Features of the language means of the document. Report: Documentation support of management. What feelings are reflected in the poem
Lyric Poem Analysis Template
http://lib.repetitors.eu/literatura/130-2010-01-15-07-46-27/2229-2010-08-26-10-43-55
1. Where to begin?
Associations that the poem evokes;
The mood that the poem creates
The thoughts it evokes
The facts of the biography of the poet, RELATING TO this poem
Reasoning about the place of the poem in the poet's work
Judgments about the general laws of the poet's creativity, which are reflected in a specific poem;
A quote from a poem;
Review of the critic's poem.
Theme and idea. Title.
Theme- what is the poem about? (love lyrics, philosophical, landscape, poet and poetry theme, confessional, etc.)
Idea thought of as perception of the topic. The idea is individual . To determine idea one of the questions can be applied:
Why the poet wrote this poem what he wanted to say to your reader ?
What's new I learned, understood after reading this poem ?
The title allows you to build a number of expectations, assumptions, possible movement of thought, the title can be opposed to the content. Poetics of disappointed expectations. Negative reception.
Attracting channels of perception: what I am I see, I hear, I feel in a poem?
3. Analyzing an art form to "create" content.
The analysis of formal elements makes sense only when they can be distinguished. meaningful function. Each of the elements should bring the researcher closer to the base of the cone.
1) Genre.
Epigram (satirical portrait)
Epitaph (posthumous)
Elegy (meditative poem)
Oda (laudatory)
Message - a poem written in the form of an appeal to someone and containing appeals, requests, wishes
The sonnet is a poem of 14 lines: two quatrains and two three verses.
2) Belonging to a certain literary direction:
sentimentalism romanticism
realism symbolism
acmeism futurism
3) Composition.
Division into semantic parts
Strophic and syntactic division. (A stanza is a group of verses with a given number of lines and an arrangement of rhymes, usually repeated in other similar groups.)
Rhythm, rhyme, rhyme.
The basis of any poetic thing is rhythm - "the main force, the main energy of the verse" (V.V. Mayakovsky).
Rhythm- (from the Greek rhythmos - proportionality) - periodic repetition of homogeneous elements in poetic speech.
Poetic dimensions: trochee, iambic, dactyl, amphibrachium, anapest.
Metric stress violations: pyrrhic, spondeus.
Rhyme- a tool in search of meaning. O. Mandelstam
Rhyme - the same or similar sounding of the ends of poetic lines.
The rhyme can be rich: complete coincidence of sounds preceding the stressed vowel (fence - grapes; works - ores)
poor: consonance of stressed vowels in the absence of coincidence of the preceding consonants (wind - methyl).
Rich rhymes have always been rated especially sonorous
Rhyme
adjacent (paired) AABB (semantic autonomy of rhyming strings)
cross ABAB (semantic roll-overs, wholeness)
encircling (ring) ABBA (solidity)
Features of language design.
Syntax(different types of sentences, the presence of complicated simple sentences, the role of homogeneous members, appeals, clarifications, etc.)
Morphology(predominance of certain parts of speech, forms)
Morphemics(role of some morphemes)
Sound organization- ways to emphasize certain lines in the mind:
assonance (repetition of vowels)
alliteration (consonant sounds are repeated)
Vocabulary: synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, archaisms, neologisms, individual author's formations.
Paths (words and phrases that are used not in a direct, but in a figurative, figurative meaning):
Allegory - an allegorical image of an abstract concept / phenomenon through concrete images and objects
- hyperbole - artistic exaggeration,
Irony is a hidden mockery
- litota - artistic understatement
- a metaphor - a hidden comparison, without a union. And how B = VA
- metonymy - rapprochement, comparison of concepts according to the principle of contiguity (containing - content, thing - material, author - his work, etc.)
Oxymoron - a combination of opposite words
Periphrase - a descriptive turn of speech used instead of a word or phrase
Comparison - And as (as if, as if) B, A is similar to B, AB (TV.p.)
- epithet - artistic definition
- personification - endowing inanimate objects with human properties
Stylistic figures- turns of speech that deviate from the usual flow of speech and are designed to emotionally affect the reader or listener. In contrast to tropes, various syntactic constructions and speeches are called.
anaphora antithesis inversion
epiphora gradation parcelling
non-union multi-union syntactic parallelism
rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal
4. How to finish?
To summarize.
What feelings are reflected in the poem?
What is it all about?
Ch.T.D.
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Introduction
language business written vocabulary
At the present time, it is customary to distinguish between the following types of language: the language of fiction, oral speech and three functional styles of the book-written language (journalistic, scientific and official-business).
Each of these variants of the literary language is characterized by a special functional orientation of speech. The linguistic traditions of the official business style, formed several centuries ago, impose certain requirements on the content of the official document and its speech design. And above all, the language of the official document must comply with the general norms of the modern Russian literary language. Business communication through documents also has its own specific features that affect the nature of the transmitted information, its content and language design. A number of the most significant features of a service document can be identified, which must be taken into account by the compiler. These features are extralinguistic (non-linguistic) and linguistic in nature and are closely interrelated.
Let us consider sequentially the extralinguistic and linguistic features of the service document.
Features of the document language
Extra-linguistic features of the document
- 1. Accuracy and clarity. The main requirement for the content of the document is its maximum accuracy and comprehensibility (clarity). The accuracy of the presentation assumes the unambiguous understanding of the content set forth in the document. The adequacy of the perception of the text by both the author of the document and its addressee is extremely important in business communication at all stages of management activity.
- 2. Collegiality. It is generally accepted that the determining factor in explaining the style features of the text of the document is the status of the author. Regardless of who is the direct (technical) compiler of the document or its official author who signs the protocol, the “collective entity” becomes the addressee (sender), which also sends his official message to the “collective addressee” (recipient). The author-compiler of the document must be personally responsible for the information presented in it. Most of the official documents are endorsed and signed by a few specific responsible persons. It also emphasizes both the collegial nature of the document and the personal responsibility for the content of the document of each of the signatories.
- 3. Targeting. Another important characteristic of document communication, as experts note, is the precise targeting of the document. The document is not written to everyone or to someone in general, but to a specific organization or a specific circle of organizations, specific officials or employees. There are no unaddressed documents. This is a common feature of the formal business style of speech that distinguishes it from other styles.
- 4. Thematic limitation. An essential factor of documentary communication that affects the nature of management information is the repetition and thematic limitation of management situations, which leads to the use of the same types of documents, the same language means, for making a specific decision. In total, there are approximately 60 types of management documents that correspond to the main business situations that arise and exist in the public service.
- 5. Timeliness and relevance. The effectiveness of management activities in the system of state power is only high when timely and relevant information is used to make a decision. Therefore, the protocol should contain in its content the most recent, important and relevant information for the organization. In its preparation, the latest advances in science and technology should be used that meet international standards and requirements. The compiler of the document must reflect the information that is currently legally binding.
- 6. Credibility and objectivity. This requirement means that a business message must reflect the actual state of affairs, present an unbiased, impartial assessment of events.
- 7. Persuasiveness. Reasonableness and persuasiveness of information are associated with the task of prompting the addressee to perform or not to perform certain actions.
- 8. Completeness. This requirement assumes that the protocol must contain all the information necessary to make an informed decision. Its insufficiency can revive the need to request additional information, which will lead to a loss of time and affect the timeliness of decision-making.
- 9. Concise and laconic. So, the text of the document should be complete and at the same time concise - both in content and in form.
- 10. Neutrality. The neutral tone of the presentation of the document is the norm for official business communication.
Linguistic features of the document
As a result of centuries of development in the official business style, such linguistic means and ways of expressing content have been developed that allow the most effective way to record management information. The language of official documents differs significantly from the language of fiction, journalism, colloquial speech; from the language of science. It has a number of linguistic features. The main and defining feature of the document language is the locale.
The need for a language standard in the document is due to the previously considered extralinguistic factor of the accuracy and unambiguity of interpreting the content of the document.
The language standard in the document manifests itself: in the design and structure of the text, in the use of the same words and language formulas, in repetitive situations, in the construction of sentences.
Theoretical foundations of the study of primary and secondary nomination as a way of terminology formation. Methods for replenishing terminological vocabulary. Features of language design on the Internet. The main meaning of terminology in Russian and English.
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When compiling the texts of documents, a business style with specific features is used:
Completeness and timeliness of information. The main task of the compiler of the document is to clearly reflect the information having (acquiring) legal force.
Neutral (without emotional coloring) tone of presentation, which provides for the presentation of the text from a third person ("the company directs", "the bank does not object"); lack of emotional coloring of facts, events; lack of a personal approach to the assessment of information, because the author acts on behalf of the organization.
Accuracy and clarity of presentation (exclusion of figurative words and expressions, use of clarifications and additions, etc.). Accuracy and clarity of documents is achieved by careful choice of words; the use of words and terms in the meanings traditional for the norms of the general literary language, which do not allow for a different interpretation of what is written by the author; the direct order of words in a sentence (the predicate follows the subject, the definition comes before the word being defined).
Conciseness, brevity of the text and clarity of presentation, exclusion of secondary details and repetitions, unnecessary details, laconicism, etc.). The texts of letters, memorandum and service notes, and other documents, as a rule, do not exceed one page.
The persuasiveness of official documents, which is achieved by: the presence of reliable information; the presence of compelling arguments prompting the recipient of the document to perform certain actions; the logic of presentation; impeccable wording in legal terms;
The use of stable (template) phrases (standard phrases). Stable phrases are the use of most words in official documents with only one or a limited group of words.
Limited combinability of words.
Use of verbal nouns.
Use of special terms (“decided”, “decided”, “I order”);
Use of common abbreviations. This allows you to reduce the volume of documents, accelerate the perception of information. Abbreviations are subject to: individual words (for example, ruble - rub.); phrases (for example, and so on - and so on). When using abbreviations, it is necessary to take into account that they must be understandable to the addressee, they are the same throughout the text of the document (for example, it is unacceptable to use the abbreviation of the word "lord" as "g." And "mr" in one text).
Use of generic words with undefined meaning;
Exclusion from the text of archaisms ("this year", "with this we are guiding").
The concept of "document text" in regulations and literature.
The most important document-forming feature is the text (from the Latin texstus - connection, fabric). In official documents, this is the main requisite of the form.
The text of the official document, in accordance with GOST R 51141-98 "Office work and archival business. Terms and definitions ", this is" information recorded by any type of writing or any sound recording system, containing all or the main part of the speech information of the document. "
In document science, the text is considered as coherent, consistently "woven", containing a certain meaning, a set of various signs (means of expression), both linguistic and non-linguistic.
The concept of document unification in normative acts and literature.
In GOST R 51141 - 98 y nified document form - it is a system of documentation, created according to uniform rules and requirements, containing the information necessary for management in a certain field of activity
Any speech is more or less standardized. The main goal of the unification of texts is to improve management documentation, to accelerate the adoption of optimal management decisions, and therefore to increase the overall efficiency of the entire management process.
The unification of texts allows: 1. To solve the problems of streamlining the composition of the documents of the organization, fixing the performance of the same type of functions. 2. Reduce the cost of creating documents. 3. Save time and effort required for reading, familiarity with the document. 4. Unified templates of text documents are easy to use in computer-aided office systems.
Unification method.
The main by the method of text unification office documents is the allocation of constant and variable information. Permanent information refers to the one that contains the essence of the management situation, while variable information concretizes the topic.
Types of unification and standardization of the text of service documents:
1) standardization of language units, legislative consolidation of them in GOSTs (office terms, industry terms, names of objects, products, lexical and graphic abbreviations);
2) development of unified forms of presentation of document texts (for example, unified texts with permanent information on the form of a document);
3) formalization of linguistic means (i.e. limiting the use of elements of a natural language due to the use of artificial linguistic means: codes, symbols, graphic elements, etc.).
Preconditions for unification.
The unification of document texts has a long history and rich traditions. The first attempts to unify the texts of official documents date back to the 1st-2nd millennia BC. Even then, the gradual increase in the number of documents required the use of their unified structure. In Russia, the style of business writing began to be developed starting from the 16th century, with the formation of clerical traditions. At the beginning of the 18th century, the first attempts were made to legislatively regulate the processes of drafting the texts of official documents (the "General Regulations" of Peter I). At the beginning of the XIX century. the legislation provided for two forms of presentation of the texts of documents: stencil and tabular. In the XIX century. they were already widely used. In the first half of the 19th century. the so-called "new" business style began to form. Since then, text optimization has become an integral part of the overall process of improving management documentation.
Forms of unification: standard, stencil texts, table, questionnaire, graphs, diagrams.
To date, the following types of unified texts have developed:
- stencil - the form of presentation of the unified text, containing constant information and spaces intended to fill them with variable information;
- questionnaire - the form of presentation of a unified text, which gives a characteristic of one object according to certain characteristics;
- table - the form of presentation of a unified text containing information that is a characteristic of several objects in terms of a number of characteristics;
- coherent sample text (sample) - text, the content of which is invariably repeated in a number of documents, which excludes the possibility of highlighting constant and variable information in it. It is used in the preparation of business letters, rules, regulations, statutes, administrative documents;
- connection of forms of presentation of unified texts - combination of coherent text with a questionnaire or with a table ".
In the second half of the 20th century, a special form of organization, presentation and development of textual material, which received the name "hypertext". The way of constructing text space is radically different here. Hypertext is constructed in a completely different way, which is text with a non-linear structure. Non-linearity lies in the fact that after reading each of the fragments, the text branches and further reading involves the choice of several possible continuation. Thus, the reader can make jump-like transitions to different fragments of the hypertext.
Numerous electronic encyclopedias, dictionaries, catalogs, reference books, various instructions and manuals, interactive systems of technical documentation, product catalogs, etc. have been created. However, the hypertext method of organizing information also has a number of significant drawbacks, which include low visibility, non-obvious structure, poor memorability of the path traveled by the user through hyperlinks, etc.
Unification of the text structure.
The unification of the structure of the text consists in the establishment of a standard set of constituent parts of documents and their sequence, from which unified forms of documents will be formed. In all cases, a two-part structure of the text is used: the first part contains justification, proof, reference to other documents; the second is the essence of the question, i.e. the administrative part of the order, the request, the substantive response (for example, the unified text of the application for an extraordinary vacation: Due to unexpected circumstances, I ask you to postpone the next vacation from October to August of the current year).
Unification of language means.
When unifying the texts of documents, the following principles must be observed:
· Objective reflection in the text of the content of the service situation;
· Strict correspondence between the content of information and the type of document;
· Use of text formulas - stable phrases, phrases, sentence models, terms that are provided for by state standards, accepted abbreviations, symbols for units of measurement, etc.
The unification of the texts of official documents is carried out on the basis of state standards and other instructive materials. They fix: requirements for the content of the document - its volume, internal structure, etc .; samples of the general form of documents - the composition of the details, their location on the field of the form, etc.; requirements for the language of documents.
Within the framework of a document, which is a complex system, the text is the most important information subsystem.
In the study of the text, various approaches are used: grammatical analysis of the text, culturological, communicative, structural, typological, categorical.
The variety of ways of displaying reality (literature, painting, photography, cinema, television, etc.) led to the emergence and development of each of them their own special language.
Publicistic and scientific style, formal business style.
The modern Russian book-written language, depending on the peculiarities of word usage, is divided into: The language of fiction and, accordingly, literary texts have significant specificity, standing out among all texts. They are characterized by searches for original meaning, expressive form, non-standard means of expression, metaphor, hyperbole, etc.
Functional styles of the book-writing language.
Peculiarity journalism lies in the fact that it is focused on highlighting topical, urgent problems and phenomena of the current life of society - social, political, philosophical, everyday, etc.
Feature scientific texts are generalization and abstractness, consistency, objectivity, unambiguous meaning. (common words; general scientific words; terms)
Formal business style used in the preparation of official documents. It is characterized by a pronounced social coloring. Texts written in an official business style require much less creative activity from the compiler. - formalization, standardization of the text; neutral tone of presentation; accuracy and clarity; brevity; consistency, argumentation of the presentation.
First of all, in the official business style, the form and language of documents act as standardized, those. corresponding to a single sample.
Types of texts.
According to the way of presentation, it is customary to distinguish three types of texts of official documents:
1) narration(tells about the events in chronological order)
2) description(characteristic of any phenomenon, object, event, person by listing its signs, properties, features).
3)reasoning(a logically consistent series of definitions, judgments and inferences,)
Parts of the text: introduction, presentation, conclusion ( mandatory part of any text)
The logical structure of the text.
Any, even the simplest, text document consists of sections (at least one), the required property of which is the section name. By a section, we mean a part of the text that is some complete thought. Sections, in turn, can be subdivided into subsections (lower-level sections) and so on. The n-th level section name is called the n-th level heading.
The text within the lowest-level section is also patchy. It is divided into paragraphs, which, in turn, can also carry different semantic and structural loads. For example, a paragraph can be a definition, quotation, note, plain text.
A paragraph is subdivided into phrases, and those into words. Inside the paragraph, there are words and phrases with a certain functional meaning: main words, new words, abbreviations, introductory and service words, etc.
The selection of logically related structural elements in the text ensures the ordering and formalization of the document, which contributes to a more adequate perception of the text by the reader.
Simple and complex texts of documents.
Simple, i.e. documents containing one question are much easier to process (registration, putting on control, forming into cases), sending for execution. Complex documents most often concern several independent issues and performers or even different structural units. They have to make copies or set the order of execution. Their processing causes some difficulties (when registering, several questions are entered, when placing under control, each question is highlighted, etc.). It is difficult to resolve the issue of placing such a document in the file. Therefore, when compiling the most numerous types of information and reference documents (letters, memoranda, certificates), it is recommended to include them on one issue.
Protocols, orders, decisions are usually complex in content. They are formed into separate cases, on the covers of which the content is not disclosed, but only the type of document, author and date are indicated.
Requirements for legibility and clarity of document text... The clarity and accuracy of the text is determined, first of all, by the correctness of the compositional structure of the text, the absence of logical errors, thoughtfulness and clarity of formulations - stable turns, the absence of figurative expressions.
The laconic presentation of the text is achieved by the economical use of linguistic means, excluding speech redundancy - words and expressions that carry additional meaning.
The requirement for conciseness, or brevity, of the text is directly related to the reduction in the volume of the text. The requirement for brevity makes it necessary to more clearly formulate the topic of the document, use linguistic means economically, exclude unnecessary words that do not carry the necessary information, unjustified repetitions and unnecessary details.
INTRODUCTION
The culture of speech is an integral part of the personality characteristic. And for people whose activities are directly related to verbal communication, it, moreover, is an important condition for their professional success.
Insufficient speech culture significantly lowers the rating of a business person, and his speech oversights often become a target for ridicule. As life shows, this can have a detrimental effect on the assessment of a person's professional activity.
Correctness, expressiveness and accuracy of speech are necessary attributes of a general humanitarian culture. In the past in Russia, they were developed in the learning process and were highly valued.
Unfortunately, over the course of many decades, the necessary qualities of cultural speech in our society have been formed mainly through individual efforts and self-education.
The result was linguistic impoverishment. The bar of linguistic culture has dropped lower and lower over the years.
A stream of jargon broke through the pages of periodicals, poured into the stands, and even penetrated radio and television. The problems of language went beyond the framework of philology and became in line with the general spiritual problems of society.
That is why today their solution is becoming one of the conditions for the spiritual and moral revival of Russia.
SOME FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS PAPERS AND DOCUMENTS
The language of business papers should correspond to the traditions of the official business style of the literary language. The main features of the formal business style are: accuracy , excluding the possibility of any other interpretations and ambiguities;locale- striving to express thoughts in a uniform way, using ready-made linguistic cliché formulas for this. These features are reflected in the design of business papers and documents: the nature of the composition, the arrangement of parts of the text, the selection of paragraphs, headings, font, etc.
The accuracy and standardization of the official business style entails the use of special language tools that form a relatively closed system of business speech.
In the language of business papers and documents, the following are widely used:
1. Terms and professionalism in accordance with the subject matter and content of official documents. First of all, these are legal, diplomatic and accounting terms (import, delay, offer etc.).
2. Non-terminological words used mainly in administrative and clerical speech (proper, above, forwarded etc.).
3. Nouns - the names of people based on an action or attitude (tenant, tenant, defendantetc.). Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in business speech only in the masculine form (witness Fedorov, professor Emelyanova etc.).
4. Verbal nouns. Among them, a special place is occupied by nouns with a prefix not ( non-performance, non-performance, non-recognition etc.).
5. Complex abbreviated prepositions expressing standard aspects of the content (in order, in effect, in part etc.).
Preposition on with a prepositional case to indicate time periods (upon reaching the age of eighteen etc.).
6. Stable phrases of the attributive-nominal type with the coloring of the official-business style (lump sum allowance etc.).
7. "Split" predicates (provide assistance, investigateetc.) in contrast to their parallel verb forms (help, investigate etc.).
8. Stringing the genitive in a chain of nouns(... to apply social pressure etc.).
9. Affirmations through negation, in which the addressee authorizes administrative actions. The initiative for these actions does not come from the addressee (The Ministry does not object ..., the College does not dismiss ... etc.).
10. Passive voice, if necessary, to emphasize the fact of the action (payment is guaranteed; documentation returnedetc.). The active voice is used when it is necessary to indicate a specific person or organization as a subject of legal responsibility (Elektrostal plant disrupts the supply of raw materials etc.).
The above-mentioned features of the official business style are an objective fact of the language, their use in the texts of documents is natural and fixed by tradition.
A violation of the functional style norm is the use of linguistic means that are not inherent in the business style, which contradict the requirements of consistency, accuracy and brevity of the language of business papers and documents. These are, first of all, words and phraseological units of colloquially colloquial and emotionally expressive coloring.
It is necessary to distinguish between vocabulary with the coloring of the official business style and bureaucracy (clericalism). Although it may be the same word or a combination of words. If in an official letter you can “raise a questionabout marriage ”, then in a personal letter addressed to his girlfriend, this combination of words is inappropriate. In the first case, this is the vocabulary of the official business style, in the second, it is clerical ... For example, you cannot tell a child: “Youon what questioncrying baby? "
In a business style of speech, excessive use of stationery templates is also undesirable. For example, there is no need to write
An obligatory element of the winter maintenance of the road is to clear it of snow..
The same idea can be expressed in a shorter and clearer way.
It is necessary to clear the road from snow.
At the same time, stationery can be used deliberately, with a special stylistic task, playing the role of a certain expressive means. This technique is often used by authors of fiction or journalistic works.
EDITING AND REMEDY OF TYPICAL ERRORS IN BUSINESS PAPER LANGUAGE
Editing business papers and office documents usually consists of 3 stages.
Initial acquaintance with the text of the document... The work of editing a document begins with reading it as a whole. On first reading, it is not recommended to make any amendments to the text.
Verification of the actual material.At the next stage, it is advisable to refer to the verification of the factual material included in the document. You should consider whether the factual material of the edited document is sufficient, whether the information provided is reliable.
Editing the document itself.At the third stage, language editing is carried out. Spelling, punctuation and stylistic errors are eliminated.
The fully prepared text is signed.
In business papers, the following are most commonlexical errors.
1. Incorrect use of word terms. For example:
Partially delivered gear blanks are not marked and witnesses ... Please take measures to ensure.
Under the word witnesses the addressee understood the layouts of the parts attached to the batch. This termwitness samplesused by a narrow circle of specialists. The text was not understood by the recipient of the document.
2. Inappropriate or unjustified use of foreign words.
For example:
The deadline for the assignment may beprolonged (extended).
It makes no sense to use a foreign word if there is a Russian term for this concept. The use of foreign vocabulary should be conditioned by the requirement of necessity, relevance and accuracy of word usage.
The use of archaisms.
To the number of words and phrases historically characteristic of business writing, but in
currently perceived as archaic, include: with this (at the same time); what (which); notify (report); the above-named(above), etc.
Pleonasm and tautology.
For example:
150 rubles Money
or
Consider the following factors.
Non-discrimination of paronyms .
For example:
Business triparrived at the specified time.
Business trip- formed from the word business trip and denotes objects and circumstances associated with this concept (travel certificate).
Seconded- a person sent on a business trip (posted specialist).
Errors in the use of synonyms.
For example:
We send an answer to your requirement from 12.05.09.
In this case, in the official business style, the synonymous word is mainly used a request, not a requirement.
The following grammatical mistakes are typical in business papers and documents.
1. Incorrect use of cases. The most common is the misuse of the noun in the genitive instead of the dative.
For example, you cannot write according to (what?); in spite of (what?). You should write - according to, in spite of(what?) corresponding provision.
You should also remember: leader, (what?) department, center; manager(how?) department; management(what?) practice.
2. Errors when declining a surname.
Remember:
Surnames of Slavic origin are not inclined to–А, -о ... They often coincide in sound composition with inanimate objects. For example: Rat, Shiloh, etc.
Surnames do not incline to-Go, -yago, -th, -th, -ovo, -ko (-enko)... For example: Shambinago, Dubyago, Sedykh, Dolgikh, Durnovo, Franko, Shevchenko.
As a rule, non-Russian surnames tend to be unstressed-and I . For example: works of Pablo Neruda, films of Akira Kurosawa.
Russian and foreign-language surnames decline to a consonant sound if they refer to men.
They do not bow if they relate to women or a married couple. For example:
Nikolai Remchuk's statement; letter from Natalia Remchuk; request of the spouses Remchuk.
Errors when using full and short forms of adjectives.
For example:
Changing the vacation schedule for department employeesunwanted (unwanted).
As predicates, short forms of adjectives are more common in official business speech than full ones. The full forms in these phrases feel colloquial and even colloquial.
4. Errors in the use of quantitative names of numbers.
For example:
The deputy met with six hundredsixty (sixty)six factory workers.
Non-declination or incomplete declension of compound and compound numerals is a violation of the general literary norm.
5. Violation of the rules for the use of adverbial expressions.
1) The adverbial turnover should begin the phrase in the documents.
For example: Considering…; Pay attention to… etc.
2) Compilers of business papers make mistakes, not considering that both actions in
a sentence with an adverbial turnover must be carried out by the same person, and accordingly this person and his main action must be reflected in the positions of the subject and predicate in the sentence.
For example:
After working for only 2 months, he had complications with the head of the shop.
Correct option:
After working for only 2 months, he ruined his relationship with the shop manager.
6. Incorrect use of prepositions.
In business speech, phrases with the preposition O
(trust issueetc.). However, there are cases of abuse of the preposition O .
For example:
The director of the plant noted about importance the problem posed (noted the importance).
Errors related to incorrect word order in a sentence.
For example:
To determine payment funds in end of the year the prices for products are being clarified.
In written speech, the informational role of word order increases towards the end of the sentence, therefore it is not clear in a given phrase -prices are specified at the end of the year or prices are specified to determine the payment fund... Apparently, this proposal should be structured like this:To determine the payment fund, prices for products are specified at the end of the year.
The use of phraseological units in business speech is subject to historically established rules, enshrined in tradition and obligatory for everyone. In cases where the norms are violated, an error occurs. Errors can be in the lexical composition of the phraseological unit, in its grammatical design, as well as in stylistic terms.
Distortion of the composition of phraseological units as a result of lexical substitutions.
For example:
The finance department's proposals turned out to bebelow any criticism (any criticism).
Changing the grammatical norm of words included in the turnover.
For example:
The chief engineer is clearlytwisted in my soul (twisted my soul).
Offset of two different phraseological units.
For example:
Why fuss with fuss ( fence or fuss broke out).
Inserting an extra component.
For example:
Pay tribute to ( pay tribute).
Stylistic incompatibility of phraseological units with the business style of speech.
If in fiction and journalism,
imagery, emotionality and evaluativeness of phraseological turns, then in the official business style, stable expressions of a book nature or stylistically neutral phraseological units are used, devoid of expressiveness (leave much to be desired, call a spade a spade etc.).
Such, for example, a phrase does not correspond to a business speech:
A lower tax is the incentive for privatization, andno need to break anyone over the knee.
OFFICE DOCUMENTS: TYPOLOGY, LANGUAGE DESIGN
Word document comes from the Latin word documentum, which means proof, evidence. In Russian the word document entered the Petrine era: documents began to be called business papers that had legal significance. In the future, the word document 2 new meanings have evolved:
narrow, everyday: passport, certificate;
portable, expansive: everything that can testify to something, confirm something (work of art - document of the era etc.).
Definition service documentdelimits two spheres of public
practice: administrative and managerial, where official documents are used, and scientific and technical, where technical or scientific documentation is used.
There are about 60 types of management documents. Service documents are divided into several large groups according to their functional significance: personal, directive and regulatory, administrative and organizational, information and reference, business letters, financial and accounting documents.
Each document has a specific text form. There are 5 types of text recording: linear recording (autobiography, power of attorney, etc.), stencil (certificates, contracts, etc.), table (financial statements, etc.), questionnaire (personal sheet on personnel records, etc.), texts- analogues (orders, regulations, etc.).
PERSONAL DOCUMENTS. STATEMENT AND ATTORNEY
Statement - a document containing a request from a person addressed to an organization or an official of the institution.
Location of parts of the statement:
the name is written at the top, indented by a third of the line;
surname, name and patronymic of the applicant - under the addressee, with a pretext with or without it;
after the word statement put a full stop if there is no preposition from;
the text of the application is written with a red line;
the date is put on the left; the signature is on the right.
Registration of the addressee's name:
if it is the name of an organization, then it is put in the accusative case, if this is the name of an official - in the dative case.
Clichéd forms:
the request is expressed:
Please + infinitive ( allow, etc.)
I ask for your permission (consent) + to what? ( for enrollment, etc.);
constructs for entering arguments:due to the fact that…; on the basis that; because...; Considering(what?)…
Power of attorney - a document by means of which one person provides another
a person with the authority to take any action for him (most often - to receive something).
Location of parts of a power of attorney:
the name of the document is written in the center of the line;
the text starts with a red line;
date - on the left, signature - on the right;
a place must be provided under the date and signature to certify the document.
Clichéd forms:
Who? + trust + who? Infinitive (get ...).
REGULATORY DOCUMENTS. ORDER
Resolution - a legal act adopted by the highest and some central bodies of collegial management in order to resolve the most important and fundamental tasks facing these bodies.
Order - an act of management of a state body having an authoritative character, issued within the framework of the competence assigned to an official, a state body, which is binding on citizens and organizations to which the order is addressed. Orders are by-laws and are divided into two groups: orders of a general and specific nature of long-term action and orders relating to a specific narrow issue, a one-time case.
Order is the most common type of administrative document used in management practice. It is published on the main issues, namely: on the internal life of an institution, organization, enterprise, on the creation, liquidation, reorganization of institutions or their structural parts; approval of regulations, instructions, rules, etc. documents requiring approval, as well as on personnel issues of hiring, moving, dismissing employees, etc.
The text of the administrative document must have a title. The title begins with the preposition o (about) and is formulated using nouns that name the main topic of the document.
For example: About the appointment ...; About the results ... etc.
The text consists of two interdependent parts - stating and
administrative.
The ascertaining part- this is an introduction to the essence of the issue under consideration. It can list facts, events, and give an assessment. Often in the ascertaining part, a retelling of the act of the higher authority is given, in pursuance of which this administrative document is issued. In this case, the type of act, its author, full name, number and date are indicated, that is, all search data are provided. The ascertaining part is optional, it may be absent if there is no need for clarification.
The main burden in administrative documents is carried by
administrative part,which is stated in an imperative form. Depending on the type of document, it begins with the words: decides - in the decree; decides (decided) - in the decision; I offer - available; I order - in the order. The type of the administrative document also predetermines the nature of the presentation of its text. The wordsdecides, decides (decided), propose, orderare printed in capital letters or in lowercase letters, i.e. they stand out visually and thus separate the ascertaining part of the document from the administrative part. These words are located on a separate line from the zero position of the tabulator. In decisions and decisions before words decides and decides the name of the collective body is indicated.
On a new line (from a paragraph) the operative text follows.
If the administrative part involves actions of different nature and
several performers, it is divided into paragraphs, which are numbered in Arabic numerals. Each paragraph indicates the executor (organization, structural unit, specific official), the prescribed action and the deadline. The performer is indicated in the dative case. You can also specify it in general terms.
For example: Plant directors…
The prescribed action is expressed by a verb in an indefinite form.
For example: To whom? What to do? -prepare; organize etc.
ADMINISTRATIVE AND ORGANIZATIONAL DOCUMENTS
the contract ... Administrative and organizational documents include: plans, statutes, rules, reports, contracts, agreements, etc. By the example of a contract, you can trace various linguistic phenomena typical of official documents: the use of special terms, abbreviated prepositions, words belonging to clerical speech; the predominant use of passive constructions, stencil in the presentation of the text, and much more.
Contract or agreement -agreement of two or more parties aimed at establishing, changing or terminating civil rights and obligations. It is concluded both between individuals, between citizens and organizations, and between organizations.
INFORMATION AND REFERENCE DOCUMENTS. REFERENCES AND PAPERS
Help - documents containing a description and confirmation of certain facts and events. Certificates are usually divided into two groups: information about facts and events of a service nature and certificates issued to interested citizens and institutions, certifying any legal fact. These are certificates confirming the place of study and work, position held, salary, place of residence, etc.
Memorandum -a document addressed to the head of this or a higher institution and informing him about the current situation, a phenomenon or fact that has taken place, containing the conclusions and proposals of the author. The text of the memo is divided into two parts: the statement, where the facts are stated or the situation is described, and the second is where the proposals and requests are stated.
The text of the memo is necessarily preceded by the title.
Internal memos submitted to the head of a structural unit or the head of an institution are drawn up on a simple piece of paper. The requisites of the form are reproduced in a typewritten way; name of the structural unit, type of document, date. Signed by the originator.
An external memo addressed to higher authorities is drawn up on the general letterhead of the institution and signed by the management.
As in any document, in the memo, the heading begins with the preposition O and is formulated using a verbal noun: About the appointment ... etc.
BUSINESS LETTERS
Business letters are used to solve numerous operational issues arising in management activities, hence the diversity of the content of letters. The classification of business letters allows you to build a classification of industrial situations that cause the need for correspondence.
Functionallyletters can be divided into two groups:
letters requiring a letter-response (letter-question; letter-appeal, etc.);
letters that do not require response letters (warning letter; invitation letter, etc.).
Reply letters should always contain the index of the letter that appeared
reason for correspondence.
Letters can be classified by aspect. The following aspects can be distinguished in the content of business letters:
fact reminder - reminder letter;
guarantee expression - a letter of guarantee;
an indication of the achieved degree of consent, a fait accompli - confirmation letter;
informing about planned or already carried out activities - information letter;
an indication of the fact of sending the documents attached to the letter - a covering letter;
warning about possible reciprocal steps, etc. - warning letter.
One and the same letter can contain a guarantee, a request and a reminder, i.e.
multidimensional.
On a thematic basis, a conditional distinction is made between business and commercial correspondence. It is believed that the correspondence that formalizes the economic, legal, financial and all other forms of the enterprise's activity is called business correspondence, and correspondence on the issues of logistics and sales refers to commercial correspondence. In the field of trade relations, certain types of commercial letters have developed: request letter; letter of notification; letter-response to the offer; letter of refusal to supply goods, etc .; letter-response to a complaint, etc. The number of types of letters corresponds to practical situations that necessitate written communication between partners.
Some types of business letters.
Transmittal letter -written text that informs the addressee about the direction of the documents attached to the letter.
Invitation letter -a written invitation to the addressee to take part in any held event. They can be addressed to both specific individuals and institutions. They reveal the nature of the event being held, indicate the timing and conditions of participation in it.
Letter of guarantee -a document ensuring the fulfillment of the obligations set forth in it. In it, the addressee is usually guaranteed payment or provision of something (place of work, research, etc.). These letters have a heightened legal function, therefore, the presentation of the text should be extremely clear and clear.
Initiative letter -this is a letter requiring a response. A large category of such letters expresses a request (proposal, request) to the addressee in resolving any issues.
Reply letter - in its content, it is dependent on the initiative letters, since the topic of its text has already been set and it remains to state the nature of the solution to the question posed in the initiative letter: acceptance or rejection of the proposal, the fulfillment of the request.
An inquiry - a commercial document, which is an appeal of the importer to the exporter with any request.
CONCLUSION
Drawing up the text of a business document is always an act of speech creativity, no matter what the letter is - regulated or unregulated. This is a work that presupposes a fairly high level of linguistic competence. You cannot learn how to write business documents correctly and convincingly without practicing and learning this difficult art, without knowing the features of the official business style of speech. The Russian literary language, one of the richest and most expressive languages in the world, has accumulated invaluable experience in the field of written business communication, represented by unified and stereotyped linguistic forms, traditions of using etiquette means. Today it is important not to lose these treasures, treats our ancestors with respect, who have polished the form and style of business writing for centuries, and fruitfully develop the domestic traditions of drafting business documents - this is the task that faces today's and future generations of business people in Russia.
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