first purchases in time.

Another answer: This means that the goods that are registered first are also the first to be removed from the register.

What document is used to document the permanent release of materials for production?

Limit - fence card

Topic 2. Accounting for fixed assets.

At what cost are fixed assets included in the balance sheet currency?

At the original cost of these funds

What documents are used to document the receipt of fixed assets?

The act of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets

What transactions reflect the purchase of equipment from a supplier that does not require installation?

Inventory cards are opened on the basis of what documents?

Based on the act of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets

What document is used to formalize the gratuitous transfer of an object to another enterprise?

Donation agreement or Certificate of gratuitous transfer / acceptance

Which posting reflects the depreciation of fixed assets of the workshop?

What is the register of analytical accounting of fixed assets?

inventory cards

What accounting entry reflects the profit from the sale of fixed assets?

D91-K01 - the cost of fixed assets has been written off.

D76-K91 + D51-K76 - accrued proceeds from the sale of fixed assets

What postings make out the write-off of the value of the retired fixed asset?

D01 (subaccount "Disposal of fixed assets") -K01 - write-off of the primary cost

D02-K01 (sub-account "Disposal of fixed assets") - depreciation on retired assets was written off

D91-K01 (sub-account "Disposal of fixed assets") - the residual value is written off

(Most likely there will be only the last 2 postings or only the last one)

Fixed assets are reflected in accounting and reporting in accordance with IAS 16 "Fixed assets".

fixed assets - These are tangible assets that meet the following criteria:

- are used for the production or supply of goods and services, leasing to other companies or for administrative purposes;
- are expected to be used for more than one period.

Fixed asset group- is a combination of assets similar in form and method of use in the company. Examples of individual groups of fixed assets can be the following: land; land and buildings; equipment; motor vehicles, etc.

Useful life for fixed assets can be in the form of the expected (estimated) period of use of the asset or the number of products that are expected to be produced using the asset.

Depreciation is the systematic decrease in the depreciable cost of an asset over its useful life.

Objects of fixed assets have the following types of evaluation.

Amortized cost- the cost of an asset or the amount reported in the financial statements instead of the cost, less the salvage value.

Actual cost - is the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid, or the fair value of other consideration given to acquire an asset at the time of its acquisition or construction.

Liquidation value- is the net amount expected to be received for the asset at the end of its useful life, less the expected costs of disposal.

fair value- is the amount of funds for which an asset can be exchanged in a transaction between well-informed, willing to make such a transaction, independent of each other parties.

Balance (residual) value- the amount at which an asset is recognized in the balance sheet, net of accumulated depreciation (depreciation) and accumulated impairment loss.

Impairment loss- is the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount (current market value), based on the minimum valuation requirement. An impairment loss is recognized subject to the requirements IAS 36 “Impairment of Assets”.

Reimbursable amount (value)- it is the larger of two values: the net selling price of an asset and its value in use.

Use value- is the present present value of the estimated future cash flows that are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset and from its disposal at the end of its useful life. To determine it, you need to install:

- an estimate of future cash inflows and outflows arising from the continued use of the asset and its eventual disposal;
- the appropriate discount rate to these future cash flows.

net selling price- is the amount that could be obtained from the sale of an asset in a transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties, less costs to sell. In other words, it is fair value.

Recognition of property, plant and equipment is carried out on the basis of general recognition of assets: there is a reasonable probability that the company will receive future economic benefits associated with the asset; and the cost of the asset to the company can be measured reliably (usually by contract of sale or by the amount of manufacturing costs).

The cost of bringing the object> ect into working condition, included in the actual cost, consist of:

- from the cost of site preparation;
- primary costs for delivery and unloading;
- installation costs;
- the cost of professional services, such as the work of architects and engineers.

It should be noted that the standard approach does not provide for the capitalization of interest on loans received for the purchase of fixed assets. But an alternative approach according to IAS 23 “Borrowing costs” means the capitalization of interest on borrowings that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset. At the same time, borrowing costs should be fairly accurately determined.

Subsequent costs to improve an asset may increase the value of property, plant and equipment or be included in current costs.

The cost of improving an asset includes:

- modification of an item of fixed assets that increases its useful life, including an increase in capacity;
- improvement of parts and components of machines to achieve a significant improvement in the quality of products;
- introduction of new production processes that provide a significant reduction in previously calculated production costs.

Follow-up evaluation fixed assets depends on the approach adopted by the company, and can be carried out:

- at historical cost less depreciation and impairment losses;
- at revalued fair value less depreciation and impairment losses.

Basic Approach involves the valuation of fixed assets at historical cost, i.e. at cost less separately accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.

Alternative approach assumes fair value less subsequently accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.

In either approach, the subsequent assessment of property, plant and equipment is carried out taking into account the recovery of their carrying amount.

The carrying amount of an item or group of identical property, plant and equipment should be reviewed periodically to assess whether the recoverable amount has fallen below the carrying amount. If this happens, the carrying amount should be reduced to recoverable amount.

The frequency of revaluation in accordance with IFRS depends on changes in fair value, but revaluation should be fairly regular. Property, plant and equipment with insignificant changes in fair value may be revalued once every three to five years.

The amount of writedown of property, plant and equipment in accordance with IFRS is written off to the expenses of the period. However, the amount of the increase in the value of fixed assets as a result of the revaluation should be reflected in the balance sheet in the “Capital” section.

Standard IAS 16 "Fixed Assets" proposes to use three methods of depreciation of fixed assets: straight line, declining balance, production, based on the expected use or performance of the asset, i.e. in proportion to some indicator, for example, the volume of production, the sum of the numbers of years of useful life, etc. IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment permits an annual change in the depreciation method of property, plant and equipment, and the change in method is treated as a revision of an accounting estimate.

On disposal or sale of a revalued asset, any positive revaluation balance is written off to retained earnings and recognized in the Statement of Changes in Equity but not in the Statement of Financial Performance. Part of this amount can be realized in the process of using the company's fixed assets due to downward revaluation (markdown).

In reporting on fixed assets, the following information should be disclosed:

- reconciliation of changes;
- objects transferred under security of obligations;
- commitments to acquire fixed assets;
- the value of the initial cost in case of revaluation of the asset;
- changes in revaluation results.

IFRS for small businesses specifies that, on initial recognition, property, plant and equipment is measured at cost. The cost price is the equivalent of the price subject to immediate payment. If payment is deferred for a period exceeding normal credit terms, the cost will be the present value of future payments. When receiving property, plant and equipment in exchange, cost will be measured at fair value.

After initial recognition, small businesses measure property, plant and equipment at cost less depreciation and impairment losses. Acceptable methods of depreciation of fixed assets for small enterprises: linear, declining balance method, unit of production method. A change in the depreciation method refers to a change in an accounting estimate.

A small entity derecognises property, plant and equipment as a result of their disposal or inability to generate economic benefits and recognizes the gain or loss on derecognition of property, plant and equipment. A small business discloses the following information regarding property, plant and equipment: valuation basis for determining the book value, depreciation methods, useful life, impairment losses.

Consider an example with fixed assets, in particular their assessment.

Example 14.2

On December 31, the company purchased equipment from a foreign supplier. Cash of $200,000 was paid on December 31 and $110,000 is due one year later.

Customs duties amounted to 3 thousand dollars.

The company also signed and paid for a contract for the maintenance and repair of equipment by a supplier in the amount of $40,000.

The cost of shipping the equipment to the factory was $8,000.

Installation and testing costs amounted to $6.1 thousand, of which $4 thousand was paid to third-party contractors, and $2.1 thousand to the company's own employees.

The products obtained as a result of the test run of the equipment were sold at a disposal price for 0.6 thousand dollars.

The cost of training personnel to work with new equipment amounted to 1.1 thousand dollars.

The cost of the company's borrowed capital is 10%.

The equipment has a salvage value of $16.5 thousand (the residual value of property, plant and equipment at the end of its useful life) and is depreciated on a straight line basis over 10 years.

Calculation of the initial cost of fixed assets is presented in table. 14.1.

Calculation of the initial cost of equipment

Table 14.1

Component	Amount, thousand dollars	Explanation
Maintenance and repair contract		The amount is not included in the initial cost. Expenses are reflected in the Statement of Financial Performance, as they are not related to the acquisition and commissioning of equipment
Delivery of equipment		Included in the initial cost as a direct cost of acquiring equipment
Installation and testing		Included in the initial cost, as required for commissioning equipment
Income as a result of a test run of equipment		Income from transactions directly related to the acquisition reduces the initial cost of the object (until commissioning)
Staff training costs		Not included in the initial cost, as the equipment can be put into operation without training. Expenses are reflected in the Statement of Financial Performance
Total initial cost

The calculation of the book value of equipment after two years of operation is presented in Table. 14.2.

Calculation of the book value of equipment after two years of operation, thousand dollars

According to paragraph 46 of the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 N 34n (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting), fixed assets (hereinafter referred to as OS) are material assets used in the production process and over time transferring their value to products manufactured with their help, by accruing depreciation charges.
The accounting of the fixed assets of the organization is regulated by the following regulations:
- Regulations on accounting "Accounting for fixed assets" PBU 6/01, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001 N 26n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 6/01);
- Guidelines for the accounting of fixed assets, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 13, 2003 N 91n (hereinafter - Guidelines N 91n).
In accordance with clause 4 PBU 6/01, clause 2 of Guidelines N 91n, an asset is accepted by an organization if the following conditions are simultaneously met:
- the object is intended for use in the production of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, for the management needs of the organization or for provision by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use;
- the object is intended for use for a long time, that is, a period lasting more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months. The useful life is the period during which the use of fixed assets brings economic benefits (income) to the organization. For certain groups of fixed assets, the useful life is determined based on the quantity of products (volume of work in physical terms) expected to be received as a result of the use of these fixed assets;
- the organization does not assume the subsequent resale of this object;
- the object is able to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future.
According to clause 5 PBU 6/01, clause 3 of Guidelines N 91n OS objects are:
- building;
- structures and transmission devices;
- working and power machines and equipment;
- measuring and regulating instruments and devices;
- Computer Engineering;
- vehicles;
- tool;
- production and household inventory and accessories;
- working, productive and breeding cattle;
- perennial plantings;
- on-farm roads;
- other relevant objects.
The OS also includes:
- land;
- objects of nature management (water, subsoil and other natural resources);
- capital investments for radical land improvement (drainage, irrigation and other land reclamation works);
- capital investments in leased fixed assets, if, in accordance with the concluded lease agreement, these capital investments are the property of the tenant.
OS inventory object on the basis of clause 6 PBU 6/01, an object is recognized with all fixtures and fittings or a separate structurally separate item designed to perform certain independent functions, or a separate complex of structurally articulated items that are a single whole and designed to perform a specific job.
Under a complex of structurally articulated objects refers to one or more items of the same or different purposes, having common devices and accessories, general control, as a result of which each item included in the complex can perform its functions only as part of the complex, and not independently.
In accordance with clause 7 PBU 6/01 in the accounting of an organization, fixed assets are accepted for accounting at their original cost. At the same time, the initial cost of fixed assets acquired for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, construction and manufacture, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).
When accepting an OS object for accounting, the organization establishes its useful life ania.
The useful life of fixed assets in accordance with paragraph 4 of PBU 6/01 is understood as the period during which the use of an fixed assets object brings economic benefits (income) to the organization.
According to clause 20 PBU 6/01 useful life of an asset is determined based on the following conditions:
- the expected period of use of the object in accordance with the expected productivity or capacity;
- expected physical wear and tear, depending on the mode of operation (number of shifts), the influence of natural conditions and aggressive environment, repair systems;
- legal restrictions on the use of the object.
The cost of fixed assets is repaid through depreciation on the basis of clause 17 PBU 6/01. According to paragraph 18 of PBU 6/01, the basis for determining the annual amount of depreciation is the initial or residual value of the fixed asset, depending on the selected the way it is calculated:
- linear way;
- reducing balance method;
- method of writing off the cost by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life;
- a way to write off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works).
The depreciation method is selected for each group of fixed assets based on the specifics of their operation. The application of the chosen method is carried out during the entire useful life of OS objects included in this group.
On the basis of the Chart of Accounts for accounting of the financial and economic activities of organizations and the Instructions for its application, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 N 94n, the fixed assets of the organization that are in operation, in reserve, on conservation, leased, trust management, are taken into account on account 01 "Fixed assets" with a monthly transfer of part of its value to costs in the form of depreciation reflected on account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets".
in the annual financial statements the value of the property accounted for on account 01 "Fixed assets" is subject to reflection in the balance sheet (form N 1) on line 120 in columns 3 and 4 at the beginning of the reporting year and at the end of the reporting period.
According to paragraph 49 of the Regulation on accounting and financial statements, fixed assets are reflected in the balance sheet at residual value, that is, at the actual costs of their acquisition, construction and manufacture, minus the amount of accrued depreciation.
The residual value of fixed assets is determined as the difference between the balance of accounts 01 "Fixed assets" and 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" (taking into account the revaluation as of January 1 of the reporting year).
Fixed assets that are not subject to depreciation are shown in the balance sheet at their original (replacement) cost.
In addition, it must be borne in mind that clause 15 of PBU 6/01 provides for a revaluation of fixed assets by commercial organizations no more than once a year (at the beginning of the reporting year).
Such a revaluation is carried out in order to determine the real value of fixed assets by bringing the initial cost of fixed assets in line with their market prices and reproduction conditions as of the revaluation date.
The procedure for revaluation of OS objects is established by paragraphs 43 - 48 of Methodological Instructions N 91n. Revaluation of homogeneous groups of fixed assets is carried out at the current (replacement) cost. An exception is land plots and objects of natural resources (water, subsoil and other natural resources), which are not subject to revaluation.
The current (replacement) cost of fixed assets is understood as the amount of money that must be paid by the organization on the date of the revaluation if it is necessary to replace any object.
Revaluation of the OS object is made by recalculating its original cost or current (replacement) cost if this object was revalued earlier, and the amount of depreciation accrued for the entire period of use of this object.
The results of the revaluation of fixed assets carried out as of the first day of the reporting year are subject to reflection in accounting separately. The results of the revaluation are not included in the financial statements of the previous reporting year and are accepted when forming the balance sheet data at the beginning of the reporting year.
The amount of revaluation of the fixed assets object as a result of the revaluation, it is credited to the additional capital of the organization. The amount of revaluation of the fixed assets object, equal to the amount of its depreciation carried out in previous reporting periods and attributed to the account of retained earnings (uncovered loss), is credited to the account of retained earnings (uncovered loss).
The amount of markdown of the fixed asset as a result of the revaluation, it is included in the account of retained earnings (uncovered loss). The amount of depreciation of the fixed assets object is included in the reduction of the additional capital of the organization, formed at the expense of the amounts of revaluation of this object, carried out in previous reporting periods. The excess of the amount of the writedown of the object over the amount of its revaluation, credited to the additional capital of the organization as a result of the revaluation carried out in previous reporting periods, is charged to the account of retained earnings (uncovered loss). The amount charged to the retained earnings account (uncovered loss) must be disclosed in the organization's financial statements.
The organization may provide additional information related to financial statements if the executive body considers it useful to interested users in making economic decisions. One of these forms containing additional information is Appendix to the balance sheet (form N 5). It discloses information about the property, liabilities and capital of the organization, the value of which is reflected in the form N 1.
Form N 5 may not be included in the annual financial statements of small businesses that are not subject to mandatory audit, non-profit organizations, as well as public organizations (associations) that did not carry out entrepreneurial activities.
Appendix to the balance sheet (form N 5) consists of several sections, among which there is a section "Fixed assets".
The first table of this section reflects information on the value of fixed assets owned by the organization, on the acquisition, disposal, change in the value of these fixed assets during the reporting year.
The second table reflects (with a breakdown by types of fixed assets) the amount of accrued depreciation. Data on depreciation are contained in the turnover on the credit of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets".
In addition, the cost of leased fixed assets is deciphered. And here the cost of fixed assets leased is indicated. Data on fixed assets transferred or leased are provided with breakdown by types of fixed assets.
A separate line of form N 5 is intended for deciphering the value of real estate objects accepted for operation, but in the process of state registration. Such objects can be accounted for on account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" or 01 "Fixed assets" - depending on the accounting policy of the organization. If at the beginning of the reporting year the organization carried out a revaluation of fixed assets, the result of the revaluation should be shown: the amount of change in the value of fixed assets and depreciation.
Next, we will consider the procedure for compiling the Appendix to the balance sheet of form N 5 using a specific example.

Example . JSC "Khlebnik" is engaged in the production of bakery products.
Section "Fixed assets". As part of the fixed assets on the balance sheet of OAO Khlebnik, there are a bakery building (initial cost - 3,000,000 rubles) and production equipment (initial cost - 1,000,000 rubles). The cost of these objects is indicated in columns 3 and 6 according to the corresponding decoding lines.
During 2009 cash registers and several computers were purchased. The initial cost of the acquired fixed assets is 500,000 rubles. This amount is reflected in the line "Other types of fixed assets" in columns 4 "Received" and 6 "Availability at the end of the reporting period".
Then the line "Total" is filled. Here, the indicators of all columns of the table are summarized. As a result, the following line is formed in the final line:
- the initial cost of all fixed assets at the beginning of the reporting year (the opening balance of account 01 "Fixed assets");
- the cost of fixed assets received and retired during the year (turnovers on debit and credit of account 01 "Fixed assets");
- cost of all fixed assets at the end of 2009 (final balance of account 01 "Fixed assets").
The second table reflects additional information about fixed assets, which indicates the amount of depreciation charged on fixed assets. There were no other transactions with fixed assets to be reflected in this table in the organization.
At the beginning of the year, JSC "Khlebnik" on account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" had the amount of accrued depreciation for the building (1,400,000 rubles) and for production equipment (600,000 rubles). These amounts are reflected in column 3 on decryption lines.
During 2009, depreciation was charged on the building - 200,000 rubles, on production equipment - 100,000 rubles, on cash registers and computers - 50,000 rubles. By adding these figures to the amounts of accrued depreciation at the beginning of the year, the accountant obtains the values for column 4. It reflects depreciation on fixed assets at the end of the reporting period according to the corresponding decoding lines.
On the final line 140, the total amount of depreciation for all fixed assets is indicated. This is the sum of the indicators of all decryption lines. Column 3 indicates the amount of depreciation on fixed assets at the beginning of the reporting year - 2,000,000 rubles. (1,400,000 rubles + 600,000 rubles). This is the opening balance of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets".
Column 4 reflects the amount of depreciation at the end of 2009:
2,000,000 rubles + 200 000 rub. + 100 000 rub. + 50 rub. = 2,350,000 rubles. (final balance of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets").

The fixed assets of the organization must be taken into account in its balance sheet. For this, a special line is provided - the cost of fixed assets according to the balance sheet (1150).

Line 1150 indicates the residual value of all FC of the organization, formed at the end of the reporting period. To do this, it is necessary to subtract the amount of depreciation accumulated on them from the primary price of the fixed assets of the company, reflected in the 01 account in the debit (it is taken into account on the 02 account in the credit). That is, this line contains the difference between the debit balance of account 01 and the credit balance of account 02.

If there was an additional equipment or reconstruction (as a result of which the initial price of the objects was increased), this must be specified in the annexes to the accounting. balance.

The same applies to the revaluation of property. As a rule, it is carried out once a year. It is carried out by indexing the current value of objects or by recalculating to the actual market price. The resulting differences increase the amount of additional capital.

In one of the letters of the Ministry of Finance, it is reported that the OF, unsuitable for subsequent use, must be written off. Their residual value is included in other costs.

Conditions for classifying an object as a fixed asset

Accounting for fixed assets is regulated by the Regulation "Accounting for fixed assets". In accordance with it, in order to recognize an object as a fixed asset, it must meet the following requirements:

The object will be used in the production process or in the management needs of the company. Also, it can be intended for rent. It should be noted that the price of objects purchased for lease on the line "fixed assets in the balance sheet" is not reflected.
The company must use the facility for at least twelve months.
The initial price of the object is not less than one hundred thousand rubles.
When a firm buys an object, it does not plan to sell it anytime soon.
In the future, the object will bring profit to the organization.

How the initial price of the object is formed

Fixed assets are reflected in the balance sheet at their original cost - the sum of all expenses for the purchase of an object. These costs include:

Payment to the seller of the object;
Transportation costs;
Expenses for consulting services related to the purchase of an object;
Customs duties and fees;
The amount of non-refundable taxes paid upon the acquisition of the object;
Expenses for state registration of property rights to the object;
Payment for the services of intermediary firms;
Other expenses.

Disclosure of information in accounting. reporting

In boo. reporting should disclose the following information:

On the inventory price of the object, as well as depreciation accrued on it at the beginning and end of the reporting period;
On the movement of the OF during the reporting period;
On the methods of valuation of fixed assets that were received under contracts providing for payment in non-monetary means;
About PF objects, the cost of which is not repaid;
On changes in the price of fixed assets, at which they were accepted for accounting (revaluation, additional equipment, reconstruction and other situations);
About OF, rented or leased;
About the JFS of objects accepted by the company;
On the methods of calculating depreciation for certain groups of fixed assets;
About OF, which are taken into account as part of profitable investments in inventories;
About real estate that was accepted for accounting and is actually operated, but is in the process of state registration. registration.

Classification of fixed assets

By appointment:

1. production OS of the main activity

2. production OS of auxiliary and service industries

3. non-production (housing and communal and cultural purposes)

By degree of use:

In operation

In stock (reserve)

At the stage of completion, reconstruction, partial liquidation

On conservation

Depending on their rights:

Own

Rented

Under operational control or economic management.

OS assessment

Initial cost - the cost at which fixed assets are received by the organization. PV changes only upon revaluation - valuation at current market prices.

Residual value = original cost - depreciation amount.

In the balance sheet, fixed assets are reflected at residual value.

The replacement cost is the cost of reproducing the OS in modern conditions, i.e. the value of the object, based on the current prices at the time of revaluation.

Documentation of the presence and movement of fixed assets.

To formalize the receipt of fixed assets, a selection committee is created, appointed by the head of the enterprise. For registration, an act of acceptance and transfer is drawn up for each object.

Then the act, together with the technical documentation, is transferred to the accounting department. In accounting, an inventory card is opened on the OS, and an inventory number is assigned to the object. All OS movements are reflected in the inventory card.

The unit of account is the inventory number, which is retained by the object for the entire time of its existence. Inventory cards are formed into an inventory file.

Accounting for the presence and receipt of fixed assets.

Synthetic accounting of the presence and movement of fixed assets is maintained on the active account 01 “Fixed assets”.

Debit balance - reflects the amount of the initial cost of operating and in stock and on conservation of the enterprise's own fixed assets.

The debit turnover reflects the receipt, the credit turnover reflects the disposal of objects for various reasons.

2 sub-accounts can be opened for synthetic account 01:

01-1 – “Own OS”

01-2 - “Rented OS”

The receipt of fixed assets at the enterprise can occur next. way:

Created in-house

Received free of charge

Purchased for a fee from another organization

Received from the founders on account of the authorized capital

All costs associated with the receipt of fixed assets are first attributed to the debit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” and reflected in the accounting. take into account the next way:

1. Construction, retrofitting, reconstruction by the OS of the enterprise:

D 08 - K 10.70.69.10.60.76 and others in the amount of actual costs

D 01 - K 08 - the asset is accepted for accounting at cost.

Purchasing OS from vendors:

D 08 - K 60 for the purchase price

D 19 - K 60 for the amount of VAT

2. Fixed assets contributed by the founders as a contribution to the authorized capital:

D 08 - K 75/1 at an agreed cost

D 01 - K 08 the asset is accepted for accounting at cost;

3. OS received free of charge (donated):

D 08 -K 98 “Deferred income” sub-account 2 “Grant-free receipts” - at market value;

D 01 - K 08 - the asset is accepted for accounting at cost;

For the amount of monthly depreciation D 20,25,26,44 - K 02) during the useful life, a posting is made. D 98/2 - K 91/1 “Other income”.

VAT paid on the acquisition of fixed assets is written off to reduce debt to the budget by posting D 68 - K 19.

Synthetic accounting for account 01 is carried out in the journal-warrant No. 13 on the credit of account 01 on the basis of acts for write-off and acts of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets.

Depreciation accounting.

During operation, OS wear out. Distinguish wear:

Moral - partial loss of OS of their consumer value under the influence of technological progress and improvement of the production process.

Physical - the loss of the OS of their original technical and operational. qualities.

Physical depreciation is subject to accounting. In accordance with PBU 6/01, the cost of fixed assets is repaid through depreciation.

Depreciation - inclusion in the production costs of the worn out part of the fixed assets.

Depreciation deductions for an object begin on the 1st day of the month following the month of the object's registration, and are accrued until the cost of this object is fully paid off or it is written off from accounting.

Depreciation is calculated according to the method:

Linear

Reducing balance

Write-off of cost by the sum of numbers of years of useful life

· In proportion to the volume of production.

Linear- uniform depreciation over the useful life of the asset.

Depreciation rate = Initial cost / useful life.

Amount of depreciation for the year = PS * depreciation rate

Monthly depreciation = Yearly depreciation / 12

PS \u003d 20,000 rubles.

Useful life 5 years

Norm \u003d 100% / 5 \u003d 20% 20000 * 0.20 \u003d 4,000 rubles.

Decreasing balance - depreciation is charged on the basis of the residual value of the fixed asset and the depreciation rate calculated on the basis of its useful life and the acceleration factor established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Annual depreciation rate = residual value of the object * increased depreciation rate.

PS = 20,000 rubles. The useful life is 5 years. The liquidation value is 1000 rubles. The annual rate is 20%, and with accelerated depreciation 20%*2=40%.

Accounting for depreciation of fixed assets.

Accounting for depreciation of fixed assets is kept on account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”. The account is passive, balance, regulatory.

Credit balance- reflects the amount of accrued depreciation of all fixed assets of the enterprise and at the same time the amount of their reimbursed value through depreciation.

Loan turnover- the amount of accrued depreciation for the reporting period.

Debit turnover- the amount of depreciation on retired fixed assets.

The amounts of accrued depreciation are monthly included in the costs of production and circulation in correspondence

D 20,25,26,44 - K 02

The write-off of the amount of accrued depreciation upon disposal of fixed assets is reflected in the posting:

Account 02 has two sub-accounts:

02-1 “Depreciation of own funds”

02-2 “Depreciation of leased property”.

The amount of accrued depreciation on account 02 is a source of capital investments in fixed assets, their reconstruction, and technical re-equipment.

Synthetic accounting for account 02 is carried out in order journals No. 10.10/1, statements No. 12.15 based on the data from development table No. 6.

OS disposal accounting.

The organization writes off from accounting. OS accounting for various reasons:

When selling

gratuitous transfer

Transfer under the contract - exchange

In case of moral and physical deterioration

Liquidation as a result of accidents, natural disasters and emergencies

Transfer of an object in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital of other organizations

Bukh. accounting for the disposal of fixed assets is kept on account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

OS Inventory.

PBU 6/01 establishes that an inventory of fixed assets is carried out at least once a year before compiling the annual balance sheet.

The goal is to identify the actual availability and quality of the OS, to check the technical documentation.

As a result of the inventory, an inventory list is compiled and transferred to the accounting department, where it is compared with accounting data (information is taken from inventory cards). A collation sheet is drawn up, in which shortages and surpluses are determined.

Surplus comes as previously unaccounted for, used:

1. D 01 “Fixed assets” -K 91/1 (at original cost)

2. D 91/2 - K 02 - for the amount of depreciation.

In case of shortage, damage to the OS, write off the postings:

1. for the amount of accrued depreciation D 02 - K 01

2. For the amount of the residual value D 91/2 - K 01

3. For the amount of residual value:

D 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”

K 91/1 “Other income and expenses”

4. The shortage is attributed to the guilty person at market value:

D 73/2 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” - at market value

K 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” - at residual value

K 98/4 “Deferred income” - for the amount of the difference between the market price and the residual value

5. As the guilty person compensates for the shortage

D 50,70 - K 73/2 the share of deferred income is debited from account 98/4 to account 91 of the sub-account "Other income" in correspondence D 98/4 - K 94

As a result of the inventory, a shortage of a copier was revealed.

PS - 20,000 rubles, depreciation was charged in the amount of 13,500 rubles. The market value of the object is 22,000 rubles. reflect the lack.

1. D 02 -K 01 - 13,500 rubles. the depreciation accrued on the copier is written off;

2. D 91/2-K 01 - 6,500 rubles. written off copier at residual value (20,000-13,500);

3. D 94 - K 91 / 1 - 6,500 rubles. the lack of a copier at the residual value is reflected;

4. Write off the shortage to the guilty person at market value:

D 73/2 - K 94 6,500 rubles.

D 73/2-K 98/4 RUB 15,500 (22,000 - 6,500)

5. D 50 - K 73/2 - 5,500 rubles. brought to the cash desk to cover the shortage within 4 months.

At the same time, the share of deferred income is written off to other expenses:

D 98/4 - K 91/1 - 5,500 rubles. within 4 months.

OS overhaul.

The goal (especially in conditions of inflation) is to bring the book value of fixed assets in line with current prices and reproduction conditions.

Feature - since 1998 - the revaluation has ceased to be an obligation, but has become the right of the organization. To determine the market price, a specialist appraiser is usually invited.

The amount of revaluation of fixed assets is credited to additional capital (account 83), subaccount 1 “Increase in the value of property due to revaluation”