Historical reference

For the first time, chemical weapons used Germany during the First World War against the Anglo-French troops.



Chemical weapon historical certificate

On April 22, 1915, the Germans were released from cylinders 180 tons of chlorine from the city of IPR (Belgium). There were no special means of protection (the gas masks invented a year later), and poisonous gas poisoned 15 thousand people, a third of them died.



Characteristic

Chemical weapons are poisoning substances and means with which they are used on the battlefield. The basis of the affecting effect of chemical weapons is the poisoning substances.





By the nature of the action on the human body, the poisoning substances are divided into six groups:

  • neriva-paralytic action (VX (VX), Zarin, Zoman),
  • skin-disruptive action (IPRIT),
  • shatovy (Sinyl Acid, Hlorcian),
  • suffocating (phosgene),
  • irritant (CS (SI-ES), Adamsit),
  • pSYCHIMIC ACTION (BZ (BI-ZET), dimethylamide Lizerginic acid)


Basic characteristics

poisoning substances

  • Zaror - colorless or yellow liquid is almost odorless, which makes it difficult to detect it by external signs.

2) Zoman is colorless and almost odorless liquid. Refers to the class of neuro-paralytic s.



Basic characteristics

poisoning substances

3) V-gases - young power fluids with a very high boiling point, so the resistance of them is many times more than the resistance of the zarina.

4) Iprit is an oily dark brown liquid with a characteristic smell resembling the smell of garlic or mustard.



Basic characteristics

poisoning substances

5) Sinyl Acid - a colorless liquid with a peculiar smell resembling the smell of bitter almond;

6) phosgene is a colorless, volatile liquid with the smell of a heavy hay or rotten apples.

7) dimethylamide of Lizerginic acid is a poisoning substance of psychochemical action.



Protection

Protect anti-mask, respirators, special antihimic clothing.






Protection

As part of modern armies there are special troops. In the case of radioactive, biological and chemical infection, they are deactivated, disinfection and degassing equipment, uniforms, terrain, etc.



Destruction

In the 80s. The twentieth century of the United States owned more than 150 thousand tons of poisoning substances. In the USSR, by 1995, the reserves were 40 thousand tons.

The first destruction plant in our country was built in the city of Chapaevsk (Samara region).


New types of weapons

mass lesion

  • Raewit weapons
  • Lasers
  • Radio frequency weapons
  • Infrasound weapons
  • Radiological weapons
  • Geophysical weapons

As A. Frais says: "The first attempt to overcome the enemy through the issue of poisonous and suffocating gases, as it seems, was made during the War of Athenians with Spartans (to R. H.), when, in the siege of the cities of Payments and Belium, the Spartans were impregnated with a tree resin and gray and burned it under the walls of these cities, in order to suffer the inhabitants and ease the siege. The similar application of poisonous gases is mentioned in the history of the Middle Ages. The effects of them were similar to the action of modern suffocating shells, they were thrown away with syringes or bottles, Like manual grenades. The legends report that Pretker John (near the XI century) filled copper figures with explosive and combustible substances, the smoke of which escaped from the mouth and nostrils of these phantoms and produced a large devastation in the opponent's ranks. "


The idea of \u200b\u200bcombating an opponent by applying a gas attack was scheduled in 1855 during the Crimean campaign by the English Admiral Lord Dandonald. In its memorandum of August 7, 1855, he suggested the English government project to take a Sevastopol with the help of a sulfur vapor: "When examining sulfur stoves in July 1811, I noticed that smoke that stands out during the coarse process of sulfur swimming trunks, as a result Heat, raised upwards, but soon falls down, destroying all the vegetation and being destructive for any living being on a large space. It turned out that there is an order prohibiting people to sleep in the area of \u200b\u200b3 miles in the circumference from the furnaces during melting. "


Nastrodamus about the first application of chemical weapons. "He became the smell of Lemon with poison and smoke, and drove the wind smoke on the soldiers' squads, suffering from the poison enemy unbearable, and from the city there will be a siege of the siege." "He tears on pieces of strange army, in the explosion polished heavenly fire, was smelling with Lausanne stumbled, persistent, and people unintelligent source.




On April 14, 1915, the Village of Langemeark, French units captured a German soldier. During the search, he found a small gauze handbag filled with the same cotton fabric flaps, and a bottle with a colorless liquid. It was as much like a dressing package that it was originally not paid attention to him. Apparently, his assignment would remain incomprehensible if the interrogation had not stated that the handbag was a special means of protection against the new "crushing" weapon, which the German command plans to apply on this section of the front. On the question of the nature of this weapon, the plated willingly replied that the concepts of it does not have, but it seems that weapons are hidden in metal cylinders, which are lined on drawing ground between the lines of the trenches. To protect against this weapon, you need to wet the flap from the handbag with a fluid from the bottle and attach it to the mouth and nose.


The French officers considered the story of the captive nonsense of the soldier who had been crazy and did not give him meanings. But soon about the mysterious cylinders reported prisoners captured at the adjacent sections of the front. On April 18, the British knocked the Germans from the height of "60" and at the same time they were captured by the German Unter-Officer. The plan also told about the unknown weapons and noticed that the cylinders were lined at this very height - in ten meters from the trenches. English Sergeant from curiosity went with two soldiers in intelligence and in the specified location really found heavy cylinders of an unusual type and incomprehensible destination. He reported to this command, but to no avail. The mysteries command the allies in those days brought and English radio visa, deciphering fragments of German radiograms. What was the surprise of decryptors when they found that German headquarters were extremely interested in the state of the weather!


The point selected for the attack was located in the northeastern part of the IPRA protrusion, on the place where French and English fronts converged, heading to the south, and where the trenches were left from the canal near Union. All eyewitnesses, describing the events of the terrible day on April 22, 1915, begin with his words: "There was a wonderful clear spring day. From the northeast, a light breeze was blowing ... Nothing foreshadowed a close tragedy equal to which until then, humanity has not yet known . The closest to the Germans to the Germans defended the soldiers who arrived from Algerian colonies. Having got out of the shelters, they warm in the sun, talking loudly with each other. About five hours in the afternoon, a large greenish cloud appeared in front of the German trenches. It smoked and smashed, behaving like " Heaps of black gas "From the" War of the Worlds "and at the same time slowly moved to the French troops, obeying the will of the northeastern breeze. As witnesses, many French watched the front of this bizarre" yellow fog ", but did not give him any meanings. Suddenly they I felt a sharp smell. Everyone was defended in the nose, the eyes cut, like from a caustic smoke. "Yellow fog" stirred, blinded, firing his chest fire, turned out Sign. Do not remember yourself, Africans rushed out of trenches. Who slowed, fell in suffering. People with screams rushed along the trenches; Following with each other fell and fought in convulsions, catching the air by the mouths. And the "yellow fog" rolled farther and farther in the rear of the French position of Say along the path of death and panic. Behind the fog of slender rows marched German chains with rifles of vinevoles and bandages on the face. But it was not to attack them. Thousands of Algerians and the French lay dead in the trenches and on artillery positions. "


Other applied substances in June 1915 were applied to another indulgent substance - bromine used in mortar shells; The first tearful substance also appeared: benzyl bromide, connected to bromide xylylane. This gas filled artillery shells. For the first time, the use of gases in artillery shells, which subsequently obtained such widespread dissemination was clearly observed on June 20 in Argon's forests. Wide distribution in the years of World War I received phosgene. For the first time it was applied by the Germans in December 1915 in the Italian Front. The most common in battle gases were: chlorine, phosgene and dithosgen. Among the gases used in the war should be noted the gases of the skin-disruptive action, against which the gas masks adopted in the troops were invalid. These substances, penetrating through shoes and clothing, caused burns on a body like burns from kerosene.


The area challenged and impregnated with these gases did not lose its luggage properties for whole weeks, and the mountain of a person who came to such a place: he went out from there with burns, and his clothes were so impregnated with this terrible gas that the touch of a touch-haired man was struck by a touch of him Gas selected particles and caused the same burns. The so-called mustard gas (Iprit) The Germans nicknamed the "king of gases" called such properties. During the war years, more than a million people were affected by various gases. Gauze bandages, so easily about themselves in the soldiers' gloomy bags, they became almost useless. We needed radically new means to protect against poisoning substances.


The Gas War Classification uses all sorts of actions produced on the human body of various types of chemical compounds. Depending on the nature of physiological phenomena, these substances can be divided into several categories. At the same time, some of them can be simultaneously attributed to different categories, connecting various properties. Thus, according to the action produced, the gases are divided into: - indulgent, causing cough, irritating respiratory organs and can cause death from suffocation; - poisonous, penetrating into the body, affecting one or another important body and producing, as a result, the overall defeat of any region, for example, some of them are affected by the nervous system, others - red blood balls, etc.; - tearful, causing abundant tearing and blinding people for more or less long time; - flexible, causing their reaction or itching, or deeper cakes (eg, watery bubbles), moving on mucous membranes (especially respiratory organs) and cause serious harm; - Spiritative, acting on the mucous membrane of the nose and causing enhanced sneezing, accompanied by such physiological phenomena as the sore irritation, tear, the suffering of the nose and the jaws. In the forties in the West, neurosur-paralytic action appear: Zarin, Zoman, Tabun, later - "Family" VX (Wi-X) gases. The efficiency of OB is growing, the methods of their application are improved.


Physiological impact. Nervo-paralytic action causes a damage to the CNS. According to the views of the command of the US Army, such rs are advisable to apply for the defeat of the unprotected enemy's vibrant strength or for a sudden attack on a living force, having gas masks. In the latter case, it is meant that the personnel will not have time to take advantage of the gas masks in a timely manner. The main purpose of the use of non-soliditic effects is the rapid and massive conclusion of the personnel of the system with a large number of deadly outcomes. OS psychochimical action appeared in armament of a number of foreign countries relatively recently. They are capable of incurring the live power of the enemy for a while. These poisoning substances, affecting the central nervous system, violate the normal mental human mental activity or cause such mental disadvantages as temporary blindness, deafness, fear of resting the motor functions of various organs. A distinctive feature of these substances is that for mortal damage they need a dose of 1000 times large than to conclusion.


Onts choking action are striking mainly light. Soldier Actions are amazed through respiratory organs, causing cessation of oxidative processes in the body tissues. The skin-disruptive effects are defeated mainly through skin cover, and when they are used in the form of aerosols and vapors, through respiratory organs.




Zaror - colorless or yellow liquid is almost odorless, which makes it difficult to detect it by external signs. It refers to neuroralithic s. It is intended primarily to infect air in pairs and fog, that is, as unstable s. In some cases, it, however, can be used in a drip-liquid form to infect the terrain and the combat technology on it; In this case, the resistance of the Zarina can be: in summer - a few hours, in winter - a few days. Zaror causes defeat through respiratory organs, leather, gastrointestinal tract; Through the skin acts in drip-liquid and vapor states, without causing its local lesion. The degree of damage to zarin depends on its concentration in the air and the time of stay in an infected atmosphere. When exposed to zarina, the affected observed salivation, abundant sweating, vomiting, dizziness, loss of consciousness, attacks of strong seizures, paralysis and, as a result of strong poisoning, death.


Zoman - colorless and almost odorless liquid. Refers to the class of neuro-paralytic s. On many properties, it is very similar to Zarin. The durability of zomane is somewhat higher than that of Zarina; On the human body, it acts about 10 times stronger. V-gases are young boiling fluids with a very high boiling point, so the resistance is many times more. Refers to neuro-paralytic s. They are distinguished by high efficiency in action through the skin, especially in a drip-liquid state: hitting the human skin of small droplets of V-gases, as a rule, causes human death.


Hyprit is a dark brown oil liquid with a characteristic smell resembling the smell of garlic or mustard. Refers to skin-blasting s. Hyprit is slowly evaporated with infected areas; Its durability on the ground is: in summer days, in winter - month or more. It has a multilateral effect on the body: in a drip-liquid state, it strikes the skin and eyes, in steaming - the respiratory tract and the lungs, if you hit food and water, the digestive organs amazes. The action of the Iprit does not appear immediately, but after a while, called a period of hidden action. If you get on the skin, the drops of iprite are quickly absorbed into it, without causing pain. After the clock on the skin appears red and itching. By the end of the first and the beginning of the second day, small bubbles are formed, but then they merge into single large bubbles filled with amber-yellow liquid, which over time becomes muddy. The occurrence of bubbles is accompanied by ailment and increasing temperature. After a day, bubbles break through and expose ulcers that do not heal for a long time. If infection falls into the ulceration, then the suppuration and the time of the healing increases to months.


Phosgen is colorless, vague fluid with a smell of a heavy hay or rotten apples. The body acts in a vapor state. Refers to the class of chopping action. Has a period of hidden actions of the clock; Its duration depends on the concentration of phosgene in the air, the time of stay in the infected atmosphere, the state of the person, cooling the body. When inhaling phosgen, a person feels a sweetly unpleasant taste in his mouth, then casing, dizziness and general weakness appear. At the exit of infected air, signs of poisoning quickly pass, the period of so-called imaginary well-being occurs. But in the hour later, the affected state occurs with a sharp deterioration of the state: the blurry of the lips, cheeks, nose is rapidly developing; Overall weakness appear, headache, rapid breathing, strongly pronounced shortness of breath, painful cough with a separation of liquid, foamy, pinkish color sputum indicates the development of pulmonary edema. The process of phosgene poisoning reaches the culmination phase during the day. With a favorable course of the disease, the state of health gradually began to improve, and death comes in severe cases. In 1993, Russia signed, and in 1997 ratified the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. In this regard, a program to destroy the reserves of chemical weapons accumulated over many years of its production was adopted. Initially, the program was calculated until 2009, however, due to underfunding, changes were made to the program. Currently, the program has been extended. Chemical weapons in Russia


Currently, Russia has seven storage facilities of chemical weapons, each of which corresponds to the enterprise for its destruction: pos. Mountain (Saratov region) (entered into force) G. Kambark (Udmurt Republic) (the first phase) of Kizner (Udmurt Republic) (built) Shchuchye (Kurgan region) (built) pos. Maratykovo (Kirov region) (the first stage was introduced) pos. Leonidovka (Penza region) (built) in Pochep (Bryansk region) (built)



With a light damage, mycosis appears, impairment, pain in the eye and forehead, rhubber with abundant liquid secretions, a feeling of constraint in the chest, the difficulty of exhalation. This phenomenon holds 1-2 days. For poisoned moderate severity, great severity of symptoms is characteristic. In case of inhalation defeat, bronchospasm performs more brightly, intensive sweating and muscle fibrillations on the contaminated area are observed. Oral poisoning is accompanied by vomiting, strong intestinal spasms, diarrhea, difficult breathing, superficial with hoarse exhale. The symptom of poisoning takes place no earlier than 4-5 days. With a severe degree of poisoning to the fore, there is a toxic effect on the central nervous system. The strongest bronchospasm, laryngospasm, twitching the muscles of the eyelids, face and limbs, sharp general muscular weakness, trembling. Following this, the amazed loses consciousness and he has an approached convulsions that continue to death of a person.

Slide text: HIS HIS HISTORY OF CHEMICAL Weapon used: World War II (1914-1918) Reef War (1920-1926) Second Italian-Ethiopian War (1935-1941) Second Japanese War (1937-1945) War in Vietnam (1955 -1975) Civil War in North Yemen (1962-1970) Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988) *

Slide text: The definition and properties of chemical weapons with chemical weapons are poisoning substances and means by which they are applied on the battlefield. The basis of the affecting effect of chemical weapons is the poisoning substances. The poisoning substances (s) are chemical compounds that, when used, can cause defeat unprotected alive or reduce its combat capability. According to their amazing properties of OE differ from other combat: they are able to penetrate with air into various buildings, in combat techniques and cause defeats in them to people; They can maintain their affecting effect in the air, on the ground and in various objects throughout some, sometimes quite a long time; spreading in large volumes of air and on large areas, they defeat all people who are in their field of action without protective equipment; Couples of theses are capable of spreading in the direction of wind at considerable distances from areas of direct use of chemical weapons. *

Text of the slide: The properties of the Chemical ammunition are distinguished by the following characteristics: the persistence of the applicability of the physiological influence of the human physiological effect on the human body and methods of use to the tactical purpose of the upcoming impact resistance depending on which time after applying the poisoning substances can maintain their affect , they are conditionally divided into: persistent (IPRIT, LUISIT, VX) Unstable (phosgene, blue acid) The resistance of poisoning substances depends on: their physical and chemical properties, methods of use, the meteorological conditions of the nature of the area on which poisoning substances are applied. Resistant s retains their striking effect from several hours to several days and even weeks. *

Text Slide: Types of physiological influence on man Nervous-paralytic stem-blasting Skiddovy's suffocating psychochi MIC Silent tearful annoying *

The text of the slide: Types of Nervo-paralytic effects cause the central nervous system defeat. The main purpose of the use of Nervo-paralytic effects is the rapid and massive output of the personnel of the system with perhaps a large number of deadly outcomes. The skin-disruptive effects are defeated mainly through the skin, and when they are used in the form of aerosols and vapors - also through respiratory organs. Soldier Actions are amazed through respiratory organs, causing cessation of oxidative processes in the body tissues. Onts choking action are striking mainly light. Psychochimic effects are able to disable lively enemy strength for a while. These poisoning substances, affecting the central nervous system, violate the normal mental human mental activity or cause such mental disadvantages as temporary blindness, deafness, fear of resting the motor functions of various organs. The deadly outcome is possible at a very high concentration *

Slide text: Methods of application of OS can be applied to: - lesions of the living force for the complete destruction or temporary output, which is achieved by the use of mainly non-state-paralytic effects; - suppressing a living force in order to force it for a certain time to take protection measures and thus make it maneuver, reduce the speed and accuracy of the fire; This task is performed by the use of stem-disruptive and neuro-paralytic effects; - Scroll (exhaustion) of the enemy in order to make it difficult for his fighting for a long time and cause losses in personnel; This task is solved by using persistent OB; - Infection of the area in order to force the enemy to leave the positions occupied, to reveal or make it difficult to use some areas of the terrain and overcoming barriers .. *

Slide text: Methods for applying ways to deliver rocket artillery Fugasi Aviation *

Slide text: Characteristics of basic Nervo-paralytic OB ZARIN GB is a colorless or yellow liquid with almost odor, which makes it difficult to find it by external signs. Resistance in summer - how many hours, in winter - a few days. Zaror causes defeat through respiratory organs, leather, gastrointestinal tract. When exposed to Zarina, the affected observed salivation, abundant sweating, headaches, vomiting, dizziness, loss of consciousness, attacks of strong seizures, paralysis and, as a result of strong poisoning, death. Zoman GD is colorless and almost odorless liquid. On many properties, it is very similar to Zarin. The durability of zomane is somewhat higher than that of Zarina; On the human body, it acts about 10 times stronger. VX VX is a little bitten colorless liquid with a resistance of 7-15 days in summer, and in winter, infinitely. V-gases at 100 ± 1000 times toxic than other neuro-paralytic effects. They are characterized by high efficiency in action through skin. Human droplets in the skin of small droplets of V-gases, as a rule, causes the death of a person. *

Slide text: Skin-disruptable OPs Representatives: HD HD, Luisit L, Hyprit - Dark Brown Oil Liquid with Characteristic Smell, Garlic or mustard. Its durability on the ground is: in summer - from 7 to 14 days, in winter - month and more. The action of the Iprit is manifested after the period of hidden action. If you get into the skin, the IPRIT is absorbed into it. After 4 - 8 hours on the skin, red and itch appears. After a day, small bubbles are formed, which merge into single large bubbles. The occurrence of bubbles is accompanied by ailment and increasing temperature. After 2 - 3 days, bubbles break through, leaving ulcers that do not heal for a long time. The organs of view are affected by the iprite with insignificantly small concentrations of it in the air and the time of exposure to 10 minutes. Then the lights and tear appears. The disease can last 10 - 15 days, after which the recovery comes. Digestive organs are infected through food. The period of hidden action (30 - 60 minutes) ends with the appearance of pain in the stomach, nausea, vomiting; Then the overall weakness occurs, headache, weakening reflexes. In the future, paralysis, sharp weakness and exhaustion. With an unfavorable course, death occurs on 3 - 12 days as a result of a complete decline of forces and exhaustion. *

Slide text: Sinyl Acidity AC and Hlorcian SC, arsenic hydrogen, hydrogen phosphorous. AC Sinyl Acid is a colorless liquid with a smell resembling the smell of bitter almond. Sinyl acid is easy to evaporate and acts only in a vapor state. Characteristic signs of damage to blue acid are: Metal taste in the mouth, throat irritation, numbness of the tip of the tongue, dizziness, weakness, nausea. Dyspnea, slows down the pulse, loss of consciousness sharp cramps. Convulsions are observed relatively long; To change, it comes to complete relaxation of muscles with loss of sensitivity, a drop in temperature, in the oppression of breathing with a subsequent stop. Heart activities after stopping the breath continues for another 3 - 7 minutes. *

Slide text: choking phosgene CG and diphosgen CG2 phosgene - colorless, volatile liquid with a smell of a relay hay or rotten apples. Resistance 30-50min. The period of hidden action 4 - 6 hours. When inhaling phosgen, a person feels a sweetly unpleasant taste in his mouth, then casing, dizziness and general weakness appear. When leaving the infected air, signs of poisoning quickly pass, the period of so-called imaginary well-being occurs. But after 4 - 6 hours, a sharp deterioration of the state occurs: the blurry of the lips, cheeks, nose is developing rapidly; Overall weakness appear, headache, rapid breathing, strongly pronounced shortness of breath, painful cough with a separation of liquid, foamy, pinkish color sputum indicates the development of pulmonary edema. The process of phosgene poisoning reaches climax within 2 - 3 days. With a favorable course of the disease, the state of health gradually began to improve, and death comes in severe cases. Diffogen has an irritating effect *

Slide text: annoying cs, cn, cr. The CS in low concentrations has an irritant effect on the eyes and the upper respiratory tract, and in large concentrations causes burns of open areas of skin, in some cases - palsy of breathing, heart and death. Signs of lesion: strong burning and pain in the eyes and chest, strong tear, involuntary clamp, sneezing, runny nose (sometimes with blood), painful burning in mouth, nasopharynk, in the upper respiratory tract, cough and chest pain. Tears - chloroacetophenone "Cherrych" (named so according to the characteristic odor, bromobenzyl cyanide and chlorpicrin. Toothing occurs at a concentration of 0.002 mg / l, at 0.01 mg / l it becomes intolerable and accompanied by irritation of the skin of the face and neck. At a concentration - 0.08 mg / l and Expositions of 1 min. A man is construed for 15-30 minutes; a concentration of 10-11 mg / l is deadly. It does not act on the eyes of animals. Pirachetative s to this group includes DM agents (adamsit), DA (diphenyl chloroarsin) and DC (diphenyl cyaninsin) ) The defeat is accompanied by irrepressible sneezing, cough and stubble pains. Such concomitant phenomena as nausea, urged to vomiting, headache and pain in the jaws and teeth, a feeling of pressure in the ears, indicate the damage of the nasal sinus. In severe cases, the respiratory tract is possible. leading to a toxic lung edema. *

Slide text: PsychoChemical action Representative: Dimethylamide Lizerginic acid, bi-zet (BZ) dimethylamide Lizerginic acid. When a person gets into the body after 3 minutes, light nausea and the expansion of pupils appear, and then - the hallucinations of hearing and vision, ongoing within a few hours. BI-ZET (BZ) When the action of low concentrations occurs drowsiness and reduction of combat capability. Under the action of large concentrations at the initial stage, rapid heartbeat, dry skin and dryness in the mouth, the expansion of pupils and reduction of combat capability are observed within a few hours. In the subsequent 8h, the stupor and the inhibition of speech occur. Then follows the excitation period, which is ongoing up to 4 days. After 2-3 days. After exposure to 0, the gradual return to normal state begins. *




The main means of applying chemical weapons - chemical combat parts of missiles; - reactive installations; - chemical jet and artillery shells and mines; - chemical aviation bombs and cassettes; - Chemical Fugasi; - grenades; - poisonous smoke checkers and aerosol generators.


Tactical classification of poisoning substances: on the elasticity of saturated vapor (volatility) are classified on: - unstable (phosgene, silic acid); - persistent (IPRIT, LUISIT, VX); - poisonous (adamsit, chloroacetophenone). According to the nature of the impact on living force on: - fatal: (Zarin, Hyprit); - Temporarily withdrawing personal structure: (chloroacetophenone, quenchildil-3-benzylate); - annoying: (adamsite, cs, cr, chloroacetophenone); - Training: (chlorpicrin). According to the speed of hitting the action: - high-speed - do not have the period of hidden action (Zarin, - Zoman, VX, AC, CH, CS, CR); - Slowly acting - have a period of hidden action (IPRIT, phosgene, BZ, Luzit, Adamsit).


Physiological classification - neuro-paralytic s: (phosphorodorganic compounds): GB (Zarin), CD (zoman), Tabun, VX; - shared s: AG (Sinyl Acid); CK (chlorocian); - Skin-disruptive s: Hyprint, Nitrogeny Hyprit, Luzit; - annoying s: cs, cr, dm (adamsite), Cn (chloroacetophenone), diphenyl chloroarsin, imhenyl cyancene, chlorpicrin, dibenzoxepine, o-chlorobenzalmalondinitril, bromobenzylcyanide; - suffocating s: CG (phosgene), dithosgen; - Psychochimical s: Hinuklidyl-3-benzylate, BZ.


Finding into the body, 0 in neuro-paralytic action is striking the nervous system. A characteristic feature of the lesion is the narrowing of the pupils of the eyes (MIOS). In the inhalation lesion, the impairment of sight is observed, the narrowing of the pupils of the eyes (MIOS), the difficulty of breathing, the feeling of gravity in the chest (stubborn effect), the separation of saliva and mucus from the nose increases. These phenomena are accompanied by strong headaches and can be saved from 2 to 3 days. When exposed to the body of fatal concentrations of 0V, there are strong myios, suffocation, abundant salivation and sweating, feeling of fear, vomiting and diarrhea appear, convulsions that can continue for several hours, loss of consciousness. Death comes from the paralysis of breathing and heart. When acting through the skin, the pattern of the lesion is mainly similar to the inhalation. The difference is that the symptoms appear after a while. Poisoning substances of neuro-paralytic action


School of sale, getting into the body, violate the transmission of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. This is one of the fastest s. With damage to the blue acid, an unpleasant metal taste and burning in the mouth appear, numbness of the tip of the tongue, tingling in the eye, scratching in the throat, the state of anxiety, weakness and dizziness. Then the feeling of fear appears, pupils are expanding, the pulse becomes rare, and the breath is uneven. The affected loses consciousness and begins the attack of convulsion, followed by paralysis. Death comes from the stop of breathing. Under the action of very high concentrations, the so-called lightning form of lesion occurs: the affected immediately loses consciousness, breathing frequent and superficial, convulsions, paralysis and death. With damage to the blue acid, the pink painting of the face and mucous membranes is observed. Celans


Hyprint has an amazing effect with any paths of penetration into the body. The places affected by iprite are predisposed to infection. The lesion of the skin begins with redness, which manifests itself in 26 hours after the effects of the Iprit. After a day at the place of redness, small bubbles filled with yellow transparent liquid are formed. Subsequently, the fusion of bubbles occurs. After 23 days, the bubbles are burst and formed a 2030 day. ulcer. Drip-liquid yprit can enter blindness. When inhalation of vapors or aerosol, the first signs of the lesion are manifested in a few hours in the form of dryness and burning in the nasopharynk, then a strong edema of the nasopharynx mucosa occurs, accompanied by purulent secretions. In severe cases, the inflammation of the lungs is developing, death comes on the 34th day from choking. Poisoning substances of the skin-disruptive action


Cs in low concentrations has an irritant effect on the eyes and the upper respiratory tract, and in large concentrations causes the burns of open areas of the skin, in some cases, palsy, heart and death. Signs of lesion: strong burning and pain in the eyes and chest, strong tear, involuntary clamp, sneezing, runny nose (sometimes with blood), painful burning in mouth, nasopharynk, in the upper respiratory tract, cough and chest pain. When exiting an infected atmosphere or after putting on a gas mask, the symptoms continue to grow for 1520 minutes, and then gradually subsided for 13 hours. Poisoning substances of irritant


Phosgen affects the body only when inhaling his vapors, it feels a weak irritation of the mucous membrane of the eye, tearing, unpleasant sweet taste in the mouth, light dizziness, general weakness, cough, softening in the chest, nausea (vomiting). After leaving the infected atmosphere, these phenomena pass, and within 45 h, the affected is in the stage of imaginary well-being. Then, due to edema of the lungs, there is a sharp deterioration in the state: breathing is rapidly, a strong cough appears with a rich excretion of foamy sputum, headache, shortness of breath, a bunch of lips, eyelids, a nose, the increase in the pulse, the pain in the heart, weakness and suffocity. Temperature of the body rises to 38-39 ° C. Elevation of the lungs lasts a few days and usually ends with a fatal outcome. Poisoning substances


BZ is striking the body when inhaling infected air and reception of infected food and water. The BZ action begins to manifest themselves after 0.53 hours. With the action of small concentrations, drowsiness and reduction of combat capability occur. Under the action of large concentrations at the initial stage, rapid heartbeat, dry skin and dryness in the mouth, the expansion of pupils and reduction of combat capability are observed within a few hours. In the subsequent 8h, the stupor and the inhibition of speech occur. Then follows the excitation period, which is ongoing up to 4 days. After 23 days. After exposure to 0, the gradual return to normal state begins. Psycho-poisoning substances


For the first time, chemical weapons applied Germany to the First World War. History of application of chemical weapons


World War II (; both sides) Tambov Having (; Red Army Against the Peasants, according to order 0016 dated June 12) Reef War (; Spain, France) Second Italian-Ethiopian War (; Italy) Second Japanese War (Japan) Great-test war (; Germany) War in Vietnam (; Both sides) Civil War in North Yemen (; Egypt) Iran-Iraq war (; both sides) Irako-Kurdish conflict (Iraqi government troops during the Anfal Operation) Iraq War (; rebels, usa) History of the use of chemical weapons


The Hague Convention of 1899, article 23 of which prohibits the use of ammunition, the only purpose of which was to cause the poisoning of the alive force of the enemy. The Hague Convention of 1899, article 23 of which prohibits the use of ammunition, the only purpose of which was to cause the poisoning of the alive force of the enemy. Geneva Protocol of 1925. Geneva Protocol of 1925. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Accumulation and Application of Chemical Weapons and its destruction of 1993 by the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Accumulation and Applications of Chemical Weapons and its destruction of 1993, the use of chemical weapons is prohibited several times in various international agreements: