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What is an open economic policy of the state? Economic goals of the state. Main directions of economic policy. Stabilization monetary policy Objectives Instruments Types Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy Objectives Instruments Types Pros and cons Structural policy Definition How to understand it Examples of structural policy Pros and cons Questions 1

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The economic policy of the state is the process of implementing its functions to achieve certain economic goals.

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Classic economic functions of the state are stabilization of the economy; protection of property rights; regulation of money circulation; income redistribution; regulation of relationships between employers and employees; control over foreign economic activity; production of public goods.

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The most general economic goals of the state: Ensuring economic growth (development!); creation of conditions for economic freedom (the right to choose the type, form and scope of economic activity, methods of its implementation and use of income from it); Ensuring economic security and economic efficiency;

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The most general economic goals of the state are to ensure full employment (everyone who can and wants to work should have a job); Providing assistance to those who cannot fully provide for themselves, etc.

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The main directions of state economic policy are stabilization and structural.

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Stabilization includes mainly fiscal (fiscal) and monetary (monetary) policies. The structural direction uses such methods of influencing the economy as state support for industries that are especially important for the development of the country’s entire economy, production of public goods, privatization, promoting competition and limiting monopolies, etc. If stabilization policy is aimed primarily at improving the economy, then structural policy is aimed at maintaining it balanced development, i.e. a healthy lifestyle.

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Stabilization monetary policy What is it? What are the main benefits and risks associated with the use of its tools?

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Objectives of monetary policy Ensuring: stable economic growth, full employment of resources, stability of the price level, equilibrium of the balance of payments.

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Monetary policy influences aggregate demand. The object of regulation is the money supply. Monetary policy is determined and implemented by the Central Bank. However, changes in the money supply occur not only as a result of the operations of the Central Bank, but also of commercial banks, as well as decisions of the non-banking sector (consumers and firms).

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Types of monetary policy There are two types of monetary policy: stimulating and contracting. Stimulating monetary policy is carried out during a recession in order to “energize” the economy, increase business activity in order to combat unemployment. Contractionary monetary policy is carried out during boom periods and is aimed at reducing business activity in order to combat inflation.

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Advantages of monetary policy Absence of internal lag (the period of time between the moment of awareness of the economic situation in the country and the moment of taking measures to improve it). No crowding out effect. Expansionary monetary policy (increased money supply) causes a reduction in the interest rate, which leads not to crowding out, but to stimulation of investment. Multiplier effect.

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Disadvantages of monetary policy Possibility of inflation. Expansionary monetary policy, i.e. An increase in the money supply leads to inflation even in the short term. The presence of an external lag due to the complexity and possible failures in the monetary transmission mechanism. The external lag represents the period of time from the moment the measures are taken until the result of their impact on the economy appears.

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Stabilization fiscal policy What is it? What are the main benefits and risks associated with the use of its tools?

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Fiscal policy is the government's actions to stabilize the economy by changing the amount of government budget revenues or expenditures. Fiscal policy is actions to regulate aggregate demand. The economy is regulated by influencing the amount of total expenditures. A number of fiscal policy instruments can be used to influence aggregate supply.

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Fiscal policy goals: stable economic growth; 2) full employment of resources (solving the problem of cyclical unemployment); 3) stable price level. Instruments of fiscal policy - expenditures and revenues of the state budget: public procurement; 2) taxes; 3) transfers.

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Types of fiscal policy Depending on the phase of the cycle, either stimulating or contractionary policies are applied. Expansionary fiscal policy is applied during a recession and is aimed at increasing aggregate demand. Its tools are: increasing government procurement, lowering taxes and increasing transfers. Contractionary fiscal policy is used during a boom and aims to reduce aggregate demand. Its tools are: reducing government purchases, increasing taxes and reducing transfers.

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Impact of Fiscal Policy Instruments on Aggregate Demand Government procurement is a component of aggregate demand, so changes in it have a direct impact, while taxes and transfers have an indirect impact on aggregate demand. Increased government purchases increase aggregate demand. An increase in transfers also increases aggregate demand because household personal income increases. An increase in taxes leads to a reduction in aggregate demand.

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The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Supply Since firms view taxes as costs, an increase in taxes leads to a reduction in aggregate supply, and a reduction in taxes leads to an increase in business activity and output.

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Advantages of fiscal policy Multiplier effect (fiscal policy instruments have a multiplier effect on the value of aggregate output. Absence of external lag (external lag is the period of time between the adoption of a decision and the appearance of the first results. Availability of automatic stabilizers. Since these stabilizers are built-in, the government does not need take special measures to stabilize the economy.

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Disadvantages of fiscal policy Presence of an internal lag. (this is the period of time between the need to change a policy and the decision to change it). Displacement effect. (budget expenditures during a recession to total income, which is the demand for money and the interest rate on the money market. Rising prices for loans to private investment, i.e. to “crowding out” part of the investment expenses of firms.

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Structural (industrial) policy What is it? What are the main benefits and risks associated with the use of its tools?

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Examples of industrial policy World experience provides examples of at least three types of industrial policy: export-oriented (creating conditions for the growth of exports of certain types of products), internally oriented (protecting the domestic market and ensuring economic self-sufficiency) strategic industrial policy aimed at limiting the use of one’s own natural and non-renewable resources (oil, forest, ecology, etc.).

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Examples of industrial policy Export-oriented policy - South Korea in the 60s-80s and other “tigers” of Southeast Asia, China in the 80s and 90s, partly Japan, India in the 90s, Chile in the 70s and 80s -X. Internally oriented policy - India 60s - 80s, France 50s - 70s, Japan, China, USA (in terms of agricultural policy), USSR and to a certain extent Russia. Strategic industrial policy - actions of the USA, OPEC countries.

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Economy and social environment: relationship and mutual influence

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The architects of Russian reforms underestimated the fact that society is a single organism in which all systems and parts are closely interconnected and interact

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The state of affairs in the economy cannot but depend on the state and development of other spheres of social life: ideology, politics, administration, culture, science, the education system, the state of morality and behavior of people.

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Does politics take precedence over economics?

Economics has always been considered as the basis on which the ideological, political, and cultural superstructure rests. It was believed that material existence determines the consciousness of people and the role of the superstructure. In the course of market reforms, in our country and in other countries, an inverse relationship is emerging: the undoubted primacy of ideology and politics over economics.

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Political choice and the will of the ruling authorities determine the general direction and stages of changes in the economy. Success is ensured by correct political decisions, efficiency and competence of public administration.

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The power of ideas

Any policy is based on certain ideological principles, and ideology is formed on the basis of certain theoretical concepts perceived by the ruling class and propagated by it through the media. The ideas that dominate society, even if they are erroneous, can dominate minds for a long time, guide politics, shape the economy, and determine the social structure.

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The difference between knowledge about society and nature

Knowledge of the laws of nature helps a person to influence it, but cannot abolish these laws. The object of research exists regardless of the state of science. In society the situation is different. The laws formulated by scientists, even when their knowledge is false, can be adopted by government policy and subjugate the behavior of millions of people until the fallacy of the policy reveals itself.

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Ideas rule the world

John Maynard Keynes wrote that the ideas of economists and political scientists, whether true or false, are more influential than is commonly believed. It is unlikely, he noted, that the world is ruled by something else

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Ideas that have captured the masses can change the very nature of society. History knows of social deformations caused by untenable ideas. The truth that remained unrecognized or unknown ultimately prevails, but often at the cost of destructive upheavals.

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Russian liberal fundamentalism, which underlies our reforms, is increasingly revealing its inconsistency. There is a growing understanding in the mass consciousness that this cannot continue for long. Both ideology and politics need to be revised. The social orientation of development has become an imperative.

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Modern capitalism is forced, in the name of social peace and the consolidation of society, to give economic development an increasingly social orientation. It is no coincidence that a social model of capitalism has emerged in Europe, which is very different from the neoliberal one.

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Government expenditures as %% of GDP 1913-1998

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This orientation required the accumulation of human capital, determined by the education, qualifications, and health of working people. It has become the key to competitiveness. Without this, it is impossible to increase the social potential of the nation, which is characterized by the degree of people’s trust in the socio-economic system, in the authorities, and in the spiritual and moral state of society.

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In the Constitution of the Russian Federation, our state is defined as social. One can only guess what the drafters of the constitution had in mind. Did they have a desire to maintain continuity with the socialist past, or an intention to sweeten the upcoming restoration of capitalism?

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15 years of our reforms do not indicate the social orientation of the economy. Meanwhile, the construction of a social state in Russia, to a much greater extent than the restoration of capitalism, corresponds to the psychology of people and the historical experience of the previous era.

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The choice of a welfare state model means: * Preservation of the social gains of the vulgar and important regulatory role of the state; * Preventing a gap between the poor and the rich, the absence of poverty, high unemployment; *Equal opportunities to realize one’s abilities, obtain an education and ensure a decent standard of living through one’s work.

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*Ensuring democratic procedures for making the most important government decisions, honestly informing the public about the state of affairs in the country, supporting civil society institutions, expanding media freedom and criticizing negative phenomena in the life of society.

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The social orientation of development, the growing role of the state in the redistribution of GDP and the provision of social guarantees to the population are the dictates of the time, a necessary prerequisite for the successful recovery of the economy and its competitiveness.

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Uncritical borrowing of Western models of political and economic structure and ignoring one’s own experience led to serious complications in the post-socialist transformation.

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Political structure. As the economy suffers from bad policies, the effectiveness of the political system becomes key. How can it be built so that it best contributes to social stability, the rule of law, the selection of worthy leaders, and economic, spiritual and moral progress?

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It would seem that authoritarianism has been condemned by history and democratization has become the call of the times. Nevertheless, there are decorative, controlled democracies that ignore the will of the people. An immature society can be manipulated with the help of modern election technologies and media. Imitation of a democratic system deprives the political system of effectiveness and public trust.

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Only democratic mechanisms of checks and balances, separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers, and the development of civil society guarantee against arbitrariness and errors in public administration.

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The underestimated role of administrative relations

Due to the increasingly complex and growing role of the state in society, the improvement of administrative relations, which develop according to their own, non-market laws, is of particular importance. Bureaucracy, even in market conditions, remains an influential force on which much depends.

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The nature of administrative relations is determined not only by departmental instructions, but also by the personal connections of officials, their competence, integrity, honesty, likes and dislikes. It’s bad when purely personal qualities and careerism begin to prevail over business ones. Favoritism, corporatism, nepotism and behavior dictated by loyalty to superiors are counterproductive for the economy.

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Hardware rearrangements

New administrative relations take years to develop, and the main condition for success is the selection and cultivation of competent and incorruptible managers. The Russian reform itch, the frequent shake-up of governments and management structures, is resulting in large and unnecessary losses.

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It is characteristic that the latest research on the competitiveness of countries in the global economy classifies the quality of public administration, competence and honesty of those in power as its main indicators.

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“The basis of the Japanese miracle of the 50s and 60s was the existence of an extremely efficient and impartial civil service system that developed economic and trade policies.” Source: “Trade policy and the importance of joining the WTO for the development of Russia and the CIS countries: World Bank Institute. Publishing house "The Whole World". M., 2006, p.79.

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Does culture drive the economy?

Culture is the spiritual and material wealth accumulated by humanity, serving the further development of each individual and the progress of society. The everyday idea of ​​spiritual culture is associated with literature, art, education, science, religion, and morality. Today's knowledge-driven economy is the product of a high level of general culture.

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But the concept of culture includes the everyday and behavioral culture of people. Its impact on the economy is very large, although it is usually not taken into account. The lack of an elementary sense of solidarity and mutual assistance, disrespect for laws, overt selfishness, the desire for profit to the detriment of others and even the whole society is a typical picture of our life.

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Highways serve as a mirror of the behavioral culture of Russians. There is no trace of respectful attitude of drivers towards each other and pedestrians, equality of traffic participants before the general rules. It is no coincidence that Russia leads, compared to Western countries, in accidents and accidents on the roads. The economy suffers huge losses from this.

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The rudeness, rudeness, anger, and hostility that people encounter at home and outside the home can ruin their mood for a long time. They poison the social climate and affect the quality and productivity of labor. While such a behavioral “culture” prevails, it is necessary to force people to comply with the rules of society and obey the law, using the authority of the authorities.

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Does the market need morality?

The thirst for profit generated by the market and brutal competition can lead to savagery and inhumanity if market relations are not introduced into the strict framework of law and moral requirements. “Some top managers,” wrote former German Chancellor G. Schmidt, “have forgotten all decency. Brutal predatory capitalism threatens... society.”

Politics and economics are interconnected, interdependent and interdependent systems in domestic and international relations.

Both areas are so important for the normal functioning and development of countries that a crisis in one leads to negative consequences in the second. Conversely, progress and recovery have a beneficial effect on the processes occurring in another system.

It is necessary to reveal the essence of the concepts themselves:

  • Politics is a concept that includes not only the activities of government bodies and public administration. There is another definition. Thus, politics is the management of resource allocation. One of its functions is to regulate and establish the order of the conditions of material production in the country and the joint labor of the population;
  • economy is a historically defined set of social-production relations. At its core, the country’s economy is a single national economic complex, covering all links of the P.R.O.P. (production, distribution, exchange and consumption).

How can politics affect the economy?

When the subjects of production processes begin to conflict, then political intervention in these economic relations in nature becomes necessary.

It should be noted that the political system is still distinguished by greater independence in decision-making compared to the economic one. But there is one nuance - the political course largely depends on intrastate economic relations. Although external political pressure (for example, international sanctions) leads to changes in the structure and principles of running the economy in the country.

You can rely on various doctrines, but Engels’s economic theory gives a clearer idea of ​​how differently a political system can influence the system of economic relations.

Three key aspects:

  • politics slows down the development of the economy, then there will be discontent among the population due to the decline in living standards;
  • politics can serve as a catalyst for individual economic processes, which can lead to both positive and negative consequences;
  • The political power elite has the ability to influence (suspend and redirect) resources in accordance with their interests in one or another segment of the economy.
The instruments of economic policy are: the state budget (fiscal policy) and the Central Bank (monetary policy).

How does economics influence politics?

The influence of the economy on the political system is obvious, because it is its material component. Any political ideology cannot exist separately without some kind of financial basis; it needs a reliable production basis.

The economy of any country and in any industry segment always tries as much as possible to adapt, take into account and satisfy the economic needs of citizens. The political system has to take these trends into account and reinforce them at the legislative and law-making level:

  • If for a stable economic situation in the country it is necessary to support and help small and medium-sized businesses develop, then state policy should directly contribute to this. For example, reduce interest rates on loans for individual entrepreneurs;
  • when a crisis occurs in a country due to a decline in production and a lack of financial resources, the government must pursue an active policy aimed at attracting foreign investors.
The modern economic system, thanks to the process of globalization, is becoming increasingly independent. Now the state cannot categorically dictate to the population what to produce and in what volumes. But the political system retains the important function of regulating certain economic processes (for example, the antimonopoly service monitors price levels).

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Economic policy of the state Lesson of economics and social studies in grade 11 Compiled by: Yudintseva O.V. – economics teacher of the 1st qualification category; Lymar E.F. – history teacher of the highest qualification category.

The goal is to consider the role of the state in a market economy, to form initial ideas and basic skills necessary for orientation in economic life. Objectives: To be able to identify the main economic functions of the state; Be able to explain the reasons for the existence of the public sector in a market economy; Know the most important areas of government intervention in the economy;

Negative aspects of a market economy Does not contribute to the conservation of non-renewable resources, does not have an economic mechanism for protecting the environment; Does not stimulate large projects that do not provide quick benefits; Does not provide fundamental research in science; Subject to unstable development with recessions and inflation; It carries with it the danger of unemployment. Can significantly increase property differentiation.

"Economic policy of the state."

Mercantilist - from the Italian mercante - trader, merchant. Physiocrat - from the Greek - physis - nature and kratos - power.

Famous English economist, supporter of a free developing economy based on competitive principles. He did not deny the regulatory role of the state. “The state must protect society from violence and external aggression, protect the lives and property of citizens, maintain the army, police, and justice authorities.” Adam Smith 1723-1790

Sweden Belgium UK Germany USA 1929 1932 Unemployment in % 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

Unemployed Australian women search for food in waste.

Charity canteens for the unemployed. USA.

Unemployed people in shelters. USA. 20-30 years.

“The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money” (“Keynesian Revolution”). 1936 John Keynes 1883 – 1946 An outstanding scientist and economist of our time. Supporter of active financial intervention of the state in the country's economy.

Economic functions of the state State Elimination of the consequences generated by market imperfections Redistribution of income and wealth Taxation of income and property Social transfers Combating monopolization of markets Creation of public goods (creation of the army, customs service, ambulance...) Regulation of conflicts generated by external effects or costs ( environmental protection)

Methods of government influence on the market Direct Indirect Legislative activity of the state Methods of monetary policy Fiscal policy

The economic policy of the state is the process of implementing economic functions through various methods of influencing the economy to achieve certain goals.

Lesson plan: - What functions does the state perform in economic life? - What are the main methods of government influence on the economy? - Should there be limits to government intervention in the economy? If so, why?

Conclusion. The state must: protect economic freedoms; compensate for market weaknesses; help mitigate too wide differences in the levels of income and wealth of citizens.

Evaluation criteria: From 80% - 100% - “5” (excellent); From 60% - 80% - “4” (good); From 40% - 50% - “3” (satisfactory); Less than 40% - “2” (unsatisfactory).

Thank you for the lesson! Homework: Social studies § 15; economics § § 49-50, notes in notebooks.