A new "Declaration of Human Rights and Citizen" was developed and a new constitution. Declaration secured equality, freedom, security and property. The right to revise the Constitution belonged only to the people. The Constitution of 1793 proclaimed France by the republic, where the supreme power belonged to the people. The legislative corps was created, which was a legislative body, and the executive authorities belonged to the Executive Board of 24 people. The Council was formed by the legislative corps from candidates nominated by departments. Based on the elections, local governments were also formed.

The Constitution proclaimed equality, freedom, freedom of religion, universal education, government security, unlimited press law, the right of petitions. However, the further development of events, the deterioration of the inner and external situation forced the Jacobins to change the plans of the state reorganization of France. To protect the revolution, an effective state mechanism was needed, which was the system of the Jacobin dictatorship - the revolutionary government of Jacobins. The center of the Office was the national convention, which focused in his hands all the completeness of power. There was no separation of the authorities in the Yakobin dictatorship system. The convention has published laws, through the committees and commissions carried out state leadership, carried out his own decrees. 2 committees had the greatest importance:

Committee of Public Rescue which was defensed by the country and carried out directly managed the country. In fact, it was the Government and the Committee, which control the activities of all state bodies.

Committee of Public Security who led the struggle with internal counter-revolution.

Another organ of revolutionary struggle was revolutionary Tribunal where the only punishment was the death penalty. In places of decision, the convention was conducted by the Commissioners endowed with extreme authority. The army was reorganized, voluntary and personnel parts were combined.

Economic events of Jacobinians.

The lands of noble immigrants went on sale with small sites, feudal rights were completely abolished. Thus, the Jacobins eliminated the remnants of feudalism in the country.

However, in the conditions of that time, the further development of the revolution was objectively impossible. On July 27, 1794 there was a coup, as a result of which a large bourgeoisie came to power. Vidnime figures of the Jacobinians were executed. Thus, the revolution in France ends with this coup, although some scientists believe that it lasted until the 19th century.

After the coup, the Convention in 1795 approves a new constitution, which included a declaration of human rights and freedoms and citizen. And although France remained the republic, its political appeal has changed. The legislative power under the Constitution belonged to the two-challenge legislative corps. The executive power was handed a directory consisting of 5 people who were appointed by the legislative corps. The policy of the directory was not distinguished by stability and consistency, caused outrage of both the people and the bourgeoisie. At this time, war continued with the feudal states of Europe, and during these wars, Napoleon Bonaparte is put forward by Napoleon. In November 1799, he dismisses the legislative corps and directory, that is, commits a coup.

In 1799, a constitution is adopted, which issued the consulate regime. Directory period (1794 - 1799) ended.

According to the Constitution, the highest authority was transferred to three consuls, the first of which was Napoleon. The first consul was empowered by special authority. He had the right to legislative initiative, appointed and displaced the ministers, members of the State Council, ambassadors, generals, officials and judges. According to the Constitution, it was created: State Council , Tribunate , Legislative corps and Security Senate who had to implement the legislative power. The bills passed through all these links, but they took into force only after signing the first consul. The protective senate consisted of life-appointed members, and the legislative corps and the Tribunate were appointed by the Senate.

In 1800, the system of electoral local self-government is eliminated. Prefects were supplied at the head of the departments, and at the head of the district - the Superfects appointed by the Government. The government also prescribed the mayors of cities. A strict system of subordination of all officials of the first consul was established. In 1802, Napoleon makes the powers of the first consul life and expands them. Napoleon's power takes monarchical character and in 1804 Napoleon is proclaimed by the emperor. It turns not only executive, but also the legislative power. Napoleon's empire received the name of the first empire and existed until 1814. At this time, the bourgeois state system is finally approved and the main provisions of bourgeois law were formed.

Convention in June 1793 adopted a completely new constitution, in accordance with which France was declared in an inseparable and unified republic, and all the rule of the people, equality in the rights of people, the widest democratic freedom was enshrined. All property values \u200b\u200bwere completely abolished with participation in elections to all government agencies, all men who reached 21 years, also received voting rights. All conquering wars were completely condemned. This constitution was the most democratic of all French constitutions, but the introduction of it was delayed precisely because of the emergency that it was at that time in the country.

The public salvation committee conducted a number of the most important measures for reorganization and also to strengthen the army, and precisely because of this, in the shortest possible time, and the Republic managed to create not only the numerous army, but also a well-pronounced army. And so, by the beginning of 1794, the war was completely transferred to the territory of the enemy. The revolutionary government of the Jacobinians, heading and a little mobilizing the people, provided victory over their external enemy, that is, by all the troops of European monarchical states - Austria, Prussia.

Convention in October 1793 introduced a special revolutionary calendar. The beginning of the new era was announced on September 22, 1792, that is, the first day of the existence of the New Republic. The month all shared exactly three decades, and the names of the weather were received, for them characteristic, in vegetation, in agricultural work and fruits. All Sundays abolished. Instead of numerous Catholic holidays, the revolutionary holidays were found.

The entire Union of Jacobins held precisely the need for joint struggle against the entire foreign coalition, and also all the counter-revolutionary insurgents within the country itself. When the victory was won on the fronts and all the rebellions were suppressed, the whole danger of the monarchy restoration was significantly reduced, and the entire revolutionary kickback began. Among the Jacobinians were also aggravated and internal differences. So, since the autumn of 1793, Danton demanded the relaxation of the entire revolutionary dictatorship, and also return to constitutional order, refusing precisely from the terror policy. He was executed in the end. All the bottoms demanded a significant deepening reform. Most of the entire bourgeoisie, which was unhappy with the entire politician of the Jacobins, which carried out restrictive regime and all dictatorial methods, switched simply in the position of the counter-revolution, was carried by the whole mass of peasants. On the site http://tmd77.ru Added sale not expensive

The state power already focused by this time in Convention passed into the hands of the leaders of the Jacobinians - a small political group of the configured and uncompromising development of the revolution. Of the components of the famous Triads, freedom equality fraternity is the most popular during the French revolution of the late XVIII century. The figures of the French revolution of the late XVIII century. In disputes about the Great French Revolution that domestic researchers in the last decade have paid a lot of attention to the era of the convention.

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Page 5.

Introduction

The national uprising on May 31 - June 2, 1793, at the head of which stood the rebel committee of the Paris Commune, led to the expulsion of Gurondovers from the convention and laid the beginning of the period of the Board of Jobs. The French revolution entered his final third stage (June 2, 1793 - July 27, 1794). The state power, already focused by this time in Convention, passed into the hands of the leaders of the Jacobinians - a small political group, tuned to the further decisive and uncompromising development of the revolution.

Of the components of the famous triad "Freedom, equality, fraternity" the greatest popularity during the years of the French revolution of the late XVIII century. Enjoyed the slogan of freedom. It was not random. The idea of \u200b\u200bfreedom has long been the focus of European public thought. Since the time of antiquity, the minds of philosophers occupied the problem of contradictions between the needs of society and personal rights, power and freedom. Christian theologians argued about the relationship of the divine fishing and freedom of the will of the person. The question of civil, political and spiritual freedom was consistently rising in the philosophical teachings of the new time.

The age of enlightenment in all cases when it came to a fair social structure, the concept of freedom was invariably turned out to be key. What kind of freedom dreamed of people in France XVIII century? On the one hand, then there was also an idea of \u200b\u200bthe current corporate freedoms, which were based on established traditions and were expressed in the form of privileges. Their existence was one of the manifestations of the legal inequality that reigned in the French society of the old order. Each group and each public institute defended themselves. Thus, the clergy proceeded about the freedoms of the Gallic Church, nobles - about the privileges and liberty of the nobility, provincial states - about weakening taxes from the oppression and other privileges for their province, city authorities - about liberty for the city.

On the other hand, there was a thought of freedom as a natural and integral right of every person, i.e. Freedom, inseparable from equality. The figures of the French revolution of the late XVIII century. They perceived it in this interpretation and made their banner.

The concept of personal freedom, from the birth of the inalienable right of every individual, and equally promoted many educators of enlighteners. At the same time, they believed that in the surrounding real world the tyranny reigns. Treatise Z.-H. Rousseau "On a public contract" opened the winged phrase: "A person is born free, but he is in the skies everywhere.1 . This imperfect system was supposed to disappear by giving way to the ideal from the point of view of enlighteners to society, where private freedoms and privileges of classes, provinces, cities, communities were rejected in the name of the universal freedom of a person and a citizen.

In disputes about the Great French Revolution, who were the domestic researchers in the last decade, a lot of attention was paid to the Epoch of the Convention. This is not surprising: after 1917, Jacobinocentrism became one of the most characteristic features of the domestic historiography of this topic. But if in the 30s and 60s, the controversy unfolded mainly on the issue of the class essence of power 1793 - 1794, then today the authoritarianism and the terrorist nature of the Yakobin dictatorship became an object of criticism. The revaluation is conceptual in nature, based on them - recognition of the priority of universal values \u200b\u200bto the principles of revolutionary morality and feasibility. The more important seems to appeal to the experience of other, non-marxist areas in the study of the French history of the end of the XVIII century. This is determinedthe relevance of this work.

In modern science, disagreements arose about the name, or the Jacobin Republic, or the Jacobin dictatorship. This term is dual nature, the Republic is the external form of the organization of the Jacobin authority, the dictatorship is the essence of the form of the organization of the Jacobin authority, therefore, disagreements arise.

Purpose This work is to consider the features of the Jacobin government in the period of the Great French Revolution. This purpose made it possible to formulate the followingtasks Course work:

1. Show the path of Jacobins to power.

2. Analyze the activities of Jacobins in the political sphere.

3. Consider the features of the Jacobin terror.

Chapter 1. Path to power

1.1. Education, Organizational Structure and Social Base of the Jacobin Club

Since the XIX century, the term "Jacobins" is used not only to designate the historical members of the Jacobin club and their allies, but also as the name of a certain radical political and psychological type.

The Jacobin Club had a huge influence on the course of the French revolution of 1789. Not without reason it was said that the revolution grew and developed, fell and disappeared in connection with the fate of this club. The cradle of the Jacobin club was the Breton Club, that is, the meetings arranged by several deputies of the third class of Brittany on their arrival in Versailles to the general states before the opening of them.

The initiative of these meetings is attributed to D'Enerbon and de Pontivi, which belonged to the number of the most radical deputies of their province. Soon, deputies of the Breton clergy and deputies of other provinces that kept different directions took part in these meetings. There were Siais and Miraboy, Duke d "Egilion and Robespierre, Abbot Grehur, Barnavo and Petion. The influence of this private organization gave himself a lot on critical days on June 17 and 232 .

When the king and the National Assembly moved to Paris, the Breton Club broke up, but the former members began to come together again in a private house, then in the hired room in the monastery of Jacobin monks (Dominican Order) near the Maneja, where the National Assembly met. In meetings, some of the monks took part; Therefore, the royalists called the members of the club in the mockery of the Jacobins, they themselves accepted the name of the Society of Friends of the Constitution3 .

In fact, the political ideal of the then Jacobin club was a constitutional monarchy, as the majority of the National Assembly understood it. They called themselves monarchists and recognized the law by their motto. With accuracy, the opening date of the club in Paris - in December 1789 or January of next year is unknown. The charter was drawn up by Barnava and adopted by the club on February 8, 1790. It is unknown (since they first did not lead the minutes of the meetings), when they began to take into the number of members of the strangers, that is non-deputies.

When the number of members rummaged, the organization of the club was significantly complicated. The chapter stood the chairman who was eating a month; With it, there were 4 secretaries, 12 inspectors, and, which is especially characteristic of this club, 4 censors; All these officials were elected for 3 months: 5 committees were formed at the club pointing to the fact that the Club accepted the role of a political censor in relation to the National Assembly and France - Committees on the submission (censorship) of members, for supervision ( Surveillance), according to the administration, according to reports and by correspondence. First, the meetings occurred 3 times a week, then daily; The public began to be allowed to meet only from October 12, 1791, that is, under the legislative assembly4 .

At this time, the number of club members reached 1211 (voting in the meeting on November 11). Even earlier (from May 20, 1791), the club has postponed its meetings to the Church of the Jacobin Monastery, which he hired on the abolition of the Order and confiscation of his property, and in which it came to the closure of the club. Due to the influx of non-deputies, the composition of the club has changed: he became an organ of that public layer, which the French is called La Bourgeoisie Lettré. ("intelligentsia"); The majority consisted of lawyers, doctors, teachers, scientists, writers, painters, who were adjacent and faces from merchants.

Some of these members wore well-known names: Kabania doctor, scientist Lhasen, writer Marie-Joseph Shødero de Laklo, painters David and K. Verne, La Garp, Fabr D "Eglantin, Mercier. Although with a large influx of members mental level and educational Costs of arriving dropped, however, the Paris Jacobine Club fully retained his two initial features: doctorality and some kind of primacy in relation to educational census. This was expressed in antagonism in relation to the club of Cordermen, where people were taken without education, even illiterate, and also in fact that the most accession to the Jacobin Club was determined by a rather high membership fee (24 Liva annually, moreover, at the entry of another 12 livres).

Subsequently, at the Jacobin club, a special branch was organized, called "fraternal society for political education of the people," where women were allowed; But it did not change the general nature of the club. The club acquired its own newspaper; The editorial office was assigned to Skoderlo de Laklo, which was in close relations to the Duke of Orleans; The newspaper began to call the "monitor" of orleanism. This discovered a known opposition against Louis XVI; Nevertheless, the Jacobin Club kept loyalty to the political principle in his title5 .

From this way, he was not shot down the flight of the king and his detention in the boiled. Caused by these events collisions among the club produced, however, split between members; More mild of them in a large number came out of the club and founded a new one, called Filyolinov. Adherents of this direction amounted to the right branch in the Legislative Assembly. Meanwhile, on the sample of the Paris Jacobin club, such clubs began to occur in other cities and even villages: they were about a thousand; All of them entered into correspondence and intercourse with Paris, recognizing themselves by his offices (affiliations).

Paris's predominance and the desire for centralization inherent in the "old order" were sharply expressed in this phenomenon; The impact of the Paris Club on provincial played a big role in the revolutionary re-education of France and significantly promoted the final celebration of the principle of centralization in this country. The branch of the Jacobins of more moderate Fethulinov strengthened its radical elements in the Jacobin club. For its further fate, it was very important that in the distribution between Filyanians and Jacobinians, provincial clubs accepted the side of the latter. At the beginning of September 1791, the elections in the Legislative Assembly, the Jacobinians managed to spend only 5 club leaders; But his influence grew, and in the elections to the Paris municipality, in November, the jobs won over. "Paris Commune" since that time becomes an instrument of the Jacobin Club6 .

1.2. Fighting Mountains and Gironds

Despite the departure of Fethulinov from the Jacobin club, among the last since the beginning of 1792 there was a new split: two parties began to stand out in it, which then fought in the Convention under the name of the Gurondins and Jobs, at first this struggle was hidden under the antagonism of two leaders - Brisso and Robespier.

On September 21, 1792, the Legislative Assembly gave way to the National Convention, Selected Universal, but Double-Paper Votes. In the commercial and industrial regions of the South and the West, "Girondists" won a decisive victory. In the new constituent assembly, they took the right side. True, the total number of deputies given by this party was only 165 people at 745 convention members; But thanks to the support of the "center" or "swamps", as he was called, the Girondists had the majority of the new meeting. In their hands there was now the executive power in the face of the Ministry7 .

Girondists passed to the convention under the flag of Republicans, although after a coup on August 10, their sympathy was rather weakened than the increased. Becoming again in power, the girondists considered the revolution of the finished. Its further development was by no means in their program. Girondists demanded the dissolution of the revolutionary commune and led a fierce campaign against Marat and Robespierre, exposing ridiculous accusations against them in a pursuit of personal dictatorship.

Left convention or "Mountain" (sitting in the meeting room on the top benches) consisted of Democratic Jobs and Corders. The most prominent representatives of the mountain as Marat, Robespierre, Bill-Varenn, passed from Paris. Here the elections were distinguished by great consciousness: the most influential girondists - Brisso, Veno and Condorras - were married, as notorious opponents of the political prevalence of the commune; The electors gave the deputies a completely definite obligation to vote for the republic.

The main support of the "Mountain" was the Jacobin Club, which at the beginning of October excludes from among his members of the BRSISO; Other leaders of the girondists were also soon cleaned or left themselves. Thus, the composition of the club became homogeneous, and the words "Jacobins" and "Montagnary" became various.

The struggle between the "mountain" and "Gironda", which began before August 10 and exacerbated during the "dreewish" of the commune and the legislative assembly, broke out with a new force since the opening of the convention. Girongists sat in the ministries and had a majority deputy votes. But at the disposal of the convetern there was neither armed forces, nor enough influential public groups for which he could lean in the event of a collision with the Citadel of the Paris Democracy - the Community: After all, the National Guard was now in the hands of the political opponents of Zhirond, and a major trading and industrial Capital, whose interests were represented by Brisso and his friends, was too weak in petty-bourgeois Paris.

The king process led to a new major collision of parties. After taking the Royal Palace of Tuileries, documents were discovered who undeniablely established treason of Louis XVI people; Secrets of the courtyard intercourse with abroad and projects for the suppression of the revolution by force of foreign bayonets, which were previously suspected, became now a fact. Crimes of the king demanded retribution. January 21, 1793, Louis XVI was executed.

The position of the girondists deteriorated significantly due to increasing economic difficulties. The political positions of the Gurondovers have greatly staggered after the failed trial of Marat and his subsequent murder, as well as in connection with the increased conflict between their leaders and the Paris Commune, which became the stronghold of the Jacobins.

Chapter 2. Events of Jacobinians in the political sphere

2.1. Constitution on June 24, 1793

The political decisiveness and radicalism of the Jacobins manifested themselves in the new declaration of human rights and a citizen and in the Constitution adopted by the Convention on July 24, 1793 and approved by the overwhelming majority of the people on Plebiscite (Constitution 1 year of the republic). These documents drawn up using the constitutional projects of the girondists experienced the strong influence of the views of the J.-Zh. Rousseau. So, the purpose of society was declared "general happiness." The main task of the government (state) was to ensure the use of man "its natural and inalienable rights". The equality, freedom, security, property were attributed to the number of these rights8 .

According to the Constitution of 1793 in France, the republican rule of government was established.

The constitution of Jacobins rejected the principle of separation of the authorities, as contrary to, according to Z.-H. Rousseau, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe sovereignty of the people speaking as a whole. She provided a simple and, it would seem, a democratic state of the state. As opposed to the plans for the regionalization of France in Art. 1 emphasized that the "French Republic is one and indivisible."

By abolishing the division of citizens on active and passive as incompatible with the idea of \u200b\u200bequality, the Constitution practically legalized the universal eligible law for men (from 21 years). A peculiar pursuit of Jacobins to combine representative bodies with direct democracy (the influence of J.-zh. Rousseau) was reflected in the fact that the legislative corps elected for one year (National Assembly) on a number of important issues (civil and criminal legislation, the total institution of current income and Cost of the republic, the announcement of war, etc.) could only offer laws.

But the system of state bodies provided for by the Jacobin constitution was not created. In connection with the difficult internal and international conditions, the Convention was forced to postpone the entry into force of the Constitution. Being convinced, fanatical and uncompromising revolutionaries, the Jacobinians believed that the final suppression of the counter-revolution and the consolidation of the republic in the current situation could be carried out only as a result of the energetic actions of the government, by establishing the regime of the revolutionary dictatorship.

2.2. Organization of the revolutionary power of the Jacobin

As soon as the Jacobins came to power, they immediately with the aim of attracting the peasantry to their side engaged in fulfilling the requirements of rural residents. The Jacobine Convention accepted on July 3, decree, which established a preferential procedure for selling confiscated land immigrants to the poor to the peasants. From now on, the Earth was sold with small areas with installments for 10 years. A few days later, the Convent published a new decree, which returned to the peasants all the communal land from them, and also introduced the procedure for the section of community lands to equally per capita, if a third of the community residents appeared. And finally, on July 17, the convention, carrying out the main demand of the peasantry, adopted a resolution on the full, final and gratuitous destruction of all feudal rights, duties and defeats10 .

After these new agrarian laws, the peasantry resolutely passed on the side of the Jacobin revolutionary power.

The basics of the Organization of the Revolutionary Government were determined by the Convention in a number of decrees, in particular in the Constituent Law of December 4, 1793 "On Revolutionary Management Management". This decree was envisaged that the "unique management center" in the republic is the national convention. Her recognized the exclusive right to accept and interpret the decrees. Such consolidation of the leading role of the convention in the system of the revolutionary dictatorship organs was due to the progress itself. After the expulsion of Gurondists, the prevailing influence was used by Jacobins.

The convention was closely connected with the Paris Communication, People's Societies, i.e. He was a recognized center of the revolutionary forces of that time, besides a permanent body that promptly reacted to a rapidly changing political situation, considered a large number of questions and for a relatively short time took a huge mass of laws (decrees).

Government power in the system of revolutionary dictatorship of the Jacobinians carried out the Committee of Public Rescue. He moved to the first place among the Committees of the Convention, became an inspirational policy of a revolutionary terror. The role of this committee was particularly increased since July 1793, when he headed instead of Danton, who manifested indecision and a tendency to compromise, stood on the leader of the Jacobinians M. Robespierre. The Committee also includes its closest associates - Saint-Just, Katon, etc.

According to the Decree of the Convention of October 10, 1793, the Committee of Public Salvation had to obey the Interim Executive Council, ministers, generals. He was charged in the duty first daily, and from December 1793. Monthly submit reports on his work to the National Convention11 .

For the connection of the convention and government agencies with places in the Departments and commissioners were sent to the army from among the convent deputies, which were endowed with broad authority. They carried out control over the application of the decrees of the revolutionary government and, if necessary, could remove officials in the departments and generals in the army. The complex political situation (counter-revolutionary meters, treason in the army) forced the Commissioners of the Convention sometimes and immediate administrative and organizational functions - to publish mandatory orders, command military units, etc.

The challenges of the revolutionary dictatorship were adjusted on the ground. The Law of December 4, 1794, important issues were withdrawn from the management of the Department administration, "related to revolutionary laws and measures and public salvation." On these issues, distributs and municipalities were demolished directly with the revolutionary government. Municipalities were extended to the greatest activity in the local government, of which the Girondists were expelled. In the work of the communes and their sections, in general councils, the bottoms of the urban and rural population took a wide participation.

Also decret on March 21, 1793, for supervision of the hostile republic, observational and other special committees were elected to foreigners in each commune and its section. With the jobs, the functions of these committees have significantly expanded, they received the name of the revolutionary committees. These committees, consisting of the most active and fanatically loyal revolutions of citizens, were created throughout the country. They turned into a revolutionary terror tool and to the main support of the public salvation committee in the field. They not only consistently spent the policies of the Center in their districts, but in turn themselves had pressure on the convention, forcing it in some cases to comply with the requirements of the mass revolution.

An important place in the revolutionary dictatorship system was occupied by various folk societies and clubs, first of all, the Jacobin Club in Paris, who fulfilled the role of a kind of political headquarters of the revolution, and numerous branches throughout the country (over 40 thousand).

An important role in the organization of the fight against counter-revolution was played by the Committee of Public Security. On December 4, 1793, "special supervision" was entrusted with the law on December 4, 1793 for all the fact that the "personality and police" concerned. He was not subordinated to the Committee of Public Rescue and was supposed to submit his reports directly to the Convention. Entering the right to investigate counter-revolutionary activities, arrest and legend to the court of the Republic of the Republic, this Committee often abused his authority, became one of the most important punitive bodies in the System of the Jacobin dictatorship. The above-mentioned revolutionary committees played a special role in conducting punitive policies in distribution and communities. Their functions were significantly expanded by law on September 17, 1973 on suspicious. These committees had a direct connection with the Committee of Public Security, sent him the lists of arrested and seized by their documents. The circle of persons who were considered suspicious and subject to arrest was very wide and uncertain. These are persons who are their behavior, connections, speeches, writings "show themselves with supporters of tyranny, federalism and the enemies of freedom," members of the noble families who "did not show their dedication of the revolution," the persons who were denied the issuance of "testimonality certificates" , etc. Revolutionary committees, closely related to folk societies, local branches of the Jacobin club, often showed political intolerance. They launched energetic activities to identify and expose counter-revolutionaries, not very worrying that in many cases they pursued and "neutralized" in any no obey people12 .

In the system of the Yakobin dictatorship organs, the revolutionary tribunal was also played an extremely active role. It was created at the request of the Jacobins yet by the Girondist Convention, but turned into a permanent instrument of a revolutionary terror only after its reorganization on September 5, 1793

Judges, jurors, public prosecutors and their assistants were appointed by the Convention. The entire procedure in the revolutionary tribunal was characterized by simplified and speed, which allowed him to lead targeted, but at the same time a cruel struggle with political opponents of the revolutionary government - royalists, girondists, foreign powers agents. Until June 10, 1794, 2607 people were executed by the sentence of the revolutionary tribunal. The military victories of the revolutionary army and the consolidation of the republic with the inevitability of opponents of the regime and against the "new rich", but he entailed and the growth of the executions of innocent and slander people (1,43 days were executed 1350 people).

But soon, the Jacobinians refused the practical implementation of the provisions of the Constitution of 1793. All the activities of them were now aimed at suppressing the tension of the external and domestic position of the republic, which fought with numerous enemies, the organization and armament of the army, to mobilize the army, to mobilize the people, to suppress counter-revolutionary conspiracies, to the centralization of power, the concentration of it in one hand.

Convert and the Committee of Public Rescue carried out their power through the Commissioners, which were recruited from among the convention deputies. They were sent to places with extremely broad powers to suppress the counter-revolution and the implementation of government events.

By the summer of 1794, when, as a result of the victories of the revolutionary army, military danger disappeared and the new republican system became a political reality, the internal contradictions inherent in the Yakobin regime became more acute and unresolute.

A new monetary aristocracy was annoyed by the entrepreneurship restrictions introduced by Jacobinians. She did not want to put up with terror more, with the limitations of elementary democratic rights, with the actual destruction of the constitutional mechanism created by the revolution.

The multi-million dollar-fastened peasantry in the course of the revolution has lost its revolutionary-democratic attitude, turned away from Jacobins. As noted above, the leaders of the Jacobins pushed out of themselves ultimately and the bottom of the city and rural population13 .

In the conditions when the ruling block was quickly broken, in Convention, a conspiracy group of Montagnarov, who spoke, including with the purpose of self-preservation, against the failed and the Vakhanlia of the Jacobin Terror (Talien, Barras, etc.). Since the leaders of the Jacobinians exhausted reserves of their revolutionary activity, and therefore could not rely on the masses again, their board had all more acquired the features of political suicide. The plans of the conspirators, to whom a number of members of both government committees joined, are relatively easily easily implemented on July 27, 1794 (9 thermadors - on the republican calendar).

2.3. Organization of removal of intervention

With even greater energy, the government undertook to organize victory over invading armies of the interventionists. The Jacobinians led by Robespierre managed to make the fact that contemporaries - and enemies, and the friends of the revolution seemed miracle. In the shortest possible time 14 new armies were created. By the beginning of 1794, the republic put over the enemies over 600 thousand fighters. The country was covered by a heroic impulse - to achieve victory at any cost.

In organizing the defeat of the troops of the feudal monarchic coalition, invaded to the Republican France, the decisive role was played by the Army transformed by Jacobin. In August 1793, the Convention issued a decree on a universal militia, according to which the transition from the volunteer principle to the mandatory set, i.e., the creation of the mass folk army. In art. Decree 1 was said: "From now on, all the French should continue to expand the enemies from the territory of the republic in constant readiness for the service in the army. Young people must go to fight, married will make weapons and transport food, women will sew tents and clothing and serve in hospitals, children will pinch a corpury from old linen, old people will be in public places to excite the courage of warriors, hatred of the kings and call to the unity of the Republic "14 . Restable battalions, fused with recruitment parts (the so-called amalgam of the army), brought the revolutionary spirit to the army environment and strengthened the combat capability of military units. On team posts, including generals, young, capable and volitional people were put forward, many of whom were people from the people.

Ruthless and unprecedented strikes of the revolutionary terror could not fail to break the internal counterrevolution. In the fall of 1793, a girondist insurgency was suppressed in the south, the defeat of the rebels in the province of Wanda was defeated. At the same time, the republican army stopped and threw back the arms troops. In December, the troops of the convention was taken by the city toulon, which was the largest naval port and was previously captured by the British.

This led to the fact that in the spring of 1794, martial law improved significantly. The French army, intercepting the initiative on the fronts, firmly held its position.

June 26, 1794 in a fierce battle near the city of Fleusus, the French army, who was commanded by General Jourdan, broke the coalition troops.

Within one year, the Jacobin dictatorship fulfilled the fact that she did not succeed in achieving the previous four years of revolution: she crushed feudalism, allowed the main tasks of the bourgeois revolution, and also broke the resistance of its internal and external enemies.

Although as a result of all these measures, it was really possible to create an extremely politicized army, it was still not meant that it was ready and able to attract other people to the direction of the revolution. There were two very good reasons for. First, military personnel, even having passed the course of processing in the spirit of republican ideology, often showed much less zeal to a social cause, rather than the revolutionary propaganda required. Many soldiers, judging by their letters to their relatives, were more concerned about the urgent problems of everyday being - the quality of the province, the price of beer, the lack of clothing, the living conditions of the homes of wives and children, rather than the fundamental principles of the national ideology. Secondly, even if we assume that the soldiers would like to attract the population of the occupied countries to their side, the latter was still not always rejoiced by the arrival of conquerors and showed readiness to divide their views and political slogans. Instead of perceiving the soldiers of the revolution as missionaries of the ideology of fraternity and humanity, they were identified with the exploitative and imperial politics, which, according to Belgians, Swiss and Spaniards, held France.

The latter circumstance became particularly important with the expansion of the Theater of Military Action in 1793, which put the French armies before the need to engage in self-employment in the territory of the countries just employed. From that moment on, other states had to get used to the position of defeated and related expenses, because the French did not hide their financial appetites. The economic benefits of France were invariably considered as an absolute priority. Thus, on September 18, 1793, the Committee of Public Rescue ordered the commander of the French armies, located in the occupied territories, "find, as far as possible, in an enemy country, all that is necessary for the supply of armies of provisions to provide them with weapons, shape, ammunition and transport "15 . And in May of next year, four trade agencies were created to organize the export from there the essential items. For the occupied countries - Spain, Belgium, the Priesna lands - from these orders, a completely obvious conclusion was flowing: the war was a conquest and was carried out for the sake of satisfaction of the appetites of France.

Chapter 3. Jacobine Terror

One of the essential features of the Yakobin dictatorship was to create special organs intended to combat external enemies and internal counter-revolution. In its activities aimed at protecting the republic and the conquest of the revolution, they used the methods of a revolutionary terror.

In the summer of 1793, the food situation was significantly aggravated. Urban bases experienced strong need. Representatives of Plebeism, first of all, "mad", performed with the criticism of the policy of the Jacobin government, as well as the Constitution of 1793. They believed that she did not ensure the interests of the poor.

The beginning of the movement of "Fucking" should be considered spring 1792, when the leaders of this movement of Jacques, Varl, Lehler and Claire Lacomub performed on a wide political activity.

After June 2, 1793, the Jacobins did not want and could not want to carry out these promises. That is why published on May 4, 1793, i.e. even at the girondists, a completely unsatisfactory food law (the so-called first maximum) not only was not improved, but in general almost ceased to be applied in practice16 .

Jobs with the implementation and other requirements of sections and "mad" rushed so little.

The natural result of this was the transition of "mad" in the offensive against the Jacobinians, the prominent manifestation of which was the performance of Jacques at the convention meeting on June 25, 1793 with the petition on behalf of the club of Corderiers and the two Parisian sections: Graville in which he lived and enjoyed great popularity, And Bon Nouvele. The most important practical proposal contained in this petition was the requirement of complementing the draft constitution of the article that established the death penalty for speculation by products and essential goods. But much more important than this requirement itself, the theoretical motivation of its legitimacy was contained in the Petition: "Freedom is nothing but an empty ghost, when one class can face the other hunger. Equality is an empty ghost when rich for monopolies enjoys the right to life and death over themselves like. An empty ghost and the republic, when a counter-revolution acts day after day, establishing such products for products, which three quarters of citizens can, only pouring down tears ... For four years only rich uses the benefits of the revolution ... Only the discontinuation of the discharge of merchants. .. Only the provision of food sanctuates you will attract them to the side of the revolution and combine them around constitutional laws "17 .

The announcement of the Petition of Jacques has caused an explosion of indignation in Convention, the reasons for which it is not difficult to understand. If the proposal of "mad" on the introduction to the constitution of the point, which established the death penalty for speculation, was directly directed only against the "new" speculative bourgeoisie, the interests of which were represented by the extent dancers, then the robes belgers could not remain indifferent.

Jacobinians responded to the performances of "rabid" repressions. At the beginning of September, Jacques and other leaders of "mad" were arrested. But the plebey remained the most important combat power of the revolution, and therefore, on September 4 - on September 5, large street performances occurred in Paris. The main requirements of the people, including workers who took an active part in these speeches, were: "Universal maximum", revolutionary terror and helping the poor. Jacobinians who sought to preserve the Union not only with the peasantry, but also with the city plebey, went to meet the requirements of Santelotov: On September 5, a resolution was adopted about the organization of a special "revolutionary army" for "bringing to execution throughout where it will be needed by revolutionary laws and public measures Rescue declared by the Convention »18 .

On September 29, the Convention adopted a decree on the establishment of solid prices for basic food and consumption items - the so-called "universal maximum". For the supply of Paris, other cities, and the army of food from the fall of 1793, the details of the grain and other food products became widely practiced. At the end of October, the Central Food Commission was established, which was provided with the supply of supply and monitored a "maximum". The propulsion of bread in the villages together with local authorities was carried out by the detachments of the "revolutionary army", which consisted of Parisan Sanunotov. In order to streamline the supply of the population in solid prices and other necessary food products in Paris and many other cities, cards for bread, meat, sugar, oil, salt and soap were introduced. In addition, the conven under pressure from popular bases decided to "put terror in order of the day." On September 17, a law on "suspicious" was adopted, which expanded the rights of revolutionary bodies in the fight against counter-revolutionary elements.

The court of the revolutionary Tribunal and the former Queen of Maria-Antoinette and numerous representatives of the noble aristocracy, including some Girondists, were executed. The revolutionary terror began to spread throughout the country.

The revolutionary terror was directed not only against the political, but also against the economic counterrevolution. It was widely applied to speculators, buyers and all those who violating the "maximum" law and disorganizing the supply of cities and the army by food, thereby playing the enemies of the revolution and the interventory.

The period of lifting the Jacobin dictatorship was short. The fact is that at the basis of the Jacobin dictatorship, as in their politics, deep internal contradictions were hidden. Jacobins fought in the name of the complete celebration of freedom, democracy, equality by methods that are invalid to achieve these goals.

The country lived in a state of a cruel dictatorship, which was subjected to strict state regulation selling and distributing products and other goods, sent to the guillotine of everyone who was not agreed with the policy of Jacobins and violated the "maximum" laws.

Since state intervention was carried out only in the field of distribution and did not affect the sphere of production, the entire repressive policy of the Jacobin government and all its efforts in the field of state regulation contributed to the growth of the economic power of the bourgeoisie. Over the years of the revolution, this economic power has increased significantly as a result of the liquidation of feudal land tenure and sales of national estates.19 .

At the same time, the internal contradiction of the policy of Jacobins led to the fact that discontent grew and in the ranks of the Plebeian defenders of the revolution.

Not satisfied with the Jacobin dictatorship of the desires of the rustic poor. The sale of national estates was on hand to the wealthy tip of the peasantry, which bought most of the land, which led to a non-stop strengthening of the differentiation of the peasantry. The poorness was sought by limiting the size of the farms, possessions of wealthy peasants, withdrawal of the Earth and the division of it between the poor. But the Jacobins did not dare to support their requirements. Local authorities have increasingly become on the side of rich peasants in their conflicts with agricultural workers. This caused a dissatisfaction with Jacobin politics among the poor population population of the village.

Due to the fact that social contradictions aggravated in the country, the crisis of the revolutionary dictatorship began, the scholars themselves had a split in the ranks. In the fall of 1793, two opposition groups began to be formed among them. The first of them was formed around Danton.

Thus, the grouping of dantonists was soon determined, they became the right wing of the Jacobinians, which represented a new bourgeoisie on the revolution.

Dentonists sometimes demanded more, sometimes less frankly eliminating the revolutionary-democratic dictatorship.

It should be noted that the Committee of Public Rescue, headed by Robespierre and Robesbierovtsy, met the opposition not only to the right, but also on the left. This discontent reflected the Paris Commune and Section. They were looking for ways to mitigate the needs of the poor and demanded further to pursue a policy of severe repression against speculators, violators of the "maximum" law, etc.

After the defeat of the "mad" most influential grouping in Paris, supporters of the Shometet and Eber - left jacobins, who later began to call Eburyrs. To some extent, they can be considered the receivers "mad". The degree of cohesion and uniformity of Eberists was small20 .

In the spring of 1794, due to the deterioration of the food situation in Paris, Eberists began to criticize the activities of the Committee of Public Rescue. Eber and his supporters were arrested. They were condemned by the revolutionary tribunal, and on March 24, they were executed.

Brutal repressions, unleashed by Jacobins led to the fact that they began to kill each other. Already a week later, the government has hit the ditonists. On April 2, Danton, Demlen and others were betrayed by the Revolutionary Tribunal and on April 5 guilotinized.

The revolutionary government went to an inevitable self-waiting. Nothing could stop inner repressions when comrades began to kill each other. These events caused widespread discontent in the capital. Thus, part of the forces, which previously supported the Jacobin dictatorship was turned away from Robespiercers. Externally, the position of the revolutionary government was strengthened. The opposition to dictatorship ceased. But this is an external impression of the strength and strength of the Jacobin dictatorship, from now deceiving.

In fact, the Jacobin dictatorship experienced a sharp crisis. Jacobins began to meet an ever-increasing hostility from the city and rural bourgeoisie, and terror, unleashed in her ranks, turned out some part of the people who devote to her earlier.

On June 10, 1794, the Convention at the insistence of Robesplier adopted a new law, which significantly increased terror. For six weeks after the publication of this law, the revolutionary tribunal made up to fifty death sentences daily. So people who were covered with high words about good and justice, finally turned into bloody executioners. At that time, a battle occurred at Fleleus with the Prussian army and the combined coalition troops. The arches troops were defeated, and this victory strengthened the intentions of the wide layers of the bourgeoisie, the owners who were unhappy with the strengthening of terror - which is not surprising! - Get rid of the tremendous regime of the revolutionary-democratic dictatorship.

Conclusion

The role of the Jacobin Club in the French Revolution is not yet sufficiently recognized, although individual historians are both the apologists of the revolution and critics - more than once indicated this role. In fact, the influence of this club is one of the most characteristic facts in the "evolution" of the revolutionary movement. If the press of that time fastened the revolutionary passions, then clubs, and the head of them - Jacobin, united and sent movement. The expression of the Herzen on the "production" of revolutions is best determined by the role of the Jacobin club. From French historians, Kina, idealizing the revolution, as follows, summarizes the activities of the Jacobin Club. "The ideas of the revolution spread thousands of mouth and were heard from everywhere as an echo. The principles of revolution, which would remain in the books of the dead letter, suddenly dose a thousand-year-old night. No authority was in the state to fight these clubs. They impose their opinions to three great legislative assemblies, then being in their meetings, then their addresses giving them orders. The thought that emanated from the Jacobin club was flying out France in a few days and, returning to Paris, he was heard in the Legislative Assembly or Convention as a Bezellement Plebiscit. This may have concluded the newest side of the revolution.

There was no more valid car, better folded to fabricate an artificial and fierce opinion, to give him the kind of national and instinctive (Spontan é) of a gust, to transfer the right to the right of the silent majority and subjugate the government. In the last two works on the revolution, the role of the Jacobin Club of Stushevan. In the volume of the essay of Zhores there is no speech about it; OLAR, a specialist in this matter, published a collection of documents on the history of the Jacobin club, devotes him to only one paragraph and, deriving his influence, says: "The Jacobin Club followed this era (Saint. 1792) for all the peripets of public opinion and expressed them True and prudently "21 .

The huge influence of the Jacobin Club on the course of the revolution is not doubtful and can be proven by the reviews of contemporaries. It was manifested in two directions: the club prepared the laws for the convention and forced him to accept them. In the first time, it is possible to refer to Saint-Just, who directly recognizes that speakers were represented by the Decree on the Convention, developing them before in the Jacobin club. About the method of suggestion by the Convention of the Jacobin Understanding Abbot Gregohar says: "Our tactic was very simple. According to the persuade, one of us enjoyed a convenient opportunity to throw its offer in one of the meetings of the National Assembly. He knew in advance that it would meet only a very small number of Members of the Assembly, most will break out against him. But it was not important. He demanded that his proposal to be transferred to the Commission; Our opponents, hoping to bury him there, did not mind it. But the Parisian Jacobins took the question. According to their circular or under the influence of their newspapers, the question was discussed in three or four-fourths affiliated clubs, and three weeks later, addresses were poured on all sides, which took a significant majority of the project, they previously rejected "22 . In view of this, for the full lighting of the role of the Jacobin club, not only the study of the activities of the Central Club, but also local, which is much more difficult.

List of used literature

Beranta P.-H. Full collection of songs: in 2 tons. - M.-L.: Science, 1976. - T. 1. - 637 p.
Danton J.-H. Selected speeches. - Kharkov, 1964. - 312 p.
Documents of the history of the Great French Revolution: uch. Poste: at 2 t. / resp. ed. A.V. Ado. - M.: Publishing House Mosk. un-ta, 1992. - T. 1. - 352 p.; T. 2. - 352 p.
Zhores J. Socialist history of the French Revolution: at 6 tons / lane. With Fr. Ed. A.V. Ado. - M.: Progress, 1983. - T.V, VI.
Constitution and legislative acts of bourgeois states of the XVII - XIX centuries: England, USA, France, Italy, Germany: Sat. Documents / Ed. prof. PN Galances. - M.: Gizurizdat, 1957. - 587 p.
Kropotkin P.A. The French Revolution. 1789 - 1793. - M.: Science, 1979. - 575 p.
Manfred A. The French Revolution. - M.: Science, 1983. - 431 p.
Manfred A. Maximilian Robespierre is an outstanding figure of the Great French Bourgeois Revolution: (by the 200th anniversary of his birth). - M.: Knowledge, 1958. - 48 p.
Marat J.-P. Selected works: at 3 tons / comp. V.P. Volgin, A.Z. Manfred; Per. S.B. Kana - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1956. - T. 1. - 360 p.
Marx K., Engels F. Works: In 30 T. - 2nd ed. - M.: Policy, 1984. - T. 6. - 483 p.
Montesquieu Sh.L. Selected works / general ed. and join. Article M.P. Basquina. - M.: Mimovitisdat, 1955. - 800 p.
OLAR A. Orators of the French Revolution: in 2 tons. - M., 1907 - 1908. - T. 1, 2.
OLAR A. Political History of the French Revolution: The origin and development of democracy and the republic. 1789 - 1804. - M.: Science, 1968. - 462 p.
Ruunenkov V.G. Essays on the history of the Great French Revolution. The fall of the monarchy 1789 - 1792. - L.: Publishing House of Leningr. University, 1982. - 240 s.
Robespierre M. Selected Works: In 3 T. / Ed. Premium. A.Z. Manfred and others - M.: Science, 1965. - 318 p.
Rousseau Zh.-zh. TRACTS / ON ed. A.Z. Manfred. - M.: Science, 1969. - 703 p.
Fedorov K.G. The history of the state and the rights of foreign countries: uch. pos. - 2nd ed., Pererab. and add. - L.: Publishing house Leningr. University, 1977. - 456 p.
French Revolution of the XVIII century: Economics, Politics, Ideology: Sat. Art. / Answer ed. G.S. Kucherenko. - M.: Science, 1988. - 268 p.

1 Rousseau Zh.-zh. TRACTS / ON ed. A.Z. Manfred. - M.: Science, 1969. - P. 213.

2 Ruunenkov V.G. Essays on the history of the Great French Revolution. The fall of the monarchy 1789 - 1792. - L.: Publishing House of Leningr. University, 1982. - P. 65.

3 French Revolution of the XVIII century: Economics, Politics, Ideology: Sat. Art. / Answer ed. G.S. Kucherenko. - M.: Science, 1988. - P. 78.

4 Fedorov K.G. The history of the state and the rights of foreign countries: uch. pos. - 2nd ed., Pererab. and add. - L.: Publishing house Leningr. University, 1977. - P. 218.

5 OLAR A. Political History of the French Revolution: The origin and development of democracy and the republic. 1789 - 1804. - M.: Science, 1968. - P. 176.

6 Manfred A. The French Revolution. - M.: Science, 1983. - P. 109.

7 Zhores J. Socialist history of the French Revolution: at 6 tons / lane. With Fr. Ed. A.V. Ado. - M.: Progress, 1983. - T. V. - P. 232.

8 Constitution and legislative acts of bourgeois states of the XVII - XIX centuries: England, USA, France, Italy, Germany: Sat. Documents / Ed. prof. PN Galances. - M.: Gizurizdat, 1957. - P. 267.

9 Constitution and legislative acts of bourgeois states of the XVII - XIX centuries: England, USA, France, Italy, Germany: Sat. Documents / Ed. prof. PN Galances. - M.: Gizurizdat, 1957. - P. 269.

10 OLAR A. Political History of the French Revolution: The origin and development of democracy and the republic. 1789 - 1804. - M.: Science, 1968. - P. 265.

11 Documents of the history of the Great French Revolution: uch. Poste: at 2 t. / resp. ed. A.V. Ado. - M.: Publishing House Mosk. UN-TA, 1992. - T. 1. - P. 264.

12 Fedorov K.G. The history of the state and the rights of foreign countries: uch. pos. - 2nd ed., Pererab. and add. - L.: Publishing house Leningr. University, 1977. - P. 197.

13 French Revolution of the XVIII century: Economics, Politics, Ideology: Sat. Art. / Answer ed. G.S. Kucherenko. - M.: Science, 1988. - P. 89.

14 Documents of the history of the Great French Revolution: uch. Poste: at 2 t. / resp. ed. A.V. Ado. - M.: Publishing House Mosk. University, 1992. - T. 2. - P. 142.

15 Kropotkin P.A. The French Revolution. 1789 - 1793. - M.: Science, 1979. - P. 119.

16 Manfred A. The French Revolution. - M.: Science, 1983. - P. 136.

17 French Revolution of the XVIII century: Economics, Politics, Ideology: Sat. Art. / Answer ed. G.S. Kucherenko. - M.: Science, 1988. - P. 187.

18 Documents of the history of the Great French Revolution: uch. Poste: at 2 t. / resp. ed. A.V. Ado. - M.: Publishing House Mosk. University, 1992. - T. 2. - P. 122.

19 Zhores J. Socialist history of the French Revolution: at 6 tons / lane. With Fr. Ed. A.V. Ado. - M.: Progress, 1983. - T. V. - P. 312.

20 Ruunenkov V.G. Essays on the history of the Great French Revolution. The fall of the monarchy 1789 - 1792. - L.: Publishing House of Leningr. University, 1982. - P. 176.

21 Ruunenkov V.G. Essays on the history of the Great French Revolution. The fall of the monarchy 1789 - 1792. - L.: Publishing House of Leningr. UN-TA, 1982. - P. 95.

22 Robespierre M. Selected Works: In 3 T. / Ed. Premium. A.Z. Manfred and others. - M.: Science, 1965. - P. 163.

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The political decisiveness and radicalism of the Jacobins manifested themselves in the new declaration of human rights and a citizen and in the Constitution adopted by the Convention on July 24, 1793 and approved by the overwhelming majority of the people on Plebiscite (Constitution 1 year of the republic). These documents drawn up using the constitutional projects of the girondists experienced the strong influence of the views of the J.-Zh. Rousseau. So, the purpose of society was declared "general happiness." The main task of the government (state) was to ensure the use of man "its natural and inalienable rights". Equality, freedom, security, property of the Constitution and legislative acts of the bourgeois states of the XVII - XIX centuries are attributed to the number of these rights: England, USA, France, Italy, Germany: Sat. Documents / Ed. prof. PN Galances. - M.: Gizurizdat, 1957. - P. 267 ..

According to the Constitution of 1793 in France, the republican rule of government was established.

The Executive Board was the Supreme Government Body of the Republic. He had to consist of 24 members elected by the National Assembly from candidates put forward by lists from the primary and departments. The executive council was entrusted with the "General Management and Observing" management "(Art. 65). The Council was responsible to the National Assembly "In the event of non-fulfillment of laws and decrees, as well as in the event of a preoccupation of abuses" (Article 72) of the Constitution and legislative acts of the bourgeois states of the XVII - XIX century: England, USA, France, Italy, Germany: Sat . Documents / Ed. prof. PN Galances. - M.: Gizyurizdat, 1957. - P. 269 ..

After the fall of Zhirond, the power of France in a tense atmosphere was in the hands of the Yako-Bintse. Jacobins occupied the leading position in the Convention and relied on the support of the Paris Commune.

The chief body of the Jacobin dictatorship was the Committee of Communication and Salvation, which included the most radical Jacobins led by Robespierre.

Jacobins destroyed all OS-Tuts "of the old order" in the village. At the same time, decisive measures were taken to suppress the uprising in Wanda, where "hellish columns" of the revolutionary troops were sent from Paris. The decree adopted by the Jacobin Convention announced a law enclusion, for which the death penalty was assumed to confiscate the property of speculatory-com.

To reflect the external threat in August 1793, universal mobilization began. Military reform conducted by the Jaco Bindings led to the creation of per prior in the history of the Mass National Army, the hiring forces of other states. The talented commander was launched on command positions in the army.

Jacobin dictatorship entered the story thanks to not so much to its transformations as a terror that turned into a major means of solving polynic problems. By decision of the convention, a special revolutionary army was created and decree was adopted, in accordance with which all suspicious persons were subject to non-slow arrest "to continue before the conclusion of the world."

"Suspicious" people were announced, who "their behavior or connections, speeches or essays, showed themselves as supporters of Tira, feudalism and enemies of freedom"; All those who could not make sure "the sources of their existence and the fact of the fulfillment of their civil obsessions", and many others. The list of "suspicious" also replenished violators taken by soon decrees about the establishment of the maximum price and wages. The setting of the maximum led to the almost complete source of goods from the sale and to the flourishing of underground trading. The revo lusion army began his bloody campaign in the country. Commissioners of the Emergency Control Commissioners were sent to the Departments, who became conductors of the terror policy on the ground. One of the worst crimes of the terror era was the destruction of the largest Economic center of France of Lyon and the mass executions of His Nasya. In Nante, on the orders of the Commissioner of Convention, several thousand people were drowned in Loire.

Against Robespierre's policy, i.e. Against the Jacobin dictatorship, they spoke so nazuable "indulgent". Their leader Danon successfully combined revolutionary activities with personal enrichment, using ample opportunities, pre-delivered by the revolution. Danton sounded against the extremes of the revolutionary dictatorship and for the refusal of terror. On the other hand, radical jacobins demanded tightening measures against nouveau and speculators. In the spring of 1794, the new wave of terror was bold with the political arena both of these groupings, and after that a fighter package of Zaup-Tala in an even more mad pace. The decret on the revolutionary tribunal was introduced as a wide concept of the "enemy of the people", which could be undergoing almost the entire population of France. As a result, the logic of the "revolutionary need" and the merciless "war of freedom" at the time of the grouping of Robespier to complete isolation and the collapse of the Jacobin regime.