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Improving the efficiency of warehousing and storage of material and technical resources on the example of Aviron LLC

INTRODUCTION

warehousing logistics material storage

In the supply chain, the movement of material flows is impossible without the concentration in certain places of the necessary stocks, for the storage of which the warehouses are intended.

The components of the warehouse system for each specific warehouse differ significantly from each other, as well as the structure itself, based on the interconnection of the elements of the logistics process.

Theme of the final qualifying work: Increasing the efficiency of warehousing and storage of material and technical resources on the example of Aviron LLC.

Relevance of the topic: if we consider the warehouse as part of the logistics chain, then it is necessary to ensure the successful performance of the main functions of the warehouse - warehousing and storage, with minimal costs when performing warehouse operations. When forming a warehouse system, an individual approach is required, taking into account all the accompanying factors, in order to make the work of the warehouse and the entire logistics chain profitable.

The purpose of this graduate qualification work: on the basis of the study, to propose ways to improve the efficiency of warehouse logistics at Aviron LLC.

During the preparation of the thesis, the following tasks were set and solved:

Consider the theoretical issues of the logistics process and the elements that make it up, using the example of small wholesale warehouses;

Determine the technology for performing warehousing and storage operations typical for small wholesale warehouses;

Consider the general problems of warehouse logistics and ways to solve them;

Give a general description of the activities of Aviron LLC;

To study the average annual financial and economic indicators of the warehouse and draw conclusions about the effectiveness of its work;

Draw conclusions about the strategy and tactics of ensuring the efficient operation of the warehouse;

Make predictive calculations of indicators of the effectiveness of the implementation of the proposed warehousing and storage system;

Object of study - financial and economic activities of the commercial organization Aviron LLC from the standpoint of warehouse logistics.

Subject of study - determination of factors affecting the increase in the efficiency of operating activities in the warehouse of the enterprise, assessment of their place and role in increasing the profit of the commercial organization Aviron LLC.

The methodological basis for this work is the legislative and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation, program documents and decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation on economic issues.

The material used was information about the activities of the company "Aviron" LLC, textbooks, teaching aids and scientific works, official statistical information, regulatory documents, research materials of commodity movement and conditions of the wholesale market (ITKOR), monographs, brochures, articles and materials in the media , practical recommendations of logisticians and Internet resources containing information on this topic.

Thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and annexes.

The introduction defines the topic of the final qualifying work, its relevance, sets the main goals and objectives.

The first chapter of the thesis examines the theoretical aspects of the operations of warehousing and storage of material and technical resources on the example of the work of a small wholesale warehouse.

In the second chapter, on the basis of actual data, calculations were made and an analysis of the activities of the company Aviron LLC was made, in order to determine the main methods and means of increasing the efficiency of operating activities in the company's warehouse.

In the conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the efficiency of the enterprise and the main ways and means of increasing the efficiency of warehouse operations for this enterprise are proposed.

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF STORAGE AND STORAGE OPERATIONS OF MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES

1.1 Logistic process and basic logistic operations in the warehouse system

A modern large warehouse is a complex technical structure that consists of numerous interconnected elements, has a specific structure and performs a number of functions for transforming material flows, as well as accumulating, processing and distributing goods between consumers.

At the same time, a variety of parameters of technological and space-planning solutions, equipment designs and characteristics of a diverse range of goods processed in warehouses is possible, which allows warehouses, as such, to be classified as complex systems. At the same time, the warehouse system is just an element of a higher-level system - a logistics chain, which forms the basic and technical requirements for the warehouse system, sets goals and criteria for its optimal functioning, and dictates the conditions for cargo processing.

Considering the warehouse not in isolation, but as an integrated part of the logistics chain, it is possible to ensure the successful performance of the basic functions of the warehouse and the achievement of a high level of profitability, both of the warehouse itself and the entire logistics chain.

When creating a warehouse system, you should always be guided by the following basic principle: only an individual solution, taking into account all the influencing factors, can make the warehouse system profitable. A prerequisite for this is a clear definition of functional tasks and a thorough analysis of cargo handling both inside and outside the warehouse. The dispersion in the realization of warehouse capabilities must be limited to prudent, practical, profitable indicators. This means that any costs must be economically justified, i.e. the implementation of any technological and technical solution related to capital investments should proceed from rational expediency, and not from fashion trends and offered technical opportunities on the market.

Material flow is a product (in the form of goods, parts, inventory), considered in the process of applying to it various logistic (transportation, warehousing, etc.) and / or technological (machining, assembly, etc.) operations and attributed to a certain time interval. The material flow, referred to a point in time, goes into stock.

The movement of material and technical resources (MTR) in the warehouse is associated with the costs of living and materialized labor, which increases the final cost of the goods. In this regard, the problems associated with the functioning of warehouses have a significant impact on the rationalization of the movement of material flows in the logistics chain. The increase in the cost of goods in the warehouse link of the logistics chain is mainly associated with the technology of warehousing and storage of stocks.

The main task of the warehouse is the concentration of stocks, their storage and the formation of an uninterrupted and rhythmic supply of consumer orders.

Logistic process in a warehouse is a time-ordered sequence of logistics operations that integrate the functions of stocking, handling, and physical order distribution.

A logistical operation is any elementary action or their combination that leads to the transformation of the parameters of material and / or accompanying information, financial, service flows that are not subject to further decomposition within the framework of the task of administration or design of a logistics system Source: http: // www.forks.ru/article_info.php/articles_id/25.

Logistic operations in a warehouse related to material flow, as a rule, include:

Loading and unloading;

Packing and packaging;

Acceptance and release from the warehouse,

Warehouse transportation inside;

Storage of goods;

Reloading from one type of transport (equipment) to another;

Commercial operations: picking, sorting, consolidation, unbundling, etc.

Logistic operations related to information and financial flows accompanying the material flow can be:

Product identification

Collection, storage and transmission of information about the material flow;

Acceptance and transmission of an order via information channels;

Settlements with suppliers, buyers of goods and logistics intermediaries,

Cargo insurance,

Operations of customs clearance of goods, etc.

A logistics operation can be considered as an independent part of the logistics process within the framework of the foreseen technology of warehouse operations and processes. It is carried out at key points in the logistics process with the appropriate mode of use of warehouse equipment, transport and handling mechanisms. Thus, a logistic operation is a separate set of actions aimed at transforming material and / or information flows.

Logistics operations should include not only loading and unloading, transport and storage operations, which are usually calculated by the accounting method, but also commercial operations to form economic ties, the selection of business partners, the process of making business decisions, calculated on the basis of the economic method, taking into account the possible alternative cost the specified components.

Logistic operations are subdivided into external ones, aimed at the implementation of the logistics functions of supply and sales, and internal - for the implementation of the logistics functions of the company.

The transactional nature of logistics predetermines the division of logistics operations into one and two-way, associated with the transfer of ownership of goods and insurance risks from one legal entity to another, with or without added value.

The level of detail in logistics operations depends on the following main factors:

Logistic system type (micro, meso or macro level);

Characteristics of the economic environment;

Types and parameters of main and accompanying streams;

The goals of logistics strategies, concepts, technologies and basic systems;

Complex indicators of logistics efficiency;

Accounting systems (existing or projected);

Control and monitoring of the indicators of the logistics plan (logistics controlling system);

A corporate information system supporting logistics;

Technologies and techniques for modeling logistics business processes, etc.

Defining the logistics process as a specific set of logistics operations is a complex and time-consuming task. It is usually solved at the firm level within the framework of building an information and management model of an enterprise, choosing an appropriate corporate information system and modeling logistics processes.

The logistics process in a warehouse is very complex, as it requires complete coordination of the functions of supplying stocks, cargo handling and physical distribution of orders.

The functioning of all components of the logistics process should be considered in interconnection and interdependence. This approach allows not only to clearly coordinate the activities of warehouse services, but is the basis for planning and monitoring the movement of goods in the warehouse with minimal costs.

The whole process can be conventionally divided into three parts:

Operations aimed at coordinating the procurement service;

Operations directly related to the processing of cargo and its documentation;

Operations aimed at coordinating the sales team.

Coordination of the purchasing service is carried out in the course of operations for the supply of stocks and through the control of the conduct of supplies. The main task of supplying stocks is to provide the warehouse with goods (or material) in accordance with the possibilities of its processing for a given period with full satisfaction of consumer orders. Therefore, the determination of the need for the purchase of stocks must be carried out in full coordination with the sales service and the available warehouse capacity.

The warehousing system (SS) assumes optimal placement of goods in the warehouse and rational management of stocks. When developing a storage system, it is necessary to take into account all the relationships and interdependencies between the external (entering the warehouse and outgoing from it) and internal (warehouse) flows of the object and related factors (warehouse parameters, technical means, cargo features, etc.).

The development of the SS is based on the choice of a rational system from all technically possible systems for solving the problem by the method of quantitative and qualitative assessment. The selection and optimization process involves the identification of interrelated factors, systematized into several basic subsystems.

So, the storage system includes the following storage subsystems:

Warehouse cargo unit;

Warehousing type;

Warehouse maintenance equipment;

Picking system;

Cargo movement management;

Data processing;

Design features of buildings and structures.

Each subsystem includes a number of possible elements. In this case, the number of elements that make up the main subsystems can be quite significant, and their combination in various combinations further increases the multivariance of the system. Thus, the alternative choice of all competitive options should be carried out in a certain sequence, taking into account the technical and economic assessment of each of them.

The choice of a rational storage system should be carried out in the following order:

The place of the warehouse in the logistics chain and its functions are determined;

The general orientation of the technical equipment of the warehouse system (mechanized, automated, automatic) is determined;

The task to which the development of the storage system is subordinated is determined;

The elements of each warehouse subsystem are selected;

Combinations of selected elements of all subsystems are created;

A preliminary selection of competitive options from all technically possible ones is carried out;

A technical and economic assessment of each competitive option is carried out,

An alternative choice of a rational option is carried out.

The place of the warehouse in the logistics system and its functions directly affect the technical equipment of the warehouse. The warehouse is found in various functional areas of logistics (procurement, manufacturing and distribution). Since in this work we are talking about the company "Aviron", which supplies the retail network and small consumers with household goods, let us dwell in more detail on the technical equipment of small warehouses for wholesale trade in goods.

FMCG warehouses mainly provide a wide range of goods supplied to retail chains and small consumers. Such warehouses, by virtue of their purpose, concentrate stocks with a very wide range of cargo and uneven turnover, that is, the strength and power of the material flow is sometimes seasonal.

The goods are sold in different delivery lots (from less than one pallet volume to several pallet units of one group of goods). All this makes it impractical to introduce automated cargo handling in such warehouses, here it is necessary to carry out mechanized cargo handling, and, possibly, even with manual packaging.

It must be remembered that regardless of the direction of the technical equipment of cargo handling, the processing of information flows must be automated in any case. It is even better when modern logistics systems (or chains) have a single information system for all of its participants.

Regardless of the specifics of the activities of warehouses, there are certain rules and principles for the placement of stored goods (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1 - Principles and rules for placing goods in a warehouse

The rule of rational operation of warehouses is based on the principles of compatibility, safety and efficiency (Figure 1.1), this refers to economic and social efficiency.

Economic efficiency is determined by storage costs (electricity consumption, depreciation of warehouses and equipment, rental of premises, labor costs, etc.), as well as losses during storage and the cost of products sold.

The social efficiency of warehousing and storage is due to the safety of goods, since reducing the losses of the warehouse system contributes to the rational use of natural and labor resources.

The principles of safety and efficiency are the basis for the rules for ensuring the mechanization of loading and unloading operations. (Figure 1.1), allowing to reduce the irrational costs of heavy manual labor, replacing it with mechanized labor. Consequently, the costs of loading and unloading goods, which are part of the total storage costs, are reduced. Compliance with the rules of labor protection, during loading and unloading operations and the operation of storage facilities, allows you to fully implement the principle of safety for people and goods.

Economic efficiency of storage - the ability of the selected methods of warehousing and storage to provide a logistics process with the lowest losses and rational costs.

Protection from adverse external influences - protection of goods from the effects of climatic and other adverse conditions during transportation and storage. The implementation of this principle is achieved by observing the optimal parameters of sanitary and hygienic and climatic regimes, the requirements for the maximum loading height of goods in storage areas, as well as careful handling of goods during loading and unloading operations and routine care during storage.

Information support - bringing to the interested parties the necessary information about the conditions and periods of storage of goods. This is achieved by instructing workers on the regulatory and technical documents and the requirements established in them for the climatic and sanitary-hygienic regime, the rules for placing goods during transportation and storage.

The placement of goods in the warehouse is more efficient if the identification of consignments is carried out at the first stage of acceptance . Further, when placing in containers, the goods are stacked so that the marking of the shipping container is on the outer part of the stack. Each stack and consignment must be supplied with passports or labels to facilitate the identification of the goods. The goods of the same name of a certain type, brand, class are placed in separate piles, observing the rules of commodity neighborhood (Figure 1.1).

Accounting and control over the receipt of stocks and dispatch of orders allows ensuring the rhythm of processing of cargo flows, maximizing the use of the available warehouse volume and the necessary storage conditions, reducing the storage time of stocks and, thereby, increasing the warehouse turnover .

Systematic control - carrying out periodic control at all stages of the technological cycle of cargo handling in the warehouse, and during long-term storage - at regular intervals.

Commodity losses and storage costs are among the most important criteria for choosing a method and shelf life. . Losses can be reduced by reducing storage times to a minimum, or by using expensive methods.

Storage method is a set of technological operations that ensure the safety of goods by creating and maintaining specified storage conditions (climatic and sanitary and hygienic), as well as methods of their placement and processing.

The type of storage assumes the choice of technological equipment on which the cargo is stored, and the form of placing it in the space of the warehouse. The choice is influenced by: warehouse area, warehouse height, used commodity carrier, volumes of delivery consignments, peculiarities of cargo commissioning, free access to goods, conditions of storage of goods, breadth of the range of goods, ease of maintenance and capital costs.

The placement of technological equipment should ensure maximum use of the area and height of the warehouse.

The advantages of various types of storage are considered:

A high degree of efficiency in using the area and volume of the warehouse;

Free access to the goods;

Sensitivity to structural changes in reserves;

Possibility of high-rise storage;

Ease of maintenance;

The possibility of automated control;

Fulfillment of the FIFO principle (first-come-first-out cargo);

Low investment and construction costs;

Low operating and maintenance costs.

Combinations of different types of warehousing are most often used in modern warehouses, especially in distribution logistics wholesale warehouses.

To ensure the coordination of the activities of the sales department, first of all, the operations of control over the execution of orders and the provision of services to customers are directed, on the implementation of which the level of service depends. Successfully carried out logistic service to customers can easily become the most important, moreover, a strategic feature that distinguishes a given company from competitors.

Various types of hoisting-and-transport machines and mechanisms are used to service warehouses. Their choice is closely related to the technology of the logistics process and depends on the characteristics of the technical means themselves.

In warehouses involved in the supply of various retail enterprises, small-scale mechanization equipment can also be used, especially when ordering. Most common in mechanized warehouses, such types of lifting and transport vehicles as electric forklifts and electric stackers.

The efficiency of planning and decision-making in logistics systems is largely determined by a correctly built corporate database on logistics operations, which is part of the overall database of the corporate information system. At the same time, the costs of finance, time and labor should be attributed to each logistics operation, which is the basis for rationing the costs of resources in the company, and allows you to effectively control the indicators of the logistics plan.

An enlarged group (set) of operations that are homogeneous in terms of their purpose and aimed at the implementation of corporate goals of the logistics system is a logistics function. In this case, the logistics function of the warehouse is warehousing and storage of goods.

1.2 Technology for performing logistics operations in the warehouse

Depending on the purpose of the warehouse, its purpose and functions, as well as its required capacity and productivity, options for the technology of the logistics process in the warehouse are selected.

Warehouse technologies are understood as a set of sequentially performed operations related to the preparation for acceptance of products, receipt, movement, unpacking, acceptance of products in terms of quantity and quality, placement for storage, stacking, selection, packaging, preparation for the release of products to the consumer.

The processes of goods handling in the warehouse can be carried out using manual, mechanized or automated technology.

Its distinctive feature is the minimum use of equipment during the processing and storage of goods. The simplest mechanisms are used as lifting and transporting equipment (hand pallet trucks, platform pallets, hand pallet trucks, etc.), see Figure 1.2. This technique practically does not allow moving goods vertically, so they are stored on the floor, in stacks, or on low-level shelving racks.

Mechanized technology differs in that all operations for moving goods are carried out using self-propelled material handling equipment with an electric, diesel, gasoline or gas engine (Figure 1.3).

The handling of the handling equipment is carried out by personal operators who are either in the PTO cab or walking alongside.

Figure 1.2 - Manual technologies of operations in the warehouse

The main advantages of manual technology:

Universal use of warehouse space, operating areas can have "floating" boundaries depending on the needs of the goods processing.

Possibility of using unskilled personnel to carry out loading and unloading operations and intra-warehouse movements.

The minimum cost of equipping a warehouse, especially at the initial stage of the formation of a warehouse system.

Minimum requirements for building height and floor quality.

Main disadvantages:

The need for significant areas due to the impossibility of rational use of the building height.

Low productivity in commodity processing. As a result, a large number of staff.

A large percentage of errors in commodity processing in connection with the performance of operations by working personnel.

The height of storage of goods using such equipment reaches 14 m. Storage of goods is carried out mainly on shelving structures (Figure 1.3).

Figure 1.3 - Mechanization of warehouse operations

The main advantages of mechanized technology:

Optimal use of building height for product placement. As a result, the need for space is reduced in comparison with the manual technology of commodity processing.

The ability to increase the throughput of the warehouse by increasing human and technical resources.

High productivity during operations, so there is the possibility of reducing the number of personnel.

Main disadvantages:

There are restrictions on the permissible storage height of goods, usually up to 14 m.

Increased requirements for the quality of floors in the technological areas of the warehouse.

Increased requirements for the qualifications of personnel (operators of handling equipment) involved in the movement and handling of goods.

The need for additional premises, zones, equipment, personnel for maintenance and repair of equipment.

Automated technology is not considered in this case, since Aviron owns a small wholesale warehouse, where the use of automated technology is impractical.

A special role in the choice of storage technology is played by warehouse zoning.

Figure 1.4 - Layout of the main storage areas and premises

Any warehouse presupposes the presence of three main types of premises (Figure 1.4):

Administrative - household;

Technological;

Utility.

The presence of certain administrative and utility and utility rooms is usually dictated by the size of the warehouse, its capacity and specialization.

Zoning of technological premises of a warehouse is classified according to the following criteria:

By appointment. For example, areas for processing the flow of materials and equipment, areas for placing goods, combined areas, etc.

By the principles of combination and absorption. For example, separate zones, combined zones, zones divided into sectors.

According to special requirements for storage conditions, processing and commodity neighborhood. For example, common areas, areas providing special storage conditions (climatic and sanitary) and processing of goods (reloading, storage).

In the direction of movement of goods flows through the zones. For example, zones with direct flow, reverse or verification movement patterns.

The tasks of designing warehouse zones is to determine their parameters that ensure the rational implementation of the corresponding process (or operation) at a minimum cost per unit of production (or a ton of cargo, one conventional pallet). At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the feasibility study of the adopted technological and space-planning decisions.

The warehouse can include a variety of technological zones (Figure 1.4). Many parameters of warehouse areas are simultaneously parameters of the entire warehouse, which makes them especially significant.

It is also necessary to take into account the relationship and mutual influence of storage areas in the process of cargo handling. The influence of zones on each other is expressed in the possibility of transferring the model of freight traffic from one warehouse zone to another in the form in which it was obtained when modeling the previous zone.

Only the unloading front and the loading front of the warehouse experience the accidental impact of external freight flows. However, indirectly, random influences of the external environment also affect the activities of the remaining warehouse zones, since the interconnection of all zones through the passing cargo traffic is obvious.

In the logistics processes of the warehouse system, three main groups of functions can be distinguished:

Temporary placement and storage of inventories;

Material flow transformation;

Providing logistics services in the service system

Any warehouse processes three material flows: input, output, internal. In accordance with the handling of each stream at any warehouse, the following main areas of handling can be distinguished (Figure 1.5).

Figure 1.5 - The main technological zones in a warehouse with a direct-flow scheme of material flow

When handling material flows (input, internal and output), a number of logistics and related technological operations are performed (Figure 1.6) at the warehouse.

The duration and nature of warehouse operations are influenced by the following factors:

The volume of receipt and release of goods;

The amount of inventory turnover;

Transportation conditions (mode of transport, type of container and / or packaging, hazard and fragility of the cargo, etc.);

Assortment structure of goods turnover and method of packing goods;

Dimensions, weight of goods, container (cargo) places;

Storage conditions and procedures (open or closed warehouse, temperature regime, special storage conditions, etc.);

Warehouse area, composition of premises, their layout, dimensions of structural elements, width of aisles;

Warehouse dimensions;

Availability of technological equipment, its types and capabilities (racks, flooring, fasteners, etc.);

Transport and cargo equipment: its dimensions and capabilities (cranes, lifts, loaders, etc.);

Availability of qualified labor personnel;

The level of organization and management of technological processes in the warehouse.

Figure 1.6 - Scheme of the procedure for conducting logistics and technological operations in the warehouse

The optimal storage system predetermines the rationality of the technological process in the warehouse. The main condition here is the minimum number of cargo handling operations. That is why great importance is attached to determining the optimal type and size of the goods carrier on which the warehouse cargo unit is formed. . Such commodity carriers can be: rack, mesh, box, flat pallets and floor pallets, as well as cassettes, boxes for small loads, etc.

The warehouse goods carrier links the range of processed cargo, external and internal material flows and all elements of the system. The choice of a commodity is influenced by:

Type and size of packaging and shipping containers;

Order picking system;

Product turnover;

Applied technological equipment for storage of goods;

Features of hoisting-and-transport machines and mechanisms serving the warehouse.

The main criterion for the correct choice of the commodity carrier is the absence of the return of the warehouse cargo unit from the picking area to the storage area when placing the buyer's order.

Let's consider the main list of technological operations for cargo handling in each of the technological zones of the warehouse (Figures 1.5 and 1.6).

When carrying out operations for unloading and receiving goods in the receiving area, it is necessary to be guided by the terms of delivery in the corresponding contract. According to these conditions, unloading points are prepared for the specified vehicle and the necessary handling equipment.

Special equipment of unloading points and the correct choice of loading and unloading equipment allow for efficient unloading (in the shortest possible time and with minimal loss of cargo), in connection with which, the downtime of vehicles is reduced, and, consequently, distribution costs are reduced.

The following operations are performed during unloading:

Submission of vehicles;

Checking the safety of seals, inspecting the cargo (goods) inside the body to identify damage to the goods;

Unloading of vehicles by means of transport and cargo equipment of the warehouse;

Control of documentary and physical compliance of delivery orders, identification of goods;

Documenting the arrived cargo through the warehouse information system;

Formation of a warehouse cargo unit (pallets, boxes, bales, etc.).

The following operations are performed in the acceptance area:

Placement of goods for acceptance:

Product identification;

Checking items of goods in cargo packages;

Checking the quality of goods and the safety of cargo units and containers

The acceptance area depends on two parameters:

The volume of goods arriving in a certain period.

The speed of processing the acceptance of this product, that is, from the speed of receipt of the goods from the acceptance area to the storage area .

Inside, warehouse transportation involves the movement of cargo between different areas of the warehouse: from the unloading ramp to the receiving area, from there to the storage and picking area, and then to the loading ramp. This operation is performed using lifting and transporting machines and mechanisms.

Transportation of goods inside the warehouse should be carried out with a minimum length in time and space along end-to-end "direct-flow" routes. This will avoid repeated returns to any of the storage areas and inefficient operations. The number of transshipments (from one type of equipment or vehicle to another) should be minimal.

The warehousing process in the storage area is about optimal placement and stowage of goods. The basic principle of sustainable storage - efficient use of the area and volume of the storage area . A prerequisite for this is the optimal choice of the storage system and, above all, the storage equipment.

Storage equipment should meet the specific characteristics of the cargo and ensure maximum use of the height and area of the warehouse. At the same time, the space for working aisles should be minimal, but taking into account the normal operating conditions of hoisting-and-transport machines and mechanisms.

For orderly storage of cargo and its economical placement, a system of address storage is used according to the principle of solid (fixed) or free (cargo is placed in any free place) choice of a storage location.

The warehousing and storage process includes the following operations:

Laying cargo for storage;

Storage of cargo with efficient use of space and volumes of the storage area;

Providing appropriate storage conditions due to the physical and technical properties of the goods and the terms of the contract for cargo handling in the warehouse;

Control over the cash and safety of stocks in the warehouse, carried out through the information system by the staff of the warehouse.

The area of the storage area depends on the specifics of the warehouse, the selected technology for processing goods, as well as the methods and methods of storage.

The picking process can take place in any of the technological zones of the warehouse, as it comes down to the preparation of goods in accordance with the orders of consumers. However, as practice shows, most warehouse systems use a storage area for this or arrange a separate picking area at the output stream (in the shipping area).

Picking and shipment of orders occurs in the following sequence:

Receipt of a customer order (selection list);

Selection of goods of each item according to the customer's order;

Completion and packaging of selected goods for a specific client in accordance with his order;

Preparation of goods for shipment (packing into containers, on a commodity carrier);

Documentary registration of the prepared order and control over the preparation of the order;

Consolidation of customer orders into a shipment batch and registration of waybills;

Shipment of goods (load units) to a vehicle.

Preparation and execution of documentation is carried out through the information system. The address storage system allows you to specify the location of the selected goods in the picking list, which significantly reduces the picking time and helps to track the release of goods from the warehouse.

When completing a shipment, thanks to the information system, it is easier to perform the function of combining goods into an economical consignment, which allows maximum use of the vehicle. In this case, the optimal route for the delivery of orders is selected. Unloading takes place on a loading ramp (the requirement for efficient loading is the same as for unloading in the receiving area).

The area of the shipping area is determined by the volume of goods shipped from the warehouse for a certain period and the frequency with which the goods leave the warehouse.

Transportation and forwarding of orders can be carried out both by the warehouse and by the customer himself. The latter option justifies itself only if the order is carried out in batches equal to the capacity of the vehicle, and the consumer's stock does not increase.

The most widespread and economically justified centralized delivery of orders by the warehouse. In this case, due to the utilization of goods and optimal delivery routes, a significant reduction in transport costs is achieved and there is a real opportunity to carry out deliveries in small and more frequent batches, which leads to a reduction in unnecessary insurance stocks at the consumer.

The operations provided in this case (Figure 1.6):

Checking the compliance of the selected goods with the shipping documents;

Consolidation of cargo units by delivery routes;

Storage of orders until the moment of shipment;

Transport supply;

Recalculation of packages and verification of accompanying documents;

All technological areas are interconnected by walkways and wide driveways .

The collection and delivery of empty goods plays a significant role in the expense item. Goods carriers (pallets, containers, packaging equipment) during intracity transportation are most often reusable, and therefore require their return to the sender (supplier).

Effective exchange of commodity carriers is possible only in those cases when their optimal number has been reliably determined, and the schedule for their exchange with consumers is clearly followed.

Information logistics in a warehouse involves the management of information flows and is the connecting core of the functioning of all warehouse services. Information flow management in mechanized warehouses is an independent system.

Information service covers operations information such as:

Processing of incoming documents;

Identification of goods or cargo units;

Proposals for orders from suppliers;

Registration of orders of suppliers;

Receiving and sending management;

Control and management of stock in the warehouse;

Receiving orders from consumers;

Registration of dispatch documentation;

Dispatching assistance, including the optimal choice of shipment lots and delivery routes;

Processing the results of mutual settlements with clients;

Exchange of information with operational personnel and its transfer to a higher hierarchical level;

Processing of statistical information on the warehouse.

The list of warehouse services provides an appropriate set of logistics and technological operations performed in the warehouse.

The rational implementation of the logistics process in the warehouse is the key to its profitability. Therefore, when organizing the logistics process, it is necessary to achieve:

Rational layout of the warehouse with the allocation of working areas, which will help to reduce costs and improve the process of processing the flow of goods;

Effective use of space when arranging and using warehouse equipment, which allows you to increase the capacity of the warehouse;

The use of universal equipment that performs various technological operations, which leads to a significant reduction in the fleet of hoisting-and-transport machines and contributes to an increase in the productivity of the warehouse;

Optimization of routes for intra-warehouse transportation in order to reduce operating costs and increase the throughput of the warehouse;

Implementation of unitization of shipments and the use of centralized delivery, which can significantly reduce transport costs;

The maximum use of the capabilities of the information system, which significantly reduces the time and costs associated with document flow and information exchange, etc.

1.3 Analysis of problems and trends in the development of warehouse logistics

The modern logistics market in the Russian Federation has many problems that impede the normal development of this industry.

The main strategic problem in warehousing logistics is the formation of a warehouse system, which, on the one hand, should ensure the minimum costs associated with the movement of cargo traffic to the end consumer, and on the other hand, guaranteed service for each client at the level necessary for him.

Warehouse logistics involves the optimization of warehouse operations directly related to the processing and clearance of goods, with coordination between the procurement and sales services, the calculation of the optimal number of warehouses and their location.

When analyzing the role and place of warehouses, it is advisable to consider them at different levels of the hierarchy: national, regional, local and industrial.

In this case, the problems of warehouse logistics are considered at the production level, that is, at the level of the warehouse system as such.

Planning in warehouse logistics begins with the solution of strategic tasks related to the structure of the warehouse system necessary to achieve the goals of the company, and giving more flexibility in customer service. In fact, the formation of a warehouse system should help the company to cover the sales market as much as possible, to adapt to changes in the economic environment with minimal losses from lost sales.

At the local and production level, the warehouse system and its structure affect the technology and organization of product sales, the placement and operation of transport, the volume and rhythm of supply of the required products, and, most importantly, its cost. Accordingly, increasing the efficiency of the warehouse helps to reduce the cost of production, ensure timely (for example, according to the seasons) delivery of goods in the required quantity and quality, expand the scope of services provided to the consumer, which gives the company an advantage in the competition in this market segment.

Specialists and experts in the field of logistics agree that of the most significant problems in warehouse logistics in Russia, the following should be noted:

Lack of qualified personnel;

Poorly developed logistics infrastructure;

Use of outdated technologies;

Lack of understanding of the importance of warehouse logistics in the implementation of the successful activities of the enterprise;

Lack of specialized knowledge in the field of warehouse management.

The low level of management in the management of supply chains and links is one of the most serious problems in warehouse logistics. Often, warehouse management is considered in isolation from procurement management, and they, in turn, are considered separately from demand forecasting. In this case, an initially incorrect construction of the logistics system occurs, which leads to an unreasonable increase in costs and an increase in implicit losses, both in the warehouse and throughout the entire logistics chain. This can also include unskilled warehouse management, when the head of a company (warehouse) considers warehouse technology and the logistics process in isolation from the logistics chain of the system.

The lack of qualified personnel directly in the logistics process of the warehouse also affects the performance of logistics and technological operations. For example, planning acceptance / shipment operations, loading and unloading operations, storage areas and the choice of warehouse operations technology require deep specialized knowledge and skills in the field of warehouse logistics, which is sometimes very lacking in the practical activities of warehouses.

Personnel policy also affects the organization of warehouse labor. So, in order to save money, many managers load the employee with a number of functions that are not provided for by the position he occupies. As a result, the employee performs a larger volume of tasks, while the quality of his work suffers and, accordingly, the quality of warehouse services.

The lack of structuring of the logistics process does not allow a specific employee to be directly responsible for the performance of a narrow range of tasks, so it is difficult to find the culprit in the event of a failure or failure to complete a certain operation in the warehouse. Some enterprises and manufacturers, not having the necessary knowledge in the field of warehouse logistics, make mistakes that can lead to high costs and losses, and sometimes turn into a disaster for the enterprise. For example, some manufacturers do not provide each unit of goods with a unique code, which greatly complicates the process of identifying the required products and slows down the delivery procedure, and this can lead to a loss of time and money, and sometimes the batch of goods itself, and, as a consequence, to the loss of a customer ( buyer).

At the moment, many companies (especially small and medium-sized ones) cannot identify the real losses they incur due to the weak organization of warehouse logistics. For example, improper planning of the delivery time of an order leads to the fact that the goods are not processed on time by the warehouse. As a result, perishable products are scrapped, or you have to mark them down and / or return them to the supplier, which further affects the price of the goods.

Among other reasons that hinder the efficiency of the warehouse, one can name the absence or insufficient implementation of modern technologies. New warehouse technologies make it possible to better meet the needs of warehouse operators. The effectiveness of these technologies directly depends on the staff's ability to master them and the readiness to structure warehouse activities. Consequently, a new approach to personnel training is required, as well as a completely different level of responsibility, accuracy of operations and an impeccable calculation of the effectiveness of such decisions. The higher the level of consumption in the country, the more trading companies, distributors, manufacturers and retail chains have to specialize in their field of activity. The more there is a need to attract qualified logistics operators to organize the supply chain of goods and services and transfer part of the operations to them for logistics outsourcing (purchase of logistics services from a third party). The peculiarities of regional logistics outsourcing are that it is more risky and less profitable due to the weakness of regional markets. Today, the penetration of logistics outsourcing in Russia lags 2.5 - 3 times behind similar indicators in European countries and the United States.

Introduction

Until recently, warehouses were not given due attention, they were buildings that looked more like abandoned structures than an integral part of the supply chain. Warehouses were unequipped, buildings were allocated for storing goods, which, as a rule, were unsuitable for production or office. To increase the economic efficiency of any company, it is necessary to minimize costs, which is carried out by reducing warehouse costs. To optimize such costs, modern solutions are used in the organization of the warehouse and in the management of logistics processes on it. Thus, in order to increase the competitiveness of the business, it is necessary to organize the rational operation of the warehouse at the enterprise.

At present, a modern large warehouse is a complex technical structure, which consists of numerous interconnected elements, has a specific structure and performs a number of functions for transforming material flows, as well as accumulating, processing and distributing goods between consumers. Most warehouses are designed to store raw materials prior to operations and finished products prior to distribution. To a lesser extent, work in progress, consumables and spare parts are stored here.

The warehouse is an element of the logistics chain, which forms the basic and technical requirements for the warehouse system, sets goals and criteria for its optimal functioning, dictates the conditions for cargo processing. Therefore, the warehouse should not be viewed in isolation, but as an integrated part of the supply chain. Only this approach will ensure the successful implementation of the basic functions of the warehouse and the achievement of a high level of profitability.

Theoretical foundations of the organization of warehouse management at the enterprise. Improving the efficiency of warehouse operations

Promotion of goods in terms of logistics

At present, the market is unable to absorb the ever-increasing output of products and services, and their sale is becoming an acute problem for most companies. In this regard, many companies are coming to understand the need to use the concept of logistics - managing in an efficient, economical and integrative way the various functions of the company, which is one of the essential conditions for survival in an increasingly competitive environment. As such companies have achieved some success in manufacturing, marketing and finance, a high priority is given to the timely and cost-effective way in which the company's products are manufactured, transported, stocked and sold.

Marketing and logistics concepts are based on a historical commonality, primarily planning operations.

Marketing is demand-oriented planning for the needs of the consumer (buyer) of the product.

Logistics - planning the material demand of the consumer (buyer) according to the availability, availability and time of sale of the goods. In both cases, the emphasis is on the primary role in the planning of the consumer (buyer), and not the manufacturer (supplier) of the product.

Delivery of goods is a type of activity derived from two elements: a supplier (a set of sellers) and markets (a set of buyers). The sale of the goods can be considered completed only when the final consumer has received the goods. Therefore, from the point of view of the factors of availability and accessibility, marketing and logistics are inseparable from each other, because in total they make up supply, maintenance and sale services.

Marketing and logistics service concepts are based on the following five postulates:

· Focus on the consumer, and not on the manufacturer of the goods;

· Construction of the entire organizational structure, taking into account the first postulate;

· The purpose of economic activity is to make a profit, and not to increase the volume of services;

· The basis for success is long-term planning, i.e. the ability to see "tomorrow", and not momentary achievements;

· The development of a "culture of change" is possible only as a result of one's own research, introspection and constant innovation.

The same level of sales can be achieved with the help of many different combinations of elements of the promotion complex. The promotion complex is multifaceted and each of its elements has a lot of its own advantages, however, the formation of a promotion complex is complicated by the national characteristics of the Ukrainian character and the underdevelopment of many forms of marketing communications.

What is logistics? Logistics is the management of the integrated joint activities of the functional divisions of the company, as well as various companies and organizations for the effective promotion of goods and services along the entire chain

Procurement of raw materials

· production

Distribution

· sales

Consumption

based on the coordination of all functions, procedures and operations performed within this process.

A consumer buys a product if he is satisfied with its quality (ability to satisfy his needs), which is determined by consumer properties (taste, color, weight, packaging, cost, etc.). In the context of ever-increasing competition, it becomes relevant to purchase goods at a minimum cost with unchanged other consumer properties. Those. - the focus is on minimizing costs, leading to limiting the cost of goods as they move along the above chain.

As a rule, a significant part of the cost (on average 15 - 20%) is the "transition price" (mark-ups for each link in the chain "manufacturer - end user"), which depends on the level of interaction between suppliers, distributors, carriers, etc.

Reducing the "transition cost" is achieved through an integrated approach to ensuring the interconnection of various functions and business processes (purchase of raw materials, production, transportation and sales of products, management of warehouse stocks, quality, etc.) based on the principles of logistics. The introduction of logistics allows you to reduce the level of inventory and distribution costs, accelerate capital turnover, and reduce the cost of production. For example, the high level of quality and low cost of Japanese products is ensured by the successful application of the well-known just-in-time method.

A key concept in logistics is the concept of total costs. Its meaning: it is possible to regroup the costs in the chain "purchase of raw materials - production - distribution - sale - consumption" in such a way that their overall level for the promotion of goods from producer to consumer will decrease. Thus, using a just-in-time delivery system, you can eliminate the costs of warehousing, storage and inventory management. And while transportation costs will rise, cutting other non-production costs will more than offset them.

In the area of physical distribution, as in the production area, there are economies of scale that affect the price of a product, which is determined at the end of the supply chain. But although in actual estimates the transfer of ownership varies along the entire logistics line, this is practically not taken into account in the calculations. Accounting for costs in the field of logistics is a very delicate matter, it requires careful control and verification (audit). The specificity of a logistics audit is as follows:

first, she must investigate the entire logistics line to the end, regardless of whether there has been a transfer of ownership;

secondly, the cost of logistics is not calculated, but expressed in the form of the transported goods, but taking into account the costs of the final point of delivery.

At the same time, for each link in the logistics chain, added value will be important only at the moment of reaching the point of delivery, that is, when the end consumer or user practically gets the rights to the products that he purchased. In this regard, control over flows has an absolute priority and fluctuations in prices for the transfer of property are decisive, which is determined by the speed of movement along the entire logistics line, the flow of financial information and the flow of goods itself (deceleration or acceleration).

The result of this approach is the emergence of the concept of "quality - price" at the service level. This makes it possible to determine the profit for each type of product and the income for each point of delivery.

Based on the above, we can conclude that a new element of cost calculation has appeared: the interaction between the logistics function and the marketing and sales function allows obtaining a more accurate sales price and information about the terms of trade for each transfer of ownership of products. At the same time, there is no need to single out points in the general logistics chain where such transfers take place, but the following conditions should be met in advance:

n the cost of production, calculated at the end of the production cycle, should provide information about the income boundary for each type of product;

n the calculation of the cost of logistics, carried out at the point of delivery and the point of the user, must be provided with information about the revenue boundary for each supplied point of the supply chain.

The practice of implementing consulting projects has shown that the main business processes of the Logistics Service are as follows:

· Planning the movement of goods (planning and management process);

· Delivery of goods from suppliers (resource process);

· Warehouse accounting of the received goods (resource process);

· Delivery of goods to sections, shops, small wholesale stores and representative offices (the process of product sales);

· Control over the movement of goods (planning and management process).

Within the framework of the business processes of the Logistics Service, the following main functions are performed:

· Coordination of the terms of receipt and dispatch of consignments of goods;

· Analysis of information on transport agencies;

· Conclusion of contracts with transport agencies;

· Determination of the optimal route for the delivery of goods;

· Calculation of indicators of transport costs;

· Preparation of a route map for vehicles;

· Planning of the system of delivery of consignments of goods;

· Implementation of reception and storage of goods at the company's warehouse;

· Implementation of shipment of goods from the company's warehouse;

· Message to trade organizations and representative offices of information about the estimated time of arrival of vehicles;

· Fixing orders of sections and small wholesale stores;

· Transfer of the released goods from the reserve to the expedition;

· Marking the waybills according to which the goods were delivered;

· Accounting of goods returned by trade organizations and representative offices;

· Control of the route of movement of goods;

· Control of the process of posting goods received at the company's warehouse;

· Control of the process of sending goods to trade organizations and representative offices;

· Control over the process of returning goods to the company's warehouse.

So - the company buys raw materials and creates its stocks, which are stored in the warehouse, semi-finished products are produced from this raw materials, which for the time being can be kept in the warehouse, the semi-finished products eventually turn into finished products, which, before being sent to the consumer, are in the warehouse.

As a result, we see that in the entire logistic chain of an enterprise, effective management of warehouse operations becomes extremely important. The supply of raw materials and semi-finished products to production, the shipment of finished products - ultimately, the timeliness of bringing the goods of the required quality to the consumer, at the right time, with a lower cost price - depends on how the work of the warehouse is organized.

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Introduction

Theoretical foundations of the organization of warehouse management at the enterprise. Improving the efficiency of warehouse operations

Promotion of goods in terms of logistics