The role of the state in the regulation of the transitional economy. One of the main conditions for the transition to a market economy is a change in the role of the state as a regulator of economic processes. In a planned economy, state administration played a decisive role in determining all economic proportions, while in a market economy, the market is their main regulator. A feature of the transitional economy is that none of the mechanisms for coordinating economic activity is dominant: central planning has already lost its comprehensive character, and the mechanism of market self-adjustment has not yet been fully operational.

Nevertheless, in the transitional period, the command-administrative methods of regulating the economy still remain. And not only out of inertia, but also because it is impossible to immediately abandon them. For a certain period, they coexist (as in a typical mixed economy) simultaneously with the methods characteristic of a market economy. However, as we move towards the market, on the one hand, the degree of state intervention in the economy decreases and state regulation of economic processes gradually narrows. On the other hand, the forms, methods and instruments of state regulation are changing, because the former ones, which developed in the era of totalitarianism, are unsuitable for regulating the economy in the transition period.

However, in a transitional economy, the role of state regulation is more significant than in an established market economy. In the formed market system, the state only supports the conditions for the development of the economy. In countries that have just embarked on the path of forming market systems, the market is in its infancy, its regulatory capabilities are still not high enough. This necessitates more intensive intervention in economic processes. That is why the role of the state in the management of the economy in the transition period is in many respects enhanced.

Strengthening the role of the state in this case is understood not in the sense of restoring, much less exceeding its former functions, but in the sense of mastering the current situation of collapse, overcoming it and managing the economy on other economic principles, especially since there is no transition from a planned economy to a market economy. automatically, spontaneously. The state is called upon to regulate the transition process, stimulate the creation of market infrastructure and conditions for its normal functioning. In addition, the strengthening of the regulatory role of the market necessarily implies that the market itself should become the object of regulation by the state.

Functions of state regulation of the economy. The role of the state in the economy is specified in its functions. The functions of the state are the main directions of its activity, through which the appointment of the state as a political organization that has achieved stability in society is realized. All functions of the state in a transitional economy are associated with the formation and development of market relations. After all, the transition to the market from a highly centralized and administratively controlled economy must be purposeful, otherwise the revolutionary demolition of the old mechanism will lead to economic destruction and stagnation, undermining the statehood.

It is possible to single out two groups of regulatory functions of the state: to create conditions for the efficient operation of the market and to supplement and correct the action of the actual market regulators.

The first group includes the function of providing a legal framework and creating general legal conditions for the economic activity of business entities, as well as the functions of stimulating and protecting competition as the main driving force in the market environment, creating and developing market infrastructure.

These functions are inherent in both a transitional and a developed market economy, but if in a developed market economy the provision of a legal framework is implemented mainly by monitoring the application of the current economic legislation and making partial adjustments to it, then in a transitional economy it is necessary to re-create the entire economic base.

The legal base of the transitional economy, inherited from the command economy and oriented towards directive, centralized management of the economy, does not correspond to the new market economy model, and in many respects it must be created anew.

The creation of a new legal basis for economic management is far from a simple matter, because laws are developed, adopted and implemented by people who until recently lived in conditions that today they are called upon to significantly change. In addition, much in the life of society is changing. When passing laws, one must be able to foresee the future, since the legal basis for managing must be stable. Constant and significant changes in economic legislation have a destabilizing effect on the economy.

The state has an important role to play in promoting and protecting competition. In connection with the underdevelopment of competition and the extremely high level of market monopolization, which is characteristic of the economy in transition, the implementation of this function is of particular importance. After all, where monopolistic power exists, the price mechanism cannot ensure the efficient use of resources. A monopoly disrupts market competition, making it untenable in a number of cases. Therefore, firstly, we need laws that would allow and encourage entrepreneurs to open new firms. Secondly, the process of privatization of existing enterprises should provide for the creation of competitive markets. Third, domestic markets should be opened to foreign entrepreneurs. Fourthly, there should be laws encouraging competition and prohibiting monopoly associations and price agreements.

The formation of a market system involves ensuring economic and political stability. This is necessary, on the one hand, for the emerging domestic business, and on the other hand, to attract foreign capital.

The need for the state to implement the stabilization function is due to the crisis state of the transitional economy, which is characterized by a decrease in economic activity and a decline in production, high inflation, the difficult financial situation of enterprises and a decrease in investment activity, unemployment and a drop in the standard of living of most of the population. Under such conditions, a sharp "dumping" of economic problems onto market mechanisms of self-development based on the recipes of the monetarist doctrine will further worsen the market situation. In addition, it is impossible to use purely market forms, because the system of market institutions through which it would be possible to influence economic matter is absent in the transitional economy or is in an embryonic state.

The state is called upon to play a significant role in the formation of the market and its segments, institutions and infrastructure. It is the state that institutionally forms the structure of the market: the market for goods and services; the financial market, which includes the interbank market, the foreign exchange market, the securities market, the market for medium and long-term bank loans; labor market. The state is actively involved in the creation of market infrastructure: banks, exchanges (commodity, raw materials, stock), holdings, corporations, labor exchanges, etc.

The second group includes the functions of regulating distribution processes and income distribution, adjusting the results of market processes, ensuring economic stability and stimulating economic growth.

The state, in addition to purely transitional functions, performs functions that regulate macroeconomic proportions that have a stabilizing effect on the economy. Economic methods of regulation come to the fore. The solution of such macroeconomic tasks as overcoming the crisis in the economy, the decline in production, curbing inflation, carrying out structural adjustment, solving the problems of social protection of citizens can only be implemented through the flexible use of a set of fiscal and monetary policy instruments.

Purposeful implementation by the state of the function of economic stabilization should ensure not only balance in the current conditions, but also a way out of the crisis. This can be achieved on the basis of the development and implementation of a scientifically based model of the formation and development of a market system, built taking into account the prevailing conditions, internal and external factors of economic development.

The transition to a market economy is accompanied by a sharp increase in the differentiation of incomes of various segments of the population. Moreover, this process is taking place against the backdrop of an economic recession and high inflation rates, which exacerbate the problem of inequality, causing a decline in the living standards of the population. The state is forced to participate more intensively in the regulation of the distribution processes taking place in the transitional economy. The goal of government intervention is to reduce differences in income between individual entities through their redistribution.

At the same time, the main role in reducing inequality belongs to transfer payments, since the possibilities for increasing taxation are limited. High taxes reduce conditional activity. The possibilities of using transfer payments as a channel for the redistribution of income are not unlimited either. A significant increase in their size and the duration of payments weaken incentives to work, which negatively affects both the economy and the social atmosphere in society. Through certain financial and budgetary instruments (additional taxation or the provision of subsidies), the state is able to prevent negative and stimulate positive developments in the economy.

In those areas where the market is not able to fully meet public needs, in particular in "public goods", the state assumes this function. State intervention is of an auxiliary nature here and is designed to guarantee the necessary supply of goods that, for one reason or another, are not produced by the market or are not produced enough, for example, education services.

The state performs regulatory functions through administrative or economic methods. Administrative, or direct, methods of regulation limit the freedom of management. They dominated the command economy. Economic methods are adequate to the nature of the market. They directly affect market conditions and through it indirectly on producers and consumers of goods and services.

Literature

Buzgalii A.V. Transition economy. M., 1994.

Geiger Linwood T. Macroeconomic Theory and Transition Economy: A Textbook. M., 1996.

Course in transition economy: Textbook / Ed. L.I. Abalkina. M., 1997. Course of economic theory / Under the general. ed. M.N. Chepurina, E.A. Kiseleva. Kirov, 1995.

Myasnikovich M.V. Formation of the market economy of the Republic of Belarus. Mn., 1995.

Fundamentals of the theory of transition economy (Introductory course): Proc. allowance / Ed. E.A. Kiseleva, M.N. Chepurina. Kirov, 1996.

Market reform of the economy. Belarus. Mn., 1997. Issue. 2. Theory of transitional economy. T.1. Microeconomics: Proc. allowance / Ed. b.

V. Gerasimenko. M., 1997.

Shimov V.N. Formation of the development of a socially oriented economy in the Republic of Belarus: current problems //Belorus, ekon. magazine 1997. N° 1. C.

Economics in Transition: Proc. allowance / Ed. V.V. Radaeva et al. M., 1995.

Topic №-6 Basic concepts of the relationship between the market and the state

Introduction 3

1 The objective need for state intervention in the economy 4

2 Comparative characteristics of the main concepts and models of state regulation of the economy 8

3 Using the concepts of state regulation of the macroeconomic policy of the Republic of Belarus 16

Conclusion 29

References 31

INTRODUCTION

The state acts as the main institution of the economic and political system, which organizes, directs and controls the joint activities of citizens and their relations with each other. In relation to other subjects, the state has a certain status, which allows it to occupy a special place among economic agents. The role of the state in a market economy is one of the main problems of economic theory, as it is generated by constant changes in the economy, requiring appropriate modifications of the scale and instruments of state regulation.

The market economy, while having some advantages, has a number of significant disadvantages. One of them is uncontrollability, in which it is difficult to direct the development of the economy towards the achievement of national goals. That is why there is a need to use various forms and methods of state regulation of the economy, such as legal, financial and budgetary, credit, development of state target programs, indicative planning.

The state has a whole range of methods, means and forms of influence both on the economy as a whole and on individual economic complexes and sectors of the country, which are designed to direct the development of the economy and its economic entities in the necessary direction of national welfare, reduce the severity of the shortcomings of market relations, protect the most vulnerable segments of the population and support the necessary sectors of the economy, industries and enterprises.

The foregoing determines the relevance of the topic of this study, since the use of various concepts and models of economic regulation allows the state to choose the best of the alternative options for the socio-economic development of the country and ensure its implementation.

The purpose of the course work is to study the basic concepts of the relationship between the market and the state.

The work tasks are as follows:

1) reveal the need for state intervention in the economy;

2) conduct a comparative description of the main concepts and models of state regulation of the economy;

3) analyze the use of the concepts of state regulation of the economy in the macroeconomic policy of the Republic of Belarus.

The object of this study is the economy of the Republic of Belarus, and the subject is state regulation of the national economy.

The information base of the course work was the works of such scientists as Antonova N.B., Bazylev N.I., Shimov V.N. and etc.; analytical data of the National Statistical Committee; legal information; periodicals.

1 THE OBJECTIVE NEED FOR STATE INTERVENTION IN THE ECONOMY

In a market system, the economic functions of the state are embodied in the policy of macroeconomic regulation. There are a number of important reasons for this.

1) the need to compensate for the flaws and weaknesses of the market. Both under capitalism and under socialism, the market is never all-powerful in solving many vital issues, in particular those relating to ecology, social justice, education and the comprehensive development of the individual. Relying exclusively on the market can lead to negative results in these areas. After all, success here serves the interests of society as a whole. This is not always possible for an individual or an enterprise.

In addition, market regulation through the prices of growth rates and the structure of the economy usually occurs slowly and spontaneously. In addition, the enterprise and the individual usually do not have complete information, as a result of which microeconomic policy is characterized by a certain lack of planning. This is especially noticeable in industries with extended production cycles (agriculture, mining, etc.). Therefore, along with a more efficient distribution of wealth, it is difficult to maintain a balance of supply and demand and ensure stable growth.

Relying only on the market mechanism, it is impossible to carry out a fair distribution of income. Although market exchange is carried out according to the principle of equivalence, people have different opportunities and, as a result, their incomes differ markedly. Unlimited action of market mechanisms inevitably leads to social polarization, unemployment and social tension.

2) the need to regulate relations between macro- and micro-economics, whole and private, center and places. The economic activity of a single enterprise, industry or region is carried out according to the principle of dispersal of responsibility, independent management and self-sufficiency. Each enterprise, industry and region pursues its own specific interests, which is why their activities are, to a certain extent, spontaneous and selfish in nature and focused on achieving short-term results. Along with this, enterprises are in a competitive relationship, and there are contradictions between the interests of the whole and the private between the enterprise and the state.

The solution of these tasks in a market economy requires active government intervention. And the state takes care of the functioning of the market economy, creates equal conditions for all business entities, determines the rules of their economic behavior, protects their interests, realizes the possibility of manifesting the most effective aspects of the market mechanism and eliminates its negative consequences.

Optimally combining market and state regulators, the state in a market economy ensures the well-being of the nation as a whole, protection of its interests, stability and strengthening of the economic system at home and abroad. This determines the purpose of state regulation of the economy and the role of the state in a market economy.

Thus, state regulation of the economy is a purposeful activity of the state represented by the relevant bodies, which, through various methods, techniques, forms and methods, ensure the achievement of the goal and the solution of economic and social problems of the corresponding stage of economic development.

State regulation in one way or another affects all participants in socio-economic processes that take part in the regulation process, at the same time being the subjects of regulation. The main subject of regulation is the people who elect their representatives to the authorities and thus indirectly participate in the regulation process. All participants in the regulation process in terms of the degree of involvement in it or the form of participation differ significantly from each other. Distinguish between carriers, spokesmen and performers of economic interests. The bearers of economic interests are individuals and legal entities, groups of people that differ from each other by regional affiliation, type of activity, profession, income, property, etc. .

Associations and numerous unions can act as spokesmen for economic interests. The executors of economic interests are: the state represented by various authorities built on a hierarchical principle and representing three branches of power - legislative, executive and judicial; the country's central bank.

The interaction of subjects of regulation is also provided through feedback. The main line of feedback between the bearers and executors of economic interests is trust or loss of trust, support by bearers and spokesmen of economic interests of the economic policy pursued by the state.

The object of state regulation: may be the economy of the country as a whole or its individual regions, industries, spheres, enterprises. The objects of regulation are socio-economic phenomena, processes, situations. In the most general form, the objects of state regulation are macro- and microeconomics.

Within the framework of macroeconomic processes, the objects of regulation can be: the economic cycle, employment, money circulation, balance of payments, prices, R&D, competitive conditions, social relations, personnel (training, retraining), foreign economic relations, etc. In a market economy, the most important objects of regulation at the macro level are closely interconnected aggregate demand, aggregate supply and aggregate production.

State regulation of the economy specifies the principles of state intervention in the economy to achieve its strategic goals in the current period in the context of the following interrelated priority areas of the state:

Institutional policy to change the organization of the economy, create new or eliminate old economic, social and financial institutions, change their functions and relationships;

Structural policy in the field of changing macroeconomic proportions between final consumption and gross capital formation, state revenues and expenditures, exports and imports, sectoral and regional structures of the economy;

Investment and innovation policy to establish the scale of investments, their sources and directions of use, to create appropriate innovation activity and receptivity of business entities;

Monetary policy in the field of the formation of the money supply and its aggregates, the resource base of the country's banking system, the development of the stock market, the management of credit resources, the establishment of a currency convertibility regime and the effective exchange rate of the national currency;

Financial policy in the field of formation and use of public financial resources, management of public debt and budget deficit, control over the targeted use of state budget funds, establishment of an effective tax system;

Customs policy in the field of formation of a balanced customs tariff policy, its impact on the country's competitiveness and import substitution policy;

Policy in the field of supporting entrepreneurship and business activity in the country, to create conditions for high competitiveness of domestic producers;

Policy in the field of creation and effective use of the logistics system;

Policy in the regulation of property relations, social justice and social processes, in the development of the social functions of the state; regional policy in relation to the economic integration of regions and their socio-economic development;

Foreign economic policy in relation to the export and import of goods and services, attraction of foreign capital and export of capital abroad;

Policy in the field of environmental protection, maintaining the policy of energy conservation as an important factor in improving the efficiency of the economy and environmental protection;

Policy in the field of building the economic security of the country, regulating the use of monetary factors, natural resources, food reserves, food quality and the sphere of life of the population;

Defense policy .

The priorities of the state economic policy change depending on the historical stage of the country's development. For each priority area, appropriate goals are set, and a specific strategy for achieving them is developed.

It should be noted that the scope of state regulation of the market economy, the depth of its penetration into socio-economic processes, have boundaries determined, on the one hand, by the interests of the owners (and this, in fact, is the main argument limiting the scope of state intervention) and, on the other hand, by the possibilities the state itself. Within this framework, we can talk about the relative limits of the effectiveness of state regulation and the effectiveness of one or another measure (form, tool, method) of its impact. So, for example, the public sector and public revenue (budget, off-budget funds), which are the economic basis of state regulation of the economy, have their own boundaries: the growth of the public sector is limited by the interests of private property, and the increase in state revenues is associated with the social boundaries of taxation that affect the interests of practically all segments of the population, and with the conjuncture of the economy itself, the deterioration of which significantly reduces budget revenues. The coincidence of the interests of the state and the owners makes it possible to significantly expand the boundaries of state regulation, and vice versa, if they diverge, the boundaries narrow.

In fact, the depth of penetration of state regulation into socio-economic processes, the combination of market and state regulators, various combinations of forms and methods of regulation are the hallmarks of state regulation in diverse models of the modern market economy.

2 COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BASIC CONCEPTS AND MODELS OF THE STATE REGULATION OF THE ECONOMY

The state in all periods of its existence intervened to one degree or another in the economy. Therefore, economists began to study this problem. In the history of the development of world civilization, there have been different approaches to assessing the role of the state in the economy. These include Keynesian and classical theories. It should be emphasized that these models are alternative and the views of their representatives on the influence of various factors that violate or establish equilibrium differ markedly.

Consider the views of representatives of these schools on the need for intervention in the economy.

Keynesians are based on the fact that capitalism, and in particular the free market system, suffers from inherent defects, among which the Keynesian assertion that capitalism lacks a mechanism that ensures economic stability is the most important. The state, from the point of view of the Keynesians, can and should play a certain active role in stabilizing the economy; discrete fiscal and monetary policies are needed to cushion the economic booms and busts that would otherwise accompany the rise of capitalism. Through these actions, the discrepancy between planned investment and savings actually exists and causes fluctuations in business activity, expressed in periodic inflation and (or) unemployment, can be minimized. Many markets are not competitive, which also leads to price and wage inflexibility. Consequently, the fluctuations of the aggregate Recommending to abandon the policy of non-intervention in economic life and move to active state regulation of the economy, J.M. Keynes proposed directions and methods for such regulation.

He proceeded from the fact that the state is able and must influence the independent variables of the functional links of the economic process, i.e. on the propensity to consume, to invest, to the preference for liquidity. J.M. Keynes believed that total employment is directly dependent on investment, as well as consumer demand and the rate of profit, but inversely on the level of interest. It is through these functional links in a market economy that it is possible to influence the state of aggregate demand, employment, and national income in the right direction, thereby forming an effective system of economic regulation.

The effectiveness of state regulation of economic processes, according to J.M. Keynes, depends on finding funds for public investment, achieving full employment of the population, reducing and fixing the rate of interest. At the same time, he believed that public investment in the event of a shortage should be guaranteed by the issuance of additional money, and a possible budget deficit would be prevented by an increase in employment and a fall in the rate of interest. In other words, the lower the loan interest rate, the higher the incentives for investment, for an increase in the level of investment demand, which in turn expands the boundaries of employment and leads to overcoming unemployment.

The main instruments of state influence on the market of J.M. Keynes believed: flexible monetary and active fiscal policy.

J. Keynes saw the reason for the economy falling into an equilibrium trap in conditions of underemployment in insufficient aggregate demand and believed that the government could influence the state of economic activity using the methods of monetary and fiscal policy to change aggregate demand.

In the Keynesian theory of aggregate demand, investment demand is of decisive importance. Fluctuations in investment will cause large changes in production and employment. Among the most important factors that determine the level of investment in the economy, J. Keynes highlights the interest rate. An increase in the interest rate, ceteris paribus, will reduce the level of planned investment, and, consequently, the volume of production and employment will fall.

Using the methods of monetary policy, the state can influence the interest rate, and through it the level of investment, maintaining full employment and ensuring economic growth.

However, J. Keynes did not take into account the fact that the economy can get into a special state in which an increase in the money supply does not cause a change in national income. This case is called« liquidity trap» .

« Liquidity trap» means that the interest rate is at a sufficiently low level and it can only be changed upwards. Under these conditions, the owners of money will not seek to invest them. There is a situation where even a very low interest rate does not stimulate investment and does not contribute to income growth. The entire increase in money is absorbed by speculative demand, i.e. money settles in the hands, and is not invested in the economy. Since the interest rate does not change, investment and income remain constant. The way out of this situation, the Keynesians believed, is possible only with the involvement of fiscal policy.

The state, according to J. Keynes, has the necessary capabilities to maintain investment demand with the help of budgetary funds, stimulating business activity. In a system of counter-cyclical regulation, public funds (the budget) can and should support the growth of productive consumption, ensuring an increase in aggregate demand and neutralizing the negative consequences of the propensity to save.

Since the use of budgetary funds occupies a large place in the Keynesian system of state regulation, J. Keynes assigned a special place to taxes, the use of the tax system. He believed that the implementation of active investment activity requires the redistribution of national income in order to increase budget revenues through taxes. For the growth of public investment at the expense of budgetary funds, it is necessary to withdraw part of the savings through the tax system. The active use of the tax system is an integral element of the Keynesian system of state regulation of the economy.

Although Keynesians recognize the importance of monetary policy, they believe that fiscal policy is a much more powerful and reliable means of stabilization. Government spending, among other things, is directly included in total spending. And taxes are one short step away from them, because the impact of changes in taxation on consumption and investment is believed to be reliable and predictable.

Monetarists (neoclassicals) greatly downplay or, to take an extreme case, reject fiscal policy as a means of redistributing resources and stabilizing. They believe that the absolute helplessness or futility of fiscal policy is due to the crowding out effect. Monetarists argue as follows: suppose the state creates a budget deficit by selling bonds, that is, by borrowing money from the population. But by borrowing money, the state enters into competition with private business for funds. Consequently, government borrowing expands the demand for money. However, the end result of the impact of the budget deficit on total spending is immaterial.

The monetarist approach is that markets are sufficiently competitive and that the system of market competition provides a high degree of macroeconomic stability. The reasoning is based on the fact that the flexibility of prices and wages provided by market competition leads to the fact that fluctuations in total costs affect the prices of products and resources, and not the level of production and employment. Consequently, a market system that is not subject to government intervention in the functioning of the economy is characterized by significant macroeconomic stability. The problem is that the minimum wage law, labor union legislation, agricultural price maintenance, business monopoly legislation, and other government measures encourage and reinforce price and wage inflexibility. The free market itself is capable of providing significant macroeconomic stability, but government intervention, contrary to its good intentions, undermines this ability. Their public administration is considered bureaucratic, inefficient, harmful to individual initiative, and contains political errors that destabilize the economy. In addition, centralized state administration inevitably suppresses human freedom. The public sector, in their opinion, should be as small as possible.

Thus, the model of state regulation proposed by J.M. Keynes, made it possible to weaken cyclical fluctuations for more than two post-war decades. Since the 30s. it is used in the practice of capitalist management, in shaping the economic policy of Great Britain, the United States and other countries. She until the end of the 70s. determined the main guidelines for economic courses and economic policy in many countries of the world.

However, approximately from the beginning of the 1970s, a discrepancy began to appear between the possibilities of state regulation and objective economic conditions. The Keynesian model was effective and sustainable only in conditions of high growth rates. The high growth rate of national income created the possibility of redistribution without prejudice to capital accumulation.

But during this period, the conditions of reproduction deteriorated sharply. Keynesian ways out of the crisis only increased inflation. In this regard, a new model of regulation has emerged - neoliberalism.

Neoliberalism, as an alternative to the Keynesian model of state intervention in the economy, arose in the 30s XX century. It was a kind of continuation of the classical theory.

Neoliberal theory is based on the idea of the priority of conditions for unlimited free competition, not in spite of, but due to a certain state intervention in economic processes.

If Keynesianism initially considers the implementation of measures of active state intervention in the economy, then neoliberalism regarding passive state regulation.

Neo-liberals advocate the liberalization of the economy, the use of the principles of free pricing, the leading role in the economy of private property and non-state economic structures, seeing the role of regulation of the economy by the state in its function " night watchman."

In general, neoliberal ideas of state regulation of the economy prevailed over Keynesian ones starting from about the 1970s, when growing inflationary processes, state budget deficits, and unemployment became permanent for many countries. A clear manifestation of the priority of neoliberalism over Keynesianism in 70 80 years. is the systematic denationalization of many sectors of the economy that were previously in the sphere of the state economy.

The neoclassical synthesis is a further development and, at the same time, a kind of “reconciliation” of approaches to the analysis of economic processes. If, for example, Keynes was quite critical of the ability of prices to respond flexibly to changes in market conditions, then the representatives of the neoclassical synthesis sought to "rehabilitate" prices, arguing that they contribute to the optimal distribution and the most complete use of resources. Considering the problem of employment, the supporters of the "mixed" system express their disagreement with the "underemployment" put forward by Keynes. At the same time, the views of Keynes' opponents are being corrected.

The main idea of "synthesis" is to develop a more general economic theory that reflects changes in the economic mechanism, the results of later research and all the positive that is contained in the works of predecessors.

The most famous representatives of the neoclassical synthesis are the American economist Paul Samuelson (b. 1915), the American economist of Russian origin Wassily Leontiev (b. 1906), and the English scientist John Hicks (19041989).

Features of neoclassical synthesis:

1) Neoclassical synthesis is characterized by the expansion and deepening of research topics. This is not about a radical revision, but about the development of a generally accepted theory, the creation of systems that unite and harmonize different points of view;

2) Widespread use of mathematics as a tool for economic analysis;

3) Proponents of the neoclassical synthesis clarified old and developed new problems in accordance with the changes taking place in the industrial basis and mechanism of the market economy. Discussing with opponents, they sought to synthesize traditional views with new ideas and approaches.

First, theorists of neoclassical synthesis are reproached for unjustifiably narrowing the range of problems under consideration. Being active supporters of the mathematization of economic science, they are primarily and mainly interested in those issues that can be formatted, can be expressed using formulas and equations. And what goes beyond strict quantitative assessments, for example, clarifying the goals of social development, ways to achieve national consensus, turns out to be beyond the bounds of pure theory.

Secondly, attention is often focused on secondary issues, on consideration of particular changes and side processes. Radical, fundamental, structural changes are forgotten by economists of the neoclassical school. Quite often, very important processes, deep interconnections, long-term trends remain the lot of representatives of an unorthodox economy.

Thus, the views of Keynesians and monetarists on the private and public sectors are almost diametrically opposed. From the point of view of Keynesians, the instability of private investment determines the instability of the economy, and the state plays a positive role by applying the appropriate stabilization tool. Monetarists, on the contrary, believe that the state has a harmful effect on the economy, it creates inflexibility, which weakens the ability of the market system to provide significant stability; it pursues fiscal and monetary measures which, while well-intentioned, produce the very instability they are designed to combat.

Today, there are several hundred of the most diverse methods and tools of state regulation, which differ from each other in the directions and scope of application, their use to solve global or particular problems within the entire socio-economic system, as well as its individual elements.

The method of regulation should be understood as a method, a method of implementing the regulatory impact, with the help of which the set social and economic goals and objectives are achieved.

A method may contain a specific set of tools that provide its implementation. At the same time, under different conditions, the same method can be implemented using a variety of tools.

Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages that affect the extent of its application.

The regulatory impact of the state on economic and social processes involves choosing the most appropriate method from the totality of existing alternative methods, replacing one method with another.

Many different methods require their certain systematization and classification. Today, the economic literature presents various classifications of methods, which are based on various classification features: the scope of application, the content of the method, the type of impact, etc.

According to the form of state participation in the regulation of the economy and the nature of its influence on the object, administrative and administrative and economic methods are distinguished, as well as direct and indirect (Figure 1.1). But at the same time, it should be noted that they are closely related to each other, and there is always a question of finding the optimal combination of administrative and administrative and economic methods of state regulation between themselves and the established market mechanism.

Figure 1.1 Methods of state regulation of the economy

Note Source:

Administrative and administrative methods are based on the power of state power and include measures of prohibition, permission and warning. They, as a rule, are mandatory and are formalized in the form of legislative acts, orders, resolutions, etc. These include the distribution of centralized investments or other state-controlled resources, licensing of certain types of activities, quotas for exports, imports, etc. For example, when the authorities are interested in stopping a certain type of activity, they can stop issuing licenses, and vice versa, to expand this or that activity, allow it to be conducted. Coercive measures include rules, conditions, compliance with which is mandatory for business entities.

Administrative and administrative methods of state regulation are effective in the field of control over monopoly markets, in the field of ecology, in the development of a national standardization and certification system, in determining and maintaining the necessary parameters for the life of the population, etc. In developed countries with a market economy, the use of administrative and administrative methods limited, but in critical situations (military operations, economic crises, natural disasters), their role increases.

Economic methods of regulation affect the interests of objects of regulation indirectly: through economic legislation, financial, monetary, credit system. There is no direct coercion or encouragement. The object of regulation is free to choose options for action, but obeys and does not contradict the current legislation.

The structure of the methods used depends on the forms of ownership of the objects of regulation. Direct and administrative-administrative are more often used in the management of enterprises of state and municipal forms of ownership. For enterprises of non-state forms of ownership, mainly indirect and economic methods of regulation are applied.

All of these methods are closely interrelated and complement each other. Through the correct use and combination of methods, the state ensures the solution of the tasks facing it and the achievement of the goals of the country's socio-economic development, and ensures the high efficiency of the state regulation system.

3 USING THE CONCEPTS OF STATE REGULATION OF THE MACROECONOMIC POLICY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

The strategic long-term goal of the socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus is a progressive movement towards a post-industrial society, taking into account national characteristics, to improve the level and quality of life of the population, improve the living environment based on the formation of a new technological mode of production and a diversified economy with a significant role of the state in its transformation and reform.

This is the general goal. Its achievement implies a phased development of the economy of the Republic of Belarus, which is reflected in the forecast and program documents of the country.

So, according to the Program of social and economic development of the Republic of Belarus for 2011-2015. The strategic goal of the socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus in 2011-2015 is a dynamic increase in the level of well-being of the people on the basis of balanced and sustainable economic growth, ensuring rational employment of the population and bringing the well-being and quality of life of the citizens of the republic closer to the level of economically developed European states. The achievement of this goal is connected with the acceleration of the institutional and structural reforms of the economy and the improvement of all qualitative parameters of its functioning.

The main goal of 20112015 is to ensure sustainable economic development of the country and, on this basis, to increase the level of well-being of the people, bringing it closer to the level of economically developed European states.

Main tasks for 2011-2015:

1) further improvement of the structure of the economy through the accelerated development of sectors of the socio-cultural complex, science-intensive, resource-saving, export-oriented and import-substituting, environmentally friendly industries;

2) expansion of sales markets in non-CIS countries by improving the quality and competitiveness of Belarusian goods, reducing production costs;

3) improving the mechanisms for transforming domestic savings into investments for priority sectors and industries, more widely attracting foreign direct investment and loans;

4) improving the financial results of the work of state and privatized organizations, allowing maintaining a high level of scientific, technical and production potentials;

5) development of a market infrastructure that ensures the rapid accumulation and flow of capital into priority sectors and industries.

The following priorities have been identified as priority areas of socio-economic development for the forecast period, which, on the one hand, develop the main areas of development of the previous period at a higher quality level, and on the other hand, include new priorities that ensure the transition to an innovative development path, the formation of a new post-industrial information society. They include:

Comprehensive harmonious development of a person, the formation of effective systems of education, health care and other sectors of the service sector;

Innovative development of the national economy, energy and resource saving;

Increasing the export potential on the basis of increasing the level of competitiveness of the national economy;

Improving the level and quality of life of the rural population through the further development of the agricultural sector and agro-towns;

Development of economic methods of land management in order to replenish local budgets;

Comprehensive development of territories, small and medium-sized cities, taking into account the preservation and improvement of the environment;

Improving the structure and increasing the comfort of housing under construction based on improving its consumer and operational characteristics.

The implementation of these priorities will ensure the continuity of the strategy of socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus, intensify the transition of the national economy to an innovative development path and, on this basis, significantly increase the level of well-being of the people.

The implementation of the main directions and targets of the country's socio-economic development is largely predetermined by the existence of an effectiveorganizational structure of public administration.

The organizational structure of public administration concentrates the diverse capabilities of the state and represents a certain composition, organization and interconnection of system-forming elements.It is due to the socio-political nature, the socio-functional role, goals and content of public administration in society. And ensures the formation and implementation of the managerial impact of the state on the processes taking place in society.

Fundamental featuresorganizational structure are:

the presence of a goal;
the presence of backbone elements (management bodies);
the presence of an internal coordinating center that ensures the stability and balance of the organizational system;
self-regulation provided by the center on the basis of available information;
isolation (the presence of boundaries separating the organizational structure from the outside world);
organizational culture based on the norms of activity and behavior.

self-forming elementorganizational structure advocatesgovernment agencya single power structure, formally created by the state to implement the goals and functions assigned to it (for example, a ministry, a committee). State bodies within their powers are independent, interact with each other, restrain and balance each other. They make and implement managerial decisions.

The versatility of the functions of the state, the variety of relations with society and the political, socio-economic, scientific, technical, environmental and other processes that take place in it determine the multidirectional and diverse nature of the activities of government bodies, the ways and measure of their influence and participation in these processes. The organizational structure shouldprovide and manage:

completeness responsibilityeach management body for achieving the goals set for it goals and the functions assigned to it;

- balancethe goals of all links of the lower level with the goals of the higher;

Complexity performance of management functions in relation to the set goal horizontally and vertically;

Rational division and cooperationefforts between the links and levels of the state apparatus;

- exercise of rights and responsibilitywhen solving a managerial problem;

- full compliancefulfillment of the scope of competencies and rights.

The organizational structure of public administration is influenced by external and internal conditions and factors, socio-economic and political requirements.In many ways, the organizational structure depends on human potential, information support, the style of public administration, on the ability of the state apparatus to master modern scientific methods and technical management tools.

In accordance with the Constitution, the Republic of Belarus is a unitary, democratic, social, legal state. The head of state, the guarantor of the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, the rights and freedoms of man and citizens is the President.

The President personifies unity of the people guarantees implementation of the main directions of domestic and foreign policy, is the Republic of Belarus in relations with other states and international organizations, accepts measures to protect the sovereignty of the Republic of Belarus, its national security and territorial integrity, provides political and economic stability, continuity and interaction of public authorities, carries out mediation between public authorities. The president in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Belarusissues decrees and orders,having binding force throughout the territory of the Republic of Belarus, as well asdecrees having the force of laws and ensuring their implementation.The President forms, abolishes and reorganizes:

Administration of the President of the Republic of Belarus;

Government bodies;

Advisory and other bodies under the President. Determines the structure of the Government of the Republic of Belarus.

With the consent of the House of Representatives, appoints the Prime Minister, appoints and dismisses the Deputy Prime Ministers, ministers and other members of the Government, decides on the resignation of the Government or its members. With the consent of the Council of the Republic, the President appoints the Chairman and members of the Board of the National Bank and dismisses them. Appoints and dismisses the Chairman of the State Control Committee. Appoints heads of republican government bodies and determines their status.

Government departmentsRepublic of Belarus include:

Parliament - National Assembly;

Council of Ministers;

Presidential Administration;

Judiciary and prosecutor's office;

State Control Committee.

The representative and legislative body of the Republic of Belarus is the ParliamentNational Assembly of the Republic of Belarus,consisting of two chambers The House of Representatives and the Council of the Republic.

For conducting legislative work, preliminary consideration and preparation of issues related to the jurisdiction of the House of Representatives, from among the deputies of the House for the term of their powers are formedstanding commissions:

- Commission on Legislation and Judicial-Legal Issues;

National Security Commission;

Commission on State Construction, Local Self-Government and Regulations;

Commission on the problems of the Chernobyl catastrophe, ecology and nature management;

Commission on Budget, Finance and Tax Policy;

Commission on Agrarian Issues;

Commission on Education, Culture, Science and Scientific and Technical Progress;

Commission on Monetary Policy and Banking;

Commission for Industry, Fuel and Energy Complex, Transport, Communications and Entrepreneurship;

Commission on Health Protection, Physical Culture, Family and Youth Affairs;

Commission on Labor, Social Protection, Affairs of Veterans and the Disabled;

Commission on Human Rights, National Relations and the Media;

Commission for Housing Policy, Construction, Trade and Privatization;

Commission for International Affairs and Relations with the CIS.

Right of legislative initiativein the republic have the President, deputies of the House of Representatives, deputies of the Council of the Republic, the Government, as well as citizens with the right to vote, in the amount of at least 50 thousand people. A bill becomes law when passed by the House of Representatives and approved by the Council of the Republic by a majority vote of the full membership of each house.

Executive power in the Republic of Belarus is exercised byGovernment Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus.The Council of Ministers iscollegiate centrala body exercising, in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, executive power and managing the system of state administration bodies subordinate to it and other executive bodies. In its activities, the Council of Ministers accountable to the President and responsible before the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus. The competence of the Council of Ministers, the structure, procedure for its formation and activities, functions, as well as the management of the activities of the republican government bodies are determinedLaw of the Republic of Belarus "On the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus" .

The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus includes:Prime Minister of the Republic of Belarus, Deputy Prime Ministers of the Republic of Belarus, Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Belarus, Chairman of the State Control Committee, Chairman of the Board of the National Bank, President of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, ministers, Chairman of the State Security Committee, Chairman of the State Committee of the Border Troops, Chairman of the State Customs Committee, Chairman of the Board of the Belarusian Republican Union of Consumer Societies.

The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus has broad powers in the field of economy, social sphere, environmental protection, foreign economic activity, personnel policy, in the field of law and order. At the meetings of the Council of Ministers are considered:

issues of preparation and execution of the republican budget, formation and use of state extra-budgetary funds;
draft programs of economic and social development of the Republic of Belarus;
the main directions of domestic and foreign policy.

As a permanent bodyensuring prompt resolution of issues within the competence of the Council of Ministers, operatesPresidium of the Council of Ministers. In its composition - Prime Minister of the Republic of Belarus, his deputies, Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Belarus, Chairman of the State Control Committee, Chairman of the Board of the National Bank, Minister of Economy, Minister of Finance, Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Organizational and technical support of the activities of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus is carried out byOffice of the Council of Ministers.In accordance with the Regulations on the Government Office, it provides advisory and methodological assistance to state bodies subordinate to the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus and other state organizations.

The direct regulation of the socio-economic development of the republic is carried out by the republican government bodies subordinate to the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus.

To the republican government bodiesinclude: ministries of the Republic of Belarus; state committees (State Security Committee, State Border Troops Committee, State Aviation Committee, State Customs Committee),whose chairmen are ministers by status;committees under the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus and state organizations subordinate to the Government of the Republic of Belarus.

The system of republican bodiesstate administration, subordinate to the Government of the Republic of Belarus, is built onfunctional and industry principles.It provides regulation of the most important spheres of society and states:

Economic sphere;

Social sphere;

Foreign economic and foreign policy activities;

Scientific and innovative activities;

Environmental activities and use of natural resources;

Branches of the national economy.

To ensure the activities of the President of the Republic of Belarus, aAdministration of the President,carrying out information, organizational and technical activities and being the working body of the President. Its composition and activities are determined by the President of the Republic. An important role in the system of public administration is played by territorial bodies -local authorities and self-government,implementing state policy, taking into account the interests of the population of the relevant territory, solving economic, social, environmental and other issues on the ground. The management activities of local government and self-government bodies are based on the currentConstitution of the Republic of Belarus And Law "On local government and self-government in the Republic of Belarus".

Local government and self-government bodies include: local Councils of Deputies, executive committees, public self-government bodies.Councils of Deputies(village, settlement, district in cities, city, district, regional councils) arerepresentativelocal government authorities.

There are three territorial levels of local councils in the Republic of Belarus:

1) primary (rural, settlement, urban district in cities of district subordination);

2) basic (urban cities of regional subordination, district);

3) regional (regional and Minsk City Council).

Thus, a multi-level system of state regulation of the economy has been created in the republic, including analysis, forecasting and programming of directions and measures of monetary regulation in the long, medium and short term.

The results of the socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus in 2013 indicate only partial implementation of the country's socio-economic development program and are characterized by the following dynamics of indicators (table 3.1).

Table 3.1 Implementation of the most important parameters of the forecast of socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus for 2013

Index	Forecast	Fact
Index	Forecast	January	January March	January June	January-September	January December
Gross domestic product	108 , 5	103,3	103,8	101,4	101,1	101,1
Labor productivity by GDP	109 , 3	104,4	105,0	102,5	102,3	102,3
Export of goods and services	115 , 2	87,0	82,1	79,3	82,3	83,1
Balance of foreign trade in goods and services, % of GDP
Foreign direct investment on a net basis, USD billion
Decrease in energy intensity of GDP, %			18,7	18,3	14,1	12,0
Real disposable money income of the population	106,5	121,5	121,4	119,8	118,1	117,2
Commissioning of housing at the expense of all sources of financing, mln. m

Note

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Khatunov Sergey Yurievich. Structural relationship between the state and the market in the context of internationalization: Dis. ... cand. economy Sciences: 08.00.01: Moscow, 1999 153 p. RSL OD, 61:99-8/1561-2

Introduction

Chapter 1. Relationship between the state and the market in the process of internationalization of the economy 12

1.1. The emergence of the problem of the relationship between the state and the market in economic theory, the historical traditions of its research and the current state 12

1.2. The functions of the state and the market in the process of internationalization (globalization) of the economy 48

Chapter 2 The state and the market of interconnections 62

2.1. Dynamics of structural changes in the relationship between the state and the market 62

2.2. Sources of internationalization of relations between the state and the market 81

2.3. Forms of development of relations between the state and the market 106

Conclusions and suggestions 136

List of references 140

Applications 150

Introduction to work

Relevance of the research topic

One of the most difficult problems of the market economy is the internationalization of the economy, since it focuses the problems of both the national and the world economy. The inclusion of the Russian economy, as a market-oriented and open economy, into the system of world economic relations, sometimes outpacing the pace of its internal transformation, has given rise to many problems that require non-standard and unusual solutions, a deeper understanding and a thorough study of the history, state and prospects for solving these problems. Interest is shown not only in interstate and macroeconomic relations, but also in the foreign economic activity of firms and enterprises.

In recent decades, the development of international and national economies has been dependent on the dynamics of interstate relations. In the 1970s, the world faced an acute crisis in the world economic system. There was an urgent need to provide national markets and the world market with favorable conditions for development. The release from excessive control of international flows of goods, services and capital is the largest and most important part of these conditions.

The rise in oil prices and the consequent accumulation of petrodollars has given rise to one of the largest redistributions of wealth in human history. The states of developed countries were afraid of inflation and therefore encouraged the transfer of petrodollars to the markets of developing countries in the form of loans for their state development projects. Such actions of states in the early 1980s gave rise to

world debt crisis. Both developed and developing countries, together with international institutions, sought to stabilize the world economy, creating favorable conditions for the development of the market.

In the decade leading up to the 1970s, attention to the study of the relationship between the state and the market declined. However, the events noted above have led to a revival of this problem. In the 1990s, it became a key issue for the whole world.

The problem of the relationship between the state and the market has become more acute, since even relatively simple phenomena of economic life cannot be explained within the framework of previous ideas. This is due to attempts to use theories developed for specific conditions of interaction between the state and the market to explain the situation in any conditions, to give these theories universality.

In the 19th century, the problem of the relationship between the market and the state was studied in an undivided form. The research was carried out in the inseparable unity of the state and the market: the market economy was considered the policy of the state, and the policy of the state controlled the market economy.

In the 20th century, further study of the problem was developed in dividing it into two directions: the state and its politics were studied by political science, and the market and the economy - by economic science. At the same time, economists studied market models and the state of the market, and politicians explained the behavior of individuals and groups in the state and their search for advantages in political associations. There is no doubt that the study of each of these problems has advanced greatly, deepening understanding in its field. However, the study of one problem in isolation from another reduced the significance of the second problem. Events,

after the Second World War, made scientists more aware of these problems individually and collectively. After all, many phenomena, such as the oil embargo, are not only economic but also political problems. They affect not only the problem of the market, but the state.

The problem of the relationship between the state and the market, which exists at the intersection of politics and economics, has thus again become relevant for scientific research. The study of this problem involves both the results of the works of the classics of previous centuries, and the work of modern economists, politicians and sociologists.

The degree of development of the topic. A. Smith, D. Ricardo, K. Marx, A. Hamilton, A. Marshall and other scientists considered the problem of the relationship between the state and the market in one aspect or another. Important for the analysis of the relationship between the state and the market and its dynamics are the studies of I. von Thünen, V. I. Lenin, K. Kautsky, J. M. Keynes, K. Polanyi, M. Friedman and others.

At present, the progressive process of the impact of a market economy on public policy requires the expansion and deepening of research into this process. In this regard, in economic science, much attention is paid to the relationship between the state and the market in the new conditions, which are due to the global process. Scientists publish a large number of articles, monographs, analytical materials of a generalizing and applied nature, in relation to both individual states and markets, and the international system as a whole. Among them, the following foreign economists and sociologists should be noted: T. Abo, R. Barry, R. Boyer, F. Braudel, D. Brodie, J. Bhavati, I. Walleishtein, M.

Weber, R. Gilpin, D. Dreisch, P. Drucker, R. Cooper, F. Lazar, G. Myrdal, R. Petrella, M. Porter, J. Ruggie, M. Staniland, S. Strange, B. Hages, E. Hellener, G. Schwartz, as well as domestic authors: L.A. Bagramov, I.V. Boyko, A.S. Bulatov, N.A. Voiloshnikov, E.A. Dedegkaev, A.P. Kireev, K.B. Kozlova, N.N. Liviytsev, O.Yu. Mamedov, V.T. Musatov, I.M. Osadchaya, B.C. Prigarin, V.T. Ryazanov, I.A. Spiridonov, I.P. Faminsky, V.A. Fedorovich, V.E. Shchevtsov, V.D. Shchetinin, I.P. Shmelev.

At the same time, some provisions remain debatable: the dependence of the domestic economy on the world economy, the influence of the state on the world market, the consequences of the development of global economic relations, the direction of interaction between the state and the market, what is the dynamics of the development of relations between the state and the market, etc. The insufficient development of these problems has served the basis for determining the purpose and objectives of the dissertation work.

Purpose and objectives of the study. The purpose of the dissertation work is to study the current state of development of the state and the market and substantiate their rational structural relationship in the context of the internationalization of the economy.

The goal set made it necessary to solve the following tasks:

Explore the economic and historical aspects of the emergence in theory of the problem of the relationship between the state and the market;

To systematize the economic conditions for the functioning of the state and the market;

Identify and analyze the global dynamics of interaction between the state and the market;

Determine the prerequisites and conditions for liberalization in relations between the state and the market on a global scale;

Reveal the most effective areas of interaction between the state and the market, contributing to the general internationalization of the economy;

Substantiate the main prerequisites and consequences of the development of global economic relations.

Object of study. The object of study in this paper is the state and the market, which are in dialectical interaction in the context of the accelerating internationalization of the economy.

The subject of the study is the forms of internationalization of economic life with their historical and geographical features of the development of states and markets in a single interdependent complex.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is a set of forms and methods of scientific research used in domestic and foreign practice. The dissertation applied an analytical method for evaluating the practical results of economic activity. Particular attention is paid to the methods of system analysis, time series and complex consideration of complex problems using the dialectical approach to identify and explain contradictions.

In the process of work, special training courses on the problems of relations between the state and the market in the new global order, read for students of the American Graduate School of International Management and students of the University of Central Arkansas, were taken into account.

The sources of information were the materials of the official statistical reporting of the UN, the World Bank, the IMF and the statistical offices of a number of countries; annual report data

World Bank, OECD, IMF and other international organizations; materials of GATT and WTO conferences.

Provisions of the dissertation submitted for defense.

1. The internationalization of the economy has led to the emergence of a new system of relations between the state and the market. The state retains the role of a center for long-term, strategic regulation of the economy, facilitating the adaptation of its economic agents to the new conditions of the market.

2. The requirements of a market economy determine the factors that govern the interests of the state. In the process of internationalization, the needs of the market are increasingly becoming objective, while the needs of the state are subjective.

3. The definition of the theoretical foundations of the relationship between the state and the market should be considered in obtaining assessments in the following areas: assessing the consequences of the development of the world market economy, assessing the relationship between political and economic changes within countries, assessing the importance of the world economy for domestic economies.

4. The forms of development of relations between states and the world market are: economic integration of states into the world market; economic dependence as a mechanism of interaction between the markets of developed countries and the markets of developing countries; economic liberalization of market relations in developed countries; economic globalization as a new form of interrelations between the world and national markets.

5. The world system is not just an arena where relations between the state and the market are formed. She is directly involved in this

process and predetermines the laws of market movement, and markets, in turn, require the state to develop a certain policy. 6. The development of relationships in the "state - market" system in the context of internationalization generates an infinite number of local reference subsystems, each of which is valid in a small area, i.e. national and domestic economies. The latter, in turn, are interconnected through measures developed by states and the conditions for the globalization of the economy dictated by the market.

The scientific novelty of the research is as follows:

1. The theoretical definition has been expanded that a prerequisite for the internationalization of the economy is a shift in priority between the state and the market towards the state in view of its main role as a regulator of the economy.

2. It is substantiated that the process of internationalization of the economy is ensured by state protectionism, since the starting point of the world market is still the domestic market, which is controlled by the state.

3. It is shown that the world system predetermines the movement of markets for goods, services, capital, labor, and markets, in turn, prescribe certain economic behavior to the state.

4. It is proved that the economic feasibility of internationalization for individual countries is ensured by the positive influence of the world market on the domestic market due to the limited size of the latter.

5. The general features of the development of relations between the state and the market are determined, which consist in the similarity of modern relations between the state and the market with their state in the 19th century and

regional, which correspond to the ratio of the state and the market of the country dominating in this region.

6. A theoretical understanding of the forms of improving the relationship of states with the world market has been developed and the defining feature of their orientation as integration and global has been substantiated.

7. The consequences of economic globalization are revealed, which consist in the fact that interstate relations develop more dynamically, causing a change in existing economic contradictions and the emergence of additional ones; the question of a single world economic leader is undergoing significant changes; the functions of the state and the market are expanding.

Theoretical value of the work. The theoretical development of the concept of the optimal relationship between the state and the market in modern socio-economic and historical CONDITIONS is an attempt to deepen scientific knowledge in this area. This is due to the need to draw the attention of the scientific community to the fact that in the context of internationalization, the formation of new approaches to the well-known paradigm is a necessary aspect for all the driving forces of a market economy.

The practical value of the work. The practical significance of this theoretical study lies in the fact that its main provisions can be used as recommendations for the development of the economic policy of the state, as well as when reading special courses for students of economic specialties. A number of provisions will help in the study

regional markets, their reactions to the actions of individual states and international institutions.

Publications. The main provisions and results of this study were published in 4 papers with a total volume of 2.1 p.l.

The volume and structure of the dissertation. The logic of the research determined the structure of the dissertation, which includes an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and appendices. The work is presented on 154 typewritten pages.

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the chosen topic, the degree of its development, indicates the theoretical and practical significance of the work, defines its subject, goals and objectives, as well as the methodological basis and scientific novelty of the research.

The first chapter explores the essence and content of the approach to the issue of the emergence of the problem of the relationship between the state and the market in economic theory, and also substantiates the need for a deeper analysis of the functions of the state and the market in the context of the internationalization of the economy.

The second chapter studies the dynamics of global processes in the relationship between the state and the market, identifies the sources of internationalization and, on their basis, reveals the forms of development of the relationship between the state and the market.

In conclusion, the results of this dissertation research are summarized, conclusions and suggestions are formulated.

The emergence of the problem of the relationship between the state and the market in economic theory, the historical traditions of its study and the current state

The problems of internationalization of the economy with their socio-economic and political significance are of considerable interest not only for a single country, but for the entire world community. Problems of a global scale are increasingly becoming the main ones for each state or government.

The relationship between the general concepts of "economy" and "politics" reflects the interaction of very complex institutions in society. For their analysis, other concepts close to those mentioned are additionally used, for example, such as “market” and “state”, “wealth” and “power”.

The parallel existence and mutual influence on each other of the "state" and the "market" in the modern world creates an area of practical activity - the economy. The area of theoretical activity covers the study of both the problems of the state, or rather the economic functions of the state, and the study of market problems. Without these two fundamental parts, there would be no full-fledged economic theory (political economy). If the state is inactive, then market forces and the price mechanism will be the only economically active and the world will be purely economic. And without the market, the state or its authorities would be engaged in the distribution of available economic resources and create a world that in its purest form belongs to politics or political expediency. However, in its pure form, none of these public institutions can not exist and, therefore, the impact of the state or market changes occur over time and in different circumstances. Therefore, the concept of "market and state" analysis that we conduct is called by Max Weber the ideal model.1

Economics is characterized as a science that studies the economic aspects and conditions of a person's political, social and personal life. At the same time, it cannot but touch on many political issues that the practitioner cannot ignore; therefore it is a science both pure and applied. That is why it is better to refer to it by the broad term "economics" than by the narrower term "political economy". A number of economists such as Gary Becker and Bruno Frey defined political economy as the application of the methodology of strict economics, that is, a model of the rational behavior of an individual in all types of human activity. Marx, Engels, Lenin, Plekhanov use the term "political economy", seeing in it their own special economic theory, explaining it as social behavior and / or collective actions. This theory is otherwise called Marxist. When making a choice of approaches, in political economy they mainly stop at one of two methodologies and theories of economics. However, R. Tooze and others use political economy to address the range of issues that cause the interaction of economic and political activity and are explored in any available methodological and theoretical way.2

Although the appeal to political economy is based on the application of method and theory in economics and is very useful, it is still insufficient in providing a comprehensive basis for scientific research. Often political and other non-economic factors are weak. The methodology and theory of political economy need to be improved in order to understand the process of social change, including the interaction of social, economic and political aspects. Under these conditions, using the term "political economy", we are trying to outline a range of specific issues and consider them using all known analytical methods and theoretical aspects.

This study highlights the issues that arise in the interaction of the state and the market, as a consequence of a broader phenomenon - the interaction of politics and economics in the modern world. They reflect judgments about how the state and its associated political processes affect the production and distribution of wealth, and how, in particular, political decisions and interests influence the location of economic activity and the distribution of income and expenditure from this activity. In other words, these questions examine the effectiveness of the operation of the market and economic forces on the distribution of power and wealth among states and other political institutions, and especially how these economic forces are changing the distribution of political and military power worldwide. Since neither the state nor the market can act as the primary one, the reason for the connection that determines their relationship is interaction and cyclicality. Thus, the issues under study concentrate mutual influence in a variety of ways to establish order and systematize human activity: in the state and in the market.

The functions of the state and the market in the process of internationalization (globalization) of the economy

Recently, the state has been paying more and more attention to those main factors of the world market economy that guide or should guide the development of the state. It is the needs of a market economy that determine the factors that guide the interests of the state. In the process of globalization, the needs of the market are increasingly taking the form of an objective factor, while the needs of the state are subjective. The needs of the market, in essence, play a decisive role in the economic structuring of society. The changing market structure is causing the rise of new patterns of economic and political forces that are transforming societies. In The Communist Manifesto, K. Marx and F. Engels describe it as an unsurpassed machine for economic growth: “The bourgeoisie, in less than a hundred years of its class domination, has created more grandiose productive forces than all previous generations put together. The conquest of the forces of nature, machine production, the use of chemistry in industry and agriculture, shipping, railways, the electric telegraph, the development of entire parts of the world for agriculture, the adaptation of rivers for navigation, the masses of the population, as if summoned from under the earth - which of the previous centuries could suspect that such productive forces lie dormant in the depths of social labor?”1 Referring to the need for a stronger international market economy, Carl Polanyi concludes: “...the inclusion of markets in a self-regulatory system of immense strongly artificial stimulation that helped the main part of society in a completely natural situation that was created by a no less artificial phenomenon of the machine.

The process of globalization is characterized by an increase and acceleration of international flows of various kinds: capital, goods, services, information, innovations, ideas, values, in other words, everything that is invented and produced by man, making his life more interesting. In turn, the exchange, which has a global scale, appears as a result of the action of three factors: 1) innovative improvements in technology and technology, especially in the field of transport and communications, 2) the development of the financial sector and 3) the development of global production. Over the past two decades, international financial transactions that are not subject to state control have increased dramatically. The volume of international bank loans, that is, loans that cause cross-border movement of funds and domestic loans denominated in foreign currency, has grown rapidly from 324 billion dollars in 1980 to 8.5 trillion. dollars in 1996. The volume of daily transactions in the foreign exchange markets increased from $250 billion in 1985 to $1,200 billion in the mid-1990s and continues to increase by about 5-7 percent annually.1 Rapid growth in international financial transactions has been is associated with an increase in demand for them from transnational corporations and enterprises that began to internationalize their activities, as well as from states whose external debt increased sharply. The financial sector has also expanded under the influence of factors such as the spread of the illegal trade in weapons and drugs, the deregulation of the financial sector, the acceleration of privatization processes and related security issues.

The modern globalization of enterprises should, in our opinion, be considered as a new stage in their internationalization, which lies in the fact that transnational companies (TNCs) tend to be represented, if not in all, then at least in the most strategically important regions of the world (Appendix 1). For the enterprises themselves, internationalization and globalization are both “a necessity, an ambitious goal and a means to achieve international recognition.”1 Entering this path, enterprises see the world market as a single field of competition, which inevitably causes changes in their organizational structure, which becomes more flexible and mobile. An extreme form of globalization is the creation of temporary networks of enterprises that share market opportunities.

At the end of this century, each state faced the problem of combining the need to modernize the technical and economic system and the preservation of traditional values, i.e. national identity."1 However, the modernization of the economy causes an increase in inequality both within individual states and on a global scale. Inequality, which for a long time was in the order of things, is now perceived as an injustice. At the same time, the process of globalization is very uneven: it affects individual sectors and states differently.UN statistics show that in the early 1990s, the richest 20% of the world's population accounted for 82.7% of world income, while the poorest 20% accounted for only 1.4%. %.:

The impact of globalization on states occurs in three areas of their activity. First, integration processes. The processes of international integration, reflected in the expansion of international trade and investment, the exchange of modern technologies and other types of human activity, still do not eliminate the state as such, but make their borders more permeable, and also contribute to changes in interstate relations, creating a single field referred to as global community. The development of integration subordinates states, as well as enterprises and individuals, to the logic of competition in which they must show.

Dynamics of structural changes in the relationship between the state and the market

Since the middle of the nineteenth century, the development of the theory of international economics has connected by dialectical interaction the competing modern states and forces that globalize international markets. Economic forces and agents are united in the sixteenth century with the emerging capitalism, which has a desire to go beyond the territories, jurisdictions, sovereignties and political control of states. Concentrating on the development of relations between the modern state and the international market, power and wealth, it is possible to determine the structure of international economic relations.

Markets constantly, impartially and subconsciously change the location of production in geographic space. States intervene to help or hinder such market-driven redistribution, but only intermittently and on the basis of self-interest, and often with unpredictable results. States have made their greatest strides in controlling international and domestic markets in the post-war period. From 1945 until 1973, states used the institutions that were formed during the Great Depression and World War II to regulate domestic economies and protect domestic markets from the pressures that come from international markets. However, as early as 1973, their effects became devastating for domestic economies. Markets are becoming more and more volatile. Industrial and financial capital, which was well established, seemed to be moving inexorably around the globe, seeking the most advantageous and profitable application of its capabilities, creating spatial inequalities. New competitors appeared from countries that were previously considered distant, and their markets were unattractive.

Far from being typical, the stability and successful state intervention of the post-war period represented a sharp departure from the typical processes of the global economy. The global economy is actually moving back into the past, becoming more and more like the global economy of the nineteenth century.

An explanation of the typical processes of the pre-war period of the global economy is necessary in order to see how the post-war period deviated from this process and provide an understanding of the likely future. Much of what is happening today becomes clear if we consider the main processes of development of the pre-war economy. Several tensions that arose between the state and the markets were formed by the pre-war economy.

States and markets, power and wealth, have been inextricably intertwined in the world economy because the modern state and the modern economy develop simultaneously. In fact, neither the state nor the international market could exist one without the other. Thus, the study of international political economy approaches the study of the origin of the state and the state system of the sixteenth century and the international market of that time. It is impossible to understand this without turning one's attention to agriculture and to the limitations that took place in the division of labor with the weak transport system of that time. Let us begin with the consideration of the position that reflected the origin of the state and the world market in the sixteenth century.

The modern state is a well-defined organization with a legitimate and continuous monopoly of coercion over a defined territory. The monopoly of coercion gives the state the ability to subjugate other organizations and groups within that territory according to its own rules and laws. However, creating and maintaining such a monopoly requires resources. In other words, states could obtain them by capturing outside their territories, however, in the end, the establishment of an age-old tradition of coercive monopoly requires a stable supply of resources within their own jurisdiction. This, in turn, requires limiting the rule of law. Describing such a process of legitimacy, Professor Frederick Lane, who specializes in economic history, argues that a robber can become a police chief if he is able to pay and maintain a state monopoly of suppression in a certain territory. Agriculture accounted for approximately 80% of all economic activity, thus, it was actually the only industry that provided resources for all the states of that time. However, the nature of agriculture limited the amount of surplus that would be available for extraction, and even assuming that the surplus could still be extracted, due to insufficient transportation facilities, they were difficult to concentrate in the hands of the state. Thus, the nature of agriculture in the sixteenth century imposes its own limitations on the formation not only of the state, but also of the internal market. They seemed to be fighting among themselves for survival. Due to the difficulty of obtaining enough resources from agriculture, most states have developed a strategy known as mercantilism. According to the idea of this strategy, which was focused on extracting resources from external sources, the states had to create an influx of precious metal and thereby cover the lack of internal resources. In fact, such an external orientation of mercantilism was only a means to achieve internal results: the creation of a single internal legal space that strengthens the dominance of the central government. This common space made it possible for states to rely not only on external resources, but also to use the most sustainable internal resources from the reserves created by the state itself. Accordingly, large reserves imply the greatest stability of internal management and thus a single law. There was an internal political and economic struggle for the implementation of the policy of mercantilism.

Sources of internationalization of relations between the state and the market

In the Anglo-Saxon tradition, as evidenced by some writings that appeared in the early 1990s, a distinction was made between states and markets, while analyzing economic forces and economic changes.1 Where such a distinction leads to a privileged position of some and discrimination against others, it always out of touch with historical reality. States and political power have a varied set of links to economic activity, even if laissez-faire is proclaimed. Where distinction serves to define the contribution of the relatively clear actions of political power and the hidden effect of an infinite number of private actors, it has a certain analytical value.1

In the capitalist "center" of the world economy, the balance shifts over time from mercantilism, which went hand in hand with the formation of the modern state, to liberalism, and back again to a more state-regulated order, first during the era of imperialism, and then, following a short post-war break. existing liberal order, until the onset of the Great Depression of the 1930s. The state during the 1930s had to assume the role of an agent of economic revitalization, the protector of national wealth and employment from disturbances from the outside world. Corporatism, the union of the state with the productive forces at the national level, has become, under various names, a model of economic regulation.

After the Second World War, the system created by the Bretton Woods agreements began to upset the balance between the liberal world market and the internal solvency of the state. States began to hold the internal economic order accountable to the institutions of the international economic order: the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - in order to liberalize trade and the stability of the exchange rate and their convertibility. They were also given the means and time to make the necessary adjustments to their previously established national economic practices so as not to sacrifice the welfare of the various groups and strata of society in those countries. Keynesian demand management, together with the vicissitudes of corporatism, has maintained this international economic order through the ups and downs of the capitalist business cycle. Moderate inflation, attributed to the fine-tuning of national economies, spurred a long period of economic growth. Warfare and the production of armaments played a key role. World War II brought national economies out of depression, the Korean War and the Cold War spurred economic growth in the 1950s and 1960s.

The crisis of this post-war order can be traced back to 1968-1975. During this period, the balanced compromise proposed by the Bretton Woods agreements moved towards the subordination of national economies to the noticeably growing demands of the world economy. States became more responsible to the global economy.

How and why did this happen? It is unlikely that this dissertation study provides a fully adequate explanation. This issue will be debatable for a long time. However, it is possible to single out the Bretton Woods period as a real turning point in terms of the weakening of old structures and the emergence of new ones. However, several key elements of transformation (old to new structural forces) can be identified as: the structural strength of capital; structuring production; the role of foreign debt.

1. Inflation, which was previously a growth stimulus favorable to business and organized labor alike, is now, with its high rate and decreasing marginal income, seen by business as a barrier to investment. Debate among economists as to whether it is the pull of demand or the pressure of rising prices has not led to a unanimous conclusion. Business blamed the unions for wage hikes and the government for cycles of extra, sometimes unjustified spending, loans and taxes. Governments have to understand that reviving economic growth depends on business trust in investing, and trust depends on the "discipline" that unions and public finance managers must obey. Investment boycotts and capital flight are powerful weapons that no government can ignore with impunity. A typical demonstration of their effectiveness was given in the change of policy during Mitterrand's presidency in France.

One of the main conditions for the transition to a market economy is a change in the role of the state as a regulator of economic processes. In a planned economy, state administration played a decisive role in determining all economic proportions, while in a market economy the main regulator of economic proportions is the market. Therefore, during the transition period, on the one hand, there is a decrease in the degree of state intervention in the economy and state regulation of economic processes loses its comprehensive character. On the other hand, the forms and methods of state regulation are changing, because the former ones, established in the era of totalitarianism, are unsuitable for regulating the economy in the transition period.

However, in a transitional economy, the role of state regulation is more significant than in an established market economy. In the formed market system, the state only maintains an aura for the development of the economy. In countries that have just embarked on the path of forming market systems, the market is in its infancy, its regulatory capabilities are still not high enough.

There are two groups of regulatory functions of the state. First, a group of functions to create conditions for the efficient operation of the market. Secondly, these are functions for supplementing and adjusting the action of market regulators themselves.

The first group includes the function of providing a legal framework and creating general legal conditions for the economic activity of business entities, as well as the function of stimulating and protecting competition as the main driving force in the market environment.

The second group includes the functions of regulating distribution processes and redistribution of income, adjusting the results of market processes, ensuring economic stability and stimulating economic growth. These functions are inherent in both transitional and developed market economies.

The transition to a market economy is accompanied by a sharp increase in the differentiation of incomes of various segments of the population.

In those areas where the market is unable to fully meet public needs, in particular in "public goods", the state assumes this function. State intervention is of an auxiliary nature here and is designed to guarantee the necessary supply of goods that, for one reason or another, are not produced by the market or are not produced enough, for example, education services.

The market system is a phenomenon that is in constant development. At a certain historical stage, its evolution began to reflect the influence of the state. In the course of the last two centuries, a rich experience of interaction between two economic institutions - the market and the state - has developed. Describing this socio-economic "tandem", it is appropriate to note several of its typical features.

1. Both systems mutually condition each other.. The market needs infrastructure, a "playing field" with a set of specific rules that only the state can create. It also provides a system for protecting players (against external and internal threats). The state, on the other hand, needs a market to obtain the necessary resources (for the sake of self-existence and the implementation of the functions predetermined by society).

2. Institutions influence each other positively. Counter influence leads to evolution and mutual adaptation of both systems. Over the course of centuries, the state has acquired a more liberal, tolerant (in relation to business) character. Business is also getting used to the system of rules. Although tax evasion always persists, however, in general, this phenomenon is becoming less active. Moreover, the interaction of the two institutions ensures the manifestation of additional results, which gives rise to the so-called synergistic effect. State measures not only help the market to neutralize a number of its shortcomings, but also provide an additional effect (expressed in the dynamism of the market economy). The magnitude of the resulting positive depends largely on the optimal combination of forces of the two "agents". At the same time, it should be taken into account that a reasonable proportion ("market - state") is determined by the historical conditions of development.

As an illustration, we note that the assistance provided by the state to the market at the first stage of industrial development - in the 18th - early 19th centuries. (in the form of providing a system of legal norms, conditions for external and internal security, a stable national currency, a system of public, i.e. collective goods), had a strong stimulating effect. This led to the fact that in the first half of the XX century. economic dynamism has become excessive. By that period, the economic system had not yet developed a mechanism that, in the process of expansion, could automatically cause a “brake reflex” necessary to maintain a general economic balance between aggregate demand and aggregate supply. World economic crisis 1929-1933 should no longer be interpreted (from the standpoint of today's understanding of economic history) unambiguously as a failure. It was the first signal that demonstrated the power of the uncontrolled expansion of the market elements.

3. Each of the two institutions has a relative independence. This causes the presence of different, sometimes opposing interests, caused by the fact that both institutions - both the market (but the lines of firms) and the state are systems built on a centralized hierarchy. Each of them (in addition to common goals) has its own aspirations that encourage independent expansion, their own “personal” income. These incentives become clear if we turn to the category of human egoism. As noted by the classics of political economy, the market (represented by a set of firms) expresses the concentration of human will and desires. By analogy, the state can be seen as a "big team of bureaucrats" endowed (albeit with prescribed limitations) with the same weaknesses of human nature. As a result, clashes between private and public teams with opposing aspirations and interests are inevitable in the competitive field.

The most striking example of the confrontation of interests is manifested in the field of tax policy. This is based on the fact that the state (like any living system) strives for expansion. Resources are needed to implement it. Fundraising is provided through taxes. Hence the natural desire for growing tax exemptions (which can sometimes exceed purely functional scales justified for society). As a result, tax pressure increases, which opposes the interests of firms.

Another clear example of the confrontation of interests can be traced in the development of the phenomenon of bureaucratization. The legislative and executive activity implemented by the state objectively creates the basis for a system of order in society, which is externally realized through the adoption of laws, rules, regulations (and, accordingly, the creation of a circular flow of documentation, which requires a lot of time). However, the excessive growth of "bureaucratic flows" and delays in decision-making also have a target motive expressing the "personal interests" of the state. This interest is built on an economic basis (the possibility of obtaining "left" income) and an underlying desire to demonstrate their power, administrative rights and functions. The latter gives the state official a blissful sense of self-worth.

A milder example of confrontation can be seen in the growing competition between the two institutions in the field of infrastructure development. In recent decades, material costs in this area have gradually begun to be carried out by the private sector. This is due to the fact that many large corporations have acquired the financial power sufficient to finance a number of infrastructure facilities (in education, healthcare, transport, insurance, communications and information systems).

The interaction of the two institutions is also realized in a certain external environment, within which the influence of additional circumstances, globalization and world political processes is manifested (Figure 2.2.).

Figure 2.2. Interaction between market institutions and the state

When analyzing the interaction of two institutions, it is usually customary to consider the influence that the state has on the market system. This is predetermined by the fact that the shortcomings of the market necessitate the correction of a number of failures, which are difficult for the market to cope with. A series of aspects emerge in the regulatory process:

The state formulates the objectives of the impact and develops a strategy that should be optimal among a large group of alternative solutions;

The implementation of economic policy includes a set of subjects: state (Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Economy, Central Bank, local governments, legal authorities) and non-state;

The implementation of economic policy occurs through the use of certain mechanisms: financial (fiscal) and monetary policy,

The need for a wide range of state measures has led to the creation of state experience in several areas.

In a generalized form, the process of state regulation can be represented as follows (Figure 2.3.).

Figure 2.3. The influence of the state on the market system

It will indicate the general parameters of the state's impact on the market system, let's turn to a brief description of the current aspect, which reflect the counter impact: of the market system on the state (Figure 2.4.).

Figure 2.4. The impact of the market system on the state and economic processes

The analysis of the counter-influence encourages to rely on some similar structural components (goals, subjects, mechanisms, directions of implementation) that were used in the analysis of the state's impact on the market economy.

When characterizing the counter-effect of the market system, it must be taken into account that this institution has a less clear structure compared to the institution of the state. It contains a dual nature, two principles coexist: spontaneity, on the one hand, and hierarchy, rigid organization, on the other.

The multifaceted nature of the market encourages economists to look for ways to influence the economic system and the state in two relatively independent areas. The first way is realized along the line of analysis of the role of the market environment as a spontaneous, spontaneous beginning. The second way is carried out along the lines of influence of firms, corporations, which implies clearly defined target (strategic) settings.

Questions for self-control:

1. What is a socio-economic system. Describe the types of socio - economic systems.

2. Describe the main models of socio - economic systems. What features can characterize the Russian socio-economic system?

3. What is the national economy? Expand the structure of the national economy.

4. What is a branch of the economy and OKVED?

5. What institutional formations can you name among the subjects of economic policy? What explains their diversity? Why is there a slightly different understanding of subjects of regulation in Russian practice?

6. How does the choice of goals for the state's economic policy depend on the political cycle in the country? How are popular and unpopular regulations distributed throughout the political cycle?

7. What is typical for the regulation of macroeconomics by the state?

8. What is the target orientation of macroeconomic regulation by the market?

9. What are the specifics of the regulatory activities of firms? What is the content of direct and indirect methods of influencing the economic policy of the state?

10. What are the similarities and differences between business and government in macroeconomic response?

11. What is the “market of corrupt services”? What is the scientific designation for the income appropriated by a bureaucrat?

12. If corruption has become one of the most acute problems in the modern world (which was discussed at a meeting of the G8 countries in 1999), can we say that it is an integral element of the shadow economy?

13. What is the meaning of the market for corrupt services?

14. What is the content of the public services market at the international level?

15. Why does the state seek to adapt elements of a market economy into its institution? How does it do it?

16. In recent decades, an international market for services for foreign investors has developed. What goods does the state offer to foreign customers? What benefits does it plan to receive as payment for its product?

17. What is a public-private partnership? What goals are being realized? What is the impact of business on the economic processes in the country?

18. What changes are taking place in the division of labor between business and the state in the implementation of partnerships? What is business focused on, what is the state focused on?

19. What does the term "alliance capitalism" mean?

20. Is the institution of lobbying legal or illegal?

21. Which aspects of lobbying are justified for a market economy, and which are not?

22. What is the relationship between the concepts of "lobbyism" and "corruption"?

23. What aspects of lobbying are manifested in real economic life, in your opinion, more definitely, positive or negative?

24. In the actions of the authorities, according to analysts, there may be so-called gaps in positions. What is it about? Why are these gaps hindering private business? What measures do businesses traditionally take to overcome these problems?

25. Why are firms interested in the liberal mood of the population?

26. Why is the media such a desirable field of activity for corporations? Can you give examples of who owns the largest economic newspapers and magazines in Russia?

27. What are the possibilities of the media in influencing the economic outlook of the population?

28. What classification of the Russian mass media (newspapers, magazines, radio and TV stations) could you propose, dividing them into leftists (socially oriented) and rightists (liberal oriented)?

29. Under what system of party financing (budgetary private) does business have more chances of influencing political parties (and through them - on the atmosphere in society)?

30. What two features of the Russian mentality are especially "convenient" for corporations to influence Russian buyers?