Great Quaternary glaciation

All the geological history of the Earth, which lasts several billion years, geologists were divided into era and periods. The last one, ongoing and now, the Quaternary period. He began almost a million years ago and was marked by the extensive spread of glaciers on the globe - the great glaciation of the Earth.

Under powerful ice caps, the northern part of the North American continent, a significant part of Europe, and possibly Siberia was also also (Fig. 10). In the southern hemisphere under the ice, as well as now, there was all Antarctic mainland. Ice on it was larger - the surface of the glacial cover rose 300 m above its modern level. However, still Antarctica from all sides was surrounded by the deep-sea ocean, and the ice could not move toward the north. The sea prevented to grow Antarctic Giant, and the continental glaciers of the northern hemisphere was spread to the south, turning the blooming spaces in the ice desert.

Man is a peer of a great quaternary glaciation of the earth. The first of his ancestors - monkeysoids - appeared at the beginning of the Quaternary period. Therefore, some geologists in particular Russian geologist A. P. Pavlov, offered to call the Quaternary period Anthropogenovy (in Greek "Anthropos" - a person). Several hundred thousand years have passed before the person accepted his modern look. The advancing of glaciers worsening the climate and the living conditions of the ancient people who had to adapt to the surrounding nature. People had to lead a settling lifestyle, building housing, to invent clothes, use fire.

Having achieved the greatest development of 250 thousand years ago, quaternary glaciers began to decline gradually. The ice age was not single throughout the quaternary time. Many scientists believe that during this time the glaciers are completely disappeared at least three times, replacing the epochs of passionate, when the climate was warmer than modern. However, it came to replace these warm epochs again, the glaciers applied again. Now we live, apparently at the end of the fourth stage of Quaternary glaciation. After the liberation of Europe and America, these continents began to rise - so the earth Cora reacted to the disappearance of the glacial burden, which asked for her many thousands of years.

Glaciers "leaving", and after them, the vegetation, animals, and, finally, settled people. Since the glaciers retreated unevenly in different places, and humanity is unevenly spread.

Departing, the glaciers left behind the smoothed rocks - "Barani foreheads" and boulders, covered with hatching. This hatching is formed from the movement of ice on the surface of the cliffs. It can be determined on it, in which direction the glacier moved. The classic area of \u200b\u200bmanifestation of these features is Finland. The glacier retreated from here quite recently, less than ten thousand years ago. Modern Finland is the region of countless lakes lying in shallow depressions, between which the low "curly" rocks are raised (Fig. 11). Here, everything reminds of the first majesty of glaciers, about their movement and tremendous destructive work. Close my eyes- and immediately seems to be slowly, year after year, century for a century, crawling here a powerful glacier, as he drops his own bed, blends huge boulders of granite and carries them south, towards Russian plains. It is not by chance that it is being in Finland, P. A. Kropotkin thought about the problems of glaciation, gathered a lot of scattered facts and managed to lay the foundations of the theory of the glacial period on Earth.

There are similar corners and on the other "end" of the Earth - in Antarctica; Not far from the village of Peaceful, for example, there is a "oasis" of Bagger - Free Ice Sushi area of \u200b\u200b600 km2. When you fly over it, under the wing of the aircraft, small random hills rise, and between them they sniff the bizarre form of the lake. Everything is the same as in Finland and ... It doesn't seem at all, because there is no main thing in the "oasis" of Bagger. Not a single tree, not a single blade of grass - only lichens on the rocks, and algae in the lakes. Probably the same as this "oasis" was once all the territories recently freed from ice. From the surface of the "oasis" BANGER, the glacier left just a few thousand years ago.

The Quaternary glacier was distributed to the territory of the Russian Plain. Here the movement of ice slowed down, he began to more and somewhere else, and somewhere on the site of the modern Dnieper and Don from under the edge of the glacier flowed down powerful flows of melt waters. There was a border of its maximum distribution. Later on the Russian plain, there were many remnants of the spread of glaciers and first of all - large boulders, such as those that were often met on the path of Russian epic warriors. In thought, the heroes of old fairy tales and epic were stopped in thought, before choosing their distant road: to the right, left or directly go. These boulders have long been overwhelmed by the imagination of people who could not understand how such colossis turned out to be on the plain among the dense forest or endless meadows. Invented various fabulous reasons, it was not without the "World Flood", during which the sea would have brought these stone boulders. But everything was explained much easier - a huge flow of ice with a capacity of several hundred meters nothing cost "to move" these boulders per thousand kilometers.

Almost halfway between Leningrad and Moscow there is a picturesque hilly laxist region - Valdai hill. Here among dense coniferous forests and plowed fields are splashing the water of many lakes: Valdai, Seliger, dinner and others. The shores of these lakes are cut, there are many islands on them, densely overgrown with forests. It was here that the boundary of the last spread of glaciers in the Russian plain was held. These glaciers left behind strange shapeless hills, lowering them were filled with their wax waters, and subsequently plants had to work a lot to create good conditions for life.

About the causes of great glaciation

So, glaciers on Earth were not always. Even the stone coal was found in Antarctica - the right sign that there was a warm and wet climate with rich vegetation. At the same time, geological evidence suggests that great glaciations repeated on earth repeatedly every 180-200 million years. The most characteristic traces of glaciation on Earth are special breeds - Tillitis, that is, the petrified residues of the ancient glacial moraine, consisting of clay mass with the inclusion of large and small stroked boulders. Separate thickness of Tillitis can reach tens and even hundreds of meters.

The causes of such major climate change and the emergence of the great glaciation of the Earth still remain a mystery. A lot of hypotheses has been expressed, but none of them can still claim the role of scientific theory. Many scientists were looking for the reason for the cooling out of the earth, putting forward astronomical hypotheses. One of the hypotheses is that the glaciation occurred when due to the oscillation of the distance between the Earth and the Sun changed the amount of solar heat obtained by the Earth. This distance depends on the nature of the movement of the Earth in orbit around the Sun. It was assumed that the glaciation came when the winter falls on Aflia, that is, the point of the orbit, the most far away from the Sun, with the maximum exhaustion of the earth orbit.

However, the latest studies of astronomers showed that only changes in the amount of solar radiation falling on the ground is not enough to arise the ice age, although such a change should have its consequences.

The development of glaciation is associated with oscillations of the activity of the sun itself. Heliophysics have long found out that dark spots, outbreaks, protuberances appear in the sun periodically, and even learned to predict their occurrence. It turned out that solar activity varies periodically; There are periods of different duration: 2-3, 5-6, 11, 22 and about a hundred years. It may happen that the climax of several periods of different duration coincides, and solar activity will be especially large. So, for example, it was in 1957 - just during the period of the international geophysical year. But it may be the opposite - several periods of low solar activity will coincide. This can cause the development of glaciation. As we will see further, such changes in solar activity are reflected on the activities of glaciers, but they are unlikely to cause the great glaciation of the Earth.

Another group of astronomical hypotheses can be called cosmic. This assumptions that various sections of the universe are affected by the grinding of the Earth, moving in space along with the whole galaxy. Some believe that cooling occurs when the land "sails" areas of world space filled with gas. Others-when it passes through the clouds of cosmic dust. Third argued that "Space Winter" on Earth happens when the globe is located in the apogalactic - the point most remote from that part of our galaxy, where the most stars are located. At the present stage of development of science, there is no possibility to put all these hypotheses with the facts.

The most fruitful hypotheses in which the cause of climate change is assumed on the ground itself. According to many researchers, cooling, causing anglenence, may arise as a result of changes in the location of the sushi and the sea, under the influence of the movement of the continents, due to changes in the direction of marine currents (as the flow of Gulf Stream was previously rejected by the ledge of the sushi, stretching from Newfoundland to the islands of green Cape). The hypothesis is widely known, according to which during the epochs of the property on Earth, the rising large masses of the continents fell into higher layers of the atmosphere, cooled and became places of the origin of glaciers. According to this hypothesis, the beams' era are associated with the epochs of the area, moreover, they are due to them.

The climate can significantly change as a result of changing the inclination of the earth's axis and the movement of poles, as well as due to the oscillations of the atmosphere composition: there are more volcanic dust or less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and on Earth significantly cold. Recently, scientists began to bind the emergence and development of glaciation on Earth with the restructuring of the atmosphere circulation. When, with the same climatic background of the globe, too much precipitation falls into separate mountainous areas, then there is a glaciation.

A few years ago, American geologists of Yingg and Donn put forward a new hypothesis. They suggested that the Northern Arctic Ocean, now covered with ice, sometimes taped. In this case, with the surface of the Arctic Sea, free from ice, increased evaporation occurred, and wet air flows were sent to the polar regions of America and Eurasia. Here, over the cold surface of the Earth, abundant snow fell out of the wet air masses, who did not have time to melt over the summer. So on the mainland the glacial covers arose. By laying up, they descended to the north, surrounding the Arctic Sea Ice Ring. As a result of the transformation of a part of moisture into ice, the World Ocean level decreased by 90 m, the warm Atlantic Ocean ceased to communicate with the North Arctic Ocean, and he gradually froze. Evaporation from its surface ceased, the snow on the continent began to fall less, and the nutrition of glaciers deteriorated. Then the glacial covers began to deteriorate, decrease in size, and the level of the world's ocean rose. Again, the Northern Arctic Ocean began to communicate with the Atlantic Ocean, his water was warm, and ice cover on its surface began to gradually disappear. The cycle of the development of glaciation began first.

This hypothesis explains some facts, in particular, several advancing of glaciers during a quarter period, but to the main question: what is the cause of the oledeneny of the Earth, is also not responsible.

So, we are still unknown the causes of the great glaciation of the Earth. With a sufficient degree of accuracy, you can only talk about the last glaciation. Usually glaciers are reduced unevenly. There are periods when their retreats are delayed for a long time, and sometimes they are quickly moving forward. It is noted that such oscillations of glaciers occur periodically. Many centuries continues the longest period of replacing the replacement and advancing.

Some scientists believe that climate change on Earth, with which the development of glaciers is connected, depends on the interpordability of the Earth, the Sun and the Moon. When the three of these celestial bodies are in the same plane and on one straight line, increasingly increasing tides on Earth, the circulation of water in the oceans and the movement of the air masses in the atmosphere is changed. Ultimately, on the globe, the amount of precipitation drops somewhat increases, and the temperature is reduced, which leads to an increase in glaciers. Such an increase in the moisturity of the globe is repeated every 1800-1900 years. The last two such periods were at the IV century. BC e. And the first half of the XV century. n. e. On the contrary, in the interval between these two maxima, the conditions for the development of glaciers should be less favorable.

On the same basis, it can be assumed that in the modern era of the glaciers must retreat. Let's see how the glaciers behaved in the last millennium.

Development of glaciation in the last millennium

In x in. Icelanders and Normans, swimming in the northern seas, discovered the southern tip of the unaware of the big island, whose shores threw thick herbs and high shrubs. It was so struck sailors that they called Greenland Island, which means "Green Country".

Why was this blooming at that time now the most glaced on the globe island? Obviously, the features of the then climate led to the retreat of glaciers, the melting of sea ice in the northern seas. Normans were able to freely pass from Europe to Greenland on small vessels. The villages were founded on the shores of the island, but they did not exist. The glaciers began to step up, the "Icons" of the northern seas increased, and attempts in the following centuries to achieve Greenland usually ended in failure.

By the end of the first millennium, our era was greatly retreated by mountain glaciers in the Alps, in the Caucasus, in Scandinavia and Iceland. Some passes began to be held, earlier engled with glaciers. Released from land began to cultivate. Prof. K. Tushinsky recently examined the ruins of the settlements Alan (Ossetian ancestors) in the West Caucasus. It turned out that many buildings belonging to the X B. are located in places now absolutely not suitable for housing due to frequent and destructive devices avalanche. So, a thousand years ago not only glaciers "moved" closer to the ridges of the mountains, but the avalanches did not go here. However, in the future, the winter has become more severe and snowy, avalanches began to fall closer to residential buildings. Alanam had to build special anti-voltable dams, their remnants can be seen now. In the end, it was impossible to live in former villages, and the mountaineers had to settle down below the valleys.

The beginning of the XV century was approached. The conditions of life became all harsh, and our ancestors who did not understand the causes of such a cooling, were very worried about their future. Increasingly, records of cold and difficult years appear in the chronicles. In the Tver Chronicles, you can read: "In the summer 6916 (1408) ... Beyond the winter, the winter and the student is bearer, Snezhna,", or "in the summer 6920 (1412), the winter was snowfast, and therefore in spring Water is large and strong. " In the Novgorod chronicles, it is said: "In the summer 7031 (1523) ... the same spring, on the Trinity day, the snow cloud fell great, yes lay the snow on the Earth 4 days, and a lot of fried abdomen, horses and cows, and birds merley in the forest " In Greenland, due to the coming cooling by the middle of the XIV century. ceased to engage in cattle breeding and agriculture; The relationship between Scandinavia and Greenland was disturbed due to the abundance of sea ice in the northern seas. In some years, the Baltic and even the Adriatic Sea frowned. Starting from XV and up to the XVII century. Mountain glaciers fell in the Alps and in the Caucasus.

The last big advantage of glaciers belongs to the middle of the last century. In many mountainous countries, they have advanced rather far away. Traveling in the Caucasus, G. Abih in 1849 discovered traces of rapid advancing of one of the glaciers of Elbrus. This glacier invaded the pine forest. Many trees were broken and lying on the surface of the ice or sticking through the body of the glacier, and their crowns were completely green. Documents are preserved that tell me about frequent ice collaps from Kazbek in the second half of the XIX century. Sometimes because of these colts it was impossible to drive through the military-Georgian road. Footprints of the rapid advancing of glaciers at this time are known in almost all oblivioned mountainous countries: in the Alps, in the west of North America, in Altai, in Central Asia, as well as in the Soviet Arctic and in Greenland.

With the arrival of the 20th century on the globe almost everywhere begins the warming of climate. It is associated with a gradual increase in solar activity. The last maximum of solar activity was in 1957-1958. During these years, there was a large number of solar spots and extremely strong outbreaks in the sun. In the middle of our century, the maxima of three cycles of solar activity - eleven-year-old, century and super-free one coincided. It should not be thought that the strengthening of the activity of the Sun leads to an increase in heat on Earth. No, the so-called solar constant, i.e. the value showing how much heat comes to each site of the upper limit of the atmosphere remains unchanged. But the flow of charged particles from the Sun to the Earth and the overall impact of the Sun on our planet is enhanced, and the atmosphere circulation intensity increases throughout the land. Floors of warm and wet air from tropical latitudes are rushed to the polar regions. And this leads to a rather sharp warming. In the polar regions, heavily warms, and then warms and throughout the earth.

In the 20s of the 20s of our century, the average annual air temperature in the Arctic increased by 2-4 °. The border of the sea ice was moved to the north. The Northern Sea Path has become a passable for maritime courts, the time of polar navigation has lengthened. The glaciers of the land of Franz Joseph, the new land and other Arctic islands over the past 30 years are quickly retreating. It was during these years one of the last shelf glaciers of the Arctic, which was on Earth Elsmir collapsed. Nowadays, the glaciers retreat in the overwhelming majority of mountainous countries.

A few years ago, almost nothing could be said about the nature of the temperature change in Antarctica: there were too few meteorological stations here and there were almost no expeditionary research. But after summing up the results of the international geophysical year, it became clear that in Antarctic, as in the Arctic, in the first half of the XX century. The air temperature rises. There are some interesting evidence to it.

The oldest Antarctic station - Little America on the shelf Ross Glacier. Here from 1911 to 1957, the average annual temperature rose by more than 3 °. On the Earth of the Queen Mary (in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Soviet Research) for the period from 1912 (when the Australian expedition was conducted here under the leadership of D. Muson) to 1959. The average annual temperature increased by 3.6.

We have already said that at a depth of 15-20 m in the thicker of snow and the firn, the temperature must correspond to the average annual. However, in reality, on some intramaterial stations, the temperature at these depths in the wells was 1.3-1.8 ° lower than the average annual temperatures for several years. Interestingly, with a deepening in these wells, the temperature continued to decrease (down to depth 170 m), while usually with increasing depth the temperature of rocks becomes higher. Such an unusual decrease in the temperature in the thickness of the glacial cover is the reflection of a colder climate of those years, when the snow was deposited, which now turned out at the depths of several tens of meters. Finally, it is very significant that the extreme border of the spread of icebergs in the Southern Ocean is now located 10-15 ° latitude south compared to 1888-1897.

It would seem that such a significant increase in temperature over several decades should lead to the retreat of Antarctic glaciers. But then the "complexity of Antarctica" begin. Partially they are related to the fact that we still know too little about it, but partly explained by the great originality of the ice colossus, absolutely not similar to us the mountain and Arctic glaciers. Let's try to figure out what is happening now in Antarctica, and for this we will get acquainted with her closer.

Consider such a phenomenon as periodic glacial periods on Earth. In modern geology it is assumed that our land in its history periodically worries the glacial periods. In these epochs, the climate of the Earth sharply cold, and the Arctic and Antarctic polar caps are increasingly increasing in their sizes. Not so many thousand years ago, as we were taught, huge spaces of Europe and North America were covered with ice. The eternal ice lay not only on the slopes of the high mountains, but the powerful layer covered the continents even in moderate latitudes. Where the Hudson, Elba and Upper Dnipro flow today, was a desert desert. All this was similar to the endless glacier, and now the covering island Greenland. There are signs that the retreat of glaciers was suspended with new, ice arrays and that their boundaries were varied at different times. Geologists can determine the boundaries of glaciers. Traces of five or six consecutive movements of ice in the glacial period, or five, six glacier periods were discovered. Some force pushed the ice layer to moderate latitudes. Neither the reason for the appearance of glaciers, nor the cause of the departure of the ice desert; The time of this retreat is also the subject of disputes. A lot of ideas and guesses were expressed, designed to explain how the glacial period arose and why he ended. Some believed that the sun in various epochs radiated more or less heat, which explains the heat or cold periods on Earth; But we do not have sufficient evidence that the sun is so "changing star" to accept this hypothesis. The cause of the glacial period is seen by individual scientists in reducing the initially high temperature of the planet. Warm periods in the gap between the glacial were binding to the heat released from the intended decomposition of organisms in layers close to the surface of the Earth. The increase and decrease in the activity of hot springs was also taken into account.

A lot of ideas and guesses were expressed, designed to explain how the glacial period arose and why he ended. Some believed that the sun in various epochs radiated more or less heat, which explains the heat or cold periods on Earth; But we do not have sufficient evidence that the sun is so "changing star" to accept this hypothesis.

Others argued that in outer space there are colder and warmer zones. When our solar system passes through the cold area, the ice goes down in breadth closer to the tropics. But there were no physical factors that create similar cold and warm zones in space.

Some have thought about the question whether precession can, or slow change in the direction of the earth's axis, cause periodic climate fluctuations. But it was proved that this change in itself could not be so significant in order to cause the ice age.

Also, scientists were looking for an answer in the periodic variations of the ecliptic eclictritis (Earth orbit) with the phenomenon of glaciation at the maximum eccentricity. A part of the researchers believed that winter in the aphelius, the most distant part of the ecliptic could lead to glaciation. And others believed that such an effect could cause summer in Aflia.

The cause of the glacial period is seen by individual scientists in reducing the initially high temperature of the planet. Warm periods in the gap between the glacial were binding to the heat released from the intended decomposition of organisms in layers close to the surface of the Earth. The increase and decrease in the activity of hot springs was also taken into account.

There is a point of view that the dust of volcanic origin filled the earth's atmosphere and caused insulation, or, on the other hand, the increasing amount of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere prevented the reflection of thermal rays from the surface of the planet. Increasing the amount of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere can cause a drop in temperature (Arrhenius), but the calculations have shown that it could not be a true cause of the ice age (angstrom).

All other theories also have a hypothetical character. A phenomenon that underlies all these changes and was not accurately determined, and those that were called could not produce such an effect.

Not only the causes of the appearance and subsequent disappearance of ice cover, but also the geographical relief area covered with ice remains a problem. Why is ice cover in the southern hemisphere moved from the tropical areas of Africa towards the southern pole, and not in the opposite direction? And why in the northern hemisphere ice moved to India from the equator towards Himalayas and higher latitudes? Why did the glaciers covered most of North America and Europe, while North Asia turned out to be free from them?

In America, the ice plain stretched to a latitude of 40 ° and even passed for this line, in Europe she reached a latitude of 50 °, and Northeast Siberia, above the polar circle, even on the latitude of 75 ° was not covered with these eternal ice. All hypotheses relating to increasing and decreasing isolation associated with the change in the sun or temperature fluctuations in outer space, and other similar hypotheses cannot fail with this problem.

Glaciers were formed in the districts of permafrost. For this reason, they remained on the slopes of high mountains. North of Siberia is the coldest place on Earth. Why did the Ice Age not touched this area, although he covered the Mississippi basin and the whole of Africa south of the equator? None of any satisfactory response to this question was suggested.

During the last glacial period at the peak of glaciation, which was observed 18,000 years ago (on the eve of the Great Flood), the boundaries of the glacier in Eurasia took place approximately 50 ° Northern latitude (Voronezh's latitude), and the boundary of the glacier in North America is even 40 ° (latitude New York). In the South Pole, the oleloculation captured the south of South America, as well as, possibly, New Zealand and South of Australia.

For the first time, the theory of glacial periods was set forth in the work of the Father of Glyciology Jean Louis Agassis "Etudes Sur Les Glaciers" (1840). For the past since then a year and a half, glaciology has been replenished with a huge number of new scientific data, and the maximum borders of the quaternary glaciation were determined with a high degree of accuracy.
However, in all the time the existence of glaciology, she failed to establish the most important thing - to determine the causes of the onset and retreat of the glacial periods. None of the hypotheses nominated during this time received the approval of the scientific community. And today, for example, in the Russian-speaking article Wikipedia "Ice Age" you will not find the section "Causes of Ice Leads". And not because this section forgot to place here, but because no one knows these reasons. What are true reasons?
Paradoxically, but in fact no glacial eras in the history of the earth have never been. The temperature-climatic regime of the Earth is set, mostly four factors: the intensity of the luminescence of the Sun; orbital land distance from the Sun; an angle of inclination of the axial rotation of the Earth to the plane of the ecliptic; as well as the composition and density of the earth's atmosphere.

These factors, as shown by the data of science, remained stable throughout, at least the last quaternary period. Consequently, there was no reason for a sharp change in the climate of the Earth towards the cooling.

What is the reason for the monstrous growing of glaciers during the last glacial period? The answer is simple: in a periodic change in the location of the earth poles. And here you should immediately add: the monstrous growth of the glacier during the last glacial period - the phenomenon is apparent. In fact, the total area and the volume of the Arctic and Antarctic glacier always remained approximately constant - while the North and South Poles changed their position with an interval of 3,600 years, which predetermined the wandering of polar glaciers (caps) on the surface of the Earth. Exactly so much the glacier has formed around the new poles, how much melted it in those places, from where the poles left. In other words, the Ice Age - the concept is very relative. When the North Pole was located in North America, then there was a glacial period for its inhabitants. When the North Pole moved to Scandinavia, then the Ice Age came in Europe, and when the North Pole "left" to the East Siberian Sea, the Ice Age "came" to Asia. Currently, the ice age flutes for the alleged inhabitants of Antarctica and the former residents of Greenland, which is constantly falling in the southern part, since the previous shear of the poles was not strong and moved Greenland slightly closer to the equator.

Thus, the glacial periods have never been in the history of the Earth and at the same time they are always. Such a paradox.

The total area and the volume of glaciation on the planet Earth have always been, there will be generally constant until there are four factors that determine the climatic regime of the Earth.
During the period of shear of the poles on Earth, there are several glacial shields, usually two melting and two newly generated - it depends on the corner of the bark.

Pole shifts on Earth occur with an interval of 3,600-3,700 years, corresponding to the conversion period of the planet X around the Sun. These pole shifts lead to the redistribution of heat and cold zones on Earth, which in modern academic science reflected in the form of stadiums continuously replacing each other (periods of cooling) and interstatadials (warming periods). The average duration of both stadiums and interstatadals is defined in modern science at 3,700 years, which is well guarded with the period of conversion of the planet x around the Sun - 3,600 years.

From academic literature:

It must be said that in the last 80,000 years in Europe, the following periods have been observed (years BC):
Stadged (cooling) 72500-68000
Interstatial (warming) 68000-66500
Stadged 66500-64000
Interstal 64000-60500
Stadged 60500-48500
Interstal 48500-40000
Stage 40000-38000
Interstal 38000-34000.
Stadged 34000-32500
Interstal 32500-24000
Stadged 24,000-23000
Interstal 23000-21500
Stadged 21500-17500
Interstal 17500-16000
Stadged 16000-13000
Interstal 13000-12500
Stage 12500-10000

Thus, for 62 thousand years in Europe, 9 stadiums and 8 interstatadals have happened. The average duration of the stadium is 3,700 years, and an interstatial - also 3,700 years. The largest stadium lasted 12,000 years, and interstal - 8,500 years.

In the post-concrete history of the Earth, 5 pole shifts occurred and, accordingly, 5 polar glacial shields were consistently changed in the northern hemisphere: Lavrentievsky glacial shield (the last doppoplated), Scandinavian Barents-Kara Ice Shield, East Siberian Ice Shield, Greenland Ice Shield and Modern Arctic glacial shield.

Special attention deserves a modern Greenland Ice Shield as a third large glacial shield coexisting simultaneously with the arctic glacial shield and an antarctic glacial shield. The presence of a third large glacial shield is not contrary to the following theses, since it is a well-preserved residue of the previous northern polar glacial shield, where the North Pole was located within 5,200 - 1,600. BC. This fact is associated with the fading of the riddle, why the extreme north of Greenland today will not affect the glaciation - the North Pole was in the south of Greenland.

Accordingly, the location and polar glacial shields in the southern hemisphere were changed:

  • 16,000 years BCe.. (18,000 years ago) Recently, a steady consensus has developed in academic science regarding the fact that this year was simultaneously the peak of the maximum oledenation of the Earth, and the beginning of the rapid melting of the glacier. There is no intention to be a clear explanation in modern science. What is this very year? 16,000 years BC e. - This is the year of the 5th in the passage of the solar system counting from the present moment back (3600 x 5 \u003d 18,000 years ago). This year, the North Pole was located on the territory of modern Canada in the Hudson Bay area. The South Pole was located in the ocean to the east of Antarctica, which assumed the olelion of the south of Australia and New Zealand. Eurasia Bala is completely free from glaciers. "In the 6th year, K'an, the 11th day of Muluk, a terrible earthquake began in the month of sak and lasted without a break to 13 Kuen. Country of clay hills, Land Mu, was sacrificed. After having experienced two strong oscillations, it suddenly disappeared overnight;the soil was incentively shaking under the influence of underground forces, raising and lowering it in many places, so she settled; Countries separated from one another, then scattered. Unable to withstand these terrible shuds, they failed, fascinating the inhabitants. It happened 8050 years before writing this book. " ("Code of Troano" translated by Auguste Le - Plong). The unprecedented scap of the catastrophe caused by the passage of the planet X, led to a very strong shear of the poles. The North Pole moves from Canada to Scandinavia, southern - to the ocean to the west of Antarctica. At the time, as the Lavrentievsky glacial shield begins to rapidly melt, which coincides with the data of academic science on the end of the peak of the glaciation and the beginning of the melting of the glacier, the Scandinavian glacial shield is formed. At the same time, the Australian and South-Zhelendian glacial shields are melted and a Patagonian glacial shield is formed in South America. These four glacial shields coexist only a relatively short time required in order to fully melted two previous glacial shields and two new ones were formed.
  • 12 400 BC BC. The North Pole moves from Scandinavia to the Barents Sea. In this regard, the Barents-Kara glacier shield is formed, but the Scandinavian glacial shield melts only slightly, since the North Pole shifts on a relatively short distance. In academic science, this fact found the following reflection: "The first signs of interdictions (which continues and now) appeared already 12,000 years before our era."
  • 8 800 BC BC. The armed pole moves from the Barents Sea to East Siberian, and therefore the Scandinavian and Barents-Kara ice shields are melted, and an East Siberian ice shield is formed. This shear pole ruined most of the mammoth quotation from academic research: "Approximately 8,000 years BC. e. Consistent warming led to the departure of the glacier from its last line - a wide band of the Maine, stretching from the middle Sweden through the Baltic Sea hollow to the southeast of Finland. Approximately at this time there is a decomposition of a single and homogeneous releger zone. Forest vegetation prevails in the moderate zone of Eurasia. South of the forest and steppe zones are drawn up. "
  • 5 200 BC. The anorem pole moves from the East Siberian Sea to Greenland, and therefore the East Siberian ice shield melts and a Greenland glacier shield is formed. The hyperbore is released from ice, and in Trans-Urals and Siberia there is a wonderful temperate climate. Ariavarta blooms here - the country of Ariyev.
  • 1 600 BC BC. Last shift. The North Pole moves from Greenland to the Northern Arctic Ocean in its modern position. Arctic glacial shield arises, but at the same time the Greenland glacier shield is preserved. The last mammoths living in Siberia freeze very quickly with untrained green grass in the stomachs. The hyperbore is completely hidden under the modern Arctic glacial shield. Most of the Zauralye and Siberia become unsuitable for human existence, why the Arias are taking their famous outcome in India and Europe, and the Jews are also committed from Egypt.

"In the eternal Merzlot of Alaska ... you can meet ... Certificate of atmospheric perturbations with nothing with any comparable power. Mammoths and bison were torn apart and twisted as if there were some kind of space hands of the gods in a furious. In one place ... I discovered the front leg and mammoth shoulder; On the blackened bones, the remnants of soft tissues, adjacent to the spine, together with tendons and ligaments, and the chitinic shell was not damaged. No traces of dismemberment of carcass with a knife or another tool (as it were, in the case of the involvement of hunters to dismemberment). Animals simply ripped and scattered around the terrain, like wicker straw products, although some of them weighed a few tons. The trees are mixed with bone clusters, also crushed, twisted and confused; All this is covered with fine-grained floating, subsequently tightly frozen "(Schankok," traces of the gods ").

Frozen Mammoths

Northeast Siberia, which was not covered with glaciers, contains another mystery. The climate in it has changed dramatically from the end of the glacial period, and the average annual temperature fell on many degrees below the same. Animals that have once lived in this area, could not live here, and the plants that have previously said, turned out to be unable to grow here more. Such a change must have happened completely suddenly. The reason for such an event is not explained. During this catastrophic climate change and in mysterious circumstances, all Siberian Mammoths died. And it happened only 13 thousand years ago, when the human race was already widespread throughout the planet. For comparison: the rock paintings of the late Paleolithic found in the Caves of Southern France (Lasco, Shaw, Ruffignac, etc.), 17-13 thousand years ago were made.

There lived on Earth such an animal - Mammoth. They reached the height of 5.5 meters and body weight from 4-12 tons. Most of the mammoths have extinct about 11-12 thousand years ago during the last cooling of the Visenic Ice Age. It tells us science, and draws this picture as it is above. True, not very concerned about the question - and the same elementary fueling these woolly elephants weighing 4-5 tons here on such a landscape. "Of course, if so in the books write" - Nod Alena. Reading very selectively, and considering the picture shown. About the fact that during the life of Mammoths in the territory of the current tundra grew by birch, (which is written in the same book, and other deciduous forests - i.e. a completely different climate) - somehow not notice. The mammoth diet was mainly vegetable, and adult males about 180 kg of food were eaten every day.

While the amount of woolly mammoths was truly impressive. For example, between 1750 and 1917, the Mammoth Bone trade flourished on the extensive territory, and 96,000 mammoth beans were discovered. According to various estimates, about 5 million mammoths lived in a small part of Northern Siberia.

Before his disappearance, woolly mammoths inhabited extensive parts of our planet. Their remains were found throughout Northern Europe, North Asia and North America.

Woolly mammoths were not new. They inhabited our planet for six million years.

The biased interpretation of the Mammoth's hairproof and the grease constitution, as well as faith in unchanged climatic conditions, led scientists to the conclusion that the woolly mammont was the inhabitant of the cold regions of our planet. But after all, furious beasts do not have to live in a cold climate. Take, for example, desert animals, like camels, kangaroo and phenos. They are fluffy, but live in a hot or moderate climate. Actually most fur animals could not survive in Arctic conditions.

For successful cold adaptation, it is not enough to simply have a woolen cover. For adequate thermal insulation from the cold, the wool must be in high spirits. Unlike Antarctic Sea Cotes, Mammoths had no raven wool.

Another factor of sufficient protection against cold and humidity is the presence of sebaceous glands that secrete oils on the skin and fur, and in this way are protected from moisture.

The mammoths had no sebaceous glands, and their dry hair allowed the snow to touch the skin, melting, and significantly increase the loss of heat (the thermal conductivity of the water is about 12 times higher than in the snow).

As can be seen in the photo above, mammoth fur was not dense. For comparison, the yak fur (adapted to the cold conditions of the Himalayan mammal) is about 10 times thicker.

In addition, Mammoths had hair that hung to their fingers. But each arctic animal has wool on his fingers or legs, and not hair. Hair would have been collected on the ankle joint and prevented walking.

The foregoing clearly shows that fur and fat stupor are not proof of cold adaptation. Fat layers only indicates an abundance of food. Thick, the broken dog could not withstand the Arctic blizzard and the temperature -60 ° C. But the Arctic rabbits or caribou can, despite the relatively low fat content in relation to the total weight of the body.

As a rule, the remains of mammoths are found with the remains of other animals, such as: tigers, antelope, camels, horses, reindeer, giant beavers, giant bulls, sheep, musk bulls, donkeys, badgers, alpine goats, woolly rhinos, foxes, giant Bizonov, fish, leopards, wolves, hares, lions, elk, giant wolves, gophers, cave hyenas, bears, as well as many species of birds. Most of these animals would not be able to survive in the Arctic climate. This is an additional evidence that woolly mammoths were not polar animals.

French expert prehistoric era, Henry Neville, held the most detailed study of mammoth skin and hair. At the end of his careful analysis, he wrote the following:

"I am not possible to find in anatomical study of their skin and [hair] any argument in favor of adaptation to cold."

- Neville, about the extinction of Mammoths, the annual report of the Smithsonian Institute, 1919, p. 332.

Finally, the Mammoth diet contradicts the diet of animals living in the polar climate. How could a woolly mammont support his vegetarian diet in the Arctic region, and eat a hundred kilogram of greenery every day, when in such a climate it is no longer absent? How could wool mammons find water liters for daily consumption?

It aggravates the situation that woolly mammoths lived during the glacial period when the temperatures were lower than today. Mammoths would not be able to survive in today's harsh climate of Northern Siberia, not to mention 13 thousand years ago, if then the climate was significantly more severe.

The above facts indicate that the woolly mammoth was not a polar animal, and inhabit a moderate climate. Consequently, at the beginning of the late Dryas, 13 thousand years ago, Siberia was not an arctic region, but moderate.

"For a long time, however, died" - Reindems agreed, cutting a piece of meat from the found carcass to feed the dogs.

"Hard" - Says a more life geologist, chewing a piece of kebabs shot from an improvised skewer.

Frozen mammoth meat initially looked absolutely fresh, dark red, with appetizing alipens, and expedition employees even wanted to try to use it in food. But as it is thawing, the meat became a flabby, dark gray, with an unbearable smell of decomposition. However, the dogs were happy to eat a thousand-year-old ice cream delicacy, while having arrangement of intercible fights from time to time because of the most tailed pieces.

Another moment. Mammoths are rightly called fossil. Because in our time they are elementary digging. In order to mining a tale for crafts.

It is estimated that in two and a half century, in the north-east of Siberia, there were tableves who belonged to at least forty-six thousand (!) Mammoths (the average weight of a pair of beer is close to eight plows - about a hundred thirty kilograms).

Mammoths are digging. That is, they produce them from under the ground. Somehow the question does not even arise - why did we have learned to see the obvious? Mammoths digged themselves, climbed in them on the winter hibernation, and then they hose them? But underground, did they like them? At a depth of 10 or more meters? Why do mammoth tails dig out of cliffs on the banks of the rivers? Moreover, massively. So massively that the State Duma introduced a bill that equates mammoths to minerals, as well as the introduction tax on their production.

But they dig them massively for some reason only we have in the north. And now the question arises - and what happened that whole mammoth cemeteries were formed here?

What happened to such a practically instant mass Mor?

Over the past two centuries, numerous theories were proposed that they tried to explain the sudden extinction of woolly mammoths. They stuck in frozen rivers, became victims of excessive hunting and fell into ice clefts in the midst of global glaciation. But none of theories explains properly this mass extinction.

Let's try to think for yourself.

Then the next logical chain should settle down:

  1. Mammoths were a lot.
  2. Once there were many of them, they had to have a good feed base - no tundra, where they are now found.
  3. If this was not a tundra - the climate in those places was somewhat different, much warmer.
  4. A slightly different climate for the polar circle could only be if it was not at that time not an indoor.
  5. Mammoth's tissue, and the whole mammoths themselves are found under the ground. They somehow got there, some event occurred, covered by their soil layer.
  6. Having taken as an axiom that the mammoths themselves did not dig, only water could bring this soil, first floating, and then go down.
  7. The layer of this soil is thick - meters, and even dozens of meters. And the amount of water belonging to such a layer should have been very large.
  8. Mammoth carcasses are found in very well-preserved condition. Immediately, behind the sleeve of corpses, the sand was followed by their freezing, which was very fast.

They almost instantly frozen on the giant glaciers, the thickness of which was many hundreds of meters, which they made a tidal wave caused by a change in the angle of inclination of the earth's axis. This gave rise to scientists an unjustified assumption that animals of the middle strip in search of feed came deep to the north. All the remains of the mammoth are found in the sands and clay pecked by mud streams.

Such powerful villages are possible only during the extraordinary largest disasters, because at this time there are dozens around the north, and possibly hundreds and thousands of animal cemeteries, which turned out to be, not only the inhabitants of the northern regions, but also animals from regions with temperate climates . And this makes it possible to believe that these giant animal cemeteries were formed by incredible power and sizes of a tidal wave, which literally rolled through the continents and departing back to the ocean, carried away with me thousands of large and small animals. And the most powerful sealer "language", containing giant animal clusters, reached the Novosibirsk islands, which were literally literally listed and the countless bones of various animals.

Giant tidal wave, washed away from the face of the earth giant herds of animals. These huge herds of drowned animals, lingering in natural barriers, folds of terrain and river floats, and formed countless animal cemeteries, in which animals were mixed in various climatic zones.

Scattered bones, and the indigenous teeth of mammoths often find in sediments and sediment rocks at the bottom of the oceans.

The most famous, but far from the largest cemetery of Mammoths in Russia, is the Berlekh burial. This is how the Berlekh cemetery Mammoth N.K. Vereshchagin: "The Yar is crowned with the melting edge of the ice and the fights ... A vast scattering of huge gray bones appeared through a kilometer - long, flat, short. They are topped with dark raw soil in the middle of the slope Yara. Sliding to the water in a weakly dreaded slope, the bones formed braid-thoughts, protecting the shore from the erosion. There are thousands of them, the scatter stretches along the bank of meters for two hundred and goes into the water. The opposite, the right bank is only eighty meters, low, worn, behind it is an impassable pig's piglet ... All silent, depressed seen ". In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Berelekh cemetery, the most powerful layer of clay-ash-ash lessers. Signs of extremely large floodplain nanos are clearly traced. In this place, a huge mass of fragments of branches, roots, bone remains of animals accumulated. Animal cemetery was blurred by the river, which twelve thousand years later, returned to his former bed. Scientists who studied the Berelekh cemetery discovered among the remains of Mammoths, a large number of and bones of other animals, herbivores and predators, which in normal conditions are never found in huge clusters together: foxes, hares, deer, wolves, rascums and other animals.

The theory of recurring catastrophes, destroying life on our planet and repeating creation, or the restoration of the vital forms proposed by the Deluk and the developed Kuwier, did not convince the scientific world. Lamarc to Cuvier, and Darwin, after him, believed that the progressive, slow, the evolutionary process manages genetics and that there is no disaster interrupting, this process is infinitely small changes. According to the theory of evolution, these minor changes become the result of adaptation to living conditions in the struggle for survival species.

Darwin recognized that he is unable to explain the disappearance of mammoths, the animal is much better developed than an elephant that survived. But in accordance with the theory of evolution, his followers believed that the gradual omission of the soil made the Mammoths rise to the hills, and they were closed on all sides by swamps. However, if the geological processes are slow, the mammoths would not be trapped on isolated hills. In addition, this theory cannot be true, because the animals died not from hunger. In their stomachs and between the teeth was discovered undigested herb. This, by the way, also proves that they died suddenly. Further studies have shown that branches and leaves found in their stomachs grow not in areas where animals died, and then to the south, at a distance of more than a thousand miles. It seems that the climate has radically changed since the death of Mammoths. And since the bodies of animals are found in indecompolicusable, but well-preserved in ice boulders, the temperature change should have followed immediately for their death.

Documentary

Risching life and exposed to huge danger Scientists in Siberia are looking for one single frozen mammoth cage. With which you can clone and thus return to life a long-dimensional look of the animal.

It remains to add that after storms in the Arctic, the mammoth tails are taken out on the shores of the Arctic Islands. This proves that part of the sushi, where the mammoths lived and drowned, was very flooded.

For some reason, modern scientists do not take into account the facts of the existence of a geotectonic catastrophe in the near pass. It is in the nearby past.
Although for them already an indisputable fact of the catastrophe, from which dinosaurs died. But this event is attributed for times 60-65 million years ago.
No versions that would unite temporary facts of dinosaurs and mammoths - at one time. Mammoths lived in moderate latitudes, dinosaurs - in the southern regions, but died at the same time.
But no, it does not pay attention to the geographical attachment of animals of different climatic zones, and there is still temporary separation.
The facts of the sudden death of a huge in the number of mammoth livestock in different parts of the world have already accumulated. But here scientists again go away from obvious conclusions.
Not only are representatives of science of all Mammoths aged 40 thousand years old, so they still invent versions of natural processes under which these giants overtook death.

American, French and Russian scientists first conducted computer tomography of Luba and Chrome, the most young and best of all preserved mammontaty.

Computer tomography (CT) sections were presented in the new issue of Journal of Paleontology magazine, and briefly with the results of work can be found on the website of the University of Michigan.

To any reindeer herders found in 2007, on the banks of the Yuriuri River on the Peninsula Yamal. Her corpse reached scientists with almost no damage (only the tail was soldered the dogs).

Chrome (this "boy") found in 2008 on the shore of the same name river in Yakutia - crows and the sands ate his trunk and part of the neck. Mammoths are well preserved their soft fabrics (muscles, fat, internal organs, leather). Chrome even found a curtailed blood in intact vessels and not digested milk in the stomach. Chrome scanned in the French hospital. And in Michigan University, scientists made CT-cuts of animal teeth.

Thanks to this, it turned out that Lyuba died at the age of 30-35 days, and chromium - 52-57 days (and both mammons in spring were born).

Both Mammoth died, choking her. CT cuts showed a dense mass of fine-grained sediments, blocking the respiratory tract in the trunk.

The same deposits are present in the throat and bronchi of Luba - but not inside the lungs: this suggests that Lyuba did not sink in the water (as they thought before), but suffocated, breathing in liquid dirt. At Chrome, the spine was broken and the dirt was also dirt in his respiratory tract.

So, scientists once again confirmed our version of the global village stream, which covered the current north of Siberia and destroyed everything alive there, falling asleep with the huge territory "fine-grained sediments, blocking the respiratory tract."

After all, such finds are observed in a huge area and assume that all the mammoth found suddenly simultaneously began to fall into the river and the swamp absurd.

Plus, Mammontat has typical damage for the bone and spine fractures in a rude villain.

Scientists found a very interesting detail - death occurred either in the late spring, or in the summer. After the birth of the spring, the mamosteat lived to death 30-50 days. That is, the time of changing the poles was probably in the summer.

Or here is another example:

The team of Russian and American paleontologists is studying the bison, which has broken in the eternal Merzlot in the northeast of Yakutia about 9,300 years.

The bison found on the shores of Lake Cukchatli is unique in that it is the first representative of this type of rods found at such a moonful age in full preservation - with all parts of the body and internal organs.


It was found in a lying position with bent under the belly legs, stretched out the neck and lying on the ground. Usually, in such a posture, the hoofs rest or sleep, they die in her natural death.

The age of the body, determined by the help of radiocarbon analysis, is 9310 years, that is, the bison lived in the era of the early Golocene. Scientists also determined that his age before death was about four years. The bison time to grow up to 170 cm in the withers, the rotation of the horns reached an impressive 71 cm, and the weight is about 500 kg.

The researchers have already spent the scanning of the animal's brain, but the cause of his death still remains a mystery. No damage to the corpse was found, as there are no pathology of internal organs and dangerous bacteria.

Just during the powerful development of all forms of life on our planet, the mysterious glacial period begins with its new temperature fluctuations. We have already spoken about the reasons for the appearance of this ice age earlier.

In the same way, when the occasion of the time of the year, he had led to the selection of more advanced, more capable of adapted by animals and created a variety of mammalian breeds, and now, in this ice age, a person is distinguished from mammals, in an even more painful fight against impending glaciers than The fight against the millennium shift of the seasons. It was not enough only to one adaptation through a significant change in body. It was necessary to mind, which would manage to pay for the benefit of the very nature and conquer it.

We have finally achieved the highest level of life development :. He mastered the land, and his mind, developing farther and further, learned to cover the whole universe. With the advent of a person, a very new era of creation began with truly. We are still on one of its lower stages, we are the simplest among the creatures, gifted by the mind that dominate the forces of nature. It began to start the path to unknown majestic goals!

There were at least four large glacial periods, which, for their part, again disintegrate into smaller waves of temperature fluctuations. Between the glacial periods lay the periods warmer; Then, thanks to the melting glether, raw valleys were covered with lush meadow vegetation. Therefore, precisely in these interledstial periods could especially well develop herbivores.

In the sediments of the Quaternary era, which closes the glacial periods, and in the sediments of the Delivevian era, which followed the last universal glaciation of the globe, and the immediate continuation of which is our time, we are pushing on huge thick-skinned, namely on Mammoth Mastodont, the fossil remnants of which we are still Now we find often in Tundra Siberia. Even with this giant, a primitive man loosened to get involved in the struggle, and, in the end, he came out of her winner.

Mastodont (restored) of the Delivevian era.

We involuntarily return the thought again to the emergence of the world, if we look at the flourishing of the fine present of the present of the chaotic dark primitive conditions. The fact that in the second half of our research remained all the time only on our little land is explained by the fact that we know all these different stages of development only on it. But, taking into account the same procedure for the world of matter and the Universality of the Matter of Nature's Matters, we will come to complete consistency of all the main features of the world's education that we can observe in the sky.

We do not have any doubt that in the distant universe there must be more millions of worlds like our Earth, although we do not have any accurate information about them. On the contrary, it is from the relatives of the Earth, the rest of our solar system, which we can better explore, thanks to their greater intimacy to us, there are characteristic differences from our land, as, for example, at the sisters of very different ages. Therefore, we should not be surprised if we are not met by traces of life, similar to the life of our Earth. Also, Mars with its channels remains the mystery to us.

If we look up, on the sky on top of the solns, then we can be sure that we will meet with the views of living beings who look at our daylight luminaries like us on their sun. Perhaps we are not entirely so far from the time when, mastered by all the forces of nature, a person will be able to penetrate these gave the universe and send a signal outside our globe living beings on another celestial body - and get an answer from them .

Just like life, at least, sometimes we cannot imagine it came to us from the Universe and spread on the ground, starting with the simplest, and the person, in the end, will spread the narrow horizon, covering him of the earth, and Will be demolished with other worlds of the universe, from where these primary elements of life appeared on our planet. The universe belongs to man, his mind, his knowledge, his strength.

But no matter how high the fantasy raised us, we will once again overthrow down. The world development circuit is lifted and falling.

Ice period on Earth

After terrible shower, such a flood, made damp and cold. From the high mountains, the glaciers are slightly lit into the valley, because the sun could no longer melt continuously falling from above the mass of snow. As a result, the places where the temperature above the summer was kept early during the summer, they were also covered with ice for a long time. We now see something similar in the Alps, where the individual "languages" of Gletters are descended significantly below the borders of eternal snow. In the end, most of the plains at the foot of the mountains were also covered above the ragged ice cover. The universal ice age came, whose traces of which we really can observe everywhere on the whole globe.

It is necessary to recognize the huge merit of the world traveler of Hans Meier from Leipzig found them proofs that both in Kilimanjaro and in Cordillera South America, even in tropical areas, - the glaciers at that time went down much lower than at present. The connection set out here between the extraordinary volcanic activities and the onset of the ice age for the first time was assumed by the Salessen brothers in Basel. How did it happen?

On the assigned question after thorough research, the following can be answered. The whole chain of the Andes during the geological periods, which, of course, are calculated by hundreds of thousands and millions of years, it was formed at the same time, and its volcanoes were a consequence of this grandiose-based process on Earth. At this time, almost all the land dominated, approximately, tropical temperature, which, however, very soon after that was to change the strong universal cooling.

Penk found that there was at least four large glacial periods, in between which were concluded warmer periods of time. But it seems that these large glacial periods are dismembered by an even greater number of smaller time intervals in which there were more insignificant universal temperature fluctuations. From here it can be seen what turpened times experienced the earth and, in what constant excitement was then the air ocean.

How long it continued this time, it can only be indicated very approximately. It is calculated that the beginning of this glacial period can be attributed, about half a million years ago. Since the last "small glaciation" passed, in all likelihood, only 10 to 20 millennia, and we live now, probably, only in one of those "interledstial periods", which were before the last universal glaciation.

Through all these glacial periods, traces of a primitive person developing from the animal pass. Talk of Flood, which moved to us from primitive times, can stand in connection with the incidents described above. Persian legend almost undoubtedly indicates volcanic phenomena preceding the beginning of the Great Flood.

This Persian legend describes the Great Flood as follows: "A large fiery dragon rose from the south. Everything was devastated by him. The day turned into the night. Stars disappeared. Zodiac was closed with a huge tail; Only the sun and the moon could notice in the sky. Boiling water fell on the ground and looked down to the roots of the trees. Among the frequent lightning fell drops of rain with a magnitude with a human head. Water covered the ground is higher than in human height. Finally, after the dragon struggle lasted 90 days and 90 nights, the enemy of the land was destroyed. A terrible storm rose, the water went down, the dragon plunged into the depths of the earth. "

This dragon, on the view of the famous Vienna Geologist Züss, was nothing more than a strong volcano, the fiery eruption of which was distributed across the sky like a long tail. All other phenomena described in the language are fully consistent with the phenomena observed after a strong volcanic eruption.

Thus, on the one hand, we have shown that after splitting and collapsed a huge block, a number of volcanoes should have been formed, the eruptions of which followed the fosters and glaciation. On the other hand, we have a number of volcanoes in the Andes located in the huge breakdown of the Pacific shore, and also proved that a glacier era came shortly after the occurrence of these volcanoes. Flood legends even more replenish the picture of this thorough period of development of our planet. When the Krakatau is erupted, we watched a small scale, but in all details, the consequences of the dive of the volcano into the marine bunch.

Taking into account all of the above, we are unlikely to doubt that the relationship between these phenomena was, indeed, as we suggested. Thus, the entire Pacific Ocean, indeed, arose as a result of the separation and failure of his present bottom, which before that was a huge mainland. Was it "death of the world" in the sense, how do they usually understand? If the fall happened suddenly, it was probably the most terrible and most grand catastrophe, which the Earth had ever seen since the organic life appeared on it.

This question is now difficult to answer. But still we can say the following. If the collapse on the coast of the Pacific Ocean was gradually committed, they would remain completely inexplicable those terrible volcanic eruptions, which at the end of the "tertiary era" occurred along the entire chain of the Andes and the very weak consequences of which are also observed there.

If the coastal area fell there so slowly that for the detection of this lowering, whole centuries were required, as we observe even now in some seashore shores, then all the movements of the masses would be performed very slowly, and only occasionally took place Volcanic eruptions.

In any case, we see that there are opposition to these forces producing shifts in the earth's crust, otherwise they could not have the place of sudden shudders of earthquakes. But we had to also recognize the fact that the stresses resulting from these opposition could not become too big, because the earth's crust turns out to be plastic, militant for large, but slowly existing forces. All these considerations lead us to the conclusion, maybe against our desire that it was precisely sudden forces in these catastrophes.

The last glacial period led to the appearance of a woolly mammoth and the huge growth of the area of \u200b\u200bglaciers. But he was only one of many, which was cooled by the Earth throughout 4.5 billion years of its history.

So, how often the planet covers the glacial periods and when should we expect the next?

The main periods of glaciation in the history of the planet

The answer to the first question depends on whether you mean large glaciation or small, which occur during these long periods. Throughout history, the Earth survived five large periods of glaciation, and some of them lasted for hundreds of millions of years. In fact, even now the Earth is experiencing a long period of glaciation, and this explains why it has polar ice.

Five main ice ages are Huronsky (2.4-2.1 billion years ago), cryogenic glaciation (720-635 million years ago), Andasca-Sugar (450-420 million years ago), late Paleozoicoye (335-260 Million years ago) and quaternary (2.7 million years ago to the present).

These large periods of glaciation can alternate smaller glacial periods and warm periods (inteludes). At the beginning of Quaternary glaciation (2.7-1 million years ago), these cold glacial periods took place every 41 thousand years. Nevertheless, in the last 800 thousand years, essential glacial periods appeared less often - approximately every 100 thousand years.

How does the 100,000-year-old cycle work?

Ice shields grow for approximately 90 thousand years, and then begin to melt for 10 thousand years of the warm period. Then the process is repeated.

Given that the last Ice Age ended about 11,700 years ago, perhaps time came to start one more?

Scientists believe that we would have to experience the next glacial period right now. However, there are two factors associated with the Earth's orbit, which affect the formation of warm and cold periods. Considering how many carbon dioxide we throw into the atmosphere, the next ice age will not begin at least 100 thousand years.

What causes the glacial period?

The hypothesis put forward by Serbian astronomer Milyutin Milankovich explains why there are cycles of glacial and intergreic periods on Earth.

Since the planet rotates around the Sun, the amount of light that it receives from it is affected by three factors: its tilt (which is in the range from 24.5 to 22.1 degrees on a cycle of 41,000 years), its eccentricity (change of the form of the orbit around Sun, which ranges from the near circumference to an oval shape) and her swinging (one full swing occurs every 19-23 thousand years).

In 1976, a sign document in the journal Science presented evidence that these three orbital parameters explain the glacial cycles of the planet.

The theory of Milankovich is that orbital cycles are predictable and very consistent in the history of the planet. If the earth is experiencing a glacial period, it will be covered with a large or smaller amount of ice, depending on these orbital cycles. But if it is too warm on Earth, no changes will occur, at least with respect to the growing amount of ice.

What can affect the heating of the planet?

The first to mind comes gas, such as carbon dioxide. Over the past 800 thousand years, carbon dioxide levels ranged from 170 to 280 parts per million (meaning that from 1 million air molecules 280 are carbon dioxide molecules). It would seem a minor difference in 100 parts per million leads to the appearance of glacial and intergaren periods. But the level of carbon dioxide today is significantly higher, compared with the past periods of oscillations. In May 2016, carbon dioxide over Antarctic reached 400 parts per million.

The land heated so much before. For example, during dinosaurs, the air temperature was even higher than now. But the problem is that in the modern world it grows by a record pace, as we threw too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in a short time. In addition, considering that the rate of emissions today are not reduced, it can be concluded that the situation is unlikely to change in the near future.

Consequences of warming

Warming caused by the presence of this carbon dioxide will have great consequences, because even a small increase in the average temperature of the Earth can lead to sharp changes. For example, the land was on average just 5 degrees Celsius colder during the last glacial period than today, however, it led to a significant change in regional temperature, the disappearance of a huge part of the flora and fauna and to the emergence of new species.

If global warming will lead to the melting of all the glacial covers of Greenland and Antarctica, the level of oceans will grow by 60 meters, compared with today's indicators.

What leads to big glacial periods?

The factors that cause long periods of glaciation, such as quaternary, are not so well studied by scientists. But one of the ideas is that the mass drop in the level of carbon dioxide can lead to lower temperatures.

For example, in accordance with the hypothesis of raising and weathering, when the tactonics of the slabs leads to an increase in mountain ranges, a new unprotected breed appears on the surface. It is easy to weathelate and fall apart, falling into the oceans. Sea organisms use these breeds to create their own shells. Over time, stones and shells take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and its level is significantly reduced, which leads to the period of glaciation.