Give arguments for and against this judgment! Thank you in advance!Guest

Just wanted equality at any cost

Guest 5.

Total 1.

What arguments indicate in favor or against the growth of Moscow?

Guest 5.

Against the growth of Moscow - an increase in population; Expansion of the area of \u200b\u200bthe city by combining with satellite cities; Construction on each free patch, because it is necessary to provide a fast-growing population with housing, work, social infrastructure (clinics, hospitals, children's children, schools, shops, cafes, etc.); The need for frequent replacement of communications (they were calculated on a certain amount of years and users - due to the growth time and expenditures accelerated); transport multi-hour traffic jams; The problems of flooding the territory (due to the increase in the area of \u200b\u200bcoating asphalt - during the rains flooding streets).

Rausania K. 5.

Total 1.

How to ensure the environmental safety of Russia: 1) theses 2) arguments for and against

Igor Hygin 6 Total 2.

What are the strong arguments in favor of Putin?

Dmitry Shiryaev 3.

This is a common question, you can argue about this for a very long time, at least three hours in a row. Therefore, I note that my answer is not exhaustive.

Vladimir Putin very consistently defends his position that in world politics it becomes less and less accepted. Therefore, Vladimir Putin is popular not only in Russia, but also beyond. People look at him on TV and say: "What a consistent man! All he wants to do, he sets out. " He does not compromise, does not change his position 30 times a day, like Donald Trump. This is its main strength. No matter, she likes it to someone or not. For example, I do not like. But I admit that he is absolutely consistent, and here it is not sinking to him. This is his mainstream.

Stanislav Belkovsky30

Total 9.

What are the arguments against "to dispute about capitalism?

Need extremely rational and convincing Arguments. Emotional seems to be not expressing.

Why is capitalism objectively imperfect for building a prosperous society? How to prove it to supporters of capitalism, liberal democracy, globalization and other "Western" trend?

iV320 2.

Because capitalism, this is a building, in which the means of production are concentrated in the hands of a handful of people, and the rest of society works on them and their well-being. Under socialism, the means of production belong to the Company (people, the state), which redesses the benefits in the interests of the people (social security, etc.). If you are a capitalist and other people work for you, then, as a rule, you are talent for capitalism. And if you are an ordinary person (the hired worker, which is most), then for you better socialism (or some other system).

All media are focused in the hands of the capitalists, therefore, from the screens and the diffilaments of capitalism are squeezed, and ordinary people believe it.

santeyka 6.

Total 4.

Magazine "Law and Security"

Problems of environmental safety of Russia

Greshnevikov A.N., Deputy Chairman of the Committee of the State Duma of the FS of the Russian Federation for Ecology, Protasov V.F., President of the Environmental Fund of Russia

The process of degradation of the environment, all deepening environmental crisis has taken irreversible character in the world. In Russia, it is manifested by a more painful increasing incidence, reduction of life expectancy, decrease in the population due to the environmental factor.

Environmental problems in the depth of negative impact on humanity and catastrophic for all living consequences are not comparable to any other problems. The reasons for this crisis are the anthropogenic nature and its socio-political roots, on the one hand, and on the other - the ecological nihilism of decision makers and environmental ignorance of a significant part of the population.

Everyone knows that the degradation of the planet's biosphere is growing threateningly - according to the Rome Club, 2/3 of forests have already been destroyed, 2/3 of the soils of agricultural purposes are lost; Extremely exhausted bioresources of the ocean, seas and rivers, biodiversity of the planet. Global environmental pollution led to climate warming on the planet for 100 years not by 0.5 ° C, and 2 o C (in the next 50 years, up to 6 ° C), to a decrease in immunity and deterioration of people's health. There is generally degradation and degeneration of the population in industrialized countries.

Confirm the state of the biosphere degradation is also relatively recently conducted by a group of scientific research, the results of which are contained in the work "The Trends of Environmental Changes to 2030". It is shown that over the past few decades, negative trends of environmental changes and human living conditions have not only diminished, but increased; In the future, you can expect or their height or saving. So, despite the measures taken on the cleaning, the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere increases with a 0.25%. Practically over all northern hemispheres of the Earth is a stable zone of increased concentration of sulfur, which in the east of the United States and Central and Eastern Europe exceeds the background 10-15 times. The whole area is a zone of risk of acid rain. There is an increase in concentrations of CO 2 and SH 4 due to the destruction of the biota. Land degradation - soil erosion, reducing fertility, pollutant accumulation, acidification, salinization, etc. Due to environmental disorders, the exhaustion of sushi water is observed, the insecurity of pure drinking water in developing countries, the growth of genetic diseases, the consumption of drugs and allergic diseases in developed countries, the emergence of new diseases, etc.

Assessing the trends of the biosphere degradation both in the past and for the future, we can say - we are expecting a "dark" future and the rights of Academician N.N.Miseyev, arguing that "the new global crisis is inevitable." He believed that the crisis could be mitigated if humanity would be able to overcome the blind element of development, it would be capable of organizing certain targeted collective shares of a generallylanet scale.

In overcoming the generallylanetary environmental crisis, the United Nations merit and invaluable merits. Especially stand out among the UN conferences adopted at the Rio de Janeiro Conference on the Environmental Protection Procedure "Agenda XXI". It describes the main environmental problems of the Earth and formulate ways to solve them based on the concept of sustainable development, overcoming poverty and creating a decent way of life of the population. The authors of the "Agenda of the XXI" appreciated the total value of all the events that are listed in it by more than 650 billion dollars.

According to the UN, all countries have developed and adopted the concept of transition to sustainable development. For the consistent transition of the Russian Federation to the sustainable development by decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 01.04.96 No. 440 approved the "Concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to Sustainable Development".

Ecology in Russia

Russia occupies 3rd place in the world in harmful emissions (after the United States and China) and 74th place among the countries of the world on environmental purity. When drawing up the rating of countries on ecology, scientists of the Yale and Colombian universities assessed the state of the environment, the degree of exposure of residents of the country's ecological threat, the ability of the country's government to resist environmental catastrophes, etc. On the 1st place there is Finland, then Norway, Sweden, Canada, Switzerland, Uruguay. Belarus takes 52nd place.

Causes of such a low level of ecology in Russia:

  • 40% of the territory of Russia (center, south of the European part, Middle and South Urals, Western Siberia, Volga region), where more than 60% of the population of the country live, are a picture of an environmental disaster;
  • more than 100 million Russians live in environmentally unfavorable conditions;
  • only 15% of the city's city inhabitants live in territories, where the level of air pollution complies with the standards;
  • 40% of urban residents live in periodical exceeding in an atmosphere of extremely permissible concentrations of harmful substances in 5-10 times;
  • 2/3 of water sources of Russia are unsuitable for drinking, many rivers are turned into waste ditches;
  • the share of contamination from vehicles is 46% of total emissions of harmful substances and reaches 70-80% in such major cities as Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as in the Krasnoyarsk and Primorsky Territory, Belgorod, Penza, Sverdlovsk, Murmansk and Chelyabinsk regions;
  • each resident accounts for up to 400 kg of industrial emissions of enterprises in the air.

In tab. 1 The regions, areas, pools with the most acute environmental situation are indicated.

Table 1. Regions of Russia with a very acute environmental situation

Region

Environmental problems caused by anthropogenic effects

Kolya Pen

Land Violation by Mountain Developments, Exhaustion and Pollution Waters of Sushi, Pollution of the Atmosphere, Degradation of Forest Maceses and Natural Feed Gendies, Violation of Specially Protected Natural Territories

Moscow region

Pollution of the atmosphere, exhaustion and pollution of sushi water, loss of productive lands, soil pollution, forest degradation of forest arrays

Northern Caspian

Disturbance of land development of oil and gas deposits, exhaustion and pollution of sushi water, sea pollution, exhaustion of fish resources, secondary salinization and deflation of soil, air pollution, violation of the regime of specially protected territories

Middle Volga and Kama

Exhaustion and pollution of sushi water, lands impairment by mountain development, soil erosion, o-formation, air pollution, deforestation, forestry degradation

Industrial Zone Urals

Land Disturbing Mountain Developments, Pollution of the Atmosphere, Exhaustion and Pollution of Sushi Water, Soil Pollution, Loss of Productive Lands, Forest Massive Degradation

Oil and gas covered areas of Western Siberia

Disturbance of land development of oil and gas deposits, soil pollution, degradation of deer pastures, exhaustion of fish resources and fishing fauna, violation of the regime of specially protected territories

Kuznetsky pool

Land Violation by Mountain Developments, Pollution of the Atmosphere, Exhaustion and Pollution of Sushi Waters, Soil Pollution, Loss of Productive Land, Soil Deflation

Areas of Oz. Baikal

Pollution of waters and atmosphere, exhaustion of fish resources, degradation of forest arrays, o-formation, violation of the permafront of the soil modes, violation of the regime of specially protected natural territories

Norilsk industrial area

Land Violation by mountain development, air pollution and water, violation of the permissal regime of soil loads, violation of the regime of protected forests, reducing the natural and recreational qualities of the landscape

Kalmykia

Degradation of natural feeding, deflation of soil

New Earth

Nuclear pollution

The area of \u200b\u200bthe influence of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP

Radiation lesion of territories, Pollution of the atmosphere, exhaustion and pollution of sushi water, soil contamination

Recreational zones of the coast of the Black and Azov Seas

Exhaustion and pollution of sushi water, seas and atmospheric pollution, reduction and loss of natural and recreational qualities of the landscape, violation of the regime of specially protected territories

The greatest air pollution (over the volume of emissions) occurs as a result of the activities of energy enterprises - about 27% of total emissions in the industry of Russia, color - about 20-22% and ferrous metallurgy - about 15-18%. The first place for discharges of polluted wastewater occupies the woodworking industry - about 20-21% of total discharges in the country, chemical - about 17%, electric power industry - about 12-13%, etc.

Under environmental pressing of power plants are the cities of Asbest, Angarsk, Novocherkassk, Troitsk, Ryazan, and others. Among the metallurgical plants are allocated "Severstal", "Novolipetsky", "Magnitogorsk", "Nizhnyagilsky", "Norilsky MMC", "Achinsky alumina plant" and others . In enterprises, air pollution, water pools, soils ranges from 5 to 50 and higher MPC, PDV.

Causes special concern environmental pollution by enterprises:

  • for oil production - "LUKOIL", "Surgutneftegaz", "Tatneft";
  • in the oil refining industry - Angarsknefteorgsintez;
  • in the mining of gas - enterprises located in the Astrakhan region;
  • for the extraction of the angle - Kuznetsky, Kansky-Achinsky, Moscow region, South Yakut coal basins;
  • in the chemical and petrochemical industry - enterprises located in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Omsk, Yaroslavl, Perm, Kemerovo, Samara and Irkutsk regions;
  • in the woodworking and pulp and paper industry - the Kotlas CBK, the Bratsky LPK, the Arkhangelsk CBC, the Ust-Ilimsky LPK and the Baikal PCB.

Many enterprises, companies (RAO UES, LUKOIL, "Cominft", "Yukos", "Severstal", "SIBUR", OJSC Uralmash, Magnitogorsk GMK) only declare the desire to invest money in environmental protection. And in fact they go to modernization and expansion of production, which leads to even greater environmental pollution.

The crisis state of the surrounding nature in Russia, especially the most populated part, it would seem, should be alarmed by the public, environmental authorities, power structures. The underestimation of the importance of environmental problems may result in their irresistibleness. Risk increases for the life, health and life expectancy of people.

Analysis of the state of the environment, reflected in numerous publications of recent years, shows that, despite the environmental destabilization, it is possible to suspend its increasing due to the solution of the most urgent problems related to the preservation of the environment and more rational use of resources. There are many problems, let's call the most priorities that do not require large capital expenditures.

Improving the legislative environmental base

The President, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry and the Office, the authorities of both the federal and regional level, the State Duma of the FS of the Russian Federation take measures to environmental revival of Russia.

The new editions adopted the laws "On Environmental Protection", "On Protection of Atmospheric Air", "On Subsoil", "On Plan for Earth", "On the board for the use of water bodies." Decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the standards of fees for emissions into the atmospheric air of pollutants"; Approved by the instruction of the Government of the Russian Federation "Ecological Doctrine of the Russian Federation" and many other regulatory documents. Of course, they will influence the improvement of the regulatory framework of environmental activities, but do not provide environmental safety of the population of Russia.

Moreover, along with the environmental protection laws, taking into account the environmental situation in the country, it seems inexpedient to adopt such laws and decisions as: "On the use of atomic energy", thereby importing imports to Russia from abroad of irradiated nuclear fuel and turning Russia in the landfill of nuclear waste "; On the transfer of forests of the first group, so-called water protection and climate-forming forests, in a group of non-delicious zones that resolve forest cutting. The adopted land and forest codes of the Russian Federation led to the weakening of the mechanisms of state management of forests and lands and lead to large-scale environmental catastrophes. Despite the adopted law on the depths of the Russian Federation, the dismissal of natural resources continues. Decisions on the abolition of departments included in the structures of the State Committee for the Protection of the Environment and Federal Forestry Service of the Russian Federation, and the transfer of their functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation weakened control over the environmental environment.

Following these decisions, state control over the state of the environmental disaster zones has practically ceased operations of the Soviet Department, units of the Environmental Police; The environmental expertise service has lost its independence and independence; In secondary schools, technical schools and universities began to be excluded from the program environmental disciplines, etc.

In our opinion, in order to improve environmental legislation, environmental protection and improving the quality of the environmental environment, there is a need for adoption of regulatory and legal decisions in the near future:

  • "On environmental safety";
  • "On the handling of radioactive waste";
  • "On drinking water";
  • "On state regulation of education in the field of ecology";
  • "On the protected service of the Russian Federation";
  • "On introducing changes and additions to the law" On the protection of Lake Baikal "", etc.

In order to prevent the environmental disaster, in our opinion, it is necessary to restore the Ministry of Ecology and Environmental Protection and the adoption of the above-mentioned federal laws - this will be an important factor in improving the environmental complex management system, the legal framework for the country's environmental security and the creation of the necessary prerequisites for improving quality Life of people compared to other highly developed countries.

Today, the environment has suffered most of all from the produced non-equal industrial products: machines, equipment; The use of environmentally friendly technologies, primarily in the automotive, energy, chemical industry, black and non-ferrous metallurgy.

The need to stop the release of vehicles that does not meet modern environmental standards, in Russia they say long ago. Moreover, the GOSTS, which implies the compliance of auto industry's products to Euro-2 standards against cars, introduced from July 2002, and on freight cars and before - from January 2000. Nevertheless, domestic automobile plants, by all truths and inconsistencies, seeking deferred "Executions of the sentence", with enviable perseverance continues to be morale and technically obsolete, and most importantly - dangerous for the environment model. An end to the environmental lawlessness could put a government document.

This task is not for the provinces, neither the heads of the city administration. This task is for only the Government of the Russian Federation.

Preservation of the national wealth of the country

At the beginning of "Perestroika" - on the way to capitalism, 64% of the explored oil reserves, 63% - gas, 86% - diamonds, 71% - gold, etc. were transmitted to private companies at low prices. Of course, businessmen rushed to sell extracted raw materials to Western countries.

Since prices in the West on natural raw materials are significantly higher than the internal in Russia, it certainly had an impact on the growth of domestic prices for all types of products, to reduce the rate of reconstruction of existing enterprises, the construction of new facilities, the creation of new techniques due to the growth of the cost materials, equipment, growth rates for electricity, cargo transportation, etc.

So, in 1985, the USSR exported 132 million tons of oil, then in 2002 - 270 million tons of 3240 thousand tons of aluminum produced in 2000, 3194.6 million tons were exported from 220 thousand nickel, Made in 1998, domestic consumption was only 8.2 thousand tons. A similar position was made with copper, zinc, steel products, forest, etc. (Table 2). This means predatory using the fields of natural resources, pollut the environmental environment when producing and processing and ensure high-quality raw materials of Western partners to the detriment of the environmental and strategic interests of Russia.

Table 2.Production (mining) and the volume of Russian exports of the most important types of raw materials and commodity products in 2000

Minerals and processing products

Production (mining) in 2000

Export in 2000

Share of exports from production volume,%

Oil (with condensate) + petroleum products, million tons

Gas, billion m 3

Coal, million tons

Iron commercial ore, million tons

Aluminum, thousand tons

Copper *, thousand tons

Nickel, thousand tons

Lead **, thousand tons

Zinc *, thousand tons

Tungsten (in concentrate), thousand tons

Molybdenum (in concentrate), thousand tons

Note.* Taking into account tolling and imported raw materials; ** Taking into account imports and secondary raw materials.

Ensuring environmental safety

Ensuring environmental safety becomes the most important component of national security, having an increasing impact on the well-being and health of the population, as well as on the economic development of all sectors of the national economy, entitled to the economic development of the country.

Among the most important components of the country's environmental safety are to solve the problems of introducing new technologies, manufacturing machines and equipment of environmentally friendly, environmentally friendly resource-saving technologies, widespread introduction of low-waste and waste-free industries in both industry and agricultural production, in transport and construction. Each new technology, each new car, each new construction project must be subjected to public independent environmental impact assessment, and not just the state.

In the near future, it is necessary to solve the problems of environmental disaster areas, to prevent the growth of man-made catastrophes, carrying thousands and thousands of lives; Take exhaustive measures to improve the quality of the environment in all spheres of human activity leading to improved public health, human quality.

Danger of loss and discrepancies of natural resources when moving to a market economy

In physical terms, the loss of non-renewable natural resources in Russia is very significant. On average, the mining losses are: chrome ores - 28%, potassium salt - 61%, salts of cooking - 46%, coal - 14.9%, oil from the formation is extracted no more than 30%. In the extraction of oil in Russia, 8-10 billion m 3 of natural gas is lost - burned in torches (which is approximately the amount of gas consumption in the life of the Russian population for the year). The problem with the use of the forest is even more tragic: only for the year out of 336 million m 3 of the cut-down wood on the forest-seated and forest roads, 35 million m 3 was thrown, not counting losses during the forest, when processing wood in waste, about 30% is leaving, etc.

When moving to a market economy, the use of natural resources - forests, riches of subsoil has become more intensive due to the increase in entrepreneurs, commercials of the export of them abroad with the weakening of government regulation of this process. Entrepreneurs seek to receive profits as quickly as possible, and it is often done by predatory use of subsoil, forests, land, plant and animal world.

Some insufficiently clear formulations of the Local Government Act left loopholes for the irrational use of natural resources. Of course, the old system of rejection by the central departments of natural resources from the regions and the republics was no better. But the replacement of local department is extremely dangerous and also leads to irrevocable loss of resources. Ownership of resources does not mean the rights of uncontrolled order by them: the state in the interests of the whole population needs to more clearly regulate environmental management regardless of the forms of ownership. Thus, the owner of the forest in France has no right to cut down a tree without the appropriate permission of the authorities.

The urgent task in our country is to determine the balance of the interests of the owner (user), individual territories and the whole state.

Fighting radioactive and chemical pollution

The problem of combating radioactive and chemical pollution of the territory of Russia is nominated for the first plan among other environmental problems in view of the enormous scales and the dangerous consequences of radioactive and chemical pollution of the territory of Russia.

To present the scale of radioactive pollution, it is enough to familiarize yourself with the map of the Risk Risk of the Arctic and North of Russia and with publications on radiation pollution in the Special Information Release of the International Environmental Journal Economy. The radiation situation in the Kara Sea and the Far Eastern Aquators of the Pacific Ocean and the flooding of nuclear submarines became extremely dangerous.

Today, as ever has become an ecological threat, not only for Russia, but also for the whole world, the burial of the poisoning substances produced in 1946-47. In the waters of the Baltic Sea. Scientists of the Institute of Oceanology. P.P.Shirshova RAS (Kaliningrad), examined in 2003, the burial places of poisoning substances in flooded corps of ships, found out that fluorine, chlorine, chlorine, were pretended for 58 years of corrosion corrosion, ... not by chance in the Kaliningrad region for The past 4 years increased by 13% the number of oncological diseases increased, the frequency of bronchial asthma disease increased by 40%. Experts argue that a powerful ecological catastrophe can be broken down by a maximum of 10 years in the Baltic.

In Uralsk, a new plant for the destruction of chemical weapons was built. The plant recycled 400 tons of substances (there are only 40 thousand tons in the country) and stopped due to protest of local residents, because The plant is close from their housing.

Known cases of environmental pollution require immediate measures to improve the system of protection of the population not only from radioactive pollution, but also on specially hazardous toxic substances (such as dioxins, polychlorubephinyls, benz (a) pins, pesticides, etc.). This is, subject to the state, subject to a clearer organization of the nature of the nature of nature and the interaction of various inspections at the regional, city and district levels without additional funds.

Elimination of environmental disorder in the country

If the overall environmental disorder is conditionally adopted for 100%, then a significant part of it (30-40%) will be on the consequences of local mismanagement.

There are no costs and capital investments to get rid of "crawling" radiation in schools, universities, research institutes, clinics, hospitals, in separate enterprises and facilities, in landfills. An abundance of open garbagers, noose, etc. In urban settlements, led to a sharp increase in rodents, homeless animals that are carriers of infectious diseases.

Every year Moscow "produces" more than 19 million tons of waste. Only a small part turns into ashes on three incineration factories, all the trash and dirt are settled by a dead cargo on the Polygons of the Moscow region.

It seems that environmental pollution in the field of population, recreation and work has been made from under the control of state environmental and sanitary studio organizations of Russia.

To eliminate environmental disorders, it is necessary to intensify the activities of urban and district committees for the protection of the environment and nature environmental services.

Environmental education of the population

The level of environmental culture, knowledge among the population of Russia is the lowest among developed countries of the world. Due to the low level of environmental education and education, people are not aware of the approaching ecological catastrophe and are generally indifferent to environmental protection. In universities, schools and technical schools, the problem of environmental protection and environmental management is not paid due attention. Not in all educational institutions introduced disciplines for environmental protection and rational nature management. That there are no textbooks, then there are no teachers, then there is no time. The organization of lectures and conducting classes on environmental protection in workers' teams in enterprises is a rare phenomenon.

Environmental education - this is what should be the first and main concern for the country's leadership in order to environmental revival of Russia.

Due to environmental illiteracy, people are accustomed to impunity of pollution: everything around is thrown, pollute and do not remove. Moreover, they are looking for guilty of pollution of streets, recreation areas, etc. It's time to introduce fines on "people - pollutants of nature", as abroad.

Interstate environmental problems

It is necessary to create a general ecological space of the CIS. In the foreseeable future, this space should be united not only within the CIS, but it must come up with existing European and Asian environmental spaces, where common environmental rules of behavior are being operating, and agreed objectives for improving the quality of the environment and living conditions are being implemented.

Without international programs, it is impossible to suspend cross-border transportation of pollutants from countries adjacent to Russia. Thus, the import of lead, cadmium and other pollutants to Russia from Poland, Germany and Sweden more than 10 times higher than their exports from Russia. Imports of pollutants to Russia from Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Finland.

Without joint environmental programs, the problems of the Baltic, Black and Caspian Seas, Kola P-Oova, Aral and Oz will not be resolved. Khanka (on the border with China). Policy policy, economics - economy, but the nature will not wait, it is necessary to immediately develop and take interstate agreements on the named and other natural objects.

State program "Ecology and human health"

To improve the human habitat, it is necessary to develop and gradually implement practical measures by the program "Ecology and human health".

What parameters should be determined to accommodate a person in the habitat? We do not know these parameters. Today it is ecologically defenseless . It can work and live in places where radiation, gaspace exceeds hundreds and thousands of times the norm, not knowing about it. It can eat food with the content of nitrates and heavy metals, life-threatening, not knowing about it. This is a difficult problem, but it requires an immediate decision in Russia.

Analysis of the incidence of the population imposed on the demographic structure and social aspects provides the basic characteristics of the territory called environmental risk. The degree of environmental risk is not a characteristic of the medium, but a characteristic of a person in this environment, its ability to get sick, damage any life-supporting system, such as genetic. Environmental risk Unlike also the required PDC indicator is a very important social characteristic. If you say to a person that he inhales 10 substances, each of which exceeds the limit norm, then such a message is only purely abstractly alarmed his mind and heart. But if you tell him that the degree of risk for his child is sick with cancer during the prolonged effect of these substances is 80%, it will react to this otherwise.

Public environmental movement

No state, regional environmental programs cannot be implemented without broad support to the public. At each enterprise (in the organization), where pollution of the environment, the public commissions on ecology should be organized (in the workshop, at the enterprise, etc.). These commissions are required to identify all sources of environmental pollution and develop specific measures to eliminate them.

The public environmental movement must be organized at each enterprise, in each city, the area so that working and the population not only rally on environmental violations, but also took the most active participation in the development and implementation of environmental programs for all their habitats.

Integration of ecology, economics, policies

There are discussions about the stabilizing role of ecology in the development of the economy and the choice of political decisions, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to integrate ecology, economics and politics is expressed.

If in the XXI century. There will be no integration of ecology, economics and policies and transforming social development with new forms of society management, the last word will say the degrading biosphere. The population should be understood that the society of universal abundance closely approaches the abyss. The beginning global economic crisis will have a protracted character. At the beginning of the XXI century. Industrial production will be calculated in absolute figures. He will "get" and now developing and prospering Japan, Sweden, Germany, USA and other countries, because The reason lies in the irreversible destruction of the biosphere as a self-reproducing system.

In the XXI century An important problem will still be the problem of reducing energy consumption, reduce significant, at least an order of magnitude. It will be necessary to maximally reduce the energy and resource intensity of the gross national product and energy consumption and resources per one inhabit.

In technical policies to increase production per capita, at lower costs, resources with the greatest effect should be used, improve and implement technologies that promote energy and resource saving. These problems should be solved in the direction of a preventive environmental strategy: to reduce the development of environmentally hazardous industries (metallurgical, chemical, energy), maximum reduction in the consumption of primary biological products, etc.

The great keeper of Nature Jacques Yves Kusto once remarked: "I like the liberal economy, but there is a deep distinction between the liberal economy, i.e. Between free entrepreneurship based on the law of demand and consumption, and the market system. The market system in the form, in which we have it today, harms the planet more than anything, because we all have a price, but not considered as a value: the current market does not take into account the individual consequences, the fate of future generations is not One of the components of the "Economic Department".

And what new approaches should be in economic policy? From hundreds of thousands of settlements and thousands of cities, Ecomonitoring is exposed to the strength of 250 largest. Of these, 30 cities from year to year "are noted" with a multiple increase in MPC 3 and more harmful substances. The number of areas, settlements and cities, life-threatening, is not reduced, but increases. To suspend the deepening environmental crisis, today it is not enough only to take laws, decisions, directives that are not fulfilled in most. Specific programs are needed, specific deadlines, specific performers and relevant specific financing. This is only the Government of the Russian Federation. It is it that it is obliged to lead the program on the environmental revival of Russia.

Greshnevikov Anatoly Nikolaevich. In 1982-90 - Journalist Borisoglebsk district newspaper "New Time". In 1993 - People's Deputy RSFSR, Member of the Supreme Council, Member of the Committee of the Supreme Council on Ecology and Rational Use of Natural Resources. Since 1993 - deputy of the State Duma of the FS RF. Deputy Chairman of the Committee of the State Duma of the FS RF for Ecology.

Protasov Vitaly Fedorovich. Doctor of Economics, Professor, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of International Relations, International Academy of Informatization, Academician Consultant of the UN. Professor of the Moscow State Institute of Steel and Alloys, President of the Russian Environment Facility, Expert Commission of the Federation Council of the FS RF for Natural Monopolies.

Recently, a huge number of scientific materials appear on one of the most acute global problems - the problem of ecology. Scientists (lawyers-ecology, biologists, chemists, etc.), as well as journalists in the media constantly indicate the likelihood of a global environmental catastrophe that can entail the most negative consequences for a person.

To solve environmental problems, it is initially necessary for recognizing their existence at the state level. In view of this, the adoption of regulatory legal acts of the federal level, concerning the ecology of Russia: Federal Law "On the State Strategy of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection and Supporting Sustainable Development"(1994) ; Concept of transition of the Russian Federation to Sustainable Development(1996) ; Concept of national security of the Russian Federation(2000) ; "Ecology and Natural Resources of Russia(2002 - 2010) ", Federal target program (2001) and environmental doctrine of the Russian Federation (2002).

In all these documents, among the most important state tasks, it is possible to detect the "indigenous improvement of the environmental situation in the country". They are stated by the urgent need to exit the country from the current environmental situation and the main directions are recognized: the creation of an effective legislative framework; Reconstruction of industry facilities and ensuring their modern equipment; Stimulating scientific activities in the field of ecology, environmental education and education of the population, etc.

The analysis of the content of the given documents reveals the following: Despite the edition since 1994, the regulatory legal acts in the field of environmental safety, in 2002, in the environmental doctrine, it is amended that there is currently a situation in Russia characterized as an environmental crisis. In this regard, there is a need to "form and consistently implement the Unified State Policy in the field of ecology." It remains unclear the purpose of the adoption of preceding documents if they were not implemented.

Nevertheless, noting the declarativeness of the above documents, it is impossible not to recognize their positive points: the formation of a state policy strategy in the field of ecology; It is indicated on the main activities in the implementation of these programs; It is indicated for the need to implement international environmental protection contracts; The main reasons for the negative trend in the state of the environment are formulated.

The implementation of the requirements of laws regulating environmental and legal relations in the country is not always carried out at the proper level. As a result, the degree of negative anthropogenic impact on the environment is currently quite high. According to some data, in more than 200 cities of Russia, among which Togliatti, Kemerovo, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, Moscow, significantly exceeded the permissible norms of concentration in air of substances dangerous to human health. Only in Moscow annually in the atmosphere, they are thrown about 1600 tons and each resident of the capital in the year inhales up to 150 kg 51 . A qualitative shift in improving the environmental situation in Moscow can be recognized as the limits of the capital of industrial enterprises (for example, the Moscow Oil Refining Plant). However, there is no guarantee that transferred to a new place of production will correspond to environmental standards.

One of the global environmental problems associated with the pollution of the atmosphere is global warming. Many scientists tend to consider as the main cause of this phenomenon the growth of carbon dioxide concentration (CO 2) in the atmosphere. Upon doubling the concentration of CO 2, the temperature near the earth's surface will increase, according to various estimates, by 1.5 ° - 4.5 °. The Krasnoyarsk Institute of Biophysics presented an original mathematical model that predicts the irreversible destruction of the biosphere with the dynamics of the growth of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, which is observed now. If humanity does not stop burning organic fuel and cut down the forests, according to the calculations of scientists, in 2107 the real ecological "end of the world" will come - the temperature will increase dramatically, the overwhelming majority of plant species and animals will die. And even the existence of Nomo Sapiens as the species will be threatened. Moreover, this process can go faster, since the results obtained are correct only within the framework of modern views on the functioning of the biosphere. 52 It is important not only to awareness of the possibility of the occurrence of such a catastrophe, but also an understanding that the inaction today can lead to a disaster. Nevertheless, the momentary financial benefits prevails over the fear of a remote environmental catastrophe, which seems to be quite abstract.

It is extremely poorly the case with water resources of Russia. The problem of providing the population with clean water is very acute, despite many rivers, water bodies located in the country. The main problem is a reset to the water bodies of insufficiently purified and crude wastewater by industrial enterprises and household goods. As foreign practice shows, the problem is quite solved in the presence of sufficient target financing. So, for example, in Finland since the 70s of the XX century. Investing in the protection of the aquatic environment was delivered to the proper level and today in 80% of lakes and 40% of the water quality estimated as good and water can be used to supply the population. In Russia, the situation is somewhat different. Thus, in the 1994 state strategy, it was indicated for the need to implement the "Revival of the Volga" program, but in the 2001 Federal Target Program in Section I, it was said that "the state of the environment in the Volga River basin is particularly unfavorable. However, in the III section, certain improvements in the environmental situation in the basin of this river are noted: so, the discharge of polluted wastewater in 2000 compared with 1995. decreased by 843 million m 3. That is, at the state level, it is recognized that the federal target program for the revival of the Volga is not fully implemented, although its budget until 2010 is equal to the annual budget of the whole country.

In this situation, it is necessary to take into account the fact that many enterprises are more profitable to pay fines than spending considerable amounts to install industrial emissions and discharge systems or the purchase of new equipment that meets the environmental requirements of legislation. So, according to Art. 8.1 Administrative Code Failure to comply with environmental requirements, in particular, during the operation of enterprises, the imposition of a fine is entitled, including a legal entity, in the amount of 50 to 100 minimum wages. It seems that this amount is not so significant for the enterprise and small compared to the costs needed to eliminate the causes of the violation.

Specialists argue that in the coming years, technogenic disasters caused by accidents on chemical, metallurgical industries should be inevitably. This statement is based on the study of the equipment used, a long time and hopelessly obsolete, as well as as a result of non-compliance with the methods for the storage and destruction of production waste. Not the last role is played by the cost of recycling. For example, the disposal of 5 kg chloroform, according to Moscow rates, costs about 4 thousand rubles. From the point of view of the entrepreneur, pour a chemical in the sewer or simply to the ground is much cheaper, more accurately free.

In almost all scientific articles, the need to environmental education and education of the population, the introduction of special courses in schools and higher educational institutions, however, practice shows the low efficiency of such learning. School programs are built in such a way that environmental problems are not too interesting. Special development of psychologists and teachers are needed to compile a thoughtful and efficient school program. Some universities are preparing specialties in such specialties as "ecology", "human radiation safety", "Bioecology", etc. However, further employment of young specialists is problematic, including due to extremely low wages.

International cooperation is extremely important for solving environmental problems, as it is not necessary to solve them to one state, given that, for the real change in the disgrace in the field of ecology, the combined efforts of all countries are necessary.

As an example of an international response to human rights violations in the field of ecology, it is possible to bring the final declaration of the International Conference held in Spain in November 2000, which recognizes the use of depleted uranium in Iraq in 1991 and in Yugoslavia in 1998. Extremely dangerous for man And he decides that its use as a weapon will be regarded as a war crime against humanity.

Some countries provide other states financial assistance. For example, Finland finances projects (including Russian) for environmental protection, and the amounts allocated exceed 100 million euros.

The literature often expresses the opinion that the creation of environmental courts 53 . The workload of the courts of general jurisdiction is extremely high and the consideration of cases of environmental offenses is not paid enough attention in comparison with the seriousness of the problem. The creation of environmental courts would make it more fully, effectively and quickly consider such cases. Environmental legislation is specific and extensive, and its incorrect or incomplete use may entail the deterioration of the environmental situation. Therefore, one of the conditions for the creation of ecological courts should be considered, as it seems, the conduct of specialized training of a judicial composition.

To effectively prevent environmental offenses and crimes, it seems necessary to increase the importance of prevention. Among preventive measures should be noted wide coverage in the literature, the mass media of the danger of the commission of environmental offenses and crimes, their consequences for humans, types of responsibility. The impact of television is especially effective, as a visual perception, such as ecological disaster frames, will be more efficient than read information about this disaster.

Preventive measures should be developed with the joint participation of environmental and law enforcement agencies, as well as public organizations. One of the methods of prophylaxis can also be considered the tax stimulation of enterprises. So, according to Art. 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation "The costs associated with the content and operation of treatment facilities, ashors, filters and other environmental facilities, the expenditures on the burial of environmentally hazardous waste ... and other similar costs" refer to production costs, i.e. The taxpayer enterprise reduces the received income on the amount of costs.

About the concept of environmental safety *

Since 1992, the implementation of the federal program began in our country "Environmental Safety of Russia". In 1993, the Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaimed the highest value of man, his rights and freedom, and the responsibility of the state - recognition, respect and protection of human rights and freedoms and citizen (Art. 2). Today, the constitutional law (Art. 42) of each citizen is the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its state and compensation for damage caused by his health or property by an environmental offense is implemented in a number of regulatory acts. The phrase "environmental safety and its provision" has become the most common in legal instruments in the media.

On June 4, 2003, a meeting was held by the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation, which was presented environmental Doctrine Planand federal target program "Ecology and Natural Resources of Russia (2002-2010)". The meeting noted that for the first time in more than a decade in Russia, a number of essential indicators of the environment of the environment were recorded. Currently, 15% of the country's territory can already be attributed to environmental disaster zones. In more than 40 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the pollution of atmospheric air and sources of drinking water supply significantly exceeds sanitary standards. These measures do not lead, unfortunately, to the improvement of the ecosystem 54 . Among the priority measures related to the provision of environmental safety, meeting participants called the restoration of the environmental pollution fees.

One of the main tasks of environmental law is to ensure the environmental safety of the population and natural territories, including the preservation of public health, maintaining environmental law enforcement, prevention of environmental disasters, etc.

For the first time, the concept of "environmental safety" was used in the list of environmental crimes facilities, along with such as environmental law and order, the environment, human health, etc. In the Law of the RSFSR "On the Protection of the Environmental Environment" dated December 19, 1991 (Art. 85). And from that moment on, this concept has gained widespread use in legal science, in legislation. But environmental safety has not only legal, but also social importance. Legal regulation of environmental safety is associated with a section that has arisen in environmental law regulating emergency issues. Many authors include the ecological safety of the population and territories in the subject (object) of environmental law (A.K. Golichenkov), some deny the feasibility of this (MM Brinkuk). I.F. Pankratov believes that the state of the protection of the vital interests of man, society and the environment from threats that may arise as a result of harmful natural and technological impacts on it, as well as as a result of environmental offenses, and environmental safety should be considered as a system for prevention and liquidation measures. The effects of environmental impact of harmful natural phenomena, natural disasters, man-made disasters, environmental pollution. Environmental safety, believes O. Lubovik, is a state of environmental protection, population, territories, economic and other objects from various threats arising due to negative changes in environmental components as a result of anthropogenic activities, natural phenomena and unlawful acts. Environmental safety is ensured by a complex of legal, organizational, financial, material and information measures intended for predicting, preventing, eliminating real and potential security threats, mitigating their consequences. The threat of environmental safety expresses the increased probability of the death of individual natural objects, substantial pollution, poisoning or environmental infection, the scale of which is determined on the basis of the size of the environmental damage, its stability, the possibility of eliminating, the impact on the life and health of the population 55.

Environmental safety is an important component of the national security of the state. The overall concept of safety and its objects are formulated in the Law of the Russian Federation "On security"dated March 5, 1992 (as amended by the Federal Law of July 25, 2002). In art. 1 of the law is recorded that security is a state of protection of the vital interests of the person, society and the states from internal and external threats, and vital interests are a set of needs, the satisfaction of which reliably provides the existence and possibility of progressive personality development, state society. Environmental interests should be attributed to both the environmental interests, the preservation of the environmental quality as the necessary condition for the existence of a person.

At the same time, there is still no complete clarity in determining the content of the concept of "environmental safety" and its essence. In federal law "On Environmental Protection" of January 10, 2002 in art. 1 The environmental safety is understood as the state of protecting the natural environment and the vital interests of a person from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities, emergency situations of natural and technogenic nature, their consequences. In our opinion, this definition requires clarification and amendments to the existing law.

Environmental safety is a more capacious concept, and, in our opinion, it is more correct to interpret it as a state of protection not only "natural environment", this phrase should be replaced with more accurate content "Environment"which includes both natural medium and anthropogenic objects. An anthropogenic object is an object created by a person to ensure its needs and not possessing the properties of natural objects. But, speaking of environmental safety, connecting it with the vital interests of a person, it is impossible to deny that anthropogenic facilities should be included in the category of "environmental safety" concepts.

Ensuring environmental safety is a system of actions to prevent the emergence, the development of environmentally dangerous situations and the elimination of their consequences, including remote.

From the given definition of environmental safety, it is possible to distinguish three of its object: a person, society surrounding the natural environment. It is difficult to disagree with the opinion of M.M. Brinchuk that the issue of human environmental safety and society is most appropriate to be considered in the context of environmental rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities, since, firstly, the environmental safety of man and society can be ensured only within their environmental rights and interests and Secondly, the legislation should provide mechanisms for ensuring compliance and protect these rights and interests. 56 .

Taking into account the above, conceptual apparatus and, in particular, the concept of environmental safety in environmental law requires an accurate determination through the disclosure of its content.