The history of the development of domestic cosmonautics

Cosmonautics has become a matter of life of several generations of our compatriots. Russian researchers were discoverers in this area.

The Russian scientist, a simple teacher of the county school of Kaluga province Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, introduced a huge contribution to the development of cosmonautics. Reflecting on life in outer space, Tsiolkovsky began writing scientific work under the name "Free Space". About how to go into space, the scientist did not know yet. In 1902, she sent a work to the magazine "New Review", accompanying his record: "I developed some parties to raise into space using a reactive device similar to a rocket. Mathematical conclusions based on scientific data and many times proven, indicate the possibility using such devices to rise into heavenly space and maybe justify the settlements outside the earth's atmosphere. "

In 1903, this work is "the study of world spaces with reactive devices" - was published. In it, the scientist developed the theoretical foundations of the possibility of flights into space. This work and subsequent works, written by Konstantin Eduardovich, give the basis of our compatriots to consider it by the Father of Russian Cosmonautics.

Deep studies of human flight opportunities in space are associated with the names of other Russian scientists - engineer and self-taught. Each of them contributed to the development of astronautics. Friedrich Arturovich a lot of work devoted the problem of creating conditions for a person's life in space. Yuri Vasilyevich developed a multistage version of the rocket, proposed the optimal trajectory of the withdrawal of the rocket in orbit. These ideas of our compatriots are currently used by all cosmic powers, have a global value.

The purposeful development of the theoretical foundations of astronautics as the science and work on the creation of jet devices in our country is associated with the activities in the 20s-30s of the Gas Dynamic Lab (GDL) and groups of studying the reactive movement (Gird), and in the future of the Reactive Research Institute ( RENNI), formed on the basis of GDL and Moscow Gird. These organizations actively worked, and others, as well as the future chief designer of rocket and space systems, which made the main contribution to the creation of the first carrier missiles (pH), artificial satellites of the Earth, piloted spacecraft (QC). The efforts of specialists in these organizations have developed the first jet devices with engines on solid and liquid fuel, their fire and flight tests were carried out. The beginning of domestic reactive technique was found.

Works and research on rocket technology in almost all possible areas of its use to the Great Patriotic War and even during the Second Worlds were widely widespread. In addition to rockets with engines on various types of fuel, RP-318-1 rocket benger (development) and RDA-1-150 engine (development), which showed the principal possibility of creating and the prospects for reactive aviation, was also designed and tested. Various types of winged missiles ("Earth-Earth" classes, air-to-air and other classes are also developed, including with an automatic control system. Naturally, only work on the creation of unmanaged jet shells received widespread development. The developed simple technology of their mass production allowed the Guards mortar parts and compounds to make a significant contribution to the victory over fascism.

On May 13, 1946, the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued a fundamental resolution, providing for the creation of the entire rocket industry infrastructure. Significant emphasis was made, based on the military-political situation addressed by this time, on the creation of liquid ballistic missiles of long-range (LCD), with the prospect of achieving an intercontinental range of shooting and equipping them with nuclear waters, as well as on creating an effective air defense system based on anti-aircraft controlled Rockets and jet fighters-interceptors.

Historically, the creation of a rocket and space industry has been associated with the need to develop combat missiles in the interests of the country's defense. Thus, the specified decree was actually created by all the necessary conditions for the rapid development of domestic cosmonautics. Stretty work began on the formation of rocket and space industry and technology.

The history of mankind included two significant events related to the development of domestic cosmonautics and opened the era of the practical development of space: the launch of the world's first artificial satellite in the world (October 4, 1957) and the first flight of a person in an orbit spacecraft ( April 12, 1961). The role of the head organization in these works was given to the state research institutes of reactive weapons No. 88 (NII-88), which became actually "Alma Mater" for all the leading specialists of the rocket-space industry. In its depths, theoretical, design and experimental work on promising rocket and space techniques were carried out. Here, the design of the BRD with a liquid rocket engine (EDD) was engaged in the team headed by the chief designer Sergey Pavlovich Queen; In 1956 he became an independent organization - OKB-1 (today it is a world-famous rocket and space corporation (RKK) "Energy".).

By performing the tasks of the Government to create a BDD, a team aimed at the simultaneous development and implementation of space research and development programs, starting with the scientific studies of the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere. Therefore, the flight of the first domestic ballistic missile P-1 (10.10.1948) was followed by flights of geophysical missiles R-1A, R-1B, R-1B and others.

In the summer of 1957, an important governmental report was published on holding successful tests of a multistage rocket in the Soviet Union. "The flight of rockets," said in the message, - took place on a very large, still not achievable height. " This message was noted the creation of the formidable weapons of the Intercontinental Ballistic Rocket R-7 - the famous "seven".

It is the appearance of "seven" ensured a favorable opportunity to bring artificial satellites of the Earth into space. But for this it was necessary to make a lot: to develop, build and test engines with a total capacity of millions of horsepower, to equip the rocket with the most complex control system, finally, to build a spacecraft, from where the rocket was to start. Our experts, our people, our country solved this difficult task. We decided the first in the world.

All work on the creation of the first artificial satellite of the Earth was headed by the Royal OKB-1. The satellite project was repeated several times, until, finally, did not stop at the variant of the device, the launch of which could be carried out using the created R-7 missile and in a short time. The fact of the withdrawal of the satellite in orbit was to be recorded by all countries of the world, for which the radio engineering equipment was mounted on the satellite.

On October 4, 1957, from the Baikonur cosmodrome, the first in the world was derived to an near-earth orbit carrier rocket P-7. The accurate measurement of the parameters of the orbit of the satellite was carried out by terrestrial radio engineering and optical stations. The launch and flight of the first UDS made it possible to obtain data on the duration of its existence in orbit near the Earth, passing radio filters through the ionosphere and the influence of space flight conditions on the onboard equipment.

The development of rocket-space systems was a stormy pace. Flights of the first artificial satellites of Earth, Sun, Moon, Venus, Mars, the achievement for the first time by automatic devices of the moon surface, Venus, Mars and a soft landing on these celestial bodies, photographing the reverse side of the moon and the transfer to the land of the lunar surface, the first flight of the moon and return to Earth of the automatic ship with animals, delivery by the robot of samples of the lunar breed to the ground, the study of the surface of the moon by automatic moonwalk, transmission to the land of the panorama of Venus, the span near the kernel of the gallium comet, flights of the first cosmonauts - men and women, single and group in single and multi-seat satellite ships , the first exit of the cosmonaut-man, and then women from the ship in open space, the creation of the first piloted orbital station, the automatic supply cargo ship, flights of international crews, the first flights of astronauts between orbital stations, the creation of the Energy system - "Buran" with fully automatic returning multi-way The land for the land, the long work of the first multi-part orbital manned complex and many other priority achievements of Russia in the development of space causes our legitimate sense of pride.

First flight to space

April 12, 1961 - This day was forever entered the history of mankind: in the morning from the "Bikonur" cosmodrome, a powerful carrier missile brought into orbit the East spacecraft with the first cosmonaut of the Earth - a citizen of the Soviet Union Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin on board.

For 1 h. 48 minutes, the earth flew around and safely landed in the vicinity of the village of Breelovka Ternovsky district of the Saratov region, for which he was awarded the star of the Hero of the Soviet Union.

By decision of the International Aviation Federation (FAI) on April 12, World Aviation Day and Cosmonautics are celebrated. The holiday was established by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on April 9, 1962.

After the flight, Yuri Gagarin continuously improved his skills as a pilot-cosmonaut, and also took direct participation in training and training the crews of astronauts, in the manual of Flights of the QC "Vostok", "Sunrise", "Union".

The first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin graduated from the Names Aircraft Engineering Academy (1961-1968), led a large social and political work, being a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 6th and 7th convingations, a member of the Central Committee of the WLKSM (elected on the 14th and 15th M Congresses of the WLKSM), President of Social Cuban Friendship.

With the Mission of the World and Friendship, Yuri Alekseevich visited many countries, he was awarded the Golden Medal. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Medal De Lavavo (FAI), gold medals and honorary diplomas of the International Association (Lius) "Man in Cosmos" and the Italian Association of Cosmonautics, Gold Medal "For Outstanding Difference" and Honorary Diploma of the Royal Aeroclub of Sweden, Big Gold Medal and Fai Diploma , Gold Medal of the British Society of Interplanetary Messages, Astronautically Astronautical Award.

Since 1966, he was an honorary member of the International Academy of Astronautics. He was awarded the Order of Lenin and the medals of the USSR, as well as the orders of many countries of the world. Yuri Gagarina is awarded the title of the Hero of Socialist Labor Czechos, the Hero of the NRB, the Hero of Labor SRV.

Yuri Gagarin tragically died in an aviation catastrophe near the village of Novoselov Kirzhach district of the Vladimir region when performing training flight on the aircraft (along with the pilot sergin).

In order to perpetuate the memory of Gagarin, Gzhatsk and the Gzhatsky district of the Smolensk region were renamed respectively in the city of Gagarin and the Gagarinsky district. The name Yuri Gagarin was awarded the Air Force Academy in Monino, the scholarship was established. For cadets of military aviation schools. The international aviation federation (FAI) was established by the medal. Yu. A. Gagarin. In Moscow, Gagarine, Star Town, Sofia - Institutes of Cosmonaut's Monuments are established; There is a memorial house-museum in Gagarin, the name is called the crater on the moon.

Yuri Gagarin was elected an honorary citizen of Caluga cities, Novocherkassk, Sumgait, Smolensk, Vinnitsa, Sevastopol, Saratov (USSR), Sofia, Pernik (NRB), Athens (Greece), Famagusta, Limassol (Cyprus), Saint-Denis (France), Trenchansk-Teplice (CHHssR).

Cosmonautics as science, and then as a practical industry, formed in the middle of the 20th century. But this was preceded by a fascinating story of the birth and development of the idea of \u200b\u200ba flight in space, which began fantasy, and only then the first theoretical works and experiments appeared.

So, initially in the dreams of a person, a flight into space expanses was carried out with the help of fabulous tools or forces of nature (tornado, hurricanes). Closer to the XX century for these purposes, technical means were already present in the descriptions of the sciences - balloons, heavy duty guns and, finally, rocket engines and rocket itself. Not one generation of young romantics has grown on the works of J. Verne, M. Wells, A. Tolstoy, A. Kazantseva, the basis of which was a description of space travel.

Everything outlined by science expanded the minds of scientists. So, k.e. Tsiolkovsky said: "First, inevitably go: thought, fantasy, fairy tale, and for them march the exact calculation." Publication at the beginning of the 20th century theoretical works of Pioneers of Cosmonautics K.E. Tsiolkovsky, F.A. Zander, Yu.V. Kondratyuk, R.Kh. Goddardda, Ganswindt, R. Eno-Peltri, Obert, V. Goman to some extent limited the flight of fantasies, but at the same time caused new directions in science to life - attempts to determine what can give cosmonautics to society And how it affects it.

I must say that the idea to combine the cosmic and earthly directions of human activity belongs to the founder of theoretical cosmonautics K.E. Tsiolkovsky. When the scientist said: "The planet there is a cradle of mind, but it is impossible to live forever in the cradle," he did not put forward alternatives - either land or space. Tsiolkovsky never considered the exit to space a consequence of some hopelessness of life on Earth. On the contrary, he spoke of the rational transformation of the nature of our planet by the power of mind. People, argued the scientist, "change the surface of the earth, its oceans, the atmosphere, plants, and themselves. They will manage the climate and will be disposed of within the solar system, as on the ground itself, which still indefinitely remains the housing of humanity."

In the USSR, the beginning of practical work on space programs is associated with the names S.P. Queen and M.K. Tikhonravova. In early 1945 M.K. Tikhonravov organized a group of specialists in the development of the project of the piloted high-rise missile apparatus (a cabin with two cosmonauts) for the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere. The group included N.G. Chernyshev, P.I. Ivanov, V.N. Galkovsky, G.M. Moskalenko et al. The project was decided to create a single-stage liquid rocket based on a vertical flight to a height of up to 200 km.

This project (he received the name BP-190) provided for the solution of the following tasks:

  • study of the conditions of weightlessness in a short-term free flight of a person in a hermetic cabin;
  • studying the movement of the center of mass of the cabin and its movement near the center of the masses after separation from the carrier rocket;
  • obtaining data on the upper layers of the atmosphere; Checking the performance of systems (separation, descent, stabilization, landing, etc.) included in the design of the altitude cabin.

In the project BP-190, the following decisions were proposed for the first time, which were used in modern software:

  • parachute system of descent, brake rocket engine soft landing, separation system with the use of pyrobolts;
  • electrocontact rod for safe ignition of a soft landing engine, a babulent hermetic cabin with a livelihood system;
  • the cabin stabilization system outside the dense layers of the atmosphere using a small traction nozzles.

In general, the BP-190 project was a set of new technical solutions and concepts confirmed by now the course of the development of domestic and foreign rocket and space technology. In 1946, the materials of the BP-190 project were reported by MK Ti-Honravov I.V. Stalin. Since 1947, Tikhonravov with its group is working on the idea of \u200b\u200ba missile package and in the late 1940s - early 1950s. Shows the possibility of obtaining the first space speed and launch of an artificial satellite of the Earth (USS) with the help of a missile database developed at the time. In 1950-1953 Efforts of employees of the group MK Tikhonravov was aimed at studying the problems of creating composite carrier missiles and artificial satellites.

In the report to the Government in 1954, the possibility of developing the USS S.P. Korolev wrote: "At your instruction, I present a report by the note. Tikhonravova M.K." On the artificial satellite of the Earth ... ". In the report on scientific activity for 1954 S.P. Korolev noted:" We would have thought possible to spend sketch The development of the draft itself, taking into account the leading work (the work of the work of MK Tikhonravova is especially worthy ...). "

Work turned out to prepare the launch of the first USS PS-1. The first council of the main designers led by S.P. Ko-Roleov, who later carried out the leadership of the USSR space-based program, which became the world leader in the eloction of cosmos. Created under the leadership of S.P. The Queen of OKB-1-Tskbam - NGO "Energy" has since the beginning of the 1950s. The center of space science and industry in the USSR.

Cosmonautics are unique in that a lot of predicted first scores, and then scientists have accomplished truly with space speed. Total forty years old has passed since the launch of the per-artificial artificial satellite of the Earth, October 4, 1957, and the history of astronautics already contains a series of remarkable achievements, originally obtained by the USSR and the United States, and then other spacecraft powers.

Already many thousands of satellites fly in orbits around the Earth, the devices reached the surface of the moon, Venus, Mars; Scientific equipment was sent to Jupiter, Mercury, Saturn for knowledge of these remote planets of the solar system.

The triumph of cosmonautics was the launch of April 12, 1961 of the first person in space - Yu.A. Gagarin. Then - group flight, human yield into space, the creation of the Salute orbital stations, the World ... The USSR has become a leading country in the world for py-loth-led programs.

An indicative is the trend of the transition from the launch of single ka to solve primarily military tasks for the creation of large-scale space systems in the interests of solving a wide range of tasks (including socio-economic and scientific) and to integrate space sectors of various countries.

What did cosmic science reached in the 20th century? For messages, powerful liquid rocket engines have been developed for message rockets-carrier-carriers. In this area, the merit of V.P. Glush. The creation of such engines was made possible by the implementation of new scientific ideas and schemes that practically exclude losses on the drive of turbocharging units. The development of carrier rockets and liquid rocket engines contributed to the development of thermo-, hydro and gas-dynamics, theory of heat transfer and strength, metallurgy of high-strength and heat-resistant materials, chemistry of fuels, measuring equipment, vacuum and plasma technology. Further development was obtained solid fuel and other types of rocket engines.

In the early 1950s Soviet scientists M.V. Keldysh, V.A. Kotelnikov, A.Yu. Ishlinsky, L.I. Sedov, B.V. Raushenbach et al. Developed mathematical patterns and navigation and ballistic provision of space flights.

The tasks that occurred in the preparation and sale of cosmic flights served as an impetus for intensive development and such general scientific disciplines as heavenly and theoretical mechanics. The widespread use of new mathematical methods and the creation of perfect computing machines made it possible to solve the most complex tasks of designing the orbits of spacecraft and the management of them during the flight process, and as a result, a new scientific discipline arose - the dynamics of the cosmic flight.

Design Bureau, headed by N.A. Pilyugin and V.I. Kuznetsov, created unique rocket and space management systems with high reliability.

At the same time V.P. Glushko, A.M. Isaev created an advanced school of practical rocket engineering in the world. And the theoretical foundations of this school were laid back in the 1930s, at the dawn of domestic rocket education. And now the advanced position of Russia in this area is preserved.

Thanks to the intense creative work of the design bureau under the direction of V.M. Mezishcheva, V.N. Cheruya, D.A. Hydran were performed on the creation of large-sized particularly durable shells. This was the basis for creating powerful intercontinental missiles of the UR-200, UR-500, UR-700, and then piloted stations "Salute", "Diamond", "Mir", MODE lei twenty-th class "Kvant", "Crystal", "Nature", "Spectrum", modern modules for the International Space Station (ISS) "Zarya" and "Star", Proton family missiles. Creative Co-Fability of Designers of these Design Bureau and Machine-Building Plant. M.V. Khrunichev allowed the beginning of the XXI century to create a family of carriers of the Angara, a complex of small spacecraft and make MCS modules. The association of the KB and the plant and the restructuring of these divisions made it possible to create the largest corporation in Russia - the State Space Scientific and Production Center. M.V. Khrunichev.

A lot of work on the creation of carrier missiles on the basis of ballistic missiles was performed in the KB "South", headed by M.K. Yangel. The reliability of these lung-class carrier missiles does not know analogues in world cosmonautics. In the same KB under the leadership of V.F. Utkin was created a rocket carrier of the middle class "Zenit" - a representative of the second generation of carrier missiles.

For four decades, the possibilities of the system of control of carriers and spacecraft have significantly increased. If in 1957-1958 When removing artificial satellites in orbit around the Earth, a mistake of several tens of kilometers was leaving, then by the mid-1960s. The accuracy of control systems was already so high, which allowed the space apparatus launched on the moon, landing on its surface with a deviation from the intended point of only 5 km. Design management systems N.A. Pilyugina was one of the best in the world.

Great achievements of cosmonautics in the field of space communication, television, relaying and navigation, the transition to high-speed lines allowed us in 1965 to transfer photos of the Mars planet from the distance in excess of 200 million km, and in 1980 the image of Saturn was transferred to Earth with Distances about 1.5 billion km. Scientific and production association of applied mechanics, many years headed by MF. Reshetnyev, originally created as a branch of OKB S.P. Queen; This NGO is one of the world leaders in developing spacecraft of this appointment.

Satellite communication systems are created, covering almost all countries of the world and providing bilateral operational communication with any subscribers. This type of communication turned out to be the most reliable and becomes more profitable. Relay systems allow you to control spacegroups from one point on Earth. Satellite navigation systems are created and operated. Without these systems, today the use of modern vehicles - merchant ships, aircraft of civil aviation, military equipment, etc.

There were qualitative changes in the field of manned flights. The ability to work successfully outside the spacecraft was first proven by Soviet cosmonauts in the 1960-1970s., And in 1980-1990. A person's ability to live and work in weightlessness during the year was demonstrated. During flights, a large number of experiments were also carried out - technical, geophysical and astronomical.

The most important studies in the field of space medicine and livelihood systems. It is necessary to deeply explore the person and the means of life support in order to determine what can be entrusted to a person in space, especially with prolonged space flight.

One of the first space experiments was photographing the Earth, which would see how many can give observation from space to open and reasonably use natural resources. Tasks for the development of complexes of photographic and optical electrical sensing of land, mapping, research of natural resources, environmental monitoring, as well as on the creation of medium-class carrier missiles on the basis of R-7A missiles performs the former branch number 3 of the OKB, transformed first in the CCBB, and today UGRPTS "TsSKB - Progress" led by D.I. Kozlov.

In 1967, during the automatic docking of two unmanned artificial satellites of the Earth "Cosmos-186" and "Cosmos-188", the largest scientific and technical problem of the meeting and docking ka in space, which allowed to create the first orbital station in a relatively short time (USSR) And choose the most rational scheme of spacecraft flights to the moon with landfill onto her surface (USA). In 1981, the first flight was performed by the Multi-Space Space Space System "Space Shuttle" (USA), and in 1991, the domestic energy system "Energy" - "Buran" started.

In general, the solution of a variety of tasks of the study of space - from the launches of artificial satellites of the Earth to the launches of interplanetary spacecraft and manned ships and stations - gave many invaluable scientific information about the universe and planets of the solar system and significantly contributed to the technical progress of humanity. Earth satellites in conjunction with the probe rockets made it possible to obtain detailed data on the near-emblem space. Thus, with the help of the first artificial satellites, radiation belts were found, during their study, the interaction of land with charged particles emitted by the Sun was deeper. Interplanetary space flights helped us deeper to understand the nature of many planetary phenomena - solar wind, solar storms, meteorite rains, etc.

Space apparatus, launched to the moon, passed the pictures of its surface, photographed and, among other things, an invisible direction from the Earth with a resolution, significantly exceeding the possibilities of earth facilities. Samples of the lunar was taken, and also delivered to the lunar surface automatic self-propelled vehicles "Lunohod-1" and "Lunohod-2".

Automatic spacecraft made it possible to obtain additional information about the form and gravitational field of the Earth, clarify the fine details of the shape of the Earth and its magnetic field. Artificial satellites helped get more accurate data on mass, shape and orbit of the moon. The masses of Venus and Mars were also clarified by observing the trajectories of spacecraft flights.

A great contribution to the development of advanced techniques made design, manufacture and operation of very complex space systems. Automatic spacecraft sent to the planets are, in fact, robots driven from the ground through radio commands. The need to develop reliable systems for solving problems of this kind led to a more advanced understanding of the problem of the analysis and synthesis of various complex technical systems. Such systems are used by both cosmic studies and in many other areas of human activity. Cosmonautics demands caused the need to design complex automatic devices with rigid constraints caused by carrying capacity of carrier missiles and the conditions of outer space, which was an additional incentive for rapidly improving machine-ticks and microelectronics.

The CB, led by G.N. Babakin, G.Ya. Guskov, V.M. Kovtunenko, D.I. Kozlov, N.N. Sheremetyevsky and others. Cosmonautics caused a new direction in technique and construction - cosmodrome-building. In the country, there were teams under the guidance of large scientists V.P. Barmina and V.N. Solovyov. Currently, there is more than a dozen cosmodrome in the world with unique terrestrial automated complexes, test stations and other complex means of training spacecraft and launching rocket. Russia intensively performs launches with Baikonur and Plesetsk cosmodromov known to the world, and also conducts experimental launches from the cosmodrome country created in the east.

Modern needs due and remote control at large distances led to the development of high-quality management and control systems that contributed to the development of technical methods for tracking spacecraft and measure the parameters of their movement at interplanetary distances, opening new areas of applying satellites. In modern cosmonautics, this is one of the priorities. Ground auto-matzed control complex, developed by M.S. Ryazan and L.I. Gusev, and today ensures the functioning of the orbital grouping of Russia.

The development of work in the field of space technology led to the creation of systems of cosmic weather support, which, with the required periodicity, receive the cloud cover of the Earth and leads observations in various spectrum ranges. The meteorological recorders are the basis for the preparation of operational weather forecasts, primarily for large regions. Currently, almost all countries of the world use cosmic weather agents.

The results obtained in the satellite geodesy region are especially important for solving military tasks, mapping natural resources, increasing the accuracy of trajectory measurements, as well as to study the Earth. With the use of space facilities, a unique possibility of solving problems of environmental monitoring of land and global control of natural resources appears. The results of space filming turned out to be an effective means of observing the development of crops of crops, identifying diseases of vegetation, measuring some soil factors, the state of the aqueous medium, etc. The combination of various methods of space survey provides almost reliable, full and detailed information about natural resources and the environment.

In addition to the already defined areas, it will be obviously new directions for the use of space technology, such as the organization of technological production, impossible on earthly conditions. Thus, weightlessness can be used to obtain semiconductor crystals. Such crystals will be used in the electronics industry to create a new class of semiconductor devices. In the conditions of non-weigher, freely soaring liquid metal and other materials are easy to deform weak magnetic fields. This opens the way to produce ingots any advanced form without their crystallization in the sets, as is done on Earth. The peculiarity of such ingots is almost a complete absence of internal stresses and high purity.

The use of cosmic means plays a decisive role in creating a single information space of Russia, to ensure the globality of telecommunications, especially during the mass implementation of the Internet in the country. The future in the development of the Internet is the widespread use of high-speed broadband communication channels, because in the 21st century, the possession and exchange of information will become no less important than the ownership of nuclear weapons.

Our piloted cosmonautics is aimed at the further development of science, the rational use of land natural resources, solving the problems of environmental monitoring of sushi and ocean. For this, it is necessary to create manned means for flights in near-earth orbits and for the implementation of the age-old dream of humanity - flights to other planets.

The possibility of carrying out such plans is inextricably linked with solving problems for creating new engines for flights in the outer space that do not require significant fuel reserves, such as ionic, photon, as well as use natural forces - the force of gravity, torsion fields, etc.

Creating new unique samples of rocket and space technology, as well as methods of space research, conducting space experiments on automatic and manned ships and stations in near-earth space, as well as in orbits of the planets of the solar system - the fertile soil association of the efforts of scientists and designers of different countries.

At the beginning of the XXI century, tens of thousands of objects of artificial origin are in space flight. These include spacecraft and fragments (the last stages of carrier rockets, fairings, adapters and separating parts).

Therefore, along with an acute problem of the struggle against pollution, our planet will be the question of combating the clogging of near-earth outer space. Currently, one of the problems is the distribution of the frequency resource of the geostationary orbit due to its saturation to a different appointment.

The tasks of the development of outer space were solved and solved in the USSR and Russia a number of organizations and enterprises headed by Pleiagery of the Heirs of the First Council of the Chief Designers Yu.P. Semenov, N.A. Anfimov, I.V. Barmini, G.P. Biryukov, B.I. Gubanov, G.A. Efremov, A.G. Kozlov, B.I. Katorgina, G.E. Lozino-Lozinsky et al.

Together with the conduct of experimental design work, developed in the USSR and mass production of space technology. To create a complex "Energy" - "Buran" into cooperation on this work included more than 1000 enterprises. Director of manufacturers S.S. Bovkun, A.I. Kiselev, I.I. Klebanov, ld Kuchma, A.A. Makarov, V.D. Vachnadze, A.A. Chizhov and many others in a short time they debugged production and provided production output. It is highly necessary to note the role of a number of leaders of the space industry. This is D.F. Ustinov, K.N. Rudnev, V.M. Ryabikov, L.V. Smirnov, S.A. Afanasyev, OD Baklanov, V.Kh. Doguzhiev, O.N. Shishkin, Yu.N. Coptev, A.G. Karas, A.A. Maksimov, V.L. Ivanov.

Successful launch in 1962 "Cosmos-4" began using space in the interests of the defense of our country. This task was solved first by the NII-4 MO, and then the CNII-50 MO was allocated from its composition. Here the creation of military and dual-purpose space systems was justified, in the development of which the well-known military scientists have made a decisive contribution. Levin, G.P. Melnikov, I.V. Meshcheryakov, Yu.A. Mozorin, P.E. Elasoberg, I.I. Yatsunsky et al.

It is generally recognized that the use of cosmic means allows 1.5-2 times to increase the effectiveness of the actions of the armed forces. Features of the conduct of wars and armed conflicts of the KONC XX century showed that the role of space in solving problems of military confrontation is constantly increasing. Only exploration, navigation space means provide the possibility of vision of the enemy to the entire depth of its defense, a global relationship, a high-precision operational definition of the coordinates of any objects, which makes it possible to carry out the fighting practically "with the goal" in militant territories and remote host theaters in militarily. Only the use of space means will ensure the protection of territories from the rocket-nuclear attack of any aggressor. Cosmos becomes the basis of military power of each state - this is a bright trend of the new millennium.

Under these conditions, new approaches are needed to develop promising samples of rocket and space technology, which are radically different from the existing generation of cosmic drugs. Thus, the current generation of orbital means is mainly a specialized application on the basis of hermetic structures, with reference to specific types of deviations. In the new millennium, it is necessary to create multifunctional spacecraft on the basis of leakage platforms of the modular design, the development of a unified range of removal means with a low-cost high efficient system of their operation. Only in this case, relying on the potential created in the rocket and space industry, Russia in the 21st century will be able to significantly speed up the process of developing its economy, to ensure a qualitatively new level of scientific research, international cooperation, solving socio-economic problems and the tasks of strengthening the country's defense capability, which in The ultimately will strengthen its position in the world community.

The leading enterprises of the rocket and space industry are played by a decisive role in the creation of Russian rocket and space science and play: GKNPTS them. M.V. Khrunichev, RKK "Energia", TsSKB, KBU, KBTM, and others. The leadership of this work is carried out by Rosaviacosmos.

Currently, Russian astronautics are not going through the best days. The funding for space programs is sharply reduced, a number of enterprises are in an extremely difficult situation. But the Russian space science does not stand still. Even in these difficult conditions, Russian scientists design the Space Systems of the XXI century.

Abroad, the beginning of the development of the outer space was launched on February 1, 1958. Explorer-1. He headed the American Space Program Werner von Brown, who was in 1945 by one of the leading specialists in the field of rocket technology in Germany, and then worked in the United States. He created on the basis of the Ballistic Rocket "Redstone" the "Jupiter-C" missile, with which the "Explorer-1" was launched.

On February 20, 1962, the "Atlas" carrier launch was developed under the leadership of K. Bossart, the spacecraft "Mercury" was introduced into orbit, piloted by the first astronaut J. Tlennn. However, all these achievements were not full, as the steps already passed by Soviet cosmonautics were repeated. Based on this, the US government made efforts to conquer the leading position in the cosmic race. And in certain areas of space activities, they managed to have succeeded in separate sites of the Space Marathon.

Thus, the United States was the first in 1964 with a geostationary orbit. But the greatest success was the delivery of American astronauts to the Moon on the Apollo-11 spacecraft and the release of the first people - N. Armstrong and E. Oldrina - on its surface. This achievement was made possible by developing under the leadership of Brown Rocket carriers of the Saturn type, created in 1964-1967. According to the program "Apollo".

PH "Saturn" was a family of two- and three-stage heavy and superheavy-class media based on the use of unified blocks. The two-stage variant "Saturn-1" allowed the useful load of 10.2 tons to a low near-earth orbit, and the three-stage "Saturn-5" - 139 tons (47 tons on the trajectory of the flight to the moon).

A large achievement in the development of American space technology was the creation of a multi-sized space system "Space Shuttle" with an orbital stage with aerodynamic quality, the first launch of which was held in April 1981 and, despite the fact that all the possibilities provided by reproductiveness were not completely Used, of course, it was a major (although very expensive) step forward on the way of mastering space.

The first successes of the USSR and the USA prompted some countries to revitalize their efforts in space activities. American carriers launched the first English ka "Ariel-1" (1962), the first Canadian ka "Aluet-1" (1962), the first Italian ka "San Marco" (1964). However, the launches of other people's carriers put the countries - the owners of the KA dependence on the United States. Therefore, work began on creating their own carriers. France reached the greatest success on this field, already in 1965, which launched the ka "A-1" with its own carrier "Danaman-A". In the future, developing this success, France developed a family of carriers "Arian", which is one of the most profitable.

The undoubted success of the world cosmonautics was the implementation of the EPAS program, the final stage of which - the launch and docking on the orbit of the Soyuz Soyuz and Apollo spacecraft - was carried out in July 1975. This flight was marked by the beginning of international programs that successfully developed in the last quarter of XX A century and the undoubted success of which was the manufacture, launch and assembly in the orbit of the International Space Station. Of particular importance acquired international cooperation in the sphere of space services, where the leading place belongs to the GKNPC. M.V. Khrunichev.

In this book, the authors based on their many years of work in the field of design and practical creation of rocket and space systems, analysis and summarizing the development of cosmonautics in Russia and abroad outlined their point of view on the development of astronautics in the XXI century. The near future will determine if we were right or not. I would like to express my gratitude for valuable advice on the content of the book by academicians RAS N.A. Anfimov and A.A. Galev, doctors of technical sciences G.M. Tamkovich and V.V. Ostrukhov

The authors are due to the help of the collection of materials and discuss the manuscript of the book of Technical Sciences, Professor B.N. Rodionova, candidates of technical sciences A.F. Akimova, N.V. Vasilyeva, I.N. GOLVOVEVA, S.B. Kabanova, V.T. Konovalova, M.I. Makarova, A.M. Maksimova, L.S. Medushevsky, E.G. Trofimova, I.L. Cherkasova, Candidate of Military Sciences S.V. Pavlova, leading specialists of the NII KS A.A. Kacket, Yu.G. Pichuri, V.L. Svetly, as well as Yu.A. Peshnin and N.G. Makarov for technical assistance in the preparation of the book. The authors express deep appreciation for valuable advice on the maintenance of the manuscripts of the candidates of Technical Sciences E.I. Motor, V.F. Nagavkina, O.K. Roskina, S.V. Sorokin, S.K. Shavichu, V.Yu. Yuryev and Director of the program I.A. Glazing.

The authors will gratefully perceive all the comments, suggestions and critical articles that, we believe, follow after the publication of the book and once again confirm that the problems of astronautics are really relevant and requires close attention of scientists and practitioners, as well as all those who live the future.

The history of the development of cosmonautics


To assess the contribution of a person to the development of some kind of knowledge, it is necessary to trace the history of the development of this area and try to see the direct or indirect influence of the ideas and works of this person on the process of achieving new knowledge and new success. Consider the history of the development of rocket technology and the history of rocket and space technology arising from it.

Number of rocket technology

If we talk about the idea of \u200b\u200bthe reactive movement and the first rocket, then this idea, and its embodiment was born in China about the 2nd century AD. The rocket driving force was powder. The Chinese first used this invention for entertainment - the Chinese are still leaders in the production of fireworks. And then put this idea for weapons, in the literal sense of the word: such a "firework" attached to the arrows increased its flight range about 100 meters (which was one third from the entire length of the flight), and when the goal was lit. It was more terrible weapons on the same principle - "spears of violent fire."

In such a primitive form, reactive rockets have existed until the 19th century. Only at the end of the 19th century began to be attempts to mathematically explain the reactive movement and create serious weapons. In Russia, Nikolai Ivanovich Tikhomirov in 1894 was taken by one of the first questions in 1894. Tikhomirov proposed to be used as a driving force the reaction of gases obtained during the combustion of explosives or easily flammable liquid flammings in combination with the ejected environment. Tikhomirov began to engage in these questions later Tsiolkovsky, but in the sense of the implementation advanced much further, because He thought more landed. In 1912, he presented a project of a reactive projectile by the Maritime Ministry. In 1915, he filed a petition for the issuance of privileges to a new type of "self-deviating mines" for water and air. The invention of Tikhomirov received a positive assessment of the expert commission chaired by N. E. Zhukovsky. In 1921, at the suggestion of Tikhomirov, a laboratory was created for the development of its inventions, which was subsequently established (after transfer to Leningrad) the name of the gas-dynamic laboratory (GDL). Soon after the founding, the activities of GDL focused on creating rocket shells on a smokeless gunpowder.

In parallel with the Tikhomirov over the rockets on solid fuel, the former colonel of the royal army Ivan Greve 33 worked. In 1926, he received a patent for a rocket, which used the special composition of smoky powder as fuel. He began to pierce his idea, even wrote in the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), but these troubles ended quite typically for that time: Colonel of the Tsarist Army Greve was arrested and convicted. But I. Khaveva will still play a role in the development of rocket technology in the USSR, and will take part in the development of missiles for the famous "Katyusha".

In 1928, the rocket was launched, powder Tikhomirov served for her. In 1930, a patent for the formulation of such gunpowders and the technology of making checkers from it was issued to Tikhomirov.

American genius

Abroad, the problem of reactive movement was one of the first to be american scientist Robert Hitchings Goddard 34. Godardard in 1907 writes an article "On the possibility of moving in the interplanetary space", which in spirit is very close to the work of the Tsiolkovsky "study of world spaces with reactive instruments," the same year is still limited to qualitative estimates and no formula displays. Godardard then was 25 years old. In 1914, Goddard receives US patents on the design of a composite rocket with conical nozzles and rockets with continuous combustion in two versions: with a sequential supply to the combustion chamber of powder charges and with a pumping supply of two-component liquid fuels. Since 1917, Goddard has been conducting design developments in the field of solid fuel missiles of various types, including a multiply charged rocket of impulse burning. Since 1921, Godardrd proceeds to experiments with liquid rocket engines (oxidizing agent - liquid oxygen, fuel - various hydrocarbons). It is these rockets on liquid fuel that became the first progenitors of cosmic launch vehicles. In their theoretical works, he repeatedly noted the advantages of liquid rocket engines. On March 16, 1926, Goddard holds a successful launch of the simplest rocket with the displacement feed (fuel - gasoline, oxidizer - liquid oxygen). The starting weight is 4.2 kg, the height achieved - 12.5 m, the range of flight - 56 m. Godardard belongs to the championship in the launch of the rocket on liquid fuel.

Robert Goddard was a man of a difficult, complex nature. He preferred to work secretly, in a narrow circle of trusted people, blindly submitted to him. According to one of his American colleagues, " Godardard considered the rocket to his private reserve, and those who also worked on this issue, considered as poachers ... This attitude led him to the fact that he refused to report his results through scientific journals ... "35. You can add: and not only through scientific journals. It is very characteristic of Goddard's answer of August 16, 1924 by the Soviet enthusiasts of studying the problems of interplanetary flights, which sincerely wanted to establish scientific relations with American colleagues. The answer is quite short, but in it all the character of Goddard :

"Clark University, Warchester, Massachuets, Physics Branch. Mr. Leteseysen, the secretary of society for the study of interplanetary ties. Moscow, Russia.

Dear sir! I am glad to find out that in Russia the Society for the study of interplanetary connections is created, and I will be glad to cooperate in this work. limits of possible. However, printing material concerning the work performed now or experimental flights is missing. Thank you for familiarizing me with the materials. Your sincerely, director of the physical laboratory R.Kh. Godardard " 36 .

The attitude of Tsiolkovsky to cooperate with foreign scientists looks interesting. Let us give an excerpt from his letter to Soviet youth, published in Komsomolskaya Pravda in 1934:

"In 1932, the largest capitalist society of metallic airship sent me a letter. They asked for details about my metal airships. I did not answer the questions asked. I consider my knowledge of the USSR " 37 .

Thus, it can be concluded that neither one or the other side there was no desire to cooperate. Scientists were very zealous to their work.

Disputes about priority

Theorists and practices of rocket technology at that time were completely separated. These were the most "... not related to each other research and experiments of many individual scientists attacked by an unknown area of \u200b\u200bthe grunce, like the Horde of nomadic riders," about which, as applied, the truth, to electricity, wrote F. Engels in "Dialectics of Nature" . Robert Goddard knew anything for a long time about the works of Tsiolkovsky, as well as Hermann, who worked with liquid rocket engines and rockets in Germany. Such alone was in France, one of the pioneers of cosmonautics, engineer and pilot Robert Esno-Pelti, the future author of the two-volume work "Astronautics".

Separated by spaces and borders, they will not immediately recognize each other. On October 24, 1929, wake will find out, probably the only photo of a typewriter with Russian font in the whole town and send a letter to Tsiolkovsky in Kaluga. " Of course, the very last one who would challenge your championship and your merits in the case of rocket, and I only regret that I heard no earlier than 1925. I would probably be in my own works today much further and cost without those many in vain works, knowing your excellent work. ", - Open and honestly wrote wrap. But it is not easy to write like that when you are 35 years old and you have always considered yourself first. 38

In the fundamental report dedicated to the cosmonautics, the French-Pelti's Frenchman never mentioned Tsiolkovsky. Popularizer science writer Ya.I. Perelman, reading the work of Esno Pelti, wrote Tsiolkovsky to Kaluga: " There is a link to Lorentz, Goddard, waken, Gomana, Valle, - but I did not notice the links to you. It seems that the author with your works is not familiar. It's a shame! "After some time, the" Yumani "newspaper will rather categorically write:" Tsiolkovsky in fairness should be recognized by the father of scientific astronautics ". It turns out somehow awkward. Esno-Pelti is trying to explain everything:" ... I made every effort to get them (Tsiolkovsky work. - Y.G.). It turned out to be impossible for me to get at least a small document to my reports of 1912 ". Some irritation is captured when he writes that he received in 1928 from Professor S. I. Chizhevsky Statement with the requirement to confirm the priority of Tsiolkovsky. "" I think I fully satisfied him "," Esno-Peltti writes. 39

America Goddard for all his life in any of his books, nor in articles never called Tsiolkovsky, although he received his Kaluga books. However, this difficult person has rarely referred to other people's work.

Nazi genius

On March 23, 1912, Werner von Brown was born in Germany - the future creator of the FAu Rocket. His missile career began with reading scientific and popular literature and observation of the sky. He later recalled: " It was a goal that could be devoted to all my life! Not only to observe the planets in the telescope, but also to break through into the universe, to explore the mysterious worlds "40. Seriously, a boy was read about the book Wrap on the flights into space, several times watched the film Fritz Lang" Girl on the Moon ", and at the age of 15, he joined the Space Travel Society, where she met real racket specialists.

The Brownian family was preserved at war. Among the men's houses, the background of Brownians only and came conversations that about weapons and war. This family, apparently, was not deprived of that complex, which was inherent in many Germans after defeat in the First World War. In 1933, Nazis came to power in Germany. Baron and true Arica Werner von Brown with his ideas of jet rockets came to the yard to the new leadership of the country. He entered into the SS, and began to quickly climb the career ladder. On his research, the authorities allocated huge money. The country was preparing for war, and the Führer was very necessary new weapons. On flights to space Werner von Brown has to forget for many years. 41.

Talk about such a thing as the history of cosmonautics, steel from the middle of the twentieth century. The first serious theoretical works appeared later, but in the fifties of the last century, there were key events related to the conquest of space by a person.

One of the first domestic industry theorists was K. E. Tsiolkovsky, who in his work clarified that fantasy was always preceded by the exact calculation. This is the most accurate reflection of cosmonautics, since at first it was described only in the works of fiction and seemed to be an unrealized dream, and today it is part of everyday life and absolute reality.

The main stages of the development of cosmonautics in the USSR

In order to realize how dynamically the cosmonautics develops, it suffices to refer to the chronology of the events of the second half of the last century. Famous people who are today fifty-sixty years are actually peers of space development.

Brief sequence as follows:

  1. Fourth of October 1957 - the launch of the first satellite - symbolized the scientific and technical progress of the country and its transition from the agricultural state.
  2. Since November 1957, it began to regularly be launched, aimed at studying astrophysics, natural resources and meteorology.
  3. The twelfth of April 1962 is the first flight of a person in space. Yu. A. Gagarin became the first in history who was able to monitor the land from the orbit of the planet. After a month, the second pilot took the photo of the Earth.
  4. Creation of a piloted Soyuz spacecraft to study the natural resources of the Earth with orbit.
  5. In 1971, the first orbital station was launched, which gives the possibility of long-term location in space - "Salute".
  6. Since 1977, a set of stations began to work, which made it possible to fly for almost five years.

Orbital Station "Salute"

In parallel with the study of the Earth, research was carried out and cosmic bodies, including the nearest planets: Venus and. To them, before the nineties, over thirty stations and satellites were released.

The founder and father of Russian cosmonautics

The rank of Father of Russian Cosmonautics and its founder belongs to Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. He created the theoretical rationale for the use of rockets for flights into space. And his idea of \u200b\u200busing rocket trains poured subsequently into multistage installations.

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) - Russian and Soviet self-taught and inventor, school teacher. The founder of theoretical cosmonautics.

Based on its work in the initial stages, rocket student has developed.

Self-taught scientist conducted his studies at the end of the nineteenth century. His findings were reduced to the fact that it was a rocket, as a design, forces to make a space flight. In his article, he even introduced a project such device.

However, its achievements did not find the response to any compatriots, nor in foreign colleagues. Its developed only in the twenties-thirtieth years of the last century. It is also treated to the episodes of his reflections to this day, thus the role of academician is great.

The surname of the Russian scientist should be known, since for children its research work is relevant in the 21st century. Nowadays, the profession of physicist-inventor is not so relevant, although new perspectives open with the development of space.

Achievements of modern cosmonautics and prospects for its development

Modern cosmonautics stepped far away in comparison with the development of the Soviet period. Today life in space is no longer fantastic, it is quite realizable reality in practice. Currently, there are also areas of tourism, and research of bodies and objects occur at the highest level.

Along with this, predicted the further development of technology is difficult, in many respects it is due to the rapidly developing sectors of physics.

The main directions and development of this industry in Russia include:

  • creation of solar power plants;
  • transfer of the most dangerous venues into space;
  • effect on the climate of the Earth.

While the above directions are only at the development stage, but no one excludes that in a few years they will become the same reality as regular flights into orbit.

Meaning of cosmonautics for humanity

From the middle of the last century, humanity has significantly expanded the submission not only about our planet, but also about the Universe as a whole. The flights themselves, let them not so distant, open prospects for people with respect to the study of other planets and galaxies.

On the one hand, it seems to be a remote perspective, on the other, if you compare the dynamics of technology development over the past decades, it seems possible to become a witness and participant in events and contemporaries.

Thanks to the development of the cosmos, it was possible to take a look at some familiar sciences and discipline not just more deeply, but also absolutely under a different angle, to apply previously unknown research methods.

Practical cosmiterature has contributed to the rapid development of complex techniques to which they would not have turned under other circumstances.

Today, astronautics are part of the life of every person, even if people do not think about it. For example, communication on a mobile phone or view satellite television is available precisely thanks to the development of the second half of the twentieth century.

The main directions of study of the last twenty years include: near-earth space, moon and remote planets. Speaking about how old cosmonautics, we will count down from the launch of the first satellite, which means that sixty-one year in 2018.

We offer to your attention the development of a lesson of the dedicated to the Day of Cosmonautics, using a computer presentation. This lesson is mainly informative, therefore, it can be carried out different classes. In this lesson, students are told about the main stages of the development of cosmonautics and modern studies of the planets.

The lesson was prepared by the teacher of physics Bateva O.M.

Purpose: Remember, list the stages of development of astronautics, design inventions that have decisive factors in the case of the "victory of a person over space" and bringing glory and priority to Soviet science.

Educational: to bring up patriotism, a sense of pride for achieving the human mind and for achieving the Soviet science and the people, selflessly airing the material basis of the "victory of a person over the space"; Rail to the will to victory on historical examples.

Developing: to develop interest in physics, technology and domestic history. Develop the skills of independent work with additional literature and the Internet, find and select the required information by discarding all the vigor, analyze the information obtained, bring them to the system.

Material and didactic equipment:

"Humanity will not remain forever on earth,
But in the pursuit of light and space first
timidly penetrates the atmosphere,
and then wins everything
Chamolar space. "

K.E. Tsiolkovsky

During the classes

1. Today, our lesson is dedicated to the Day of Cosmonautics, which is celebrated on April 12. In this lesson, I will tell you about the most significant stages of the development of cosmonautics.

Stage of theoretical cosmonautics.

Story about one of the founders of Cosmonautics K.E. Tsiolkovsky and its theoretical calculations of flight rocket flights.

Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich (1857-1935) - Russian Soviet scientist and inventor in the field of aerodynamics, rocketinamics, theory of aircraft and airship; The founder of Sovr. Cosmonautics.

1903 Publication of Labor "Study of world spaces with reactive devices." In this pioneer labor Tsiolkovsky:

  • for the first time in the world, the basic elements of the reactive engine described;
  • came to the conclusion that hard fuels are not suitable for space flights, and offered engines on liquid fuel;
  • completely proved the impossibility of entering space at a balloon or with an artillery gun;
  • derived the dependence between the weight of fuel and the weight of the rocket designs to overcome the earth's strength;
  • expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe onboard system of orientation in the sun or other celestial luminais;
  • analyzed the behavior of the rocket outside the atmosphere, in a medium free of grave.

Tsiolkovsky spoke about his sense of life:

"The main motive of my life is not to live in a gift, to promote humanity at least a little forward. That is why I was interested in that I did not give me a bread, no strength, but I hope that my work may be soon, and maybe in the distant future, they will give mountains of bread and the abyss of power ... Humanity will not remain forever on earth, But in pursuit of light and space, first will penetrate out of the atmosphere, and then wins everything in the midwall space. "

So on the shores of Oka, the dawn of the cosmic era rose. True, the result of the first publication was not at all expected by Tsiolkovsky. Neither compatriots nor foreign scientists appreciated the studies that science is proud today. It just overtook his time on the era.

Stage of practical cosmonautics.

Story about the construction and testing of spacecraft under the leadership of S.P. Queen.

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich (1907-1966) - Soviet scientist and designer in the field of rocket artism and cosmonautics, the chief designer of the first launch vehicles, the UES, pilotable spacecraft, the founder of practical cosmonautics, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, a member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, twice the hero of socialist labor. ..

Queen- Cosmos mastering pioneer. With his name, the era of the first remarkable achievements in this area is connected. The talent of an outstanding scientist and the organizer allowed him to direct the work of many Research Institute and CB for many years to solve large complex tasks. The scientific and technical ideas of the queen were widely used in rocket and space technology. Under his leadership, the first space complex, many ballistic and geophysical missiles, was launched, the first intercontinental ballistic missile, the East carrier rocket and its modifications, an artificial satellite of the Earth, were carried out by the Flights of the QC "East" and "Sunrise", on which for the first time In history, the Space Flight of the person and the yield of a person in the outer space; The first ka of the series "Moon", "Venus", "Mars", "Probe", iszov series "Electron", "Lightning-1" and some Cosmos series; Developed a project of the QC "Union". Without limiting its activities to the creation of pH and ka, Korolev, as the chief designer carried out the general technical leadership of the work on the first space programs and became the initiator of the development of a number of applied scientific areas that ensure further progress in creating pH and ka. Korolev brought up numerous frames of scientists and engineers.

By law, Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky, Ivan Vsevolodovich Meshchersky, Friedrich Arturovich Zehurovsky, Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh, and many others.

First artificial satellite of land and flying animals.

The story of the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth (ISS) October 4, 1957 and the flights of various animals into space.

04.10.1957. From the Baikonur cosmodrome, the Satellite launch was started, which brought the first artificial satellite of the Earth to the near-earth orbit. This start opened the cosmic era in the history of mankind.

08/19/1960 The second ship-satellite satellite type was launched, with protein and arrow dogs, and with them 40 mice, 2 rats, various flies, plants and microorganisms 17 times sheltered around the Earth and landed.

Ham is the first chimpanzee-astronaut. January 31, 1961. Ham was placed in the spacecraft "Mercury Redstone 2" and launched into space from a cosmodrome at Cape Canaveral. Ham's flight was the last rehearsal before the first suburban flight of the American astronaut into space

For the first time in the world, living beings, having been in space, returned to Earth after orbital flight. A few months later, the arrows were born six healthy puppies. One of them asked for a personally Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev. He sent him as a gift Jacqueline Kennedy, US President John Kennedy.
The purpose of the experiment on the launch of animals into space was to verify the effectiveness of life support systems in space and the study of cosmic radiation into living organisms.

The accomplishment of the century April 12, 1961. Yuri Gagarin is the first person in space. (movie v1.asf; TACC.WAV) After viewing the movie Turn on the sound icon.

Space Flight Story: First Human - Yu.A. Gagarina, first woman - V.V. Tereshkova.

04/12/1961. This day became the day of the triumph of the human mind. For the first time in the world, the spacecraft with a man broke into the expanses of the universe. The carrier rocket "East" brought the Soviet Spaceship "East" with the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin to the near-earth orbit. After the flight on the ship "Vostok" Yu. A. Gagarin became the most famous person on the planet. All newspapers of the world wrote about him.

June 16, 1963 at 12 o'clock 30 minutes Moscow time In the Soviet Union, the East-6 Spaceship for the first time in the world, the cosmonaut of Tereshkova Valentina Vladimirovna, was brought to the orbit of the Earth's satellite orbit.

This flight will continue to study the effect of various space flight factors on the human body, including a comparative analysis of the impact of these factors on the organisms of a man and a woman.

Especially for the flight Tereshkova was designed by the design of the Speaker adapted for the female organism, as well as some elements of the ship were changed to the possibility of a woman. This flight argued the reliability of Soviet space technology, which symbolized the reliability of the entire Soviet system.

Man yield into open outer space. (Movie VSKH-2.Asf) Simultaneously with the start of the movie to turn on the sound icon.

Story about the first exit A.A. Leonov in open space in March 1965.

The first entry into space was committed by Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov March 18, 1965 From the side of the spacecraft "Sunrise-2" using a flexible gateway chamber.

During the exit, I showed great courage, especially in an abnormal situation, when the wake-up space safe was prevented by the return of the cosmonaut into the spacecraft. The exit to open space continued 12 minutes 9 seconds, according to its results, it was concluded about the possibility of a person to perform various works in open space. When the spacecraft returns to the Earth, the orientation system and astronaut refused, manually oriented the ship, made a landing in the spare area.

Story about cosmic flights to other planets (Venus, Mars, Moon, Titan, Saturn).

Small step for one person
big step for all mankind

said Neil Armstrong, stepping on the surface of the moon

The program of manned flight on the moon was called "Apollo". The moon is the only extraterrestrial body on which a person visited. The first landing occurred July 20, 1969; Last - in December 1972. American Nile Armstrong (July 21, 1969) became the first person who left the Moon's surface. The moon is also the only heavenly body whose samples were delivered to the Earth.

The USSR sent two radio-controlled self-propelled apparatuses to the moon, "Lunohod-1" in november 1970. and "Lunohod-2" in January 1973.

"Pioneer-10" - the unmanned spacecraft of NASA, intended mainly for studying Jupiter. It was the first apparatus flew by Jupiter and photographed it from space. The apparatus- "twin" "Pioneer-11" explored also Saturn.

In 1978, the last two probe series "Pioneer" went to space. These were probes for research. Venus "Pioneer Venus-1" and "Pioneer-Venus-2"

International Space Station (ISS) is an international orbital station used as a multipurpose space laboratory.

By the end of 2004, 10 long-term expeditions visited the station

The station conducts scientific research of space, the atmosphere and earth surface, the study of the behavior of the human body in long-term space flights, develop technologies for obtaining and analyzing the properties of new materials and biological products, and also work out ways and methods for further exploration of outer space.

2. At the end of the lesson, students respond to the questions of the diagnostic task. There is a test of knowledge using the slide with the correct answers. Appendix 2.

Right answers

1. 1903 K.E. Tsiolkovsky

5. 16Inunion 1963 G.V. Tereshkova

Tasks for students.

Using Internet resources, prepare a more detailed information message that you are interested in this topic.

Students respond to reflective test questions. Appendix 2.

Reflexive test

  1. I learned a lot of new and interesting.
  2. What did you like in the lesson? Why?
  3. What did not like?
  4. Do I need physicists to increase my intellectual level?
  5. Do I need physics for my further professional activities?

Literature:

  1. www.cosmoworld.ru.
  2. www.kocmoc.info.
  3. ru.wikipedia.org1
  4. www.specevideo.ru.
  5. www.h-cosmos.ru.