181. The cycle of substances is typical for:

A) Hydrospheres.

C) Hydrospheres and lithospheres,

C) All geospheres.

E) The upper layer of the atmosphere.

E) The inner layer of the Earth.

182. Which sea has more water: the Black Sea or the Baltic Sea?

A) In Black.

C) In the Baltic.

C) Same.

E) It's hard to say.

E) In the spring - in Black, in the fall - in the Baltic.

183. Temperature of rocks with depth:

A) Increases.

C) Decreases.

C) Does not change.

E) Changes in a certain depth.

E) Depends on the season.

184. White buoys on the river show:

A) Left bank.

C) Right bank.

E) The turn of the river.

E) The depth of the river.

185. More than 80% of all wetlands in Russia are located:

A) In the tundra.

C) In the forest-tundra

C) In the taiga.

E) In the steppe.

E) In the mountains.

186. Are the average levels of the oceans and seas the same?

A) The same.

C) Do not match.

C) The level is low.

E) The level is high.

E) All answers are correct.

187. The largest natural complex:

A) Continents.

C) Oceans.

C) Geographic envelope.

E) Taiga and mixed forest zone.

E) Ravine, lake, sea bay.

188. Small natural complex is -

C) Continents and oceans.

C) Sea bay.

E) The ravine.

189. A large natural complex that has a common temperature and moisture conditions, soils, flora and fauna are called:

A) Geographic envelope.

C) Natural area.

C) The climatic zone.

E) Continents.

190. An anthropogenic natural complex is

A) Lakes and swamps.

C) River valleys.

C) Ponds and parks.

E) Deserts.

191. The names of the natural land areas were given by:

A) The nature of the vegetation.

C) Geographical location.

C) Sharing land with the ocean.

E) The nature of the relief.

E) The spread of swamps.

192. The alternation of natural zones on the plains is called:

A) Altitude zoning.

C) Latitudinal zoning.

C) Landscape.

E) Geographical envelope.

E) Anthropogenic complex.

193. The alternation of natural zones in the mountains is called:

A) Altitudinal zonality.

C) Latitudinal zoning.

C) Natural complex.

E) The climatic zone.

E) Plant community.

194. Which cape is to the south?

A) Southern Cape of Africa - Agulhas.

B) Australia South Cape - South East.

C) Southern Cape of Eurasia - Piai.

E) South Cape of South America - Froward.

E) Southern Cape of Hindustan - Kumari.

195. What natural area is described here? The temperature is uniform, at night it is above + 10 °, precipitation falls regularly, fever is frequent.

A) Tundra.

C) Mixed forest.

C) Equatorial forest.

E) Altitude zonality.

196. In which zone is the soil fertile?

A) Steppe.

C) Tundra.

E) Rainforest.

E) Semi-desert.

197. The main causes of soil pollution.

A) Industrial waste.

C) City landfills .

C) Fertilizers and pesticides, radioactive substances.

E) Construction.

E) Gardens, vegetable gardens.

198. What causes affect human health?

A) Purity of air, water, soil.

C) Intensity of traffic flows.

C) Development of hazardous industries.

E) The presence of forests and parks

E) All answers are correct.

199. Is the world's oceans a natural complex?

C) Only its individual parts.

E) Inland seas only.

E) Islands only.

200. Which of the spheres of the Earth includes parts of all other shells?

A) Hydrosphere.

C) Atmosphere

C) Biosphere.

E) Lithosphere.

E) Troposphere.

201. Which natural zone has more fertile soils?

A) In equatorial forests

C) In the steppes.

C) In the deserts.

E) In the tundra.

E) In the forest tundra.

202. "Complex" in translation from Latin means "plexus". What is the meaning of the phrase "natural complex of the area"?

A) The relationship of soil with flora and fauna

C) The relationship of all natural components of the area.

C) The relationship of the climatic features of the area with its relief,

E) The relationship of all natural components of the area with human activities.

E) The relationship between rocks and relief.

203. In which natural zone does the forest height not exceed 50 cm?

A) In the arctic deserts.

C) In the rainforest.

C) In the tundra.

E) In the forest tundra.

E) In the savannah.

204. Where do trees without annual rings grow?

A) Forest zones of the temperate zone.

C) In the taiga.

C) In the tundra.

E) In the equatorial forest.

E) In the forest tundra.

205. Why is the flower that grows at the top of a volcano up to 3 thousand meters high, the inhabitants of Java call the "flower of death"?

A) The appearance of this flower at such a height is a sure sign of a nearby volcanic eruption.

C) The flower contains poisonous substances.

C) Poisonous snakes like to hide in the thickets of these flowers.

E) Negatively affects the human body.

E) All answers are correct.

206. What is the name of this pattern, when natural zones are distributed depending on the amount of solar heat and moisture?

A) Latitudinal zoning.

C) Altitude zonality.

C) Polar zoning.

E) Azonality.

E) Oceanic zonality.

207. What is the most complete version of the components of natural complexes?

A) Rocks, temperature, moisture.

C) Soil, forest, plants .

C) Rocks, moisture, soil, biocomponents.

E) Swamps, mountains, rivers.

E) Only flora and fauna.

208. Which of the scientists established the law on geographic zoning:

A) L.S. Berg.

B) G. D. Richter.

C) N.N. Przhevalsky

E) V.V. Dokuchaev.

E) B.B. Polynov.

209. The largest natural area in terms of area:

C) Tundra.

C) Desert.

210. How is the Arctic desert different from other natural areas?

A) The amount of ice and snow in all seasons of the year.

C) Geological structure,

C) Harsh climatic conditions.

E) Often strong winds blowing.

How do air temperature and atmospheric pressure change with altitude?

With altitude, the air temperature drops, atmospheric pressure decreases.

How does the sequence of zones in the mountains change?

The sequence of natural zones in the mountains is the same as in the plains. The first (lower) altitudinal belt of mountains always corresponds to the natural zone in which the mountain is located. So, if the mountain is located in the taiga zone, then when you climb to its top, you will find the following altitudinal belts: taiga, mountain tundra, eternal snow. If you have to climb the Andes near the equator, then you will start your journey from the belt (zone) of equatorial forests. The pattern is as follows: the higher the mountains and the closer they are to the equator, the more altitudinal zones and the more diverse they are. In contrast to zoning on the plains, the alternation of natural zones in the mountains is called altitudinal zoning or altitudinal zoning.

Where mountain desert and forest landscapes prevail?

The mountainous desert landscape is typical for the Taimyr Peninsula and the Arctic islands.

Mountain-forest landscapes are typical for Transbaikalia, Southern Siberia, Altai, Sikhote-Alin.

Where and in Russia are the high-altitude zones most fully represented?

The mountains located near the sea coasts are dominated by mountain-forest landscapes. The mountains in the central regions of the mainland are characterized by treeless landscapes. Mountain belts are most fully represented in the North Caucasus.

questions and tasks

1. What is altitudinal zonality?

Altitudinal zonation is a natural change in natural conditions, natural zones, landscapes in the mountains.

2. Do you think the altitudinal zonality is a deviation from the norm or confirmation of the law of latitudinal zoning?

Altitudinal zonation rather confirms the laws of latitudinal zoning, since in the mountains the change of natural zones is also the result of changes in climatic conditions.

3. Why is the change in natural conditions in the mountains occurring vertically and is manifested more sharply than on the plains?

The change in natural zones in the mountains occurs more abruptly, since the pressure, temperature, humidity indicators change more sharply with height.

4. What altitude zones prevail in the mountains of Russia? With what areas of the world can they be compared?

In the northern regions, high-altitude zones of coniferous forests and tundra, mountain deserts prevail. They are similar to the mountains of Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

In the southern and central regions of the country, mountain-steppe and mountain-desert landscapes are expressed, which are also characteristic of other mountains of Central Asia.

5. What determines the set of altitude zones?

The set of altitude zones depends on the latitude of the area in which the mountains are located and the height of the mountains.

6. If in the north of the Russian Plain there were mountains above the Caucasus, would they be richer in terms of the number of altitudinal zones?

The mountains in the north of the Russian Plain would not have been richer in terms of the number of altitudinal zones of the Caucasus. The Caucasus is located to the south. And the farther south the mountains are, the greater the number of altitudinal zones.

7. How do mountains affect human life and health?

Life in the mountains affects human health. In the mountains with less oxygen, many body systems change. The work of the chest and lungs is enhanced, a person begins to breathe more often, respectively, ventilation of the lungs and oxygen delivery to the blood improve. There is an increase in heart rate, which increases blood circulation, and oxygen reaches the tissues faster. This is facilitated by the release of new erythrocytes into the blood, and, consequently, the hemoglobin contained in them. This explains the beneficial effect of mountain air on the vitality of a person. Coming to mountain resorts, many notice that their mood improves, their vitality is activated. Especially if a vacation in the mountains is combined with a vacation at the sea. However, it should be noted that the inhabitant of the plains will feel bad during a rapid ascent already at an altitude of 3000 m. He will be tormented by mountain sickness.

Life in the mountains also has its drawbacks. First, mountain dwellers will receive more ultraviolet radiation, which negatively affects health. In the mountains, there are difficulties in doing business, building housing and roads. Often, transport links may be absent for one reason or another. In the mountains, the likelihood of natural phenomena is higher.

The geographic envelope is not equally tripled everywhere; it has a "mosaic" structure and consists of separate natural complexes (landscapes). Natural complex - it is a part of the earth's surface with relatively homogeneous natural conditions: climate, relief, soils, waters, flora and fauna.

Each natural complex consists of components, between which there are close, historically established relationships, while a change in one of the components sooner or later leads to a change in others.

The largest, planetary natural complex is the geographic envelope, it is subdivided into natural complexes of a smaller rank. The division of the geographic envelope into natural complexes is due to two reasons: on the one hand, differences in the structure of the earth's crust and the heterogeneity of the earth's surface, and on the other hand, the unequal amount of solar heat received by its various areas. In accordance with this, zonal and azonal natural complexes are distinguished.

The largest azonal natural complexes are continents and oceans. Smaller are mountainous and flat areas within the continents (West Siberian Plain, Caucasus, Andes, Amazonian lowland). The latter are subdivided into even smaller natural complexes (Northern, Central, Southern Andes). Natural complexes of the lowest rank include individual hills, river valleys, their slopes, etc.

The largest of the zonal natural complexes are geographic zones. They coincide with climatic zones and have the same names (equatorial, tropical, etc.). In turn, the geographic zones consist of natural zones, which are released by the ratio of heat and moisture.

Natural area is a large area of ​​land with similar natural components - soils, vegetation, fauna, which are formed depending on the combination of heat and moisture.

The main component of the natural area is the climate, since all other components depend on it. Vegetation has a great influence on the formation of soils and wildlife and is itself dependent on soils. Natural zones are named according to the nature of vegetation, since it most obviously reflects other features of nature.

The climate changes naturally as it moves from the equator to the poles. Soil, vegetation and fauna are determined by the climate. This means that these components must change latitudinal, following the climate change. The natural change in natural zones when moving from the equator to the poles is called latitudinal zoning. In the equator region there are humid equatorial forests, at the poles - icy arctic deserts. Between them are other types of forests, savannahs, deserts, tundra. Forest zones, as a rule, are located in areas where the ratio of heat and moisture is balanced (equatorial and most of the temperate zone, the eastern coasts of the continents in the tropical and subtropical zones). Treeless zones are formed where there is a lack of heat (tundra) or moisture (steppe, desert). These are continental regions of the tropical and temperate zones, as well as the subarctic climatic zone.

The climate changes not only latitudinal, but also due to changes in altitude. With the rise in the mountains, the temperature decreases. The amount of precipitation increases to an altitude of 2000-3000 m. A change in the ratio of heat and moisture causes a change in the soil - vegetation cover. Thus, different natural zones are located in the mountains at different heights. This pattern is called high-altitude zonation.


The change of altitude zones in the mountains occurs in approximately the same sequence as on the plains, when moving from the equator to the poles. At the foot of the mountains there is a natural zone in which they are located. The number of altitudinal zones is determined by the height of the mountains and their geographic location. The higher the mountains, and the closer they are to the equator, the more diverse the set of altitudinal zones. The vertical zonation is most fully expressed in the Northern Andes. In the foothills, humid equatorial forests grow, then there is a belt of mountain forests, and even higher - thickets of bamboos and tree ferns. With an increase in altitude and a decrease in average annual temperatures, coniferous forests appear, which are replaced by mountain meadows, often turning, in turn, into stony placers covered with moss and lichens. The peaks of the mountains are crowned with snow and glaciers.

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What explains the alternation of zones at the same latitude? Yes, all the same reasons - a change in the ratio of heat and moisture, which is due to the proximity or remoteness of the direction of the prevailing winds. There are changes at the same latitudes and in the ocean. They depend on the interaction of the ocean with land, the movement of air masses, currents.

The location of natural areas is closely related to the

limatic zones. Like climatic zones, they regularly replace each other from the equator to the poles due to a decrease in solar heat entering the Earth's surface and uneven moisture. Such a change in natural zones - large natural complexes is called latitudinal zoning. Zoning is manifested in all natural complexes, regardless of their size, as well as in all components of the geographic envelope. Zoning is a basic geographic pattern.

The change of natural zones, as you know, occurs not only on the plains, but also in the mountains - from the foot to their peaks. Temperature and pressure decrease with altitude, precipitation increases to a certain height, lighting conditions change. Due to the change in climatic conditions, there is also a change in natural zones. Changing zones, as it were, encircle mountains at different heights, therefore they are called altitudinal belts. The change of altitude zones in the mountains is much faster than the change of zones on the plains. It is enough to climb 1 km to be convinced of this.

The first (lower) altitudinal belt of mountains always corresponds to the natural zone in which the mountain is located. So, if the mountain is located in the taiga zone, then when you climb to its top, you will find the following altitudinal belts: taiga, mountain tundra, eternal snow. If you have to climb the Andes near the equator, then you will start your journey from the belt (zone) of equatorial forests. The pattern is as follows: the higher the mountains and the closer they are to the equator, the more altitudinal zones and the more diverse they are. In contrast to zoning on the plains, the alternation of natural zones in the mountains is called altitudinal zoning or altitudinal zoning. AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

The law of geographic zoning also manifests itself in mountainous areas. We have already considered some of them. Also, the change of day and night, seasonal changes depend on the geographical latitude. If the mountain is near the pole, then there is a polar day and a polar night, a long winter and a short cold summer. In the mountains at the equator, day is always equal to night, there are no seasonal changes.

4. The development of the Earth by man. Countries of the world

Most scientists believe that the ancient homeland of man is Africa and Southwest Eurasia. Gradually, people settled on all continents of the globe, with the exception of Antarctica. It is believed that at first they mastered the convenient territories of Eurasia and Africa, and then other continents. On the site of the Bering Strait, there was land, which about 30 thousand years ago connected the northeastern part of Eurasia and North America. On this land "bridge" the ancient hunters penetrated into North, and then into South America, right up to the Tierra del Fuego islands. A man entered Australia from Southeast Asia.

The finds of fossil remains of people helped to draw conclusions about the ways of human settlement.

Ancient tribes moved from one place to another in search of better conditions for life. The settlement of new lands accelerated the development of animal husbandry and agriculture. The population also grew gradually. If about 15 thousand years ago on the Earth, it is believed, there were about 3 million people, then at present the population has reached 6 billion people. Most people live on the plains, where it is convenient to cultivate arable land, build factories and plants, and locate settlements.

There are four areas of high population density on the globe - South and East Asia, Western Europe and the eastern part of North America. This can be explained by several reasons: favorable natural conditions, a well-developed economy, and a long time ago. In South and East Asia, in a favorable climate, the population has long been engaged in agriculture on irrigated land, which allows them to collect several crops a year and feed a large population.

In Western Europe and in the east of North America, industry is well developed, there are many factories and plants, and the urban population predominates. On the Atlantic coast of North America, the population settled here from European countries. The nature of the globe is the environment for the life and activities of the population. Engaging in farming, a person influences nature, changes it. At the same time, different types of economic activities affect natural systems in a different way. Agriculture especially strongly changes natural complexes. For cultivation of cultivated plants and breeding of domestic animals, significant areas are required. As a result of the plowing of land, the area under natural vegetation has decreased. The soil has partially lost its fertility. Artificial irrigation helps to obtain high yields, but in arid areas, excessive irrigation leads to salinization of the soil and a decrease in yields. Domestic animals also change the vegetation cover and soil: they trample the vegetation, compact the soil. In arid climates, pastures can turn into desert areas. Under the influence of human economic activity, forest complexes are experiencing great changes. As a result of uncontrolled felling, the area under forests around the globe is shrinking. In tropical and equatorial zones, forests are still being burned out, making room for fields and pastures. The rapid growth of industry is having a devastating effect on nature, polluting air, water and soil. Gaseous substances enter the atmosphere, while solids and liquids enter soil and water. During the development of minerals, especially in the open pit, a lot of waste and dust arise on the surface, deep large open pits are formed. Their area is constantly growing, while soils and natural vegetation are also being destroyed. The growth of cities increases the need for new land areas for houses, construction of enterprises, roads. The nature is also changing around large cities, where a large number of residents rest. Environmental pollution adversely affects human health. Thus, in a significant part of the world, the economic activity of people has changed natural complexes to one degree or another. The economic activities of the population of the continents are reflected on integrated maps. By their conventional signs, it is possible to determine: a) places of mining; b) peculiarities of land use in agriculture; c) areas of cultivation of cultivated plants and breeding of domestic animals; d) settlements, some enterprises, power plants. Natural objects and protected areas are also shown on the map. People living in the same territory, speaking the same language and having a common culture form a historically established stable group - ethnos (from the Greek ethnos - people), which can be represented

Traveling from north to south, you can notice how the nature around is changing: spruce trees are replaced by birches and oaks, forests into fields, since the Earth has many different natural zones. But the same changes can be noticed when climbing the mountains. Let us consider in more detail what are the natural zones of mountain areas (grade 4).

Why does the temperature decrease with altitude?

It seems that the higher, the closer to the sun, the warmer it should be. But in fact, the opposite is true. The sun warms up not the air, but the surface of the Earth. And already from the ground, heat is transferred to the surrounding space. And the closer it gets, the hotter it gets. Therefore, temperature is lost with altitude.

When climbing to a height, the temperature of the mountains decreases. It falls by 0.6 degrees Celsius every hundred meters. If at the foot (at sea level) + 40 ° Celsius, then let's calculate how many degrees are 6000 meters at the top? Only + 4 ° Celsius. This means that there will no longer be tropical heat and lush vegetation. At an altitude of 6000 there are eternal snows.

Rice. 1. Symbols of mountains on the map

On the map, each natural area is marked with its own color. Only at the very top, looking down, can you see how nature is changing. A deciduous forest will be visible at the very bottom, a spruce forest a little higher, behind it will begin a tundra with low bushes, and it will be replaced by alpine meadows, passing into a stone zone. This alternation is called the levels of altitudinal zonality.

Consider a table

Table "Natural zones of mountain areas"

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Features of mountain natural areas

Almost all natural areas of the mountains can be found on flat terrain. But there are special ecosystems that are characteristic only of heights. For example, alpine meadows. They form in the spring and summer, when the melt water of the glaciers flows down. The mountain tundra turns into extraordinarily beautiful meadows. Cows and sheep graze on it. The most beautiful plants in this area are amazing flowers: crocuses, edelweiss.

The edelweiss flower is called the "Alpine Star". It grows so high that only the most enduring and strong travelers can see it.

Rice. 2. Edelweiss

Another atypical mountain belt is the zone of eternal snow and ice. If the mountains are not high, the snow can completely melt in the summer, and the ground is covered with low grass. In high mountains, over 4000 m, the snow never melts. Snow avalanches are especially dangerous for travelers - they are the descent of large masses of snow and ice, rushing downward at great speed. At this height, there are practically no plants, only moss and lonely lichens.

Animals

Many different animals can be found in the mountains. Most of them are the same as in our forests. It is not difficult for them to winter: at any moment they can go down lower, where it is warmer. There are bears and wolves in the forests. In the steppe zone: hares, gophers. A little higher you can find rare birds. But the most prominent representatives are mountain goats. They jump so briskly and quickly between the stones that it seems that they are about to fall off.

In other countries, there are also extraordinary mountain animals. In South America, this llama is a special kind of mountain camel. A dexterous predator lives on the peaks of North America - the snow leopard, a relative of cats.

Rice. 3. Snow leopard

What have we learned?

The air from the ground warms up unevenly. The closer to the surface, the warmer it is. Therefore, it gets colder with height. This affects the flora and fauna. The change of zones is called high-altitude zonation. The lowest belt is steppe. It is followed by the forest, and even higher - the tundra. The most beautiful mountain belt is the Alpine. Rare herbs and extraordinary flowers are found here. The tops of the high mountains are covered with eternal ice and snow that does not melt even in summer.

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