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Family of a variety
(Bovidae)

/ / Coloring /
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Bovidae family This is the most extensive family of manfliding both by the number of species and in a variety of biological types: from tiny, almost with hares, dicdics to huge bulls, from the lungs, slender gazelles to massive rams. The most clear and permanent sign of the rods is the structure of the horns, although their shape and sizes are extremely diverse. The horn is a bone rod, developing on the outgrowth of the frontal bones. This rod is dressed by a corneum cover, which grows together with the rod, never branches and is not completely replaced throughout life. The rise of the horny is from the bottom, from the ground. Most of the polls have the horns and females and females, but females are usually smaller. There are and ruffes female.

In the dental system, the abormals are characterized by the absence of upper incisors and fangs. They have very developed skin glands on the head, at the base of the tail, in groin, between the hooves and in some other parts of the body. Sling - geologically one of the youngest families. The earliest findings of their balances belong to the Lower Miocene of Eurasia. As the initial forms, it is customary to consider representatives of the genera of Archaeomeryx u geolocus from Eocene Southeast Asia; It was a small ruffiest hoofs, close to deer. In Europe, the partitions appeared in Miocene, and in Africa - the modern center of its development - only in Nizhny Pliocene. Geographical distribution of gerulties covers Africa, Eurasia and North America. They are completely absent in South America and Australia (with the exception of domestic animals delivered by man). The ability to explore the most diverse landscapes, from the tundra and the highlands to the rainforests, steppes and even anhydrous deserts, is extremely wide. This is one of the most progressive features of the family, speaking about the evolutionary break of the group as a whole. There is no common, generally accepted look at the system. Research of recent years, held in Europe, Asia, and especially in Africa, made it possible, however, to make a fairly complete picture of the total family and on the procedure for the location of subfaming, childbirth and species. We divide the family of solutions for 10 subfaming with 53 kinds and approximately 115 species. It should be noted that the widespread term "antelope", which is denoted by the overwhelming majority of ungulates, does not matter the systematic category and combines very far as the origin and appearance of appearance. Almost all gerium are among the important hunting and fishing animals. True, some of them have become rare and are under guard. The main pets belong to this family. Cephalophinae (subfaming) Duckers are small, typically african antelopes; The biggest of them reach the size of the roe, the smallest little larger hare. Despite the insignificant magnitude and disproportionately thin legs, the fools have rather dense addition; The hind limbs are somewhat longer than the front, which is why the animal seems snagged. The horns are short, usually straight, less frequently curved, females are often absent. On the forehead - a khokhol from hard hair that partially hides the horns. Females are somewhat larger than males. The subfamily includes 2 kinds: shrub cutters (sylvicapra) and crested, or forest, fools (Cephalophus). Dwarf Antelope (Neotraginae) (subfaming) Like fools, dwarf antelopes are among the smallest representatives of the family of slores. The subfamily consists of 8 genera with 14 species, although this unit cannot be called well-established and generally accepted. Antopa Rodorovy (TRAGELAPHINAE) (subfamily) Animals of medium and large sizes, their horns (for a few exception) are spinned in a more or less pronounced spiral. The subfamily has 4 kinds with 10 species common in Africa and South Asia. Antelope Cow (Alcelaphina) (Single) Cow Antelope - Animals with a very peculiar appearance. The elongated narrow head with strongly twisted, more or less S-shaped horns, sharply lowered from the shoulders to the spin sacrum and a long, ending the lush brush tail allowed at first glance to distinguish representatives of this subfamily among all other antelope Africa. The horns are armed both males and females. The systematics of cow antelope is complex due to wide geographic variability and has only recently been developed in detail by the German zoologist T. Xaltenort. In the future presentation (for small exceptions), we adhere to the system proposed by this researcher. The family of cow antifues includes 3 kinds and 6 species. Antelope Sablerh (Hippotraginae) (SUBSTANDING)Large, strong and at the same time slender, armed with long beautiful-shaped horns, samplogic antelopes belong to the most beautiful animals of Africa. The subfamily has 3 kinds of 5 species. Water goats (Reduncinae) (Single) Large or medium-sized antelope with slightly curved or lovoid horns (horns have only males). The subfamily includes 3 kinds with 8 species distributed only in Africa. Despite its name, water goats have nothing to do with real goats. Gazelle (Antilopinae) (subfamily) With the word "Gazelle", we associate an idea of \u200b\u200ba slim, elegant and graceful animal. Indeed, all the antelopes included in this subfamily, extraordinarily slim and easy addition, with a beautifully raised head, decorated with thin black litig horns. In all the appearance of Gazelle, harmony and perfection feels. At the same time, despite the seeming brittleness, gazelles are strong and hardy animals that can tolerate the difficult conditions of deserts and semi-deserts. Gazelles are usually high, and their growth reaches 100 -120 cm in the withers with weight to 70-85 kg; Usually they are significantly less. The horns of most species have both males and females (among the gazelles of some kinds of females of fears). Coloring is usually a monochrome grayish-sand or brownish with a lighter bottom. Sometimes a dark strip passes along the bodies of the body, but there are no transverse bands on the torso. Often the head is decorated with a so-called facial pattern of longitudinal dark and light strips. Representatives of the subfamily inhabit the deserts, steppes, savanna and dry bright forests of Africa, front, Central and Central Asia. Types related to this subfamily are known in Asia since the upper Miocene, and their cradle lies, apparently, in anterior Asia. In Africa, where they are most diverse now, the Gazelles appeared only in Pleistocene, perhaps at the end of Pliocene. According to modern ideas, the subfamily has 7 genera with 19 species. However, the systematics of gazelles is not sufficiently developed, and probably part of the species of the genus of Gazella actually (Gazella), which in the last reports about 12 will turn out to be exposed only to subspecies. The lifestyle of most gazelles is weakly studied. The exceptions are Jaran and some Gazelles inhabiting East Africa. Saigae (SAIGinae) (subfamily) Animals combined into this subfamily occupy an intermediate position between gazelles and goats. In addition to Saiga, it can be attributed to ORONO - a little well-studied hoofed from Tibet. Goats and Banes (Caprinae) (subfamily) This subfamily combines very diverse by the appearance of slightly rods related to 11 genera and 16-20 species. Despite the noticeable differences in the size, structure and form of horns, the species included in this subfamily are a single group, the extreme members of which are interconnected by a long chain of related forms. The subfamily consists of three groups, which modern systematics give the value of trib. In the number of births included in the subfamily, specialists have no disagreement, but it remains unclear the number of species of real goats (Sarga) and Baranov (OVIS) remains unclear. Representatives of the subfamily are known from the Upper Miocene of Eurasia. Later, already in Pleistocene, some species settled into Africa and America, however, they are now the greatest diversity in Asia. This subfeamination includes two types of important farm animals - goats and sheep. Bulls (Bovinae) (subfamily) Bulls are the largest of the ranges. These are mighty and strong animals. The massive body is resting on the strong limbs, a heavy, wide, low-lost head of both males and females are crowned with horns, thick and short on some species, gluable and long in others. The form of horns is also quite a change in various representatives: in some cases the horns resemble a simple crescent, in other S-shaped curved. There is no interstitial gland. The tail is relatively thin, with a brush at the end. The hair cover is short, tightly adjacent to the body, or thick and shaggy. Representatives of the subfamily are common in Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. The submarine includes 4 kinds of 10 species, of which one in a wild state is exterminated by a person in historical time, but there exists in the form of numerous breeds of domestic cows that are also delivered to South America and Australia.

Greaves - the largest, the youngest and progressive family of a squadded squad. His name does not accurately reflect the structure of their horns. They are not hollow. On the outgrowths of the frontal bones, the rods are bone rods, dressed outside the horny cover. Discontinued with bone rods, they become hollow, as it should be any case. From horny covers, decorating them with silver, and sometimes precious stones, in the Caucasus, it is customary to do expensive cups in which the wine is served by the most honorable guests.

According to the long-established custom, the variety uses one pair of horns. The only exception is the four-crude antelopes. They have two small horns on his forehead and two more, more

long, - on the theme. The horns can decide both males and females, although representatives of the weaker sex are usually somewhat less than in males. The horns grow all his life, so according to their magnitude, you can partly judge the age of animals. Rough growth occurs from bottom to top. None of the gerium horns are branched and do not change during life, as it regularly occurs in deer.

The horns may be a formidable weapon. However, the use of defense horns is, apparently, their secondary function. In some representatives of this family, they have an exotic form and are not suitable for use as peaks or swords. Baranov they have so twisted that hit the enemy

Antelope. Walking territory.

Gazelle Grant.

Sablet antilope.

the tip of the horns is almost impossible. Not adapted for defense and horns of spinbones. Their tips bent inside, and Serne and Takinov - back. Even among the owners of truly formidable weapons, not everyone uses it to protect against predators. The initial function of horns, apparently, were ritual fights of males. And do not be surprised that combat weapons are used in sports tournaments: the more dangerous, the more stricter the rules for its use, excluding the possibility of applying to the enemy of serious injury and injury. During tournaments, no one hits the enemy in the side. The lengths of the antelope are fencing the horns, like rapies, hitting the enemy's body, and causing shocks on his horns. About sports competitions says that the fact that many types of robus opponents are fighting,

having dropped to her knees or, like goats, get up and hit on top, trying to get horns along the horns. At first glance, death seems only fights of the rams that are running out and with a loud crash to be stamped by foreheads. Blows are really terrible, but they are not dangerous for rams. The bones of their skull and cervical vertebrae have increased strength, and the brain does not suffer from concussion.

Some gerium during tournaments do not use horns. The males of large antelope Nilgaau during the battle arose knees, rest on his foreheads in each other and try to move the enemy or intertwined with necks and try to sang a competitor on the side. The deadly outcomes of battles are rare, since rivals, if one of them has a tight, give up to the winner, taking a confusion posture. In this case, they are guaranteed inviolability. Pose of pacification, a request for pardoning can be a drop on her knees,

what is clear to us, people. Another way is the Thomson Gazelles. They are molded on the ground, pressing her head and elongated neck. Only females do not consider it necessary for themselves to comply with the incomplete rules of conducting tournament battles. Representatives of those species that are not supposed to have horns, with conflicts, each other beat each other's heads in the side.

Of the other features characteristic of most gerium, it is especially important for them in the upper jaw of the incisors and fangs and the presence of skin glands that produce odorous substances. The glands may be on the head, at the base of the tail, in groin, between the hooves and on other parts of the body.

The range of gerium includes 10 subfaming and about 120 species, widespread throughout the world, which indicates its progressive development. They are not only in South America and Australia. But the rest of the continents they mastered completely - from low-spirited arctic tundra to snow-covered highly and from marshes and wet rainforests to anhydrous steppes and deserts. However, their patrimonial, undoubtedly, is Africa. Here lives the greatest number of types of gerium.

Not only is the family of solo-feeds, representatives of these species are very diverse. First of all, this is manifested in their magnitude. Among the ranges, a lot of very large animals, such as bulls (bison, buyns, buffaloes), and very small, rising with a cat, such as the royal dwarf antilope and dicdics reaching the height of 25 to 35 cm and weight from 3 to 35 10 kg.

In the subfamily of dwarf antelope and cutters combined the smallest solutions. Their magnitude is indicated by the names of animals: dwarf antilope, antilopa-baby Suni, antilopa-crumb. All kids are some dicdics whose skin is widely used in glove production. They are so small that two antelope skins leave for a couple of women's gloves

Breed sheep Merinos and Kurdnyny sheep (below).

Snow ram.

ki. Duckers are also not giant. The smallety growth with the hare, and the largest - no more roofing. The horns are in all males, however, sometimes tiny, not exceeding 1-1.5 cm long. The legs have a thickness with a little finger of an adult, and the hooves on them a little more female noga. However, mini-antelopes are rapid and jumper. They easily and easily make jumps up to 3 m in length. The overwhelming majority of these animals live in forests or shrub thickets, and some of them like the plains, and some of them prefer mountains, some of the arid forests, others occur only in wet areas. In the herd they are not going and live by one by one or pairs. The males will rub the muzzle on the trunks of the trees, leaving fragile labels on the borders of the plots of them, allocating under-judicial glands. Some of them are told in the same way of females, and those in turn their children. The kids feed with leaves, berries, fruits and are always ready to enjoy a fat snail or caterpillar, eat a lizard or a frog, and if you are lucky, catching birds. Duckers are not just enough randomly tushed to game, but really hunt, carefully sneaking, and, only being completely close, make a throw. A frog or heckon is enough right to teeth, and the whirlpooling birds knock down the front leg.

The subfamily of the tumor antopheses unites large animals. In size and weight, they are inferior only by bulls. Their most characteristic feature is twisted in the horns; True, the degree of twist in different species is far from the same. Big Kudu is the most typical representative of this subfamily. This is a large animal, reaching a height of 1.5 m. The heads of males are decorated with huge, up to 1.5 m, horns, and do not have horns of horns. Females with calves are held by small groups of 6-10 heads or flocks up to 30-40 animals. Bulls join them only in the marriage period. At this time, there are stubborn fights between the males. Sometimes they are so tightly connected by their horns, which can no longer find it and die in claws in Lviv. For life, Kudo choose stony plains, without fail with dense shrub thickets and good waterproofs.

An unusual lifestyle is inherent in Sitateung. This is not a very large dark-painted antelope. Despite the fact that it lives in the hottest areas of the planet, the body of antelope is covered with long thick wool. But the most unusual for geriums is a strongly elongated Sitatuny hooves reaching 10 cm. Their structure is explained by the fact that the antilope lives in the swamps and most of their life spends on the knee, or even the belt in water. Sitatung swims perfectly, knows how to dive and hide in the water, as hippos, putting only nostrils over its surface. Here, in the center of the marsh, she is not terrible, neither lions nor a leopard nor a man with a gun.

Large hooves Sitatunes are able to spread widely, which allows it to feel confident in any quaggers. In the depths of the sun and almost completely devoid of oxygen, African marshes die and rotate all vegetation. The processes of rotting go here with space speed, but the development on the surface of the new plant does not lag behind their decomposition processes. The top layer of swamp turne is usually a thick weave that has not had time to collapse thick stems and no less durable rhizomes. The human foot does not find the supports here, slides from these seeded herbal ropes, spreads them, and the person falls on the belt. With syrtatenga, swamp, water and cane goats, also related to the families, this does not happen. Their hoofs act as captures. The disorderly interlacing of plant residues is so thick that at every step between hooves, some rhizome or stem, can withstand the severity of the animal, and then several "ropes" immediately, and the sitatung quietly overcomes such areas where animals with a much larger area Supports, but not having split hoofs, hopelessly wondered.

In the event of the needs of Sitatunes, weeks remain in the neck in water. Interestingly, its long and thick fur does not wet. From water, hair protects the selection of sebaceous glands. Only thanks to this, the sitatunes are able to stay in marsh swags for a long time, without leaving the land to dry.

Antofa Cannes, another representative of the tumor antelopes, the horns are owned by the males and females. In males, they reach the length of 1 m, and the females are much shorter. Cannes is the largest of the antelope. Her height in the withers can reach 180 cm, and the weight is 943 kg. Cannes live in arid areas of Africa, they keep in small groups of 8-10 heads, but during migration caused by drought, large herds can form. Cannes eat mostly grass, and when it turns into a dry straw, go to the foliage of drought-resistant trees. These antelopes are able to do without water for a long time, but this existence clearly does not like it, since they are pretty drinking water.

It is not clear why Cannes did not domesticated at one time. These antelope as a result of systematic persecution of steel are now very buggy and fatally afraid of a person, but, hitting in universities, gradually become manual. Currently, African farmers in the most arid areas of the continent began to breed Cannes in large fenced pens. Cannes may exist on the most scanties that are not suitable for livestock, and in addition, they are not subject to many hazardous diseases of the hoofs.

Buffalo.

Cannes.

Wildebeest.

such, for example, a sleepy disease, ferocating in African Bush. Breeding cann on meat (and they have excellent quality) significantly cost-effective breeding cows and rams.

Even at the end of the last century, a large group of Cannes was delivered to Askania-Nova. Since then, the planned formation of the herd of antelope-giants has passed. Now Askani cannes are quite domesticated animals. In contrast to African farmers, our breeders sought to create a breed of dairy cann. Although the antelopes give milk significantly fewer cows, it is four times fat, and besides, milk left in the sun, no sharpening for 10 days. This is explained by the fact that it contains natural substances that kill microorganisms. The presence of these substances makes milk to therapeutic. A small hospital is even discovered in Ascania-Nova's reserve, where without surgery with the help of Milk Cannes the stomach ulcer is treated and, more importantly, a duodenal ulcer, usually poorly aware of therapeutic procedures.

Representatives of the subfamily of cow antelope are also predominantly large animals. Of these, GNU uses the greatest fame. They have a heavy head, a slammed beard and bizarre curved horns, and on the forehead, throat and shoulders a rude mane.

There are two types of GNU. Beloham is almost completely destroyed by the colonizers of South Africa and has been preserved only in reserves. Blue GNU has been preserved better than any other antelope. The favorite habitat of these animals are savanna. The main food of the GNU - herbs, but animals do not eat all plants

contract. Therefore, an easily arising lack of feed and drought is forced to take their distant migrations twice a year. I scattered on the unawrenclosed steppe expanses of the flock of the GNU, reaching a chain stretching from the horizon to the horizon, and now can be seen in many areas of Africa. In addition to lions and hyenan dogs, nobody threatens adult gums. In the afternoon, the mother can not only fight back from the leopard, but also to protect the calf. Guien, who risked to get to the baby, she will drive for a long time. But at night in the turmoil raised by the attack of Lviv, the female often loses the newborn. This is widely used not only hyenas, but also sacking. If a young inexperienced mother is drunk at twilight for someone from the attackers, his tribesmen will not be bought to take advantage of this to attack the calf.

The most beautiful antelopes, perhaps, belong to the subfamily of subtlety. These are large slender animals with huge beautiful horns. At horse antelope, they are sickle-curved and reach a length of 90-95 cm, and in a smaller black antelope - even 170 cm. Long straight and sharp horns of the Orixes serve them with beautiful weapons. There are cases when these antelopes killed Lviv. Orixes are lovers of arid regions of the planet. Hold the origins in small groups of 6-12 heads. They feed on grass, young shoots of shrubs, know how to dig out from the sand preserving moisture roots of plants, their bulbs and tubers. Animals graze in the early morning and late in the evening, when coolness reigns in the desert, and the hot time is spent lying in the shadow of the rocks, in deep ravines, looking for a pit or soldered off the shadow of bushes and de

Warthog.

revuv. But if there is a need, the origins can go to the world from any pursuer in the heat. On run, they do not suffer from the heat. Air, breaking into their wide nostrils, cools the blood in the brain, so that the vital animal centers are insured against overheating, and for muscles some increase in temperature is not hazardous.

Representatives of the subfamily of gazelles are small, slender and graceful long-legged animals with a highly raised head, decorated with black horns. They live in Africa and Asia. In the CIS, the greatest fame uses the Jaran found in Azerbaijan and Central Asia. These gazelles, painted in sandy color, live in deserts and arid mountain valleys. Bearing Jeyrana herbs, shoots of shrubs, bulbs. In the midst of summer they move closer to water; According to the ideas of Jajanov, it should be at a distance of 10-15 km, and walk thirst once every 3-7 days. Often drink the water of bitter and salty lakes, the Aral and Caspian seas. They graze Jeyrana at dawn and at sunset, and in the afternoon looking for shelter from the sun.

Fat ceremonies occur in the fall. The males first arrange the restrooms on their sites: digging the pits with the front legs and they leave their litter. If another male hurts on such a restroom, he throws the master's lips from her and replaces it with his own. Restrooms serve in pooh beacons. They are designed to designate the occupied territory and attracting females. In April, when the time of birth comes, the female is separated from the group and is looking for a smooth naked port among the thickets of bushes.

Sigak.

Two newborn babe lie apologize, sprain on the tillage areas of the soil. They are so successfully painted that they are difficult to notice. Mother comes 3-4 times a day to feed children, and after two weeks, kids can already accompany her. Previously, when Ceyrana were numerous, they were a favorite hunting object. Currently, the livestock of Jayranov declined sharply, and the hunt for them is completely prohibited.

Chief Representative of the Sayigak Sayigak Sayigak, or Saiga. In the era of Mammoth Sayigaki, the entire steppe part of Europe and Asia was settled, and now they are preserved only in Kalmykia

Pussy pig.

Rolling goats.

The goat of the dairy breed (at the top) and the fluff.

and in the Central Asian steppes. In the spring females go to the "Maternity Houses", where from year to year bring one cub. The baby lies on the bare earth, since at night there is no dew on such land plots. As soon as newborns fixes, animals are started into new wanders. Saigas are surprisingly hardy animals that are able to overcome in a short time the path of hundreds or thousands of kilometers in a short time. Currently, they have become an important object of commercial hunting. They have delicious meat, a good skin, and the horns go to the manufacture of drugs.

There is no need to list the main features of the subfamily of goats and rams. These animals are easily recognizable. Their homeland is Eurasia, from where they settled into Africa and America. Among them are sulfur, Caucasian tours, argaras and mouflons that live even behind the polar circle of snow rams.

For Kozlov is characterized by gray inconspicuous coloring under the color of the rocks. Most of them have huge horns. At rampant and Siberian goats, they are bent back, as in the old days the crawls of the sleigh, and the slurry corkscrew to 120 cm long on the head. The face and males and females most often decorate the beard, and the exceptional affiliation of males is smelting iron, which is under the tail, SMRAM from which is difficult to transfer.

The tenth subfamily of slightly bulls. These are the largest of the ranges. The bulls have a four-dimensional stomach. On pasture

Babirussa.

they hastily tear the grass and, without exposing it with special processing, sent to the first two chambers of the stomach, and then during rest in the midwerome, tighten it from there, melancholically fastened and sent to the following departments (see also Art. "Simplest"). Such a method of nutrition allows bulls not to delay long on pastures, where they may be attacked by predators. Now there are 10 types of bulls. Bulls live on all continents, except Australia and South America. Among them are bison, bison, tour - a wild ancestor of a home bull exterminated by man. The last tour was died in Poland in 1627. True, German zoologists Brothers Heck Shortly before the Second World War tried to re-"collect together" scattered, like fragments, in the breeds of home bull genes

Buffalo and Heron.

tour. And they succeeded - the animal was displayed, externally indistinguishable from the tour. But this is not a "real" wild tour, but only a breed of livestock.

Yaki are close relatives of real bulls. These are large animals with a height in the withers to 2 m. Their thick wool forms a kind of "skirt", under which the mother hide from the cold of the calves, and when they fall into the snow, it serves as a bedding. Wild yaks that live in high-mountainous areas of Tibet, are not at all afraid of frosts and bathe all winter in non-freezing reservoirs. These are fierce creatures, not retreating even in front of a person.

Another 3 thousand years ago they were tamed by people. Homemade yaks are smaller and calmer wild. They are used in our country for the transport of weights. Yakov has excellent wool, milk and meat, they do not require special care and are able to be content with the scarce vegetation of the mountains.

The buffaloes do not consider real bulls. There are only 3 species. The smallest, rising from the calf, the dwarf buffalo of Anaa - the inhabitant of the swampy forests of the island of Sulawesi. Indian buffalo is among the largest bulls. His huge horns, sometimes more than 2 m each (these are the longest horns in the world), directed backwards. Animals are tied to water and are found only near rivers and swamps, eagerly feed on aquatic plants and carry out the entire bright part of the day in water, immersed in liquid dirt. Indian buffalo from time immemorial is domesticated and is widely used in countries with a hot climate. On buffaloes, they go, plow, cultivate rice plantations. Big

milk buoyalizers uses demand. It contains 2-3 times more fat than cow. The African Buffalo is the most powerful bulls. They live in the forests, mountains and, of course, in Savannah. Like other buffaloes, avoid appearing in areas of the cultivated lands, so in large quantities they remained only in reserves. The buffaloes are kept in small groups, and in the arid season, they are combined into large herds. Animals are these fast legs. The avalanche of the buffalo gallop is impressive. They are fierce, and the hunt for them is conjugate with a considerable danger. It is a pity that we will never see the thousandths of African buffaloes, carrying in the cloud of the dust raised by their dust in the endless savanna!

Homemade sheep

At the end of the Stone Age - 6-8 thousand years BC. e. Somewhere in Front Asia, people domesticated mountain rams. Scientists do not yet know what kind of this ram, tamed and domesticated by man, - Mouflon or Arhar. After a non-decade of rams, the Europeans are domesticated. Since then, people have worked on improving the source material and created more than 150 breeds. As a result of the impact of cattle breeders, the appearance of sheep and their behavior changed. At home sheep, herd instinct is expressed stronger than their distant ancestors. Try separating otar into two parts. This task is almost impossible. Only from animals with such a pronounced rapid instinct and can be formed large octaras and cost 2-3 shepherds.

Sheep give people milk, meat and fat, wool, sheepskin and a smoothie. The most valuable is wool. It has significant strength, tensile, hygroscopicity and indispensable in the manufacture of tissues.

Sheep on the shape of the tail shape is divided into 4 groups. The Romanov Sheep is widespread with our shortwaters. The skins of these sheep go on sheepskin, fur coats.

Long-tailed sheeps are meat breeds, and merino, giving per year to 10 kg of wool. They were used when creating many thinned sheep rocks. The fabrics can be made of coarse hair, and out of the fluff, but 5-6 thousand years ago, the simpathas of Modnitis of Babylon and Egypt won clothes from thin woolen fabrics. It stimulated the creation of appropriate sheep breeds.

In particular, the Karakul Sheep, derived in the territory of Uzbekistan, belong to fatty. These are unpretentious animals capable of living in the desert and do scarer feed. Karakul (Kara Gul) Translated into Russian means "Black Rose". However, the wool can be black and white. These sheep give a lot of milk, and they have an excellent meat.

Finally, Kurdnyh sheep. Kurdyuk - fat deposition in the form of large bags on the sides of the tail. It may contain up to 16 kg of fat. It is curious that no one of the wild rams of Kurdyuk.

Meat and fat are important products, but the main value of sheep is their wool. It's she once glorified Georgia to the whole world, and England made a rich country. No wonder in Georgia, the Baran was even relatively recently worshiped, and the head of one of the chambers of the English Parliament, standing at her meetings, still on tradition squeezes on a bag with sheep wool.

Bison

In Europe, only one kind of wild bulls - bison is now inhabited. These are the largest of the existing bulls. The length of the body of these forest giants is up to 3.5 m, height in the withers - up to 195 cm, and the weight is up to 1200 kg.

The once bison was inhabited throughout Europe and were considered the most tempting object of hunting, and therefore everywhere mercilessly destroyed and pushed out in the most deaf corners of the continent. As a result, the last European bison died in Belovezhskaya Forest from the Hunter's hand in 1921, and Caucasian survived it for only 2 years. More in the nature of wild bison left. But a miracle happened. Due to the fact that there were 56 animals in zoos of different countries, it turned out to be possible to start working on the restoration of bison. Now you do not have to worry about them, but they all live in reserves without exception, that is, on protected areas. In winter, they are fitted here with a hay of the calculation of 8 kg per day per adult bull.

The bison graze in the morning and in the evening, and the rest of the day the day rest, lying in secluded places, and are engaged in facing. In the summer, the bison lives in small family groups, and in the winter they are going to herd. These are a foul beasts. Having hated the smell of a person, the bison leaves, but they are curious, and if the breeze pulls away from them, and the sloping eyes do not allow you to determine who broke their peace, the bison, forming a semiring, with anxiety pepper into a person. Inexperienced tourists perceive such behavior as preparing for the attack, but it is worth the herd to guess that there is a person in front of him, and animals are hidden in more often. In Belovezhskaya, which now lives the large part of the purebred bison, there were no cases of attack on man.

BUFFALO

Bison is a close relative of the bison. He looks like him. At the beginning of the XVIII century, when Europeans have intensively settled North America, about 60 million bizonov lived on its expanses - more than people! Bison was then, perhaps, the most numerous empty on Earth. Countless, like a locust, the flock of bison hungry the land of the prairies and forests from Northern Mexico to a large slave lake in Canada. More than one third of North America occupied the territory inhabited by them.

The trails laid by the bison stretched through the entire continent. Along them, the first American railway tracks were mostly easy. They brought death to bison. In the 60s. XIX century Construction of the transcontinental Pacific Railway from Chicago to San Francisco began. Railway companies kept the detachments of professional hunters, which tons were delivered by the gift meat.

At that time, William Cody became famous for the whole world, on the nickname of Buffalo Bill, which for a year and a half he was mined 4280 bison. Once the day he shot 69 bulls.

Often, the bison was killed only to cut a small piece of meat from the carcass to the bull for breakfast. Sometimes they cut out only languages, leaving rotting hundreds of bullish corpses into the steppe. By the beginning of the XIX century. In the US, there was not a single free bison.

The Initiative of Salvation Bizonov belongs to the Indians, which these animals are not only fed and dressed, but also delivered it almost everything they need in their modest use: onion tendons, bed skins; From bovine horns made Indians Cups and spoons, out of leather - shoes, roofs and walls of their homes.

In 1873, Indian on behalf of the Stray Coyote caught two young bison - bull and chick. He cared for them, hid from a gang of hungry vagrants. After 23 years, 300 bison was already in the village of Koyote. At the beginning of the XX century. The herd was purchased by the US government, animals moved to Yellowstone National Park.

Now in the whole world of Bizonov, more than 20 thousand is undoubtedly, the dying is no longer threatened. He is saved!

Live bridges in small herds, females - separate from males. They are fast and movable, are able to ride at a speed of 50 km / h.

When the calf is to be born, the mother does not leave the herd, and all his members happily greet the newborn, sniffing it and licking him. The baby quickly rises to his feet and ready to follow the mother.

Pigs

The pig family combines only 8 species of animals. All of them forms of their body resemble a homemade pig. They have a massive torso and short legs with four fingers, equipped with hoofs. The muzzle is decorated with sticking outwards, which grows all his life.

Pigs are omnivorous creatures. For unfortunate, being vegetarians, it is quite unusual. However, pigs with them quite simply arranged a stomach, unable to repeatedly fasten eaten foods, how to make ruminants, who are not able to grow in the digestive tract of the microorganisms, to then use the protein substances of their bodies, are not able to exist on one rough plant feeds and constantly need In a protein additive. They involuntarily have to supplement the vegetable menu of worms, insects, mollusks, as well as larger wildlife if she gets to a tooth. This part of the feed they get, sulking in the ground and the forest litter.

Caban uses the greatest fame from pigs. The fangs grow it in males to 10-12 cm, and the body is covered with a drier elastic bristle, which will turn on the back, imitating the mane. Kabany lives stuck and keep in small groups, uniting in winter in larger herds. In the area occupied by them, they have a lodge, covered by a rag, where the beasts are resting, and also have baths - pit filled with water and liquid mud. Boars love raw, wetlands.

Most of the feed of the boars are digging in the ground. In addition to animals living in the soil, they eaten roots and rhizomes, tubers and bulbs. The Padalitsa of fruit trees serves as a large help of the Padalitsa, including cedar nuts.

Females bring from 4 to 12 piglets. For children, a warmed lair is equipped with thick walls and a good bedding, most often having a roof. The first two weeks of their lives spend the first two weeks of their lives. Leaving feeding, the mother closes them with a litter. Little striped boobs lie, closely clinging to each other, and are waiting for the return of their crumbles. Every 3- 4 hours, the mother returns to the lair and feeds the children. Later, they begin to accompany her and learn to eat by footing.

Winter is the hard time of the year. Under the snow is not easy to search for food, and when the snow falls a lot, the boars with their short legs even walk hard. But the worst thing is to put up, about it and legs, and you will not get feed from under it.

Where the boars are not very much, the beasts bring tensile to the forest. Pigs explode the earth, closeing in the soil of seeds, and destroy many pest insects, such as the larvae of the May beetle and pupa of pine spin. However, making bars on the fields and gardens, climbing in winter in the haystack, left in the hay, they are able to bring significant harm. Enemies in the boars a little, but the enemies are serious. First of all, these are wolves, and in the Far East and Tiger. The boar is a hedle of domestic pigs. He was domesticated at the end of the Stone Age and in ancient Egypt was already considered the usual object of breeding.

In Africa, 3 species of wild pigs live. The smallest of them are warts, called so for the fact that their muzzle is covered with huge skin warts, turning into the old males into solid cones. The average length of their fangs is 30 cm, but they may grow and almost up to 70 cm.

Warthothers live on all Africa. As asylum uses spacious holes with several cameras that dig themselves or occupy ready. Surprising from enemies, high raise tails. The first in the holes are hidden piglets, and female heels in her back, locking the entrance to their impressive head. The males do the same.

The female brings 3-4 cubs, occupying with them a separate chamber. There is no flooring, but dry and warm, and the piglets are not overgrown. Mother leaves children for a whole day, and by night returns and feed them only once. A week later, piglets begin to crawl out of the hole and accompany mother to the pasture. The family is preserved until the female feel that she will have new children.

Worts - day animals. Among the pigs, they are the most stringent vegetarians and feed on the grass mainly. Highlut the grass, dropping into his knees, and in such an unusual pose move along pasture, the benefit on their wrists, they have thick corn, protecting legs from injuries. In captivity is funny creatures. A couple of animals from the St. Petersburg zoo in the afternoon Dremal clock, patiently waiting for the visitors to leave them alone, and in the evening he climbed the fun game. They arranged the catch-up, sharpened one on the other or plunged against each other on her knees, while he was looking at the partner for a long time in the "face" of the partner, so that he would suddenly break from the scene and break with her head in a pile of Sen. And all this freight passed in full silence, not even broken by the football of the legs on the flooded sawdust floor.

Cystheuch pigs are very impressive, brightly colored animals. Unlike its closest births of warts of the cystheuhi pigs - convinced predators. Short, no longer than 15 cm, but sharp fangs helps them easily straighten with any prey. They willingly eat Padal, during the period of the father attack the newborn hoofs, they feel the loud hatred of dogs and kill them mercilessly. In zoos, so that the animals feel fine, they have to feed mainly meat and fish. Cystheuch pigs are cautious night animals. They lead a cupid lifestyle and permanent day shelters do not use. Only females when they appear children, hold them for a while in Nore. Cystheuch pigs are pursued everywhere, since it is often coming out on the fields and there are increasing. The flock of 30-40 heads can apply a tangible damage. However, it is not possible to significantly reduce the number of pigs. Previously, the growth of their livestock was held back leopards, but now they are in many areas of Africa.

Giant Forest Pig - the biggest pig. You can judge about its size at least by the fact that the Piglet of this pig in diameter reaches 16 centimeters! They live in dense impassable African forests, in such wilds, where Europeans rarely fall, so scientists learned about their existence only at the beginning of our century.

The smallest pigs with a hare - dwarf - inhabit the foothills of the Himalayas. They live with flocks of 5-20 heads: one male, females and their children. Dwarf pigs are the most militant pigs. Protecting your family from enemies, the male without thinking attacks any enemy. The intensive hunt for the pigs for tasty meat and the development of the original habitats of the dwarfs led to their extermination. In the mid-70s zoologists

they believed that there were no more than 100-150 heads left. How many survived to this day is unknown.

A bearded pig soon would have to be called Bengnebard, since the real beard, in our understanding of this word, she has no. Light bristles grows on the heads of the head from the angles of the mouth to the ears. Rising bearded with European boar. They live on the Malack Peninsula and the islands of Kalimantan, Sumatra, Java. This is the only pig that is inclined to lead a nomadic lifestyle, however, the taste for annual migrations is shown only by pigs from Kalimantane. In the spring, these nomads are particularly massive. Animals go in separate small herds, but adhere to a strictly defined route, as a result, in a short period there is a huge number of pigs. Data, Aborigines, Kalimantan, during this period, have long arranged a hunt for them, killing animals with spears in water, when they were transported through numerous rivers. With the appearance on the island of firearms, the hunt became easier and more extraordible.

Live beardeds in small family groups. Like all pigs, they are omnivores, and a serious place in their diet is occupied by fruits. But since they do not grow on Earth, and they are not capable of climbing on the trees of pigs, the family of beardeds accompany the trees of Gibbon trees and herd to the crowns. Monkeys, as you know, are crucial and, biting a pinking fruit, throw it to the ground, so that there is another to try another. Connoisseurs of nature argue that monkeys are often amused by the fact that they are combined in pigs specially torn fruit and are watching their behavior with interest.

In families of bearded pigs, up to 8 piglets are born. Mother Zapoda builds them a house from branches, herbs and large palm leaves. It turns out an impressive nest with a height of meter, where in warm and comfortable kids spend the first 10-20 days of their lives.

Babirussa is the most interesting pig. She is not at all similar to the usual pig. She has a small head, short ears, a tiny patch, arched spin and long thin legs. The most memorable in her appearance is two pairs of large fangs bent back and designed for decoration. The bottom pair occupies its usual place between the teeth of the lower jaw. The top grows not from the mouth, but sticks out right on the face. At old males, their tips reach the forehead or bend 180 ° and grow back into the skin of the fish. In length, they reach 40 cm. In the females of the upper fangs, it does not happen, but the bottom has a decent amount. This amazing pig, eating almost exclusively by leaves, green shoots and grass, lives only in mangrips, in wet tropical forests and cane thickets of the island of Sulawesi. Its digestive system copes with its task only because it has gained traits inherent in typical ruminant animals. Babirussa is the same as they have the sophisticated stomach, where the fiber with the help of small "cooks" - special microorganisms - is successfully digested. Babirussa - Emitting. Animals do not like to be assembled by large herds and often wake up in the jungle in full solitude or as a last resort of small families. In the language of sounds they are called "deer pigs" - so much in common in the nature of the nutrition of these animals.

Pig with peasants of a real herbivore creature, able to do without tubers, grain supplements, cake and feed, would be indispensable in our economy. And this is not the only dignity of the Babiruss. Her meat has an excellent taste and not very fat. In addition, the pigs themselves are not susceptible to many infectious diseases, dangerous for farm animals, are not afraid of heat, easily tolerated hyperships are easily floating, they are able to produce aquatic plants and generally exist at the foot of the stern, but in the ground never grow, which is important for Pasture preservation.

Alas, Babiruss has a significant drawback. Her dairy glands have only two nipples, and more than two pigs cannot fade. It is difficult to breed non-valid animals, although no one would give up from such a pig. Sulavysi hunters never kill kids. They are brought to the village and contain together with other agricultural animals. Babirizsyat is quickly becoming hand and their hosts are not delivered to their owners.

general characteristics

The family of slores belongs to 140 species, varying from the 5-kilogram dictik to 1000 kilogram bison. An important difference is the horns: there are almost always one pair (an exception is the genus of four-crude antelope), and the length can be from 2 cm to 1.5 meters. In some species, the horns are available only in males, but most of them are found in both sexes. These are bone structures, firmly associated with the skull. Unlike deer and vilorerh, the rods have never branched the horns. The largest representative of the family - Gaur (height in the withers to 2.2 m and weighing more tons), and the smallest - dwarf cell (weighs no more than 3 kg and a height with a large domestic cat).

The bulk of the rods live in open areas. African savannahs are for many species perfect living space. There are also species living in highland or forests.

Digestive system

Most family members are herbivores, although some antelopes can eat animal food. Like other ruminants, the variety have a four-dimensional stomach, which allows them to digest herbal food, such as herbs that cannot be used as food by many other animals. Such food contains a lot of cellulose, and not all animals are able to digest it. However, the digestive system of ruminant animals, which are all the gerium, is able to digest such food.

Rog

The horns are attached to the discovering frontal bone. The length and width are different (the girth of the Arhara horns for example is 50 cm). The horns of the rod grow all their lives, but never branch. Consist of a substance of epidermal origin. Mostly the horns are used by males in skirmishes with relatives.

Evolution

In historical terms, a relatively young group of animals. The most ancient fossils, which can be attributed to the trust with confidence, is genus Eotragus. (en: Eotragus) from Miocene. These animals were reminded of modern crochet coarse, there were no more roe and had very little horns. During myocene, this genus was divided, and in Pleistocene all important lines of modern solutions were already presented. In Pleistocene, the partitions migrated to the natural bridge from Eurasia existing then the natural bridge in North America. In South America and Australia, partitions naturally did not make their way, but domesticated species today exist in almost all countries of the world.

According to genetics, the time of separation of ruminants ( Ruminantia.) on breaks ( Bovidae.) and giraffes ( Giraffidae.) Dated age 28.7 million years ago (oligocene).

Classification

Greavers are currently divided into eight subfaming:

Subfamily AEPYCEROTINAE. - Imphala
Subfamily Alcelaphinae. - Bubals, or Cow Antelope
Subfamily Antilopinae. - real antelope
Subfamily Bovinae. - Bulls and vintage antelope
Subfamily Caprinae. - Goat
Subfamily Cephalophinae. - Duckers
Subfamily Hippotraginae. - Saberlohery Antelope
Subfamily Reduncinae. - Water goats

Also, this family includes fossil childbirth:

† Pachytragus.

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Notes

Trailer

- Sonya? do you sleep? Mum? She whispered. Nobody answered. Natasha slowly and carefully stood up, crossed and stepped up with a gentle and flexible barefoot feet on a dirty cold floor. Skipped the floorboard. She, quickly dealt with her legs, ran like a kitten, a few steps and took the door to the cold bracket.
It seemed to her that he was heavy, evenly hitting, knocking in all the walls of the hut: It was fighting her who had been misfortune from fear, from horror and love the tearing heart.
She opened the door, crossed the threshold and stepped on the crude, cold land Seine. Clasp the cold refresh her. She fell as bass foot of the sleeping man, stepped over him and opened the door to the hut, where Prince Andrew was lying. This was dark. In the back corner of the bed, on which there was something, on the bench stood by a silent candle with a big mushroom.
Natasha in the morning, when she was told about the wound and the presence of Prince Andrei, decided that she had to see him. She did not know why it should have had, but she knew that the date would be painfully, and even more so she was convinced that it was necessary.
The whole day she lived only the hope that at night she would take him. But now, when this minute came, there was a horror of what she would see. How was he dismissed? What remained from him? Whether he was, what was this incomplete moan adjutant? Yes, he was like that. He was in her imagination personification of this terrible moan. When she saw the obscure mass in the corner and took his knees raised under the blanket behind his shoulders, she presented to himself some terrible body and stopped in horror. But the insurmountable force attracted her forward. She cautiously stepped down one step, the other and found himself in the middle of a small cluttered hut. In the hives under the images, another person lay on the shops (it was Timokhin), and two more people were lying on the floor (these were the doctor and valer).
Camnediner raised and whispered something. Timokhin, suffering from pain in the wounded leg, did not sleep and looked at all her eyes on a strange phenomenon of a girl in a thigh shirt, a jacket and eternal sepper. Sleepy and frightened words of the Camperiner; "What do you need, why?" - Only forced Natasha rather to approach and what was in the corner. No matter how scared, nor unlike the human body was, she had to see him. She passed by Camnediner: the Naggorn Mushroom Candle fell, and she clearly saw the lying on his hands on the blanket of Prince Andrew, that she always saw him.
He was the same as always; But the inflamed color of his face, brilliant eyes, aspiring enthusiastically at her, and in particular the tender children's neck, who protruded from the postponed collar of the shirt, gave him a special, innocent, childish appearance, which, however, she never seen in Prince Andrei. She approached him and quick, flexible, young movement was kneeling.
He smiled and handed her hand.

For Prince Andrew passed seven days from the time he woke up on the dressing point of the Borodino field. All this time, he was almost in unreasonable. The hot condition and inflammation of the intestines, which were damaged, according to the doctor who had rushed with the wounded, had to carry it. But on the seventh day he gladly ate a bit of bread with tea, and the doctor noticed that the total heat decreased. Prince Andrei in the morning came into consciousness. The first night after the departure from Moscow was quite warm, and Prince Andrei was left for an overnight chairs; But in Mytishchi, the wounded himself demanded that he would be taken out and to give him tea. The pain caused to him carrying to the hut made Prince Andrei wander to moan and lose again consciousness. When he was laid on a hiking bed, he lay for a long time with her eyes closed without movement. Then he opened them and whispered softly: "What about tea?" The doctor struck the doctor for the small detail of life. He felt the pulse and, to his surprise and displeasure, noticed that the pulse was better. Doctor noticed to displeasure to his doctor because he was convinced of his experience that the prince of Andrei could not live and that he would not die now, he would only die several times after. With the prince of Andrey, his regiment of Timokhina with a red spout, wounded in the same Borodino battle, was brought with Prince Andrew. The doctor was driving, Camper Prince, his kucher and two twins.

Males, and mostly and females, have horns. Horh breaks represent constant, unplaced growing. The absence of horns (comional) in males is sometimes observed as a domestic sign of frontal bones, dressed outside horny covers from a modified epidermal layer of skin.

Unlike a family of Vilorogov (Antilocapridae), horny covers do not fall and do not change throughout the life of the animal. Horn growth, in the opposite of deer (Cervidae), is not at the top, but at the base; The top of the same represents its oldest part formed in the first stage of formation. It is characterized by periodic strengthening and slowing down the growth of rographs, expressed in the formation of rings and the associated, obviously with cyclicity of the function of the sexual system on the surface of the horny covers.

The form of horns is very diverse, but never happens a branch. The horns may have a kind of simple matches; There are arcucturally bent forward or backwards; Ulitko-shaped; rolled or twisted spiral; Straight standing vertically or directed backwards. Twisting and coagulation of horns can be a gomonimary or heteronim. The length of the horns can be a small, not exceeding half the length of the skull or, on the contrary, exceed the last one several times.

Habitat and distribution of slightly

Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and the island adjacent to them. None in Australia, South America, in Madagascar and Sakhalin. New Zealand acclimatized. In the domestic state are common all over the world.

Evolution of gerium

The family of a variety of phylogenetically the youngest and most numerous of the modern groups of hoofs, who has not survived the epochs of his heyday. Roots Greedy lead to Loweroligo deer (TRAGULIDAE). The immediate ancestor or the original form is not known, but probably very close to this was the genocus aymard, who lived in Europe in the Nizhny Oligocene. Gelocus had no horns, his elbow bone was independent of him, but small bertovoy is strongly reduced. Side fingers when walking, probably touched the ground. On the forelimbs, the central (III and IV) metapodia were separately, but on the rear corresponding bones merged and formed a set. The proximal, and distal rudimia remained from the side metapodia. The indigenous teeth were extremely brahiodactic type, the upper saber-shaped fangs were preserved, but the upper cutters had already disappeared, and the fangs of the lower jaw were functionally cutting. Premolars had an extremely primitive device, and the first one in the upper jaw had already disappeared, while the bottom was still preserved.

Forms, intermediate between deer and real gerium, are not yet known. In the middle of the Miocene of Europe, the antelopes have lived, who have disabled horns, but also with extremely primitively arranged brahiodactive root teeth skull and a long, horizontally located rigid part. They could be considered the source forms for all subsequent slores. But in the layers of the same age in Europe and even earlier in Mongolia, there were already relatively highly specialized representatives of the family, which make it assume that the detection of the ancestors of the ranges from the total resort barrel happened no later than the upper or even average oligocene. The Motherland Solutions should be considered the Eurasian continent, where the primary center of this group was lying at his junction with Africa. Secondary centers were, on the one hand, price-tralying Asia, and on the other hand, next to India, west of the latter.

The characteristic feature of the geriums - the horns covered with a non-changeable cover - in the history of this group appeared, apparently, not immediately. The initial forms are probably the horns did not have or had small outgrowths of frontal bones covered with periodically discharged caps of oroging skin. The initial purpose of the horns - the decoration of males and the tournament weapon. As an instrument of protection against enemies and attacks, they began to serve later.

Classification of gerium

The division of rods on bulls, goats, rams and antelope existing since Pallas does not correspond to modern ideas about their phylogenetic relations and therefore most zoologists are currently left. Obviously an artificial group "Antelope" in the system is liquidated, as many of them genetically stand closer to bulls or goats with rams than other antilopams. However, consent on the issue of relations to each other of individuals of Bovidae and the associated division of the entire family on the neighboring groups is absent, and its classification is carried out in different ways. Basically, the division of slightly legs for six submersions is made.

1. Real Antelope (Submissions) - Antilopinae. Horns, for few exceptions, are available in males; The bases are located above the eyeballs, massive, without inner cavities inside the rods. Nostrils are located close to each other; The distance between them is not more than the height of the upper lip (from its lower edge to nostrils). Milk iron has four nipples. The rigid part of the skull is long, more than the length of the forehead. The frontal bones are short, not more than 36% of the main length of the skull. Hearing bubbles swollen. A medium pair of cutters is highly expanded compared with others and has the form of asymmetric blades. Distribution: Africa, Front, Central, Central and South Asia, some areas of Southern Siberia (Altai, Tuva, South Transbaikali).

2. Duckers (Submissions) - Cephalophinae. The horns are often available in females, massive, without inner cavities inside the rods. Nostrils are located close to each other, the distance between them is not more than the height of the upper lip from its lower edge to the nostrils. Milk iron has four nipples. Unlike other slores, the pre-phorded glands are located on the middle of the distance between the nostrils and the eyes and open a series of linearly arranged small holes on the skin deprived of the skin. Distinctive features in the skull are also very large pre-prominated pits, in the formation of which they take part highly expanded in the back half of the nasal bones, and shifted far beyond the pool of the founding of horny proceedings that do not leave at the side of the cerebral border. The rigid part of the skull is much shorter than the length of the forehead. Frontal bones are long, more than 36% of the main length of the skull. Hearing bubbles swollen. A medium pair of cutters is highly expanded compared to others and has the form of asymmetric blades. Distribution: Africa south of the Northern Tropic. Over 30 types of morphologically close to each other and are usually combined into one genus Cephalophus N. Smith.

Infrared - placental

Family - Greaging

Literature:

1. I.I. Sokolov "Fauna of the USSR, Uncoat Beasts" Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1959.

Family of a variety (Bovidae)