Detailed decision Paragraph § 37 in geography for grade 8 students, authors V. P. Dronov, I. I. Barinova, V. Ya. Rum, A. A. Lobzhanidze 2014

questions and tasks

1. Name the main types of specially protected natural areas, specify what they differ from each other.

Particularly protected natural territories and waters include: reserves, reserves, national and natural parks, nature monuments, forest-park protective belt, suburban green zone, etc. They differ among themselves a specific purpose of education, degree of reserves and permissible economic activities. The reserve is a natural territory (or water area), completely excluded from the economic use for the protection and study of the natural complex as a whole. National parks combine the tasks of nature conservation and strictly controlled recreational use, i.e. they are open to cognitive tourism and short-term recreation of citizens.

2. When a system of reserves started to form in Russia?

The first reserves on the territory of Russia were formed in the early 20th century. The first official state reserve in Russia was the Barguzinsky Reserve in the Northeast Transbaikalie (1916). Prior to that, examples of informal reserves are known: Supinsky in the Far East (1911), from 1913 - Ussuriysky, Sayansky (1916), cedar fellow (1916). First Soviet Reserve-Astrakhansky - established on April 11, 1919

By the beginning of 1998, 97 reserves existed in Russia (total area - 30 million hectares).

3. Tell us how the reserves are distributed throughout our country, name and show the largest of them.

Reserves in the country are distributed unevenly. The greatest number of reserves fall on the forest zone (24). A large number of reserves are located in the mountains of Southern Siberia (16) and in the Far East (19).

Giant Reserves (Square\u003e 1 million hectares): Large Arctic, Commander, Puratoral, Ust-Lensky, Taimyr, Kronotsky.

4. Using the textbook materials, make a characteristic of one of the reserves of Russia.

Barguzinsky Reserve

Geographical position

Located in Buryatia, on the northeast coast of Lake Baikal and the Western slopes of the Barguzinsky ridge, at an altitude of 2840 m.

Date and purpose of the foundation

This is one of the oldest reserves of Russia, it was founded in 1916 to protect and integrated the nature of the nature of the western slope of the Barguzinsky ridge, as well as to preserve the valuable Barguzin sable.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve is over 263 thousand hectares. The reserve is located on the picturesque slopes of the Barguzinsky ridge, descending to Baikal. It includes a strip of a strip of 45-80 km wide and a length of about 100 km, as well as a three-kilometer strip of water area of \u200b\u200bLake Baikal.

Flora and fauna

On the territory of the reserve is clearly expressed high-rise lower. Darkness taiga prevails, consisting mainly of fir, cedar with admixture of larch. Special wealth is the fauna: Numerous Barguzin Sable and Endemic Baikal Nerpea, Protein, Brown Bear, Elk, Northern Deer. There are otters, columns, wolverine, ermine; From the birds - the woodland, Ryabchik, Orlan-Belochvost, Sarych, Skop, and others. The reserve is maintained untouched nature. By the time of the organization on the territory of the reserve, there were only 20-30 Soboli (Barguzinsky sable was recognized as the best in the world). Now their amount has increased dramatically. Moreover, sable leaves the borders of the reserve and spreads outside it. Thus, the reserve enriches Buryatia's hunting.

Total tasks on the topic

1. Prove that the natural zone is a natural complex.

The natural zone is a major natural complex with a community of temperature conditions and moisturizing, soil, vegetation and animal world. It is the common nature of natural components and makes a natural zone by a natural complex. All components of the natural zone are interconnected. Changing one component leads to a change in all other components.

2. Which of the Russian scientists was the founder of the doctrine of natural zones?

The founder of the doctrine of natural zones was V.V. Dokuchaev.

3. Name all the natural zones of Russia. Prove that they are posted naturally.

On the territory of Russia there is a shift from the north to the south of the following natural zones: arctic deserts, tundras, timres, taiga, mixed and deciduous forests, forest-steppes, steppes, semi-desert.

4. Name the shallow zones of our country. Where are they located? What are their similarity and what is the difference?

The shallow zones of our country are arctic deserts, tundra and forestandra, steppes, semi-desert and desert. The area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic desert is located on the islands of the Arctic Ocean and in the extreme north of the Taimyr Peninsula. The TundR zone is located on the coast of the seas of the Northern Ocean from the western border of the country to Bering Strait. Lesotund Zone The lane is stretched along the southern border of the tundra zone. The steppes zone occupies the south of the European part of the country and Western Siberia. The semi-deserts and deserts of Russia are located in the Caspiani and the Eastern Pre-Caucasus.

The similarity of these natural zones is the absence of forests. Here prevails herbal vegetation, and in the northern regions - mosses and lichens. Natural zones are open spaces.

The difference in flavored zones consists in temperature, moisturizing, soils, the plant and the animal world.

5. What natural zone of our country takes the greatest territory? Find within it unequal under the conditions of nature areas and think what it is explained.

The largest square in Russia occupies the natural zone of Taiga. In different areas of an extensive taiga zone of unequal conditions, many natural conditions are the total severity of the climate, the degree of moisture, the mountain or plain relief, the number of sunny days, the diversity of soils. Therefore, coniferous trees that form Taiga are different, which, in turn, changes the appearance of taiga in certain areas. Dark-like fir-pic forests prevail in the European part of the zone and in Western Siberia, where cedrovers are joined. Most of the middle and eastern Siberia are covered with larch forests. Pine forests grow everywhere on sandy and grated soils. The most special character of the forests of Far Eastern Primorye, where on the Schote-Alin Ridge to the usual coniferous - firmers and fir - they join such southern species like Amur velvet, cork oak and others.

6. What natural zones are in your republic (edge, regions)? Give an assessment of the agro-climatic resources of your republic (edges, regions).

The Moscow region is located in the natural zone of mixed forests. The Moscow region is located in the central part of the Russian Plain. According to the relief, the region is heterogeneous. The river network is quite thick. In the Moscow region the most common drenne-podzolic soils, they occupy most of the territory. In the valleys of the soil river alluvial. In the north east of the region, in the areas of the Upper Volga and Meshchersk lowland, the soil is almost completely sandy and samply wetlands.

The climate of the Moscow region is characterized by a warm summer, moderate in cold winter with a steady snow cover and well-pronounced transition seasons. The average monthly temperature of the air of the warmest monthly - July varies in the territory of 17 ° in the north-west to 18.5 ° in the south-east. Air temperature of the coldest month of January in the west of the region -10 °, in the east -11 °. The annual amplitude of the average monthly temperature is 27 - 28.5 °. The first half of the winter is noticeably warmer second, the coldest season is shifted on the second half of January and the beginning of February. Warm period, i.e., a period with a positive average temperature, lasts an average of 206-216 days. The length of the day in the summer is 15 - 17 hours.

The Moscow region refers to the zone of sufficient moisture. The annual precipitation amount is an average of 550-650 mm, with a oscillation in some years from about 270 to 900 mm. Two thirds of precipitation falls in the form of rain, one third-in the form of snow. In the warm part of the year, the rains of medium intensity prevail, well moisturizing soil.

Sustained snow cover is usually formed at the end of November. The earliest and most late dates of the formation of sustainable snow cover are noted respectively October 23 and January 28. By the end of winter, the height of the snow cover reaches an average of 30-45 cm. The greatest stock of water in the snow is an average of 80 - 105 mm.

In general, the agroclimatic resources of the region contribute to agriculture.

7. Determine what natural zone there is a speech if it is growing: a) dwarf birch, cedar stabel, yagel; b) larch, cedar, birch, aspen, alder. Name characteristic of both zones of soil and typical animals.

a) Natural zone TundR. Soils zone low-power, tundrov-gley. Northern deer, sands, geese, barrocks live in the tundra.

b) Natural zone of mixed forests. In its northern part, mixed coniferous-deciduous forests on squeezed-podzolic soils are common. In South - multi-tiered broad-sized forests on gray forest soils. Animal world is represented by brown bear, foxes, wolves, hares, tetheriev, sables, elk.

8. In what natural zone of Russia have optimal conditions for a successful agricultural activities?

The optimal natural conditions for agriculture exist in the natural zone of steppes.

9. Make a characteristic of any natural zone according to plan. Use various sources of geographic information.

Geographical position;

it takes the south of the European part of the country and Western Siberia.

Climate: average temperatures January and July, total radiation, duration of warm and cold periods, the amount of precipitation and their distribution by season of the year, the coefficient of moisture;

The precipitation here falls small - from 300 to 450 mm, about the same as in the tundra zone. The moisture coefficient in the steppe zone varies from 0.6-0.8 at the northern border to 0.3 in the south. Summer July Temperature High (the average temperature of July is +21 ... + 23 ° C). The average temperature of January in the west of the Eastern European Plain -5 ° C, east of the Volga -15 ° C, in Krasnoyarsk about -20 ° C. The sum of the active temperatures is 2200-3400 ° C.

The most typical steppe landscapes are flat, then the dismantled ravines and beams of the plain.

Annual stock;

Surface drain in the steppes is insignificant, since there is little precipitation, and evapoability is very large, therefore the small rivers of the steppe zone are small, in the second half of the summer they are very melted, and sometimes dry. Large rivers begin far beyond the zone.

Soils, their main properties;

In the steppes are common chernozem with very dark color and with a grainy structure. The power of the humor is 50-80 cm. In the Kuban River Basin, this horizon reaches even 1.5 m. Chernozem is the most fertile soils of our country. In the southern strip of steppes, temp-brown soils are common, they are less fertile and often salted.

Plant and animal world, their adaptation to these natural conditions;

Prior to the beginning of their intense agricultural development, they were covered with grassy steppe vegetation with the predominance of the Kovyl. The predominance of herbal vegetation is associated with insufficient moisture for the formation of forests. Among the animal world, various small rodents prevail - gophers, surs, tushkars, hamsters, voles. Small sizes are a device for life among herbs. The predominance of rodents is due to the large number of feed for them.

Agriculture;

The steppe is the main grain of the country, which is why it is almost completely unpaid. It is grown wheat, corn, sunflower and other important cultures. In the west zone are developed gardening and viticulture.

Particularly protected components of nature.

Multi-changed natural complexes of forest-steppe and steppe zones are protected and studying in reserves: Kursk, Voronezh, Galichi Mountain, Khopersky, Zhigulevsky, Orenburg and Daurus. All of them have forest arrays and plots of steppes: the forests grow in the valleys of rivers, beams, ravines, and the steppes are preserved on the slopes of erosion form of relief. The largest and varied steppes are in the Orenburg Reserve, created in 1989 on the preserved isolated areas of the Steppes of the Volga region, Pre-Urals, South Urals and Zauralye. Many species of plants and animals steppes are made to the Red Books.


Especially protected natural territories (PAs) are natural areas that are fully or partially seized from economic use in order to preserve, maintain, restore (recreation) and study biodiversity. They have a different security mode and are designed to solve different tasks.
The main purpose of particularly protected natural territories is to preserve the gennophund of nature. In the general system of environmental protection measures, conducted by a person, they assigned the role of scientific polygons.

Depending on the functional purpose and the protection regime, four groups of specially protected areas and objects are distinguished: Reserved Reserved (Reserves and Reserves with the Reserve Method of Environmental Management); resource protective (reserves, soil-protecting and water protection forests); object protection (protective strips along the highway and railways); Mediterranean (green areas around settlements, resort zones, natural and national parks, etc.); Recreational (Sushi or water surface areas designed for recreation, restoration of health, territory of tourist routes).

The reserve is a natural territory (or water area), fully excluded from the economic use for the protection and study of the natural complex as a whole. One of the main tasks of the reserves is to preserve the reference natural landscapes, typical or unique for this territory.
Biosphere reserves differ from other reserves because on their territory there are permanent monitoring and monitoring of anthropogenic changes in the natural environment.

The National Park is a territory or water area with unavailable natural complexes and unique natural objects. National parks combine the tasks of nature conservation and strictly controlled recreational use, i.e. they are open to cognitive tourism and short-term recreation of citizens.

Nature Monuments are unique or typical, valuable in scientific, cultural and wellness. Natural facilities: lakes, waterfalls, floodplains, caves, groves of rare trees, sections of virgin steppes, unique trees, mineral springs, meteoric crater, rare geological sediments, reference Plots of mineral deposits, etc.

Reservations. Natural reserves differ from the previous categories by the fact that their lands can be alienated and not alienated by owners and users, they can be both federal and local subordination. Among the reserves of federal significance, zoological, other forms are played by the greatest role - landscape, botanical, forest, hydrological, geological - are extended to a lesser extent. The main function of hunting and complex reserves of federal significance is the protection of hunting fauna. Hunting is always prohibited, but often there are also very significant restrictions on forest operation, construction and some other types of economic activities.

Reserves. They are created in many countries. By regime and destination, they are close to reserves and are divided into many categories, but in most cases are created for an indefinitely long term. For example, in France, the ornithological reserve of Kamarg in the Rhone delta is designed to guard the winter and nesting waterfowl. The gigantic Central Calahar reserve in Africa is intended only for protecting hunting animals.

Many hunting and ornithological reserves in India, Burma, Forest and Biological - in the United States, Landscape - in the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and other European countries. In many natural reserves, Africa is allowed free grazing and accommodation of the local population to which these lands belong, for example, in Ambassheli (Kenya) and the famous Crater of Ngorongoro (Tanzania). However, some restrictions allow you to save here a very rich fauna of large animals. Design the creation of a huge Indookean reserve for whale protection.

Ecological and sanitary facilities are divided into objects and media protection areas. National parks are of the greatest interest, where there are few man-changed human economic activities and unique landscapes are used for mass recreation and tourism.

The influence of a man on the animal world of the desert multilaterally and walks in different ways. One of these paths is an indirect effect through the change in the desert landscape and natural vegetation, including the mixing of wood-shrub thickets (Saksaoul and Kandyma) on fuel. The grazing of livestock leads to the remedy of herbs and a storm to change the vegetation cover both in sandy and in clay deserts.

Together with the advent of a large number of pets and the influence of them on vegetation, the living conditions of many wild desert animals are changed: the soil is compacted, the composition and reserves of feed, originally vegetable, and then animal origin, as the change of vegetation immediately affects the composition of species and numbers insects. Some desert species disappear, at the same time new, characteristic of cultural landscape appear, or from the few become massive (for example, flies, bloodsowing dug, etc.).

Changes in vegetation and population of insects are reflected on the composition, number and distribution of birds. For example, in places of grazing, the number of crustaceous larks, fuddles, goatoev and sometimes desert owls increase.

At the same time, the territory where the vegetation is shot down by cattle becomes lowest for grazing wild hoofs, and thus the area of \u200b\u200bnatural pastures of Jeyranans, Saigakov and Kulanov is reduced. The change of vegetation and the reduction in the phytomass feed is reflected on the composition of the population of rodents, on the distribution and number of grainy-mounted birds.

Rare species of animals desert are guarded. The deserts include some rare mammals, for example: wild cats (Cheetah, Caracal, Branched Cat), Barnesses (Arcala). Rare called the appearance that lives in a small number in the large area.
Presbyte and birds of the desert are guarded.



And objects excluded in whole or in part from economic use in order to preserve them, as well as due to a special scientific, educational, educational, aesthetic, historical and recreational value (Fig. 61).

Especially protected natural territories and waters include: reserves, reserves, national and natural parks, nature monuments, forestrocket protective belt, suburban green zone, etc.

Reserve - This is a natural territory (or water area), fully excluded from the economic use for the protection and study of the natural complex as a whole. One of the main tasks of the reserves is to preserve the reference natural landscapes, typical or unique for this territory.

Biosphere reserves differ from other reserves because on their territory there are permanent monitoring and monitoring of anthropogenic changes in the natural environment.

National Park- This is a territory or water area with unavoidable natural complexes and unique natural objects. National parks combine the tasks of nature conservation and strictly controlled recreational use, i.e. they are open to cognitive tourism and short-term recreation of citizens.

Nature monuments- It is unique or typical, valuable in scientific, cultural and wellness of natural objects: lake, waterfalls, floodplains of rivers, caves, groves of rare trees, plots of virgin steppes, unique trees, mineral springs, meteorite crater, rare geological sediments, reference areas of mineral deposits, etc.

The first official state reserve in Russia was the Barguzinsky Reserve in Northeast Transbaikalia (1916). Prior to that, examples of informal reserves are known: Suputinsky in the Far East (1911), since 1913 - Ussuriysky, Sayansky (1916), cedar fell (1916). First Soviet Reserve - Astrakhan - established on April 11, 1919

By the beginning of 1998, 97 reserves existed in Russia (total area - 30 million hectares). Large reserves (Square\u003e 100 thousand hectares) - 40. Among them are giant reserves (area\u003e 1 million hectares): Big Arctic, Commander, Poyoran, Ust-Lensky, Taimyr, Kronotsky.

Specialists in the field of nature conservation believe that the area of \u200b\u200breserves should be at least 3% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe country: only in such a condition may be preserved nature, ensuring its sustainable development. The share of the area of \u200b\u200bspecially protected areas in the country's total area: in Japan - 5%, Great Britain - 4, Czech Republic and Slovakia - 3.5, USA - 2.5, Sweden - 1.5, Russia - 2.4%.

The Astrakhan Reserve is located in the famous Volga Delta - the fancy network of sleeves and ducts of the Great Russian River. The reserve was formed in 1919 to protect the unique natural complex of the Volga delta, places of mass nesting birds, molting of waterfowl, mass spawning of fishing fish and wintering pits. Since 1975, the entire territory of the reserve (more than 64 thousand hectares) belongs to the wetlands of the "Delta Volga", which has international significance.

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Here we have to talk about the specially protected areas of three landscape zones at once. And not because they are so weakly represented in the republic (steppe and forest-steppe there are both in the European, and in the Asian parts of the RSFSR), but because there are too few state reserves in them.

When the first version of the manuscript of this book was completed, in the mentioned landscape-geographical zones of Russia there were only one desert reserve - the well-known Astrakhan. But it is possible to attribute it to the number of "deserted" in purely formal signs, as it is located within the only section of the desert zone of the Russian Federation: in fact, the nature of the nature reserve is intrazonal.

Then the first semi-desert reserve appeared in the European part of the RSFSR - Dagestan, a little later - the first steppe in the Asian part - Daursky. The fact is more painful, but both of them were born in a truncated, just say, dishonored (against the estimated) form.

The emergency organization of the semi-deserted reserve "Black lands" in Kalmykia is likely. Its design completed, the project at the approval stage. The work done and glances and grieves - very destroyed by the re-examination of Kalmykia ecosystem at the place of the future reserve.

Three-four reserves on the extensive territory of three landscape-geographical zones, whose ecosystems on the verge of destruction. Little…

Dagestan State Reserve - An example of an extremely unsuccessful implementation of environmental projects. According to the scientifically reasonable assumptions of scientists and surveyors, five sections of about 40 thousand hectares were to be included in its composition, including such unique, like Samursky Forest and Guton Steppes. Ultimately, the government of the Autonomous Republic agrees to the treatment of only two sites. In 1986, the reserve was organized by 19.1 thousand hectares, taking under the protection of the Kizlyar Bay and Sarykum Barhan - completely different landscape formations, far from fully reflecting the specifics of Nature of Dagestan.

At the Kizlyar section of 18,485 hectares under the waters of the Bay of the same name are 9.3 thousand, the rest is the island of sea turquoined with smoothies (about 6.4 thousand hectares) and coastal ecosystems. The security zone adjacent to the site from the West is 21,065 hectares.

The plant and animal world of the Kizlyar region is typical for a given landscape-geographical zone. In the plant world, all transitions are expressed - from seaside smooth, mego-marsh and lugovolone-colored to semi-desert and deserted formations.

Fauna birds are represented mainly by water and incoming species. The most massive look - lyshuha. In addition to hussy, the small white and gray herons, cavaika, hollow, a big cormorant (these five species in the colonies), yellow, large and red-haired Herons, Kvakva, a big drink, tea paint and others. Through the bay, it takes an important migration path, here many thousands stop on vacation and feeding Swan-Shipun, Mallard, Crack, Chirki (Trescuk and whistle), various types of worships. For open spaces, a federal, sulfur, golden church, steppe and field larks, black and meadow coins, etc. are characterized.

The most common types of mammals: reed cat, raccoon dog, wolf, fox, korsak, steppe chore, boar. Sometimes there is a saiga.

The Sarykum Barhalan plot is 30 from Makhachkala, in a well mastered and densely populated area. Pasting it in two or three kilometers to the east of the trunk highway, the flow of cars is moving daily.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe plot of 576 hectares, of which, actually there are 376 hectares on the barhan. The height of Sarykum is 262 meters, it is considered the highest stationary Barhan Eurasia and deserves protection primarily as a unique geomorphological education. Pretty and animal world have a certain value. It is enough to mention that here, in the thickets of herbs and shrubs at the foot of the vegan, not the rare Gurez. As part of the Flora Sarykum 279 species.

The rare plants included in the Red Book of the USSR and protected on the Kizlyar section are common, Girkan's Water Walnut, Common Bubble, Salvia Floating. On the Sarykum plot - Julgun, a leafless, kasatar Ostrodol; Many relics of the deserted Central Asian flora.

Among the migrating through the Kizlyar Bay of birds, such rare protected species, like flamingos, crispy and pink pelicans, Sultanskaya chicken, Krasnoka Kazarka, Berkut, Sapsan, Orlan-Belochvost, Strept and Drop.

It should not be forgotten that the Kizlyar Bay is the place of the spawning of certain types of fish, and the Caspian fish resources known to the extent are dependent on these spawning.

The commandment of two sites of natural landscapes in the Dagestan ASSR should be considered only the beginning of a large and difficult work on the organization of the reserve.

Astrakhan Orders of the Red Banner Banner State Biosphere Reserve named after V. I. Lenin was organized in 1919. Located on the territory of the Astrakhan region, in Northern Caspiani. Area 63 400 hectares. In the summer interley, the water area takes 57,570 hectares, during water lifts, it is somewhat increasing. In the reserve, three sites belonging to the Volga delta, Damchinsky, three-meter and Ozhorovsky.

The nature of the nature of the Astrakhan reserve is determined by a very complex and dynamic mosaic of land and a water area consisting of countless ducts, large, small and dying, Ilmemen (overgrown with lakes) inside the islands, extensive shallow bays - Kultukov and others. With this mosaic associated with a variety of rich coastal and aqueous vegetation, which has high biological productivity. In the Avandel ("Front Delite"), underwater meadows of Wallinia with the inclusions of the RDEST of the pierced, sea cutters; Shames are occupied by dense kurtnins of rogoz. In Kultuki generously presented floating plants - Chilem, Nimfeyanka, Waterwear, Yellow, Salvinia Cubia, Water Buttercup, RDES brilliant; In shallow water - the Chastucha Bolotnaya and the Rollist. In the low-prototypes of the curtains, along with wastewater, a rod and rogol, you can find the arrays of the famous Caspian lotus. The shores of the ducts are bounded by the strips of a narrow-robbed and cane; On land, the reed is huge dense lending, stretching sometimes for many kilometers. Railway duct rolls and some old men are covered with an almost continuous Waway tape with a white, forming the so-called "gallery forests".

As part of the Flora of the Reserve over 190 species, less than on other specially protected areas. However, the relative species poverty is more than compensated by an abundance of plants, a grain density, high biomass.

Naturally, the conditions of the nature reserve favor the lives of organisms associated with the water medium, hydrobionts. It has discovered about 500 forms of freshwater invertebrates: the simplest, trashrats, various racks, larvae, etc. Insects are represented by 1250 species. In the summer, an unimaginable amount of bloodsowing insects - mosquitoes, whipping, midges. They do not give rest or people nor animals. Numerous rods, dragonflies, straight, bugs, male and butterflies.

Delta Volga has long been famous for fish. She has excellent spawns and extensive carving grounds. The nihthyofauna of the reserve includes almost 50 species, including sturgeon, Beluga, Severe, Vobla, Krasnopherka, Bream, Guster, Sazan and many others.

One of the tasks that was set in the organization of the Astrakhan Reserve (in addition to the preservation of spawns), is the protection of nesting sites, molting of water birds and places to stop during seasonal migrations. He coped with this role and does not give his position in our days. The Reserve has a Caspian ornithological station, coordinating research on biology, numbers and migrations of birds of the entire Caspian region. In the lower reaches of the Volga delta, about 250 species of birds, of which, over 100, withdraw their offspring here. Of course prevail, wetland birds: Swan-Shipun, Gray Goose, Numerous Ducks, Lyshuha, Kamnica, Cheeklings, Big Cormorants, Multiple Tsapel species, Kvakva, Kickpitz, Caparage, Praf and some others. There are colonies of pink and curly pelicans - rare and protected species. Neset predators - Orlen-Belochvost, Skop, Black Korean, Swamp Lun, Eared Owl. Abundant and "Other Trifle" - Drozdovo Kamichimka, Big Tit, Skzorets, Field Sparrow, etc. At the salt macs with sparse thickets, the cane can be found in North Caucasian Pheasant.

The fauna of mammals is relatively poor, provided with only 17 species. Different rodents live, including acclimatizants - Ondatra and Beaver; from predators - fox, badger, ermine, otter. Often the protected delta visits wolves. One of the most common and adapted to the complex environmental conditions of species is a boar. He has a lot of feed, beautiful shelters. In a difficult situation, it falls only at high lins of water floating a delta.

The Astrakhan Reserve has a huge environmental importance as a reserve of valuable fishing fish and wetlands of hunting birds. It retains typical highly productive delta complexes, which in other places are used non-impenetable and destroyed, and the gene refunds of plants and animals are saved, including relic, endemic.

To the previous troubles of the reserve associated with the regulation of the capital of the Volga and pollution of its waters, the new, very formidable: the growing air pollution by Astrakhan gas condensate complex.

The reserve is studied ecosystems of the lower volga delta in the conditions of oscillations of the Caspian level, regulation and redistribution of the Volga.

Daurgy State Reserve Organized in 1987. Located in the ONON and Borzinsky districts of the Chita region. Area 44.8 thousand hectares. Initially, about 200 thousand hectares were requested for the reserve, but all this amount could not agree with land users. The burglar zone is 72 thousand hectares. Part of the territory planned for the reserve was given to the Tsassiakoe-Taji Republican Reserve (57.9 thousand hectares), where the well-known Tsassiek boron is protected. It is advisable to consider the reserve, its security zone and the reserve (only 174.7 thousand hectares) as a single environmental object with various modes.

In the reserve 32.3 thousand hectares of water grounds (Lake Barun-Tey), 7.8 thousand - agricultural land (Pashnya, hayflowers, pastures), 2675 hectares of swamps and shrubs. Agricultural land went into the reserve not in a brilliant state. According to the draft projectors, almost 30 percent of pastures were at the last stage of the failure, there were no partitions of the steppe, fundamentally not changed by economic activities, from which not only rare, but also massive types of animals were injured.

The Daurus Reserve consists of the main array, which includes Lake Barun Thai and part of its coasture, and four small isolated plots, three of which are located on the northern coast of the neighboring Lake Zun Tey, one - northwest of Lake Barun Tey. The territory as a whole belongs to the Soviet-Taji Sukhonacea, which is part of the Central Asian physico-geographical area. TORY COLLOD - part of the Oneon Argun Steppe.

About 100 species of plants representing Dauro-Mongolian, Sibiro-Mongolian and Manchu Flora are found in this basin. Steppe vegetation is mainly varnoping-cereal and peeled-cereal formations and nude steps, which occupy intermountain decreases, coastal plains and islands. There are also the East and Ticker Steppes. There are sections of meadow and meadow-breasted vegetation, few wood-shrub plants. In the Protected Tsacely Sosna Bor, the main forest-forming breed - Pine Krylov.

Fauna mammals has 35 species. There are 15 types of rodents, food dawn, hare-tall, steppe hooring, badger, speakers, fox, roe.

As part of the ornithofauna of the TORY brand 256 species, including 122 types of nesting birds. Predatory - 14 species, among them the most common Kanyuk Central Asian. On the islands of Lake Barun Tey placed the colonies of a large cormorant, Gusya-Sukhonos, Chaghana, Teachosa, Peganki, Dauro crane, beauties. Water birds are very dependent on the variable hydrological regime of local lakes.

The fauna of amphibians, reptiles and fish are poor. Typical Siberian frog, ordinary shield, silver crucian and goljan.

The organization of the Daurus Reserve should serve as the protection and restoration of many rare forms of living organisms. From the animals, it is primarily introduced into the Red Book of the RSFSR Daurgy Hedgehogs (from the usual for the region became very rare), manul (on the verge of disappearance), dzery (in 1985, there was a herd of four individuals who went out of Mongolia), Sukhonos, Bair, Steppe Eagle, Pooban, Daurus Zhuravl, Black Crane, Shooting, Walker, Schoclumber, Asian Bekasovites, Relief Seagull, Drop (in 1985 60 individuals are taken into account), Mongolian Earthy Sparrow, Mandarinka.

The preservation of the Dauro Landscape site will contribute to the protection of certain other types of animals, rare in the region, as well as the preservation of the remains of local steppe phytocenoses, not finally degraded under the influence of re-dip.

Despite all the flaws, due to difficulties in the allocation of the territory, the Daurus environmental complex has the opportunity to make a great contribution to achieving a noble goal - to save the nature of the unique region of our country.

Particularly protected components of the nature of the tundra. Plants and animal tundra

Tundra is a unique natural territory, a cozy located north of the Taiga zone and the south of the Arctic desert. It represents a huge area in length with endless expanses of permafrost, because of which the soil covered with snow rarely pulls away completely. As a result, all the inhabitants of this zone, including plants, are forced to survive in difficult climatic conditions. For the same reason, many of them are included in the particularly protected components of the nature of the tundra. Let us know more about what objects are.

Climate and weather conditions in Tundra: Winter

Since we have related that the tundra is characterized by a very harsh climate, we will tell about him in a nutshell. So, the winter period on this cold and flanned plain has a protracted character. Winter lasts about 6-8, and even 9 months. And throughout this time, the abylls of the tundra are waiting for frosts, cold wind and even snow storms.

As in any polar zone, there are polar nights in the tundra, which are planned in the middle or late January and last 1-2 months. When the long-awaited polar day comes, the inhabitants of this area included in the particularly protected components of the nature of the tundra are collapsed, the strengths of the strong Northern wind and the Purga are collapsed. The average air temperature in winter reaches -30 degrees Celsius.

Autumn, Spring and Summer

Autumn in Tundra begins in September, Spring - in May, and the summer - in July. The shortest time of the year in this subarctic climatic zone is summer. Here it flies quickly and almost imperceptibly. The average temperature of one of the hottest tundra of the month of July (less than August) is 5-10 degrees Celsius.

During the short-term summer period, the Earth in this zone of permafrost does not have time to warm up to the end. So, in the period when the sun radiates warmly relatively strongly, the Earth manages to warm only 50 cm deep. All that remains below this formation, as practice shows, lies under the layer of dense and frozen soil. For the same reason, the water that fell to the ground with precipitation cannot be leaked to the depth of above half a meter. As a result, numerous lakes and swamps arise in this harsh climatic zone. What is the features of the nature of the tundra, we will be taught further.

Plant world in the zone of permafrost

As you understand, the Flora representatives in the frozen soil survive as difficult. But despite this, in the tundra you can find amazing plants and shrubs. For example, a magel or deer lichens looks interesting. Here are also tasty berries like blueberries, cloudberries and a lingonberry. Also, the tundra is characterized by a large number of moss and lichens, which are favorite food deer.

Trees of tundra are also worthy of particular attention, among which are also martyrs-fitlights, like Iva and Birch. At the same time, both types of trees have small sizes and belong to dwarf species. For the most part, the plant in the rapid summer area has a low growth and the crown on the ground, which allows them to painlessly carry the winter and enjoy the guns of the cool wind in spring and summer.

Outside the world: Tundra and her feathered inhabitants

In Tundra, you can meet a white partpath, which in the summer it puts on a brown and a motley outfit, and for the winter it is knitted into a warm white "fur coat and boots" (this is exactly what the plumage and vegetation looks like, completely covering the bird legs). The whole year does not change its white-white plumage white owl. Thanks to a large number of feathers on the body and limbs, this bird can stay in one place even in the bodied frost and with strong wind.

Tundra animals

Among the animals, the tundra meet fluffy lemmings with short legs, tail and small ears. It is noteworthy that these animals do not fall into the winter hibernation and perfectly feel in the snow and under it. Also here you can see beautiful and fast sands, deer with large and sweaty horns, foxes, wolves, blessing bumps, rodents, snowy rams and others. Many of these inhabitants are under the threat of extinction and therefore are placed in the tundra reserves.

Other inhabitants of the tundra

Due to the large number of swamps and lakes, as well as excessive precipitation (during the year, it drops to 200-300 mm) in the tundra the bloodsowing winged insects are actively developing. In the same reservoirs they swim such large fish as Omul, Nelma, Rapushka and Chir.

Environmental problems tundra

The protection of the nature of the tundra is an important task for ecologists of the whole world. Such a conclusion can be done by analyzing the information on the construction and other objects that perform the transportation and production of oil on this harsh territory.

Due to the negligent attitude towards work and non-compliance with safety, fuel leakage occurs. As a result, environmental pollution, plant and animal death.

In addition, on the territory of the tundra moves production road trains, after which the garbage remains, which is ultimately destroyed by the vegetable covers of the soil. Due to destroyed vegetation, deer and other animals and birds die.

What kind of reserves is there in the tundra?

Thanks to the coordinated work of ecologists and other specialists, numerous tundra reserves are created and created. Thus, in this zone of permafrost, there are several large reserves who allow you to restore the natural balance of the territory and save the dying dinders of the inhabitants.

For example, there are the following environmental properties here:

  • Lapland State Reserve.
  • Taimyr Reserve.
  • State Reserve "Wrangel Island".
  • Altai Reserve.

What are these particularly protected components of the nature of the tundra, we will tell below.

General information about the Lapland State Reserve

Lapland State Reserve is one of the largest natural objects in Europe. It has huge sections of virgin nature, where animals and birds are fluently moving. It is located in a small village of the Murmansk region and has a total area of \u200b\u200b278,435 hectares of land. More than 198 species of birds live here, about 31 species of animals and 370 plant varieties.

General information about the Taimyr Reserve

In particularly protected components of nature, the tundra are listed and the Taimyr Reserve, established in February 1979. It is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Taimyr Peninsula. It occurs to 222 species of moss and about 265 lichen plants, 116 species of birds, 15 species of fish and about 21 species of animals.

General information about the state reserve "Wrangel Island"

"Wrangel Island" is a large and beautiful reserve with a total area of \u200b\u200b2,225,650 hectares, including the zone of the water area and the security zone. There are many mountains and elevations that occupy about 2/3 of the entire territory. Under the protection of the reserve there is about 641 species of plants, 169 species of birds and some species of animals. So, the sands and wolverines, bears, mountainous, wolves, northern deers and shezeby feel perfectly well.

General information about the Altai Reserve

Another environmental object is the Altai Reserve, located in the mountainous terrain of Southern Siberia. It stretches for 2,000,000 hectares, where all 1500 varieties of plants are perfectly growing, many of which are listed in the Red Book. Approximately 70 species of animals live here, among them 29 refer to extinct species.