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Olympic Games of Ancient Greece- The largest sports competitions of antiquity. Originated as part of the religious cult and were carried out from 776 BC. 394 AN. (A total of 293 Olympics were held) in Olympia, which was considered from the Greeks sacred place. The name of the games occurred from Olympia. The Olympic Games were meaningful for all ancient Greece an event, which beyond the scope of a sporty event. The victory at the Olympics was considered extremely honored for athlete, and for the policy that he represented.

From 6 c. BC. With the example of the Olympic Games, other utility athletes began to be held: Pythi Games, Easty Games and Nemoy Games, also dedicated to various ancient Greek gods. But the Olympiads were the most prestigious among these contests. The Olympic Games are mentioned in the works of Plutarch, Herodotus, Pindara, Lukian, Pavania, Simonide, and others. Antique authors.

At the end of the 19th century The Olympic Games were revived at the initiative of Pierre de Couberten.

Olympic games from nucleation before decline.

There are a lot of legends about the emergence of the Olympic Games. All of them are associated with the ancient Greek gods and heroes.

The most famous legend says, like the king of Eldid Iphit, seeing that his people were tired of endless wars, went to Delphi, where Apollon's priestess handed him the commandment of the Gods: to arrange the total athletic festivities. After that, Iphit, the Spartan legislator Likurg and the Athenian legislator and the reformer Kliosfen established the procedure for conducting such games and concluded the Holy Union. Olympia, where it was supposed to spend this festival, declared a sacred place, and anyone who will enjoy the limits armed, the criminal.

According to another myth, the son of Zeus Hercules brought the sacred olive branch to Olympia and established the games of the athletes to commemorate the victory of Zeus over his fierce father of the crown.

Also, the legend is also known that Hercules, having organized the Olympic Games, perpetuated the memory of Pelop (Pelopse), which won in the race on the chariots of a cruel king Enonaya. And the name of Pelopa was given by Peloponnese region, where the "capital" of the ancient Olympic Games was located.

A mandatory part of the ancient Olympic Games were religious ceremonies. According to the established custom, the first day of the games was assigned to sacrifices: the athletes spent this day in the altars and the altars of their patrone gowns. A similar rite was repeated in the final day of the Olympic Games, when the winners were awarded.

At the time of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece, wars were stopped and a truce was Eger, and representatives of the hostile policies were conducted in Olympia peace negotiations in order to settle conflicts. The corresponding item was recorded on the Bronze Disk of Impitis in the Temple of Gera Bronze disk with the rules of the Olympic Games. "The text of the Iphite written the text of the truce, which Eleitsa declare during the Olympic Games; It is written not by straight lines, but the words go on a circle disk "(PAVSANI, Description Ellala).

From the Olympic Games 776 BC (The earliest games, the mention of which came to us - according to some specialists, the Olympic Games began to be held at all over the years earlier) the Greeks had a consideration of a special "Olympic Souls" introduced by the historian Timem. The Olympic holiday was celebrated in the "Holy Month", starting with the first full moon after the summer solstice. He had to be repeated every 1417 days who were the Olympics - the Greek "Olympic" year.

Started as local competitions, the Olympic Games have become an event of a ungreational scale. A lot of people moved to the game not only from Greece itself, but also from its cities-colonies from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea.

The games continued and then Ellada fell into submission to Rome (in the middle of 2 V to AD), as a result of which one of the fundamental Olympic principles was broken, which allowed the participation in the Olympic Games exclusively Greek citizens, and even some of the winners were Roman emperors (including Nero, "winning" racing on the chariots harvested ten horses). Affected the Olympic Games and began in the 4th century BC. The general decline of Greek culture: they gradually lost their former importance and the essence, turning from a sports competition and a significant public event in a purely entertainment event, which participated predominantly professionals.

And in 394 AD The Olympic Games were forbidden - as a "relic of paganism" - the Roman Emperor Feodosius I, forcibly implanted Christianity.

Olympia.

Located in the northwestern part of the Peloponess Peninsula. There was Altis (Altis) - the legendary sacred grove of Zeus and the temple-cult complex, which finally formed about 6 in. BC. In the territory of the sanctuary, relocated buildings, monuments, sports facilities and houses were located, where athletes and guests lived during the comment. The Olympic sanctuary remained a focus of Greek art up to 4 V. BC.

Shortly after the ban on the Olympic Games, all these structures were burned on the orders of Emperor Feodosia II (in 426 AD), and the century later was completely destroyed and buried by strong earthquakes and river spills.

As a result of the 19th century held in Olympia. Archaeological excavations managed to detect the ruins of some buildings, including sports, such as the Pestratera, gym and the stadium. Built in 3 c. BC. PESTERTER - Surrounded by a portion, where fighters, boxers and jumpers were trained. Gymnasiums built in 3-2 centuries. BC, - the largest building of Olympia, it was used for workouts of sprinters. The gymnasium also stored a list of winners and the list of Olympiads, stood statues of athletes. The stadium (a length of 212.5 m and a width of 28.5 m) with the stands and places for judges was built in 330-320 BC. It could accommodate about 45,000 spectators.

Organization of games.

All freebious Greek citizens were allowed to participate in the Olympic Games (according to some sources, men who could speak Greek). Slaves and barbarians, i.e. Persons of eraine origin, could not participate in the Olympics. "When Alexander wished to take part in the competition and for this arrived in Olympia, then Ellina, participants in the competition, demanded its exceptions. These competitions, they said, for Ellinov, and not for barbarians. Alexander proved that he was an Argos, and the judges recognized His Hellenic origin. He took part in a running contest and came to the goal at the same time as the winner "(Herodotus. History).

The organization of the ancient Olympic Games envisaged control not only behind the moves of the games themselves, but also for the preparation of athletes to them. Control was carried out by emaldles, or GELLANDIKI, the most authoritative citizens. Within 10-12 months before the start of the game, the athletes were intensive training, after which they gave a kind of exam commission of ELLANODIKS. After the execution of the Olympic Standard, the future participants of the Olympic Games were still preparing for a special program - already under the leadership of Elans.

The fundamental principle of the competition was the honesty of participants. Before the beginning of the competition, they gave an oath to comply with the rules. Allanodics had the right to deprive the title champion, if he defeated fraudulently, the arrogant athlete was also a fine and bodily punishment. Before entering the stadium in the Olympia, they stood in the edification of the participants - the copper statues of Zeus, cast for money obtained in the form of fines from athletes who violated the rules of the competition (the ancient Greek writer PAsanii indicates that the first six such statues were settled in the 98th Olympiad, when The Fessenian Eupol bribed the three fighters speaking with him). In addition, the participation of the Games did not allow persons who are surrendered to the crime or in confusion.

The entrance to the competition was free. But only men could visit them, women under the fear of death penalty were forbidden to appear in Olympia during the entire festival (according to some sources, this ban was distributed only to married women). An exception was made only for the priestess of the goddess Demeter: for her at the stadium, a special marble throne was built at the very honorable place.

Antique Olympic Games Program.

The first time in the program of the Olympic Games was only an old stage - jogging for one stages (192.27 m), then the number of Olympic disciplines has grown. Note some fundamental changes in the program:

- on the 14 Olympic Games (724 BC) in the program included diaulos - running at 2 stage, and 4 years later - a fairing (running to exposure), the distance of which was from 7 to 24 stages;

- on the 18 Olympic Games (708 BC) for the first time, competitions in combating and pentatlon (pentathlon) were held, which included, in addition to the struggle and stadium, jumping, as well as throwing a spear and disk;

- on the 23 Olympic Games (688 BC) in the program of the competition entered a fist fight,

- On the 25 Olympic Games (680 BC) Added races on chariots (harvested by four adult horses, over time, this type of program has expanded, in 5-4 centners. BC. Because the chariot racing harvested by a pair of adult horses , young horses or mules);

- on the 33 Olympic Games (648 BC) in the Games program there were horse racing jumps (in Ser. 3 in. BC. BC began to be held on the foals) and Pankration - martial art that combined elements in itself and a fist with minimal restrictions on "prohibited techniques" and largely reminiscent of modern battles without rules.

Greek gods and mythological characters are involved in the appearance of not only the Olympic Games in general, but also separate disciplines. For example, it was believed that running for one stages introduced Hercules himself, who personally measured this distance in Olympia (1 stages was equal to the length of the 600 feet of Zeus Priest), and Pankration dates back to the legendary chasa fight with a minotaur.

Some of the disciplines of the ancient Olympic Games, familiar to us in modern competitions, differ markedly from their current analogues. Greek athletes jumped in length not from running out, but from the place - moreover with stones (later with dumbbells) in their hands. At the end of the jump athlete discarded the stones abruptly back: it was believed that this allows him to jump further. Such a jumping technique required good coordination. Spear and disk throwing (over time, instead of stone athletes began to throw the iron disk) was made with a slight elevation. At the same time, the spear is metal not at the distance, and for accuracy: the athle should have hit a special target. In the fight and boxing there was no division of participants in the weight categories, and the boxing match was continued until one of the opponents recognized himself defeated or was unable to continue the fight. There were very peculiar varieties and running disciplines: running in full service (i.e. in a helmet, with a shield and weapon), Running gerlors and trumpeters, alternated jogging and chariot race.

With 37 games (632 BC) in competitions began to participate and young men under 20 years old. At first, the competition in this age category included only jogging and struggle, in time fiveborne, fist and pankration, were added to them.

In addition to athletic competitions, the Olympic Games held a competition of arts, from 84 games (444 BC), which became the official part of the program.

Initially, the Olympic Games occupied one day, then (with the expansion of the program) - five days (it was so much the game continued during the period of their heyday in 6-4 centners. BC) and, in the end, "stretched" for a whole month.

Olympionics.

The winner of the Olympic Games received together with an olive wreath (this tradition went from 752 BC) and magenta tapes universal recognition. He became one of the most respected people in his city (for the residents of whom the victory of the countryman at the Olympics was also a great honor), he was often freed from state duties, they gave other privileges. Olympionics were rewarded at home and posthumous honors. And according to the 6 V administered. BC. Practice, the three-time winner of the games could put his statue in Altis.

The first of the Olympionics known to us became the Koron from Elida, who defeated one stages in 776 BC.

The most famous - and the only one in the history of the ancient Olympic games at the athlete, who defeated 6 Olympiads, was "the strongest among the strong", the fighter of Milon from Croton. The native of the Greek city-colony Crotone (south of modern Italy) and, according to some data, a student of Pythagora, he won his first victory in the 60th Olympiad (540 BC) in competitions among young men. From 532 BC 516 BC He won another 5 Olympic titles - already among adult athletes. In 512 BC Mylon, who was over 40 years old, tried to win his seventh title, but lost to a younger opponent. Olympionics Milon also has also been a repeated winner of the Pythi, Easty, Unay Games and many local competitions. The mention of it can be found in the works of Pausania, Cicero and others. Authors.

Another outstanding athlete - Leonid from Rhodes - on four Olympiads in a row (164 BC - 152 BC) defeated in three "cross-country" disciplines: in running on one and two stage, as well as in a weapon run.

Astil from Croton entered the history of the ancient Olympic Games not only as one of the recordsmen in terms of the number of victories (6 - in running on one and two stage at games from 488 BC. 480 BC). If at the first of his Olympiad Astil spoke for Croton, then on the two following - for Syracuse. Former fellow countrymen revenge for betrayal: the statue of the champion in Crotone was demolished, and his former house was turned into prison.

In the history of the ancient Greek Olympic games, there are entire Olympic dynasties. Thus, the grandfather of the champion's battle of Poseidor from Rhodes Diagora, as well as his native uncle Akusilai and Damaget, too, were Olympionics. Diagore, whose exclusive durability and honesty in boxing fights won him a huge respect of the audience and there were vanity in Pindara, became an eyellinity of the Olympic victories of his sons - respectively, in Boxing and Pankration. (According to legend, when the grateful sons watered his champion's champion's wreaths on the head and raised him on the shoulders, someone from the hands-up spectators exclaimed: "Umci, Diagora, die! Melci, because you have nothing more to desire from life!" And excited Diagore Immediately died in her hands in sons.)

Many olympionics were distinguished by exceptional physical data. For example, the champion in running into two stage (404 BC) Lasphen from the victory is attributed to the victory in an unusual competition with a horse, and Age from Argos, which won the long distance (328 BC), after that without making a single stop in the way, overcame the distance from Olympia to his native city to quickly bring joyful messages to countrymen. Victory sought and due to peculiar technology. So, an extremely endless and movable boxer melancom from Karya, the winner of the Olympic Games 49 AD, during the fight he constantly kept his hands stretched forward, due to which he left the opponent's blows, and at the same time it was extremely rarely assumed The end, exhausted physically and emotionally the opponent recognized his defeat. And about the winner of the Olympic Games 460 BC. In the promotion of Ladas from Argos, they said that it runs so easily that he does not even leave traces on Earth.

Among the participants and winners of the Olympic Games there were such well-known scientists and thinkers as Demosphen, Democritis, Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Pythagoras, Hippocrat. And they competed not only in elegant arts. For example, Pythagoras was a champion in a caming battle, and Plato - in Pankration.

Maria Ischenko

When and where did the Olympic Games appear? And who is the founder of the Olympic Games, you will learn from this article.

The history of the emergence of the Olympic Games briefly

Olympic games were born in ancient Greece, because the inherent athleticism of Greeks was the cause of sports games. The founder of the Olympic Games is the King Enomai, who organized sports games for those who wished to take his daughter Hippodami into his wife. According to legend, he was predicted that the cause of death would be his son-in-law. Therefore, young people who won in certain competitions died. Only the tricky Pelopes overtook Enoaming on the chariots. Yes, so that the king broke her neck and died. The prediction came true, and Pelopes, becoming king, established every 4 years to organize the Olympic Olympics.

It is believed that in Olympia, the place where the first Olympic Games held, the first competitions took place in 776 to our era. The name of who was the first winner of games in ancient Greece - Corget From the Elida, who won the competition in Run.

Olympic Games in Ancient Greece Sports

The first 13 games are the only sport in which participants competed, was running. After there was a pentathlon. It turned on, throwing a spear, long jump, throwing disc, fight. A little later added the chariot contest and fist fight.

The modern program of the Olympic Games includes 7 Winter and 28 Summer Sports, that is, 15 and 41 disciplines, respectively. It all depends on the season.

As soon as the Romans joined Greece to Rome, the number of nationalities that can take part in the games increased. Fights of gladiators were added to the competition program. But in 394, the Emperor Feodosius I, the fan of Christianity, canceled the Olympic Games, considering their entertainment for the pagans.

Olympic games for the entire 15 centuries have sunk in the fly. The first one who took a step towards the revival of the forgotten contest was Monk-Benedictine Bernard de Monfocon. He was interested in the history and culture of ancient Greece and insisted that it was necessary to spend excavations in the place where the famous Olympia was once.

In 1766, Richard Chandler found near the Kronos of the ruins of unknown facilities of antiquity. It was part of the temple wall. In 1824, Lord Stanhof, an archaeologist, started excavation on the banks of the Alpharey. In 1828, the French of the Olympia excavation was picked up by the French, and in 1875 - Germans.

Pierre de Cubert Indenen, the statesman of France insisted that the Olympic Games need to resume. And in 1896 the first revived Olympic games in Athens, which are popular and now.

We hope that from this article you have learned where and when the Olympic Games arose.

Olympic Games - the most significant in the world sport competitions. They are held every four years. Every athlete dreams of victory in these competitions. The origin of the Olympic Games belongs to the ancient times. They were held in the seventh century BC. Why did antique Olympic Games called the World Holidays? In which country they were held for the first time?

Myth about the emergence of the Olympic Games

In ancient times, these were the greatest national festivals. Who is the founder of the ancient Olympic Games is unknown. In the public and cultural life of the ancient Greeks, the myths and legends played a considerable role. Ellina believed that the origin of the Olympic Games was among the times of Kronos - the son of the first god of uranium. In the competition between the mythical heroes, Hercules won the run, for which he was awarded a wreath from Oliva. Subsequently, the winner insisted that sports competitions were held every five years. Such a legend. There are, of course, other legends about the emergence of the Olympic Games.

Historical sources confirming these festivities in ancient Greece belongs to Homer's oriad. In this book, the chariot race is mentioned, which the residents of Elida were satisfied - the area on Peloponnese, where Olympia was located.

Sacred truce

Simple mortal who played a significant role in the development of the ancient Greek Olympic Games, was the king of Iphit. During his reign, the gap between the holding was formed for four years. Resumeing the holding of the Olympic Games, Iphit declare the sacred truce. That is, during these festivities it was impossible to wage war. And not only in ELIDE, but also in other parts of Ellad.

Elide was considered a sacred place. It was impossible to lead war with her. True, later the Eleets themselves invaded the neighboring areas repeatedly. Why did antique Olympic Games called the World Holidays? First, the holding of these competitions was associated with names of the gods whom Extremely revered the ancient Greeks. Secondly, the aforementioned truce was announced for the month, which had a special name - ἱερομηνία.

About sports in the Olympic Games held by Helinam, scientists have not yet come to a common opinion. It is believed that initial athletes competed only in running. Later to sports in the Olympic Games added the fight and racing on chariots.

Participants

Among the citizens in ancient Greece were those who were subjected to public dishonor and contempt of others, that is, Atimia. They could not become participants in competitions. Only dear Hellen. In the ancient Olympic Games, of course, the barbarians who could only be the audience were not involved. The exception was made only in favor of the Romans. On the ancient Greek Olympics, a woman had no right to even attend if she was not the priestess of the goddess Demeter.

The number and audience, and participants were huge. If, at the first Olympic Games in ancient Greece (776 BC), competitions were held only in running, then other sports appeared later. And in time, the poets and artists have received the opportunity to compete in their skills. During the festivities with each other, even deputies in the abundance of offering of the mythical deities were rolled.

From the history of the emergence of the Olympic Games, it is known that these events had a rather important public and cultural significance. Transactions between merchants, artists and poets acquainted the audience with their creations.

Competitions were held in the first full moon after the summer solstice. Lasted five days. A certain part of the time was assigned to rites with sacrifice and public pirus.

Types of contest

The history of the emergence of the Olympic Games, as already mentioned, full of legends and legends. However, relative to species exist reliable information. At the first Olympic Games in ancient Greece, athletes competed in running. This sport was submitted by the following varieties:

  • Running at the distance.
  • Double running.
  • Long run.
  • Running in full service.

The first fist fight took place on the 23rd Olympiad. Later, the ancient Greeks added such types of martial arts as Pankration, struggle. Above it was said that women did not have the right to participate in competitions. However, in 688 BC, special contests were created for the most purpose Residents in ancient Greece. The only one sport in which They could compete, there were horse runs.

In the fourth century BC, the competition between trumpets and Gerolds added to the Olympic Games program - Ellina believed that aesthetic pleasure and sport had a logical connection. Artists exhibited their works on a market square. Poets and writers, as mentioned above, read their writings. Sculptors sometimes after the completion of the games, ordered the statues of the winners, lyrics in honor of the strongest and dextricular songs.

ELLANDONES

What the judges called, who observed the progress of the competition and awarded the award winners. Elandonons were appointed using the lot. The judges not only handed the award, but also headed the device of the whole event. At the first Olympics there were only two of them, then nine, even later than ten. Starting from 368 to our era of Elandonov was twelve. True, later the number of judges declined. ELLANDONES wore special clothing of purple color.

Where did the competition begins? The athletes argued the audience and judges that the previous months were devoted exclusively to preliminary training. They gave an oath before the statue of the main ancient Greek God - Zeus. Relatives of those who want to compete - fathers and brothers - also gave an oath. A month before the competition athletes demonstrated their skills to the judges in the Olympic gymnasium.

The order of the competition was established by lot. Then Herwood announced the name of the emerging to the contest. Where were the Olympic Games?

The sanctuary of ancient Greece

Where the Olympic Games passed, it is clear from the name. Olympia is located in the northwestern part in the Peloponnesian Peninsula. Here once was located temple-cultural Complex and sacred grove of Zeus. In the territory of the ancient Greek sanctuary there were cult buildings, monuments, sports facilities and houses in which participants and guests lived. This place was the center of Greek art until the fourth century BC. Later were burned on the orders of Feodosia II.

The Olympic stadium was built gradually. He became the first in ancient Greece. In the fifth century BC, this stadium took about forty thousand spectators. For training, the gymnasium was used - the construction, the treadmill of which was equal to the length of the one that was on the stadium itself. Another place for preliminary preparation - Palestra. It was a square building with the courtyard. Here they trained mainly athletes who competed in the struggle and caming battle.

Leonidoyon, who performed the functions was built in the fifth century BC, on the project known in the ancient Greece of the architect. A huge building consisted of a courtyard surrounded by columns, and included a variety of rooms. The Olympic Games played an important role in the religious life of Ellin. Therefore, here the locals erected several temples and sanctuations. The facilities decline after the earthquake that occurred in the sixth century. Finally, the hippodrome was destroyed during the flood.

The last Olympic Games in ancient Greece took place in 394. Forbidden by the emperor Feodosius. In the Christian era, these events were regarded as pagan. The revival of the Olympic Games occurred after two millennia. Although already in the XVII century, the competition, resembling the Olympic, was carried out repeatedly in England, France and Greece.

Revival of ancient Greek traditions

The predecessors of the modern Olympic Games were "Olympia", held in the middle of the XIX century. But they, of course, were not so large-scale and had little in common with competitions, which in our time is accomplished once every four years. A significant role in the revival of the Olympic Games was played by French Pierre de Coubert. Why suddenly the Europeans remembered the traditions of the ancient Greeks?

In the middle of the XVII century, archaeological studies were conducted in Olympia, as a result of which scientists discovered the remains of temple structures. Works continued for more than ten years. At this time, everything that related to antiquity was becoming popular in Europe. The desire to revive the Olympic traditions have infected many public and cultural figures. At the same time, the most important interest in the culture of sports competitions in ancient Greece showed the French, although the archaeological discoveries belonged to the Germans. This can be easily explained.

In 1871, the French army suffered a defeat, which significantly undermined the patriotic spirit in society. Pierre de Cubenets believed that the reason was in a weak physical training of soldiers. He did not try to inspire his compatriots to fight Germany and other European powers. The French public figure spoke a lot about the need to improve physical culture, but also spoke to overcoming national egoism and the establishment of international understanding.

First Olympic Games: New Time

In June 1894, the Congress was held in Sorbonne, on which Couterreta presented his thoughts about the need to revive the ancient Greek traditions. His ideas were supported. On the last day of the Congress, it was decided to hold the Olympic Games in two years. They should have taken place in Athens. The Committee on International Competitions was headed by Demetrius Vikelas. Pierre de Coubertin took the position of Secretary General.

The Olympic Games of 1896 became the largest sporting event. Greece state figures put forward a proposal for the holding of the Olympic Games solely with their homeland. However, the Committee decided otherwise. The place of the game is changing.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Olympic movement was not widely popular. This is partly due to the fact that at that time a worldwide exhibition was held in Paris. Some historians believe that the Olympic ideas were able to save thanks to the intermediate games of 1906, spent again in Athens.

Differences of modern games from ancient Greek

The competition was resumed by the sample of antique sports competitions. Modern Olympic Games unite athletes of all states, in relation to individuals, discrimination on religious, racial, political reasons is not allowed. This, perhaps, is the main difference between modern games from the ancient Greek.

What borrowed modern Olympic games from the ancient Greek? First of all, the name itself. The frequency of comments was borrowed. One of the destinations of the modern Olympic Games is the ministry of the world, the establishment of mutual understanding between countries. It is consonant with the ideas of the ancient Greeks on temporary truce in the days of the competition. Olympic flame and torch - symbols of the Olympiad, which arose, of course, in antiquity. The ancient Greeks also borrowed some terms and rules for conducting competitions.

There are, of course, several significant differences between modern games and antique. Ancient Greeks conducted sports exclusively in Olympia. Today, games are organized every time in another city. In ancient Greece, there was no such thing as the "Winter Olympic Games". Yes, and the contests were different. In antiquity in the Olympic Games participated not only athletes, but also poets.

Symbolism

About how the symbol of the Olympic Games looks like, is known to everyone. Five bonded rings of black, blue, red, yellow and green. However, few know that these elements do not apply to any particular continent. Sounds in Latin, translated into Russian means "faster, above, stronger." The flag is a white cloth with a rings. It rises at all games since 1920.

And the discovery, and the closure of games is accompanied by a grandiose, colorful ceremony. The best organizers of mass events are involved in the script development. This spectacle seek to participate famous actors, singers. The broadcast of this international event attracts tens of millions of viewers around the world to television screens.

If the ancient Greeks believed that in honor of the Olympic Games it is worth suspending any hostilities, then in the twentieth century, the opposite happened. Sports contests were canceled due to armed conflicts. The games were not conducted in 1916, 1940, 1944th. In Russia, the Olympics passed twice. In 1980 in Moscow and in 2014 in Sochi.

Sports competitions called "Olympic Games" were held in ancient Greece, in Olympia (the city in the northwestern part of Peloponnese, who in the past was the most important religious and sports center of Greece).

The year of the beginning of the Olympic Games is considered to be 776 years before. er, this date is carved at the plates found by archaeologists along with the name of the Olympic Winner in the Koreba Run. The date is also confirmed by the antique authors Parabalon, Hippius, Aristotle, and others. Greek historian Timey (about 352-256 BC) and Mathematics Eratosthene (about 276-196 BC. E.) developed Souliscovers from the first games According to which up to 394 years. e. When the competition was banned by the Roman Emperor Feodosius I, 293 Olympics took place.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe revival of the Olympic Games was proposed at the end of the 19th century by the French public figure Pierre de Cubebert in connection with the interest of society to the archaeological discoveries in Olympia. The Revival project of the Olympic Games de Cubert Indicated in his report on November 25, 1892 in Sorbonne.

Principles, rules and regulations of the Games identified the Olympic Charter, approved in June 1894 by the International Sport Congress in Paris. According to the Charter, the Olympic Games combine lovers of all countries in honest and equal competitions; In relation to countries and individuals, discrimination on racial, religious or political reasons is not allowed. At the same congress, it was decided to hold the first Olympic Games of our time in 1896 in Athens. For this, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was created.

At first games in Athens, on April 6-15, 1896, 43 sets of medals in 9 sports were played. Participation in the competitions received 241 athletes from 14 countries. These games have laid such traditions as the execution of the Olympic hymn, participation in the opening ceremony of the head of the Games, and the awarding of the winners on the last day of the competition. The Athenian Olympiad has become the largest sporting event of his time. Since then, international competitions, known as summer Olympic Games, are held every four years (the exceptions were the periods of the first and second world wars). The place of play chooses the IOC, and the right of their organization is provided to the city, and not the country.

Since 1900 women participate in games.

In 1908, qualifying competitions were held in London for the first time in the history of Olympiads, and the tradition of the member teams under national flags originated. At the same time, the unofficial general office was distributed - the definition of the place occupied by teams by the number of medals received and scored in the competitions.

In 1912, photofinish was used at the Olympics in Stockholm.

In 1920, an Olympic flag was raised in the Olympics in Antwerp / Belgium / For the first time, the Olympic flag was raised, and the competition participants accepted the Olympic oath.

Since 1924, winter Olympiads are held. Prior to that, some winter sports included in the Summer Olympics programs. Thus, the figure skating championship in the framework of the Olympics was first played in London in 1908, and the first Olympic hockey tournament with a washer took place in 1920 in Antwerp. Initially, the Winter Olympics were held in one year with the Summer, in 1992 the timing of them were shifted for two years. Winter Olympics have their own numbering.

When holding the Olympic Games of 1928 in Amsterdam, the tradition of litigation of fire was laid.

At the Games of 1932 in Los Angeles for the first time, the "Olympic Village" was built for the first time.

Since 1936, the world follows the overlap of the Olympic Fire.

In 1960, during the Summer Olympiad in Rome, for the first time, an athlete was killed - a cyclist from Denmark Knud Yensen.

In 1960, at the Winter Games in American Squill Valley, the opening ceremony first accompanied a large-scale theatrical presentation (Walt Disney was responsible for its organization).

At the 1972 games in Munich, members of the terrorist Palestinian organization "Black September" took hostages of athletes and coaches of the Israel team. During the operation, 11 members of the Israeli national team and one West German policeman were killed in the surgery.

In 2004, during the Olympics in Athens, for the first time in the history of the Olympic Games, IOC insured itself ($ 170 million) in case of cancellation of competitions due to the threat of terrorism or natural disasters

The most long-lasting games were 1900 in Paris and 1904 in St. Louis (USA). They were combined with worldwide exhibitions and lasted for several months (May-October 1900, July-November 1904). The Olympiad in St. Louis entered the story also as "American": from 625 participants 533 were Americans, since many European athletes could not come to the competition because of the high cost of travel.

The most numerous Olympic team exhibited by one country was the United Kingdom team at the 1908 Olympics in London - 710 athletes.

Several times, certain countries did not take part in the games for political reasons. Thus, Germany and its allies in world wars were removed from participation in the Games of 1920 and 1948. In 1920, athletes of Soviet Russia were not invited to the Olympics in Antwerp (Belgium). 65 countries boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in connection with the introduction of Soviet troops to Afghanistan in December 1979. In response to the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, teams of the 13th countries of the Socialist Camp did not arrive. The official cause of the boycott was the refusal of the organizers of the Olympiad-84 to provide security guarantees athletes from the USSR and other countries of the Warsaw Treaty.

There were several cases in the history of the Games, when competitions for some sports were held before the opening of the Games, and after closing them. Thus, the 1920 Antwerp Olympiad was officially held on August 14-29, but the competition of skaters and hockey players took place in April, yachtsmen and shooters - in July, football players - in August and September. In 1956, at the games in Melbourne, horse competitions were held from the Rules of Quarantine not only for six months before the Olympia itself, but also in another country, and on another continent - in Stockholm.

On the television screens, the Olympics first appeared on Games in Berlin in 1936. For athletes' competitions can see as many people as possible, screens have been installed throughout the city. For the first time, London residents were broadcast for home televisions in 1948. In 1956, the Olympic Games were already transferred to all European countries, and since 1964 - to all continents. / Tass- dossier /

Only contests on the distance in one stadium were held (from Greek. Stages \u003d 192 m). Gradually, the number of sports increased, and the games turned into an important event for the whole Greek world. It was a religious and sports holiday, which was declared a mandatory "holy world" and any hostilities were prohibited.

The history of the first Olympiad period of the truce lasted a month and was called Ekheyria. It is believed that the first Olympiad took place in 776 BC. e. But in 393 n. e. The Roman Emperor Feodosius I banned the Olympic Games. By that time, Greece lived under the rule of Rome, and Romans, contacting Christianity, believed that the Olympic Games with their worship of the pagan gods and the cult of beauty are incompatible with the Christian faith. The Olympic Games remembered at the end of the XIX century, after they began to spend excavations in ancient Olympia and found the ruins of sports and temple structures. In 1894, at the International Sports Congress in Paris, the French public figure Baron Pierre de Cubertret (1863-1937) offered to organize Olympic Games for Antique. He came up with the motto of Olympians: "The main thing is not a victory, but participation." De Cubebert wanted to be in these competitions, as in ancient Greece, only athletes men competed, but in second games were women. Five multicolored rings became the emblem of games; These colors were chosen that most often found on flags of different countries of the world.

The first modern Olympic Games took place in 1896 in Athens. In the XX century The number of countries and athletes participating in these competitions has steadily growing, the number of Olympic sports has increased. Today it is already difficult to find a country that would not send at least one or two athletes on games. C1924. In addition to the Olympic Games, which take place in the summer, winter games began to be settled, so that skiers, skating and other athletes who are engaged in winter sports can come. And since 1994, the Winter Olympic Games are not held at the same year on which summer comes, and two years later.

The history of the first Olympiad is the most interesting facts.

Sometimes the Olympic Games are called Olympiads, which is wrong: the Olympiad is a four-year period between the Olympic Games following each other. When, for example, they say that the 2008 Games are the 29th Olympics, it is meant that from 1896 to 2008 there were 29 periods of four years in each. But the games were only 26: in 1916,1940 and 1944. The Olympic Games were not - the world wars were prevented. The Greek city of Olympia today attracts crowds of tourists who want to look at the ruins from the archaeologists of the Antique city with the remnants of the temples of Zeus, Ges and visit the Archaeological Museum of Olympia. otvetkak.ru.