Political system concept and content. The political system of society: concept, structure, functions. Political system of society

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1. The concept and content of the political system of society

The fundamental ideas about the political system of society were formulated in the theory of the state at the turn of the 60-70s. Recently, science has made significant progress in the development of the theory of the political system and in the analysis of its practice. The development of general issues is carried out, scientific ideas about the integrity of this formation are deepened, the elements of the political system are analyzed, political parties, political norms, political regime, political ideology, features of direct and feedback connections with the social environment, the social environment of the system are investigated.

The most widespread idea of the political system as an instrument, a mechanism of coercion, power for variously understood socially significant purposes: integration, adaptation of society, etc. Thus, the concept of the state is transferred to the political system to one degree or another. The political system is a mechanism for transforming social impulses coming from society into political decisions and actions. But how to distinguish where the mechanism is, and where is the social environment surrounding it?

Like many others, the concept of "political system" comes from sociology. Without making excursions into the long history of political and legal thought with references to Aristotle, Plato or Hobbes, who likened society to a living organism - an organic system, let us name G. Spencer and E. Durkheim, in whose works there are a number of categories of social theory of the system, such as institution , function, regulatory system of society, political management. However, the concept of "political system" acquired its conceptual outlines in the works of American researchers D. Easton and G. Almond.

The political system of society is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon analyzed by specialists in various fields of state and law, sociology, philosophy, etc. In particular, scientists in the field of the theory of state and law investigate it with the help of systemic and structural-functional analysis, from the point of view of its relative statics and continuous dynamics, the relationship of the political system of society as a whole with its individual elements, first of all, clarifying the place and role of the state in this education, its new qualities, features, facets. An important feature of the system is the presence in it of integral qualities that are not characteristic of its constituent parts, and its relative independence, which, however, does not exclude its connection with the external environment.

A structure is understood as a way of connecting elements into an integral systemic formation as a set of stable relations between elements. Thus, a system is an integral unity of elements and structure, a structure is a way of ordering elements, characterized by stability.

The political system is associated with a special sphere of human activity - politics, which reflects the area of relationships between classes, social groups, collectives, individuals regarding state power.

Analyzing the political system of society, it should be emphasized that it is based on political relations, politics, which is formed in a state-organized society. At first, it is characterized by underdevelopment, although already with the emergence of the state, the first formal and informal priestly associations and parties appeared.

Political is a universal governing system of a state-organized society, the components of which are connected by relations of power and which ultimately regulates the production and distribution of social benefits based on the use of state power by large social communities, has internal orderliness (organizational criterion) and political orientation of activity (political criterion) ; it should be expressed normatively in the relevant charters, programs, regulations, reflecting the purpose of creating a political organization, its social purpose, the main scope of activity, the nature of the main tasks and functions, the peculiarities of their implementation, specific principles of organization and activity, etc. (program criterion).

It should be especially emphasized the importance of the second criterion, which for this or that institution of the political system means the ability: first, to express the political interests of a certain class, group or any other social community; secondly, to be a participant in political life and bearer of political relations; thirdly, to have a direct or indirect relationship to state power - its conquest, organization or use, and not necessarily in the form of interaction with state bodies, but also opposing them; fourth, to be guided in their daily activities by the norms or rules that have developed in the depths of the political life of a particular country.

Depending on this criterion, the number of political organizations proper includes: the state, all political parties, individual public organizations. Their characteristic feature is a direct connection with politics, and the immediate task of their creation and functioning is to achieve a certain political goal, which is necessarily fixed in the statutes and consists in the formation and implementation of domestic and foreign policies at different stages of society development, in political and ideological influence (education ) on the various layers and classes existing in society, in pursuing the political interests of the ruling circles and partly of society as a whole.

Inappropriately political organizations include those that arise and develop for economic and other reasons. These are trade union, cooperative and other organizations that carry out their activities in the production, social, household, cultural and other spheres of society, and they do not fix in their charters the tasks of active political influence on state power. This, of course, does not diminish their role and significance in the political system of society, because it is only about the absence of a dominant political aspect in their activities, and not about denying it as such.

A separate group is made up of organizations that arise and function on the basis of individual inclinations and interests of a particular stratum of people (society of philatelists, numismatists, motorists, etc.). They acquire a political connotation only as objects of influence of state and other political bodies and organizations, but by no means as subjects - carriers of political power and corresponding relations.

The third criterion - programmaticness - makes it possible to determine the degree of participation of an organization in the political life of the country, to fix its political goals and objectives, and, therefore, to include it in the political system of society.

There are various approaches to the study of the political system, however, despite their diversity, it seems that it acts as a complex complex of relations between classes, nations, other social groups and communities, individuals and their political institutions.

The institutional approach consists not only in defining and identifying the institutions that form the political system (organization) of society, but also in the analysis of its elementary-structural, subject-institutional and partly formal-legal aspects.

The functional approach is associated with an examination of the political system from the standpoint of the directions of its activities, the peculiarities of the course of the political process and the implementation of the political regime both by the system as a whole and by its individual institutions or groups of institutions.

The regulatory approach reflects the peculiarity of the functioning of the political system of society on the basis of the entire complex of normative regulation (customs, traditions, principles, views, norms of law, morality, corporate norms, etc.).

The ideological approach reflects the peculiarity of the views, ideas, ideas of certain researchers on the problem of the existence of the political system of society, is aimed at formulating a specific political theory.

The communicative approach is an analysis of the political system from the standpoint of system-forming connections and relations between its various institutions.

As an independent, it is necessary to highlight the personal approach in the "study of the political system, especially since in the philosophical understanding the primary element of the system is a person, the essence of which is the totality of all social relations. A person in the political system appears in different political and legal states.

The functioning of any system (economic, political, social, legal, etc.) is ultimately determined by a person. People form the political system and participate in the realization of its capabilities, they also constitute the civil society that this political system affects, therefore, its character, type, forms of influence always bear the imprint of culture, traditions, and human psychology.

Thinkers of the past noted the enormous role of people as subjects of politics. The political dimension is inherent in the personality. Even Aristotle wrote that man by nature is a political being; who, for one reason or another, lives outside the state, this is either a superman, or a being, morally underdeveloped. Note that in a modern civilized society, politics is carried out for people and through people.

There is no consensus in the literature about the concept of a political system and its relationship with the concept of the political organization of society. However, it should be emphasized that the development of the concept of the political system of society, its theory was especially intensive on the basis of the already existing theory and the concept of the political organization of society.

Arguing, for example, that the correct scientific interpretation and application of the category "political system" allows not only to overcome the difficulties that have arisen in connection with the study of the political organization of society, but also to bring into a single complex all the main categories and concepts that characterize the political life of society, some authors believe that the political system as a phenomenon and as a concept is broader than the political organization of society.

The political system of society accumulates, brings together both political institutions and relations, which are formed primarily in the form of organizations, institutions (state and public), and the practice of political life. The political organization of society determines its political structure, the relationship of political institutions and institutions. In other words, the political organization of society gives predominantly the institutional characteristics of the political system.

The main content of the concept of the political organization of society is a set of state and public institutions that make up the institutional and organizational structure of its political life. In this case, the main objects of research are political institutions and organizations, the tasks they perform, the nature and content of their activities, the relationship between them, the expression of the interests of classes, strata and social groups, etc.

Thus, supporters of a broader understanding of the political system emphasize that the political organization of society is the most essential element of this system, since it is through political organizations that the main goals and objectives of society are put forward and the political line is determined, political and legal norms are formed, and the whole society is mobilized.

The second group of scientists, on the contrary, considers the political system to be an integral part of the political organization of society. It is argued that the need to use state power, the state for the protection and development of the historical gains of workers, presupposes the existence of a political system as a component of the political organization of society.

The third group of researchers is of the opinion that these concepts are identical. political party constitutional citizenship

Respecting the positions of the authors of various points of view, one should, apparently, join the first of them and consider the political system in the broad sense of the word as a richer category, including the political organization of society and all other manifestations of political life.

Considering the above, we can give the following definition.

The political system of society is a set of interconnected state, public and other organizations designed to develop organizational independence and political activity of individuals in the process of exercising political power.

2. The concept and content of the political organization of society and its relationship with the political system

The political organization of society is a set of organizations participating in the political life of the country, in the regulation of relations between the main social groups of society (classes, nations, professional strata). The political organization of society consists of two main components: the state as the main, central link in the political organization of society; public political associations (parties, trade unions, national and professional organizations).

State power is of a political nature, since it concentrates and expresses the interests of the main social groups and coordinates the activities of all subjects of society. By its nature, the state occupies a leading, central place in the political system, is the main instrument of politics. In addition to the state, the political system of society includes various public associations (political parties, trade unions, religious, women's, youth, national and other organizations). They consolidate the interests of individual social groups and strata of society. The main task of political public associations is to influence the state, its policy through the election of representatives to elected government bodies, through the media, public opinion.

Within the pluralistic political system, there are various political associations that have equal opportunities to participate in the political life of the country. In a monistic political system, one political association is distinguished, which plays a major role in the political life of the country. Depending on the political regime created by the state power, the political system can be democratic when political associations are recognized as having broad rights to participate in the formation of state policy. The opposite is the authoritarian political system, where the role of political associations is reduced to nothing, or their activities are generally prohibited.

In science, there are several points of view regarding the relationship between the concepts of the political system and the political organization of society. Some scientists identify these concepts. Others consider the political system of society to be a broader concept than a political organization, choosing in itself not only political institutions, but also relations, the practice of political life. There is also the opposite opinion: the political system is an integral part of the political organization of society.

The political system regulates the processes taking place in society, based on political goals. The task of creating and functioning of each component of the political system of society is to achieve political goals. This applies not only to state institutions, but also to political parties and public associations of civil society.

3. The constitutional and legal status of political parties and public associations

It is generally accepted that a political party is understood as an association of citizens - supporters of a certain nationwide program of social development, with the goal of participating in the development of state policy, the formation of government bodies, local government bodies and representation in their composition.

Until 2001, the founding and the procedure for creating political parties in the Russian Federation were regulated by the 1990 USSR Law "On Public Associations", which was not abolished. The adoption of the Federal Law "On Political Parties" was due to the need for a clearer definition of the role of political parties and their place among the institutions of civil society. According to the Law, a political party is defined as a voluntary association of citizens of the Russian Federation, created for the purpose of participating in the political life of society through the formation and expression of the political will of citizens, participation in elections and representation of citizens' interests in legislative (representative) bodies of state power and representative bodies of local self-government. The law establishes the requirements for political parties: the presence of regional associations in more than half of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; the total number of members of a political party is at least 10 thousand citizens of the Russian Federation, while each regional branch must have at least 100 members of a political party; the governing and other bodies of a political party, as well as its structural subdivisions must be located on the territory of the Russian Federation (Article 3). A political party has the right to carry out its activities throughout the territory of the Russian Federation (Article 5). According to the Law, the RF does not provide for the creation and operation of interregional, regional and local political parties, as well as other political public associations.

The main principles of the activities of political parties proclaim legality and transparency, freedom of parties in determining their internal structure, goals, forms and methods of activity, with the exception of restrictions established by law. It is prohibited to create and operate political parties, the goals or actions of which are aimed at forcibly changing the foundations of the constitutional order and violating the integrity of the Russian Federation, undermining the security of the state, creating armed formations, inciting social, racial, national and religious hatred. The activities of political parties should also not violate the rights and freedoms of citizens guaranteed by the Constitution and federal laws (Articles 8 and 9). In accordance with the Law, a political party can be created at the founding congress of a political party or by transforming an all-Russian public organization, an all-Russian public movement into a political party, provided that the state registration of the public association being transformed is carried out no later than 6 months before the congress of the public association makes a decision on transformation into a political party. For the preparation and conduct of the constituent congress, the creation of an organizing committee is envisaged. In the case of the transformation of an existing public association into a political party, the formation of an organizing committee is not necessary (Articles 11-13 of the Law). Political parties and their regional branches are subject to state registration and are therefore endowed with the rights of a legal entity. At the same time, the registration of regional branches is carried out after the registration of a political party and must be completed in more than half of the subjects of the Russian Federation no later than 3 months from the date of registration of the political party. Only after this can a political party carry out its activities in full. Otherwise, the certificate of state registration of a political party loses its validity, and the entry on its creation, entered in the unified state register of legal entities, is canceled (Articles 15-19).

In order to ensure democratic principles in the organization and activities of political parties, the Law provides for requirements for their statutes. Compliance with these requirements will ensure the electivity and changeability of the governing bodies of political parties, as well as a democratic decision-making procedure, including when nominating candidates in the course of elections to government bodies and local self-government bodies.

According to the Law, membership in a political party is voluntary, fixed and individual. Citizens of the Russian Federation who have reached the age of 18 can be members of a political party. Foreign citizens, stateless persons, as well as persons recognized by a court as incompetent or held in places of imprisonment by a court verdict have no right to be members of a political party. Restrictions on the right to join political parties can be established for certain categories of citizens of the Russian Federation by federal laws. A member of a political party can be a member of only one regional branch of a given political party - at the place of permanent or primary residence, the main place of work or study.

In order to ensure financial transparency of the activities of political parties, it is envisaged to provide annual state funding for parties based on the results of their participation in elections, and not during the period of the elections themselves. This form of financing political parties is quite widespread in world practice.

Since political parties play a special role in organizing electoral processes, the Law establishes that political parties are the only type of public associations that have the right to independently nominate candidates for elections to government bodies. At the same time, the criteria were determined according to which the party is recognized as participating in the elections. If within five years after the creation of a party it does not take part in the elections, such a political party is subject to liquidation. The law also provides for other grounds for the liquidation of a political party, as well as grounds for suspending its activities.

Part 1 of Article 13 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes the principle of ideological diversity as one of the foundations of the constitutional system of Russia, as well as - in parts 2 and 5 - the limits of its implementation, in which it does not come into sharp conflict with other democratic principles of the Constitution.

The principle of ideological diversity can be correctly understood on the basis of an accurate understanding of both words that form this concept. Ideology is usually defined as a system of legal, political, economic, ethical, environmental, artistic, as well as religious ideas, views, concepts, directly or indirectly related to the practical life of people and their assessment. This is a system aimed at preserving, partial change or radical transformation in one way or another of the social and state system, as a rule, enshrined in the Constitution and other laws. Diversity (pluralism) in the sphere of ideology means the right of every person, group of people, their associations: to freely develop their views and scientific theories of an ideological nature; to distribute and protect them using all existing technical means; also actively work on the practical implementation of their ideas by developing program documents, draft laws, submitting them for consideration by public and state bodies, participating in the support and implementation of proposals already adopted by these bodies, etc. Commentary on the Constitution of the Russian Federation (under the general editorship of V.D. Karpovich) - M .: Yurayt - M; New legal culture, 2002

Part 1 of Article 13 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is substantively related to a number of other constitutional provisions. These are Articles 14 and 28, establishing religious diversity and freedom of conscience, Article 29, which provides everyone with freedom of thought and speech, search, receipt, production and dissemination of information, guaranteeing freedom of the media, Article 44, which guarantees everyone freedom of literary, artistic, scientific and other types of creativity.

The establishment of the principle of ideological pluralism in the Constitution is one of the important democratic achievements of the people of Russia.

Part 2 of Article 13 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes a rule organically related to the content of Part 1. Recognition of ideological diversity, strictly speaking, means the prohibition of the recognition of any ideology as state and generally binding. Like part 1, part 2 of this article is meaningfully related to articles 14, 28-30, 44 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, etc.

The rule of part 2 applies to any ideologies (liberalism, social democracy, religious-democratic and religious-social, national-democratic doctrines, etc.)

The Constitution also provides for exceptions related to those ideologies that try to justify the actions prohibited by it. Such actions and prohibitions are discussed in part 5 of this article and in a number of other articles. This, for example, the prohibition to seize power (part 4 of article 3 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), violate the rights and freedoms of man and citizen (article 2, 17-63 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, etc.).

But the convictions, views of citizens are free, and no one should be subjected to any persecution, restrictions on rights for their beliefs, whatever they may be. Only actions directly prohibited by law can be punished.

Part 3 of Article 13 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is devoted to some practical consequences of ideological diversity, which are of great social and, in particular, constitutional and legal significance. The point is that Russia recognizes political diversity and a multi-party system. Political diversity means the presence of various directions in practical political activity - in campaigning for or against certain trends, programs, bills, etc. in political life, for or against certain candidates in elections, for this or that solution of issues submitted to referendums, etc. The most important role in political activity is played by its organizational part - the creation and activity of political parties and other public associations that adhere to parties or independently strive to implement constitutionally admissible political goals. The main form of political diversity is the multiparty system. The multi-party system has replaced the one-party system, the undemocratic nature of which is obvious Scientific and practical commentary on the Constitution of the Russian Federation (editor-in-chief V.V. Lazarev) - Garant system, 2003

In recent years, ideological and political diversity and, to a large extent, the multiparty system that expresses them, have become an increasingly stable organic part of the social and political life of Russia. The legal consolidation of this achievement of Russian democracy is the inclusion of these provisions of this article in the foundations of the constitutional order, which play a central role in the Constitution and are amended, if necessary, in a particularly complex manner. This, as well as the compliance of these constitutional provisions with the principles and norms of international law, allows us to hope for the irreversibility of the establishment and development of pluralism in the political life of Russia.

But democratic political parties, associations or their blocs, expressing the political will of their members, strive to exercise state power through their representatives, members and supporters in the bodies of the state. Exercising power in accordance with its program, a party or a bloc of parties that has a joint program of parliamentary or government activities, to a certain extent, acts in accordance with those provisions of its ideology and policy that have received the approval of citizens in elections and in other forms. Therefore, a certain dependence of state power on certain ideological and political positions of parties, blocs, their leaders and figures exists, but - under the democratic control of voters. It is their will, and not only the decisions of their party, that their chosen one should, first of all, put into practice.

The equality of public associations before the law was established in order to exclude the possibility of creating again a one-party system that does not allow the existence of other political parties and subordinates other parties and public associations to its domination, each of which (trade union, youth, etc.) is unique in its sphere of activity. as it was in the USSR. The possibility of the emergence of the same system, disguised by fictitious pluralism, i.e. by creating, along with the monopoly party, pseudo-puppet parties and public associations. Such a system existed in a number of socialist countries (GDR, Bulgaria, Poland, etc.) Scientific and practical commentary on the Constitution of the Russian Federation (editor-in-chief V.V. Lazarev) - Garant system, 2003

According to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966, the law can establish restrictions on freedom of association that are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of state or public security, public order, protection of health and morality of the population, protection of the rights and freedoms of others (part 2 of Art. 22) International Covenant of December 16, 1966 "On Civil and Political Rights" // "Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation", No. 12, 1994.

By the Constitution and other laws of Russia, reasonable restrictions on the rights to association, to free formation and free activity of parties are practically not observed in all cases. But on the other hand, other restrictions on these rights are proposed and discussed, which do not always correspond to international and constitutional norms.

1. Form of government of the Russian Federation

The form of government of the Russian Federation is one of the elements of the form of state that characterizes the procedure for organizing and electing the highest authorities in the Russian Federation.

In accordance with part 1 of article 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Russian Federation is a state with a republican form of government.

The main characteristics of the Russian Federation as a republic:

The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state (Article 80 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

The Chairman of the Government of Russia is appointed by the presidents of Russia with the consent of the State Duma (part 1 of Article 111 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

In accordance with these characteristics, the Russian Federation can be defined as a mixed (semi-presidential) republic.

2. The political regime of the Russian Federation.

The political regime of the Russian Federation is a set of techniques, methods and methods for the implementation of political power in the Russian Federation.

In accordance with part 1 of article 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, a democratic political regime is established in the Russian Federation.

Political regime of the Russian Federation:

The only source of power in the Russian Federation is its multinational people (Article 3 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial (Article 10 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

Local self-government is recognized and guaranteed in the Russian Federation (Article 12 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

In the Russian Federation, political diversity and a multi-party system are recognized (Article 13 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

In the Russian Federation, human and civil rights and freedoms are recognized and guaranteed in accordance with generally recognized principles and norms of international law and in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 17 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

In the Russian Federation, equality of human and civil rights and freedoms is guaranteed (Article 19 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

3. The form of government of the Russian Federation.

The form of the state structure of the Russian Federation is a method of the political-territorial structure of the state. The method of interrelation of the state with its parts, used in the Russian Federation.

In accordance with Article 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Russian Federation is a state with a federal form of government.

The main characteristics of the Russian Federation as a federal state:

Subjects of the Russian Federation have equality (part 4 of article 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

The territory of the Russian Federation is the aggregate of the territories of its subjects (part 1 of Article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

Republics within the Russian Federation may have their own citizenship, state language (Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

Subjects of the Russian Federation have the right to adopt their own Constitution, statutes and laws (part 2 of article 5, article 6 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

The constituent entities of the Russian Federation have their own executive, legislative and judicial bodies (Article 77 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

Representatives of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation form the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (Article 95 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

Citizen Semenyuk must apply to the Office of the Federal Migration Service (FMS), where he will receive a list of documents that he will need to collect.

In accordance with Article 14 of the Law "On Citizenship of the Russian Federation", citizenship can be obtained in a simplified manner:

If a person lives on the territory of the Russian Federation and is legally married to a citizen (citizen) of this country for at least three years (article 14, part 2, point b).

References

1. Federal Law "On Citizenship of the Russian Federation" dated 05/31/2002 No. 62-FZ.

2. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (RF) of 12.12.1993.

3. M.V. Baglai. Constitutional law of the Russian Federation: textbook. B14 for universities - 6th ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Norma, 2007 .-- 784

4. Romanov A.N., Igishev K.A. Constitutional law: textbook. allowance. - Yekaterinburg: Ural Publishing House. state econom. University, 2008 .-- 180 p.

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Concept, structure and functions of political systems

Politic system is an integral set of state, political and public organizations, associations, as well as political and legal norms, principles of organization and implementation of political power in society.

The very concept of "political system" has become firmly established in the lexicon of the political spider relatively recently and is associated with a radical expansion of the sphere covered by political processes. The term political system was introduced into political science in the middle of the 20th century. Until that time, the concepts of "type of government", "system of government", etc. were used to describe power relations, and usually politics was reduced to the activities of state structures as the main subjects of power relations. However, the processes of development of civil society and the democratization of all aspects of public life, as well as a wide range of social subjects of political power have led to the complication of power relations and the possibility of participation in them and non-governmental organizations.

The concept of "political system" is one of the main in political science and allows you to represent political life, political process in a certain integrity and stability, focusing on the structural, organizational, institutional and functional aspects of politics. The American political scientists D. Easton and G. Almond were among the first to introduce the category "political system" into circulation. They argued that the political system unites both the organizational aspects of political life and the communicative and ideological ones. The political system is designed to ensure the generalization and implementation of the will and interests of various strata of society, their active participation in the management of state and public affairs and control over their activities.

The essence of the political system lies in the regulation of people's behavior, and it is implemented through political power. Therefore, the most important factor in the construction and consolidation of the elements of the political system is political power. It is, as it were, the core of the political system, defining its essence, nature, structure and boundaries. What distinguishes a political system from other systems of society?

The supremacy of the political system. This means that with its help political power is exercised in society, that decisions made within its framework are binding on the entire society and each of its subsystems. She personifies the supreme power in society.
It is conditioned by the social environment and, first of all, by the socio-economic and cultural structure of society.
The political system is a relatively independent sphere of the life of society, determined by the presence of a special mechanism for its formation and functioning. It is distinguished by a high degree of activity, due to the presence of a mechanism of power and the opportunity and the right to dispose of the resources of the whole society.
The main essential characteristic of the political system is management.

Introduction to the turnover of the term "politic system" helps to study more deeply the various aspects of the political life of society and foresee development prospects. On the other hand, in the process of modernizing the political system, this theory makes it possible to apply scientific knowledge in the choice of means of solving urgent practical problems in the field of politics.

The political system reflects the state of society, including the economic conditions of its existence, social and national structure, the state and level of public consciousness, culture, international situation, etc. Through the political system, the main groups of interests are identified and accumulated, social priorities are built, which is then consolidated in politics ...

As the main features of a political system, one can name: its close connection with state power, with the struggle for its conquest, organization and implementation; the possibility and necessity of expressing the political will and interests of various social subjects of political power on the basis of contractual relations; the presence of organizational forms and channels for the expression of various political interests on the part of objects of political power; mediation and regulation of power relations between the institutions of the political system, political and legal norms and political principles and traditions.

The political system is a multifunctional structure that includes components of various profiles, which are directly related to each other and ensure the functioning of public authority:

– institutional, consisting of various socio-political institutions and institutions (state, political parties, social movements, organizations, associations, various bodies of representative and direct democracy, interest groups, media, church, etc.);
– functional, consisting of the totality of those roles and functions that are carried out both by individual socio-political institutions and their groups (ways and methods of exercising power, means of influencing public life, etc.);
– regulatory, acting as a set of political and legal norms and other means of regulating the relationship between the subjects of the political system (constitution, laws, customs, traditions, political principles, legal norms, views, etc.);
– communicative, which is a set of various relations between the subjects of the political system about power, in connection with the development and implementation of policies;
– ideological, including a set of political ideas, theories, concepts (political and legal consciousness, political and legal culture, political socialization).

Each of the components of the political system has its own, special structure, forms of internal and external organization, as well as ways of expression.

Among the political institutions that have a significant impact on the political process and political impact on society, the state and political parties should be singled out. These are political institutions proper. They are joined by various public associations and organizations that are not actually political institutions, professional and creative unions, mass movements, youth and women's organizations, etc. Religious associations occupy a special place in the political system. Their influence on real politics is carried out through the participation of believers in political life. The media are also capable of significantly influencing the process of forming public opinion, and through it exert pressure on the government, on political leaders. The media include enterprises, organizations, institutions involved in the collection, processing, distribution of mass information through the press, radio and television. In the activities of modern media, universal guidelines and their independence from any state, departmental structures are acquiring great importance.

The main purpose of political institutions is to represent the fundamental interests of various sectors of society. Striving to organize and realize one's political interests and goals is the main thing in the activities of political institutions.

The central institution of power in society is state. It is the state that is the official representative of the whole society, on its behalf, decisions of power that are binding on society are made. Concentrating in its hands most of the resources, possessing a monopoly on legal violence, the state has the greatest ability to influence various aspects of public life. The obligatory nature of the decisions of the state for citizens allows it to impart expediency, rationality, and an orientation towards the expression of common interests to social changes. The state ensures the political organization of society, and in this capacity it occupies a special place in the political system, giving it a kind of integrity and stability. In relation to society, the state acts as an instrument of leadership and administration.

The state plays a significant role in the fulfillment of tasks and the implementation of the functions of the political system. State power serves as a kind of center of attraction for social forces and organizations that express their interests. The nature and scope of government proper are not the same and depend on the nature of the state and the political system.

Political parties play a significant role in the functioning of the political organization of society. First of all, they provide a link between society and the state. By identifying the interests of certain groups, parties bring them together in a form that can directly influence the decisions of state bodies. One of the main purposes of political parties is to achieve power, to master the state apparatus in order to realize the public interests represented by the party. Political parties define goals, develop ideology, programs, seek to define a strategy for the development of society and convince citizens of its correctness.

A political party, especially if it is the ruling party, participates in the development of the country's political course and its implementation, influences the nomination of leaders of the state and regions, and the formation of the composition of government institutions. Parties are suppliers of personnel for various parts of the state apparatus.

The political system also includes political relations. They are types of social relations that reflect the connections that arise about political power, its conquest, organization and use. In the process of the functioning of society, political relations are very mobile and dynamic. In essence, they determine the content and nature of the functioning of a given political system. The special role of political relations lies in the fact that they express attitudes about the public power of large groups of people - social groups, classes, nations.

Depending on the subject composition, political relations can be divided into three groups: relations between classes, nations and states. Interclass, intraclass and interethnic relations form the basis of the political system and are reflected in the functioning of the corresponding political organizations and their relationships; relations, one of the sides of which is a political organization functioning in a given society. These so-called vertical relations are formed in the process of exercising political power, the influence of the bodies of leadership and administration on the entire totality of social processes; relationships that develop between political organizations and institutions.

The development of political relations depends on and is determined by the social-class structure of society, the political regime, the level of political consciousness, ideology and other factors. At the same time, political relations are a form of preserving and consolidating political experience, traditions, and a certain level of political culture. The nature of the interaction of the subjects of the political process determines the types of political relations. They can take the form of coercion, conflict or cooperation, consensus.

In terms of social orientation, they distinguish between political relations aimed at strengthening the existing political system, and relations expressing the interests of the opposition forces.

Political norms and principles are an essential element of the political system. They constitute the normative basis of social life. A special place is occupied by the Constitution, the norms of law, which serve as the main regulator of social relations. The norms regulate the activity of the political system and the nature of political relations, giving them orderliness and focus on stability, sustainability and efficiency. The content orientation of political norms and principles depends on the goals of social development, the level of development of civil society, the type of political regime, historical and cultural characteristics of the political system. It should be borne in mind that legal norms emanate from the state, local government bodies or the people in general and therefore are always at the same time political norms. Some of the political norms emanating from political parties, socio-political organizations and movements are not legal.

Through political principles and norms, certain social interests and political foundations are officially recognized and consolidated. At the same time, with the help of these principles and norms, political and power structures solve the problem of ensuring social dynamics within the framework of legality, communicate their goals to society, and determine a kind of behavior model for participants in political life. Political norms perform organizational and regulatory functions in the political system, are formalized, documented, provided with a control mechanism and political responsibility.

The elements of the political system also include political and legal consciousness and political culture. Reflection of political relations and interests, people's assessment of political and social phenomena are expressed in the form of certain concepts, ideas, views and theories, which in their totality form political consciousness. Forming under the influence of specific socio-political practice, ideas, value orientations and attitudes of participants in political life, their emotions, experiences and prejudices have a strong influence on their behavior and political development. Political culture, developing primarily under the influence of specific social and political practice, in turn, gives knowledge of the laws and the mechanism of policy implementation, forms a person's attitude to political life, contributes to understanding the goals and content of state policy.

The vital activity of the political system and its essence are manifested in the process of performing its functions. A function is understood as any action that contributes to the preservation and development of a given state, interaction with the environment. Functions are diverse, variable and evolve taking into account a specific historical setting. They are interconnected, complement each other, but at the same time they are relatively independent.

There are various approaches to the typology of the functions of the political system. On the basis of a targeted approach to politics, they are subdivided into political goal-setting (defining goals, objectives, programs of activity); resource mobilization; integration of society; regulation of the regime of social and political activity; distribution of values; legitimation. A number of authors distinguish between non-systemic (political representation, goal-setting, integration, regulation, communication) and intra-system (coordinating, educational and proactive) functions. D. Easton, J. Powell and others proceed from the fact that the political system should have four main functions: regulatory, extraction (mobilization), distributive (distributive) and reactive.

In modern political science, G. Almond analyzes the functions most fully. He examines the functioning of the political system at three levels.

The first level is the capabilities of the system. Moreover, by opportunity, he understood the government's power over social processes, the degree of influence on the political consciousness and behavior of people in the interests of achieving state goals. There are various types of opportunities, the likelihood of using which depends on the direction of the tasks being solved, the state of the socio-economic structure, the type of political regime, the level of legitimacy, etc. At this level of analysis, the correspondence of the political system to society, as well as the nature of the activity of the political system in relation to other systems are revealed. society.

The second level reflects what is happening in the system itself, i.e. conversion process (ways of converting incoming factors into outgoing ones). In this case, the functionality of the system is viewed through the prism of technology for providing a particular task.

The third level is the functions of maintaining the model and adaptation, to which G. Almond refers to the processes of political recruiting and socialization. The important thing here is to ensure that political actions and political development are in line with basic principles, the constant reproduction of normative behavior and patterns of its motivation. The optimal level is achieved by ensuring a stable response of citizens in relation to the authorities and constant support.

G. Almond argues that all systems have two basic sets of functions - input and output. Input - political socialization, recruiting, articulation, aggregation, political communication. Weekends - rule-making, application of norms, control. One of the most important output functions of the political system, he considers rule-making, in the process of which rules and laws are developed to regulate political behavior. The rule-making process consists of a number of stages: formulating policy and choosing common goals, developing solutions and specific rules to achieve goals. In accordance with this, they are divided into norms-goals and norms-means. Political norms are not limited to legal norms that are of a private nature; the function of rule-making is performed by legislative, executive and judicial bodies.

Starting from the needs of the system itself and the need to preserve its identity, G. Almond and S. Verba proposed a logical system of functions of the political system: political socialization, adaptation, response, extraction, regulation. But an ideal division of functions is unattainable in practice, since the structural elements of a political system inevitably perform not one, but several functions.

Summarizing the main approaches to the functions of the political system, the following main functions can be distinguished:

– control social processes. The control function can be carried out in two main ways. First, by direct intervention and strict regulation of public processes by state authorities. Secondly, by indirect political influence, when the power does not regulate the social processes themselves, but the factors influencing their development;
– defining goals and objectives society, the development of a program for its life;
– resource mobilization society to achieve the set goals;
– integrative function or function of ensuring the unity and consistency of actions of various institutions and authorities. The integration of all authorities is called upon to implement legal norms and political traditions;
- function protecting basic political values;
- function ensuring continuity and stability in the development of the system of power. In the manifestations of this function, two levels can be distinguished. The level of the highest political and state leadership and the general level covering the entire politically capable population.

These are the main functions of the political system. However, in addition to explicit (main) functions, any system also has latent functions (RK Merton). Latent functions arise due to the fact that any social group or individual, engaging in political activity, in addition to socially necessary tasks, solve their own. To do this, they use state power. The most important latent functions of the political system mainly include: the function of ensuring social-class domination; the function of spreading and protecting personal political power.

These functions are characteristic of stable, formed political systems, and the efficiency of the system's functioning, in turn, depends on the completeness of the implementation of its functions, which are capable of developing, reproducing, expanding or losing their significance. In a crisis or war, the functions of the political system, as a rule, are not fully realized.

In modern democracies, political systems strive to maintain a balance in society.

Through socially significant and latent functions, the political system of society realizes its goals and objectives, structures and regulates the life of society.

The problem of society, its organization and functioning have always occupied an important place in the research of scientists.

At a certain stage in the development of society, private property, classes and social groups appear, political ideas and theories are formed, and the need for leadership in society arises. This is how the political system of society is formed and developed historically.

Political system of society- a set of institutions (state bodies, political parties, movements, public organizations) ordered on the basis of law and other social norms, within which the political life of society takes place and political power is exercised.

The term "political system of society" owes its origin to extensive development in the 60s of the twentieth century. the systemic method of research (general theory of systems by L. von Bertalanffy) and the development on its basis of the theory of the social system (primarily in the works of T. Parsons, I. Merton, M. Levy, etc.). This topic came to the center of attention of Soviet social scientists and scientists from socialist countries later: from the second half of the 60s to the end of the 70s. If we look deeper into the history of science, then one of the founders of the systems approach to politics was the outstanding ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, and the English philosopher and thinker T. Hobbes is considered the author of the first scientific definition of politics and attempts to apply it to the analysis of political reality.

The political system of modern society is extremely complex, with a variety of structural elements, functional characteristics and interconnections. It provides one of its subsystems along with economic, social, political and spiritual-ideological. There are many definitions of the political system of a society.

In the domestic literature, a definition based on a functional approach has become widespread. The author of one of the first definitions F.M. Burlatsky understands a political system as "a relatively closed system that ensures the integration of all elements of society and its very existence as a whole, centrally controlled by the political power of a social organism, the core of which is the state, which expresses the interests of the economically ruling classes" ... In this definition, the emphasis is on two points , important for the disclosure and understanding of the political system: firstly , its intended purpose (integration as the main function) and, secondly , the class essence of the system, which is identified by indicating the nature of state power.

In Western political science, there are several directions in the interpretation of the political system of society - the American school, the French and the German.

American school(D. Easton, D. Deutsch, G. Almond) gives a broad interpretation of the political system of society, understanding it as a whole the way people behave when this system implements an authoritarian (power) distribution of values.

French school(M. Duverger) identifies the political a system with a political regime. Here the concept of the political system of society is narrowed down, only one of its sides is taken.

German school(M. Weber, K. von Boume ) consider the political system as a state and its structure. But one cannot agree with this, since the state is one of the elements of the political system.

In addition to these areas, there are many other models of the political system that characterize the political system as a political process, political behavior within the framework of certain communities - trade unions, firms, clubs, cities.

The most rational are two definitions of the political system:

1 the political system of society - a system of institutions (government agencies, political parties, public organizations), within the framework of the political life of society and power;

2 the political system of a society is a set of political institutions and relations of a particular society.

As life develops and becomes more complex, caused by socio-economic, scientific and technical, international factors, the political system also changes. The political system is transforming and adapting to changes in society. At the same time, it has an impact on the environment, a governing and regulating social force.

Like any ordered system of ensuring the life of society, the political system has an internal organization, structure.

The political system structurally consists of 4 elements:

1) political institutions;

2) the relationship between them;

3) political norms, consciousness, culture;

4) political activity, political process.

So, the political system is subdivided into subsystems: institutional, normative-cultural, functional and substantial. Considered in unity and integrity, they constitute a complex of interacting institutions and relations, reflected in consciousness, culture and realized in practical political activity.

The structure of the political system is determined either on the basis of a systematic approach, or from a structural-functional approach.

Subsystems in the structure of the political system of society: institutional, regulatory, functional, communicative, political and ideological, normative and cultural.

1. Institutional subsystem- the "framework" of the political system of society, which includes government bodies, political parties, social movements, public organizations, the media, etc. A regulatory and legal framework is created for the functioning of the entire political system, the forms of its impact on other social systems are determined. This is a set of different content of political views, ideas, perceptions, feelings of participants in the political life of society. She plays a key role in the political system.

2. Regulatory subsystem- legal and moral norms, traditions, customs, political views prevailing in society, affecting the political system.

3. Functional subsystem- these are the forms and directions of political activity, methods of exercising power. This generalized expression is found in the concept of "political regime".

4. Communicative subsystem covers all forms of interaction between various elements of the political system (classes, social groups, nations, individuals) regarding their participation in the organization, implementation and development of political power in connection with the development and implementation of certain policies, as well as between the political systems of different countries.

5. Political and ideological subsystem- a set of political views, ideas, theories and concepts, ideas of the participants in the political life of society, on the basis of which various social and political institutions arise, form and develop. This subsystem plays an essential role in defining political goals and ways to achieve them.

Normative-cultural subsystem- an integrating factor of the political system, a complex of rooted models (stereotypes) of political ideas typical for a given society, value orientations of political behavior; political norms and traditions that determine and regulate the political life of society.

Each of the subsystems has its own structure and is relatively independent. In specific conditions in each state, these subsystems function in specific forms.

Among political institutions, influencing the political process and political impact on society, it is necessary to highlight state and political parties. They are joined by non-political institutions public associations and organizations, professional and creative unions and etc... The main purpose of political institutions is to represent the fundamental interests of various sectors of society. Striving to organize and realize one's political interests and goals is the main thing in the activities of political institutions.

The central institution of power in society is state. It is the state that is the official representative of the whole society, on its behalf, decisions of power that are binding on society are made. The state ensures the political organization of society, and in this capacity it occupies a special place in the political system, giving it a kind of integrity and stability.

Have a significant impact on society political parties, representing the interests of a part of the people and aiming at their realization through the conquest of state power or participation in its implementation, as well as political movements that do not aim to conquer state power, but to have influence over those who exercise it.

The political system also includes political relations... They represent varieties of social relations that reflect the connections that arise about political power, its conquest, organization and use. In the process of society's functioning, political relations are mobile and dynamic. They determine the content and nature of the functioning of a given political system.

An essential element of the political system are political norms and principles. They constitute the normative basis of social life. The norms regulate the activity of the political system and the nature of political relations, giving them orderliness and focus on stability. The content orientation of political norms and principles depends on the goals of social development, the level of development of civil society, the type of political regime, historical and cultural characteristics of the political system. Through political norms and principles, certain social interests and political foundations are officially recognized and consolidated. With the help of these principles and norms, political and power cultures solve the problem of ensuring social dynamics within the framework of the rule of law, bring their goals to the attention of society, and determine the behavior model of participants in political life.

Elements of the political system include political consciousness and political culture... Reflection of political relations and interests, people's assessment of political phenomena are expressed in the form of certain concepts, ideas, views and theories, which in their totality form political consciousness.

The political system of society arose to solve certain problems. Their solution is expressed in the functions of the political system.

Functions of the political system:

1. Political leadership of society- management of public affairs, goal-setting - determination of goals, objectives and ways of development of society; organization of the company's activities to achieve goals and programs

2. Integrative function aimed at consolidating society as a whole; coordination of various interests of social communities and the state. This function is objectively determined by the existence of multidirectional, sometimes antagonistic in their manifestations, political processes, behind which are different political forces, the struggle of which is fraught with grave consequences for society.

3. Regulatory function- creation of a special subsystem of socio-political norms, the adherence to which is recognized as the standard of socially acceptable behavior.

4. Mobilization function- ensures maximum use of society's resources.

5. Distribution function aimed at the distribution of resources, material and spiritual values between members of society.

6. Function of legitimization ensures the achievement of the necessary degree of compliance of real political life with official (generally accepted) legal and political norms. Interacting with the external environment, the political system performs the following functions:

7) Function of political communication- provides a connection between the elements of the political system, as well as between the system and the environment;

8) Controlling function- control over the observance of laws and regulations, suppression of actions that violate political norms; control of conflicts of interests of various social groups in order to preserve the unity and integrity of society.

9) World outlook function contributes to the development of a vision of political reality, the formation of citizenship, political culture, political convictions, value orientations, political consciousness, involvement of members of society in political activity.

10) Protective and stabilizing function ensures internal and external security and stability of the political system;

Educational and educational goals: to consider the concept, structure and functions of the political system of society, to characterize the role of the state and law in the political system of society, to highlight the subjects of the political system. The political system has many functions, with the help of which it fulfills its purpose, ensures normal political relations and binds all subjects of politics into a single whole.

Political system of society Is a set of institutions (state bodies, political parties, movements, public organizations, etc.), ordered on the basis of law and other social norms, within which the political life of society takes place and political power is exercised.

The concept of "political system" shows how political processes are regulated, how political power is formed and functions. It is a mechanism for organizing and implementing political activities.

Any system of society, including the political one, is an integral, ordered set of elements, the interaction of which generates a new quality that is not inherent in its parts. The category "political system" allows you to penetrate into the political interests of classes, social groups, nations, to understand the relationship and interdependence of the political phenomena reflecting these interests.

The political system ultimately regulates the production and distribution of goods between social communities based on the use of state power, participation in it, and the struggle for it.

The structure of the political system consists of the following components:

1) subjects of political organization societies, which include the state, political parties, public organizations and associations, labor collectives, trade unions, religious associations, etc .;

2) political consciousness characterizing the psychological and ideological aspects of political power and political system;

3) socio-political and legal norms regulating the political life of society and the process of exercising political power;

4) political relations forming between the elements of the system about political power;

5) political practice consisting of political activity and cumulative political experience.

The essence of the political system of society is most clearly manifested in its functions. Therefore, the characterization of the political system will be incomplete without considering them.

The following functions of the political system are distinguished:

1) political power for a certain social group or for the majority of members of a given society (the political system establishes and implements specific forms and methods of ruling - democratic and anti-democratic, violent and non-violent, etc.);

2) management of various spheres the life of people in the interests of individual social groups or the majority of the population (the action of the political system as a governing one includes the setting of goals, objectives, ways of development of society, specific programs in the activities of political institutions);

3) mobilization of funds and resources necessary to achieve these goals and objectives (without tremendous organizational work, human, material and spiritual resources, many goals and tasks are doomed to deliberate failure);

4) identification and representation interests of various subjects of political relations (no policy is possible without selection, clear definition and expression of these interests at the political level);

5) satisfaction of interests various subjects of political relations through the distribution of material and spiritual values in accordance with certain ideals of a particular society (it is in the sphere of distribution that the interests of various communities of people collide);

6) integration of society, the creation of the necessary conditions for the interaction of various elements of its structure (by combining different political forces, the political system tries to smooth out contradictions that inevitably arise in society, overcome conflicts, eliminate collisions);

7) political socialization(that is, the formation of the political consciousness of the individual and its "inclusion" in the work of specific political mechanisms, due to which the reproduction of the political system takes place by training all new members of society and introducing them to political participation and activity);

8) legitimation of political power(ie, achieving a certain degree of conformity of real political life with official political and legal norms. Legitimacy, in other words, legality).

Main literature:

Constitution of the Russian Federation. M, 1993.

Law of the RSFSR "On the Police" dated 04/18/1991.

Vengerov A.B. Theory of Government and Rights. Textbook. - M .: Omega-L, 2005.

Komarov S.A. General theory of state and law: A course of lectures. - M .: Jurist, 2004.

General theory of law and state: Textbook / Ed. V.V. Lazarev. - M .: Jurist, 2005.

Theory of state and law: textbook. allowance / R.V. Yengibaryan, Yu.K. Krasnov. - M .: Norma, 2007.

Theory of State and Law: Textbook / V.L. Kulapov, A.V. Malko. - M .: Norma, 2008.

Theory of State and Law: Textbook / Otv. ed. M.N. Marchenko. - M .: TK Welby, Prospect, 2005.

Theory of State and Law: Textbook / Otv. ed. V.D. Perevalov. - M .: Norma, 2008.

Theory of State and Law: Textbook / Ed. A.S. Pigolkin. - M .: Yurayt, 2005.

Spiridonov L.I. Theory of State and Law: Textbook - M .: PBOYUL, 2001.

Theory of State and Law: A Course of Lectures / Ed. N.I. Matuzov and A.V. Malko. - M .: Jurist, 2004.

Theory of State and Law: Textbook / Ed. VC. Babaeva. - M .: Jurist, 2005.

Theory of State and Law: Textbook / Ed. R.A. Romashova. - SPb., Legal center press, 2005.

Theory of State and Law / (for educational institutions of higher professional education of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia) Ed. A.S. Mordovets V.N. Sinyukova - M .: TsOKR of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2005.

Additional literature:

Alekseev S.S. State and law. -M., 1998.

Weber M. Selected Works. - M. 1990.

Dmitriev Yu.A. Correlation of the concepts of political and state power in the conditions of the formation of civil society. // State and Law. 1994. No. 7.

O. V. Shabrov Political system: democracy and social governance

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