Musculoskeletal system and its functions. The human skeleton, its meaning is the structure.

Saltykova Natalya Nikolaevna,

biology teacher.

MKOU "boarding school No. 13"


Skeleton -

the totality of hard tissues in the body of animals and humans

H The value of the musculoskeletal system:

  • - serves as a support for the body;
  • - carries out the movement of the body in space;
  • - creates the structural shape of the body;
  • - provides protection of internal organs;
  • - Participates in metabolism.

The skeleton is divided into:

  • Head skeleton
  • Skeleton of free limbs
  • Limb belts

Skeleton

Peripheral

Axial

Head skeleton

limb skeleton

Upper

lower

Shoulder girdle

limb skeleton

Pelvic girdle

limb skeleton


Head skeleton:

The skull is made up of 29 bones


Compound skull bones

Fixed Mobile





cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

sacral department

coccygeal department



Skeleton of the upper limb

Collarbone

Upper limb belt

shoulder blade

Brachial bone

Elbow bone

Forearm bones

Radius

wrist bones

Metacarpal bones

Brush

Phalanges of fingers



Supporting, protective, hematopoietic, mineral metabolism.

1. Skeleton functions

Paired - parietal, temporal, zygomatic, nasal.

3. Departments of the skeleton

2. Head skeleton - skull

4. Shoulder girdle

Trunk, skull, shoulder girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb

Unpaired - frontal, occipital,

Shoulder blade and clavicle

5. Bones of the upper limb

maxillary, mandibular.

Shoulder, forearm, hand

6. Belt of the lower limb (pelvic)

Pelvic bones

7. Bones of the lower limb

Thigh, shin, foot


  • Do they belong to the brain part of the skull?
  • What bones make up the chest?
  • Which of the following organs does not protect the chest: a) esophagus b) heart c) kidneys?
  • Which part of the skull is larger, the brain region or the facial region?
  • What part of the spine is made up of 7 vertebrae?
  • How many pelvic bones does a person have?
  • The belt of the lower extremities form?
  • What is the largest bone in the human skeleton?




Homework

  • Page 108-112, answer questions on page 115
  • Know the structure and functions of the human skeleton

Musculoskeletal

human system.

Hygiene ODS.

MOU Shchapovskaya secondary school

Structural part

musculoskeletal system

Active

Passive

Motor

provides movement of the body and its parts in space

Protective

creates body cavities to protect internal organs

Form-building

determines the shape and size of the body

support

supporting frame of the body

hematopoietic

red bone marrow - source of blood cells

exchange

bones are a source of Ca, F and other minerals.

  • Form-building

    • determines the shape and size of the body.

  • Protective

    • creates body cavities to protect internal organs.

  • Motor

    • provides movement of the body and its parts in space.

  • Energy

    • converts chemical energy into mechanical and thermal energy.

X-ray of the human skeleton

(skeletons)

Skeleton (skeletos - dried) - a set of solid

tissues in the body that serve

supporting the body or its individual parts and protecting it from

mechanical damage.

Bone (os, ossis) is an organ, the main element of the vertebrate skeleton.

Belt top

limbs

free

limbs

Rib cage

Spine

Skeleton Free

lower limb

Belt bottom

limbs

Skeleton Free

lower limb

Departments of the skeleton

frontal bone

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Lower jaw

Cheekbone

upper jaw

wedge-shaped

Occipital

lacrimal bone

nasal bone

Ethmoid bone

Neck vertebrae (7)

Thoracic vertebrae (12)

Lumbar vertebrae (5)

sacral vertebrae (5)

coccygeal vertebrae

The transverse processes of the vertebrae

cervical lordosis

Thoracic kyphosis

Lumbar lordosis

sacral kyphosis

Vertebral channel

Vertebral body

intervertebral foramen

sacral canal

Spine

true ribs

Sternocostal

cartilaginous parts

False ribs

costal arch

oscillating fins

Rib cage

Brachial bone

Elbow bone

Radius

wrist bones

Phalanges of fingers

Belt top

limbs

Metacarpal bones

Upper limb

Pelvic bones

thigh bones

tibia

tibia

Tarsus

4 Articular head

1 Articular cavity

2 Periosteum

3 Articular bag

5 Articular fluid

Calcaneus

limb

7 Patella

The human skeleton has a number of differences from the skeleton of mammals:

a) The brain section predominates, the jaws are less developed

Cerebral

b) the spine has 4 bends

Lumbar

Coccyx (rudimentary organ)

Sacral

c) the chest is expanded downwards and

to the sides

d) thumb

opposed to others

e) wide pelvis - support for internal organs

e) massive bones of the lower limb,

arched foot

human muscles

In total, there are about 600 skeletal muscles in the human body, which make up 40% of the total body weight.

In newborns and children, muscles make up no more than 20-25% of body weight, and in old age their share decreases to 25-30%

from body weight.

Muscles, muscles (musculi) - organs of the body, consisting of muscle tissue that can contract under the influence of nerve impulses.

Skeletal (somatic) muscles

functional muscles

subdivided into:

Arbitrary

They consist of striated muscle tissue and contract at the will of a person (arbitrarily).

These are the muscles of the head, trunk, limbs, tongue, larynx, etc.

  • involuntary

    • They consist of smooth muscle tissue and are located in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and in the skin.

    The contractions of these muscles do not depend on the will of the person.

Major superficial muscles

Muscle function depends on where they are attached

Casting

Outward rotation

lead

Inward rotation

bending

extension

Some somatic muscles perform functions in the body that are not related to the movements of parts of the skeleton.

These muscles have a peculiar shape, a special location and points of attachment.

However, in their tissue composition, microscopic structure, mechanisms of work and methods of regulation, they do not differ from ordinary skeletal muscles.

attached to the skin of the face. They are needed for expressing emotions and for speech.

Mimic muscles

oculomotor muscles

These muscles provide movement of the eyeball.

  • The muscles of the tongue, larynx, pharynx and the initial section of the esophagus are involved in swallowing.
  • The muscles of the tongue and larynx are needed for speech.

Muscles of the head

Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Together with the intercostal muscles, it provides breathing.

Diaphragm

Muscles of the pelvic floor

Supports the pelvic organs. The circular fibers of these muscles cover the rectum and urethra, forming sphincters.

A person has well-developed muscles that hold the body in an extended (vertical) position.

When these muscles are relaxed, the body flexes under the force of gravity.

Muscle work

Muscles that perform the same movement are called synergists,

and the opposite is antagonists.

The work of the muscles of the antagonists

Muscle work

static

Dynamic

The amount of work depends on the strength of the muscles (F=mg) and their length.

Muscle strength is directly proportional to the cross section of all muscle fibers of a given muscle.

Muscles in a living organism are never, even at rest, completely relaxed, they are in a state of some tension - tone .

Muscle tone is maintained by rare impulses entering the muscles from the central nervous system.

Thanks to muscle tone, stability and position are maintained.

Tonus is a state of prolonged, retained insignificant

muscle tension.

Physical inactivity is a sedentary lifestyle.

Atrophy - loss of working capacity

as a result of prolonged muscle inactivity.

With prolonged contraction, a gradual decrease in muscle performance occurs.

This condition is called muscle fatigue.

Active rest is the best remedy

to reduce fatigue

Physical inactivity is unfavorable

affects people's health.

Hygiene ODS

a- normal posture;

b- kyphotic posture (round back, stooped back);

c- flat back;

d- plano-concave back;

d- kypholordotic posture (round-concave back)

Basic types of posture

Bad posture

makes it difficult

lung work,

heart, gastrointestinal tract

Decreases

VC, decreasing

metabolism

Appear

headache,

increased fatigue

Posture formation

Uniform exercise and harmonic development all muscle groups

Right selected furniture for classes and shoes (to prevent flat feet)

Mode work and rest

flat feet

CLASSIFICATIONS

By etiology

Paralytic

Rachitic

static

traumatic

According to the nature of the deformation

transverse

Longitudinal

Combination of longitudinal and transverse

Each foot is made up of 26 bones , interconnected by ligaments and muscles, and also has 61 receptors , which are responsible for the work of a particular human organ.

Bundles - these are peculiar connecting tapes that pull the bones together with the help of muscles, giving the shape of the foot.

On the plantar surface of the foot there is also a protective dense wide ligament - plantar aponeurosis .

The structure of the foot

Causes of flat feet

  • overweight
  • uncomfortable shoes
  • irrational loads
  • foot and ankle injury
  • some congenital conditions (clubfoot)
  • Severe infections (polio) and their complications
  • childhood rickets

Already at the beginning of the disease,

you can see some

symptoms:

  • Rapid fatigue when walking.
  • Pain in the feet and legs, worse towards the end of the day.
  • Pastosity of the foot, swelling in the ankle.

Clinical picture

With statistical flat feet, painful areas appear:

1. In the sole: the center of the arch and the inner edge of the heel.

2. In the rear of the foot: the central part, between the navicular and talus bones.

3. Under the inner and outer ankles.

4. Between the heads of the tarsal bones.

5. In the muscles of the lower leg (overload).

6. In the knee and hip joints (change in biomechanics).

7. In the thigh

(overstrain of the fascia lata).

8. In the lumbar region

(compensatory increase in lordosis).

  • constant headache
  • curvature of the spine (scoliosis or scyphoscoliosis)
  • pinched intervertebral discs
  • foot deformity
  • (growth of a "painful bone" on the thumb)
  • circulatory disorders of the lower extremities, edema and

    • ankle pain

  • emergence of changes in

    • areas of the knee joints

Consequences of flat feet

Healthy feet - the path to health

On the sole of the foot are nerve endings that send nerve impulses to the organs for which they are responsible.

Oriental medicine, with pain in these organs, it can be advised to get rid of them by massaging these areas or acupuncture.

Conservative treatment

In the initial stages, thermal treatment (foot baths), load limitation, rational shoes, massage, exercise therapy, barefoot walking on uneven surfaces and sand, tiptoe walking, jumping, outdoor games are recommended. With pronounced flat feet - arch support insoles with arch modeling, orthopedic shoes. Prevention (rational shoes, massage, walking barefoot, physical education) flat feet warns the latter.

Surgical treatment

Transplantation (in severe forms of flat feet, constant severe pain) of the tendon of the long peroneal muscle to the inner edge of the foot, with bone changes - wedge-shaped or falciform resection of the talocalcaneal joint, knocking out a wedge from the navicular bone. After the operation, a plaster bandage is applied for 4-5 weeks.

Self massage

The lower leg should be stroked, rubbed with palms, kneaded, tapped with fingertips. Massage the lower leg from the ankle joint to the knee joint, mainly the inner surface of the lower leg.

The foot should be stroked and rubbed with the back of the bent fingers. The plantar surface of the foot should be massaged from the toes to the heel;

it is useful to use special rubber mats and massage rollers.

How to choose shoes for flat feet

  • Definitely a leather upper. Desirable and leather sole;
  • the heel is low, in children's shoes it should occupy at least a third of the sole in length in order to support the heel and the rear segment of the arch; wide toe;
  • good quality leather;
  • the sole is flexible, no platforms;
  • can also be used
    • special orthopedic insoles and instep supports (orthoses)

Information sources

  • Razumov V.P. Textbook of human anatomy and physiology.

    • M. “Gosud. medical publishing house. – 1933

  • \Safyannikova E.B. Anatomy and physiology. - M. "Medicine". – 1975
  • Sapin M.R., Bryksina Z.G. Human anatomy. Moscow: Enlightenment. – 1995
  • General course of human and animal physiology. Ed. HELL. Nozdrachev.

    • M .: "Higher School", v.1. 1985

  • Harrison D., Weiner D., Tanner D., Barnicot N. Human Biology. Per. from English.

    • M.: "Mir". 1968

  • Khripkova A.G. Anatomy, physiology and human hygiene. Moscow: Enlightenment. 1975
  • Home medical encyclopedia. Ed. IN AND. Pokrovsky.

    • M.: "Medical Encyclopedia". 1993

  • Biology. Reference materials. Ed. Traitak D.I. Moscow: Enlightenment. 1994
  • Belyaeva L.T. and co-authors. Biology. Moscow: Enlightenment. 1975
  • CD disc"My body. Human Anatomy and Physiology. Interactive Encyclopedia, (electronic educational edition), Novy Disk Firm, Novy Disk Publishing Center, 2006
  • 2 CDs"Anatomy. Grade 9 Educational complex "(electronic educational edition), Firm" 1C ", Publishing center" Ventana-Graf ", 2007
  • CD disc"Laboratory workshop. Biology grades 6-11 "(educational electronic edition), Republican Multimedia Center, 2004
  • www.nature.ru
  • www.en.wikipedia.org
  • www.cnshb.ru
Musculoskeletal system

ODS value (ODA)

Form-building
support
Protective
Motor - muscles
move the bones
leverage.
Hematopoietic function -
red bone marrow
source of cellular
blood elements
Reserve (depositing)
- bones store Ca, P and others
substances.
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The structure of the bones

The chemical composition of bones
1.
2.
Bone Composition:
Inorganic (mineral)
substances (up to 60%: water, hydroxyapatite
Sa)
The flexibility of the bone depends on the presence
organic matter, hardness -
from inorganic substances
Hardness + elasticity = strength
and elasticity
Strongest bones in adulthood
age (from 20 to 40 years old)
In children, bones rarely break, but
easily deformed (more
organic matter)
In older people, the bones are often
break down (more mineral
substances).
organic matter (up to
30%: ossein, collagen, fats)
If you burn a bone → it will turn black from
carbon (burnt organic
substances) → if carbon burns out →
white precipitate (extremely hard, but
brittle) → minerals →
give bone hardness
If minerals are removed
(hydrochloric acid) → bone becomes
flexible.

The structure of the bones

Macroscopic structure of the bone
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The bone consists of:
Periosteum - Attachment
tendons and bone growth in
thickness
compact bone substance
Cancellous bone (from
trabeculae)
Red bone marrow (in
spongy substance)
hematopoiesis
Yellow bone marrow (in
cavities of tubular bones)
Hyaline cartilage - on the articular
surfaces
The structure of the bone

The structure of the bones

Microscopic structure of the bone
The compact substance is
osteon systems (radially
located cylindrical and
insertion plates - on the cut, a view of concentric rings, in
the center of the channel where
blood vessel.
Spongy substance - their systems
crossing bone
trabeculae Their direction = crooked
compression-stretching the most durable
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Bone types

Bones by type of structure
Location
Examples
Tubular
(long and short)
Limbs. Body Levers Shoulder Bones,
forearms, thighs and
shins
Spongy
Spine
Vertebral bodies, sternum,
small bones of the hand and
feet
flat
Scull
parietal
Pneumatic
Scull
upper jaw,
frontal, wedge-shaped,
lattice

Bone types

tubular bones
Tubular bones look like
cylinder with thickened
edge ends
The middle part of the bone has
medullary cavity - yellow
Bone marrow
These are long levers for
movement and lifting
weights
Tubular bones grow in thickness for
periosteum score
Growth in length of tubular bones due to
growth zones is completed by the age of 20-25.
Growth zones are located near the terminal
sections of bone, consist of cartilage
fabrics.
Covered with periosteum, except
articular surfaces
The periosteum is followed by
compact dense matter
Periosteum
Terminal
head of bone
At the end sections compact
bone growth zone
Bone marrow
substance becomes spongy
in length
cavity
substance is red bone marrow.
The structure of the tubular bone

Bone types

spongy bones
flat bones
Spongy bones have
surface thin
compact bone
Flat bones are made up of two
parallel plates
compact matter
Under compact matter
there is a spongy substance
filled with bone
substance
Between the plates crosswise located
spongy substance
Flat bones perform
protective function.
Spongy bones provide support and
hematopoietic functions.
Spongy
bone
Scull
human
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air bones

Cavities - sinuses -
filled with air
lined with mucous
shell
Lighten the skull
Resonate the sound
Frontal, wedge-shaped,
lattice,
maxillary,
temporal

Human skeleton

Skeleton function
Skeleton is a collection of bones
cartilage and ligaments that strengthen them
Skeleton Functions
I form
schaya
Protective
Human skeleton
Supporting
hematopoietic
1 - skull
2 - shoulder girdle
3 - sternum, ribs
4 - shoulder
5 - radius
6 - ulna
7 - spine
8 - pelvis
9 - sacrum
10 - thigh
11 - tibial
bone
12 - fibula
13 - foot
14 - brush

Human skeleton

Axial skeleton
Human skeleton
Axial skeleton
Scull
Skeleton
torso
Additional
skeleton
Skeleton Belts
limbs
Skeleton of the free
limbs
Skeletons:
1 - person
2 - chimpanzee
3 - gorillas
4 - orangutan
Scull:
1.
determines the shape of the head
2.
3.
protect the brain and
sense organs (hearing, smell,
vision, balance)
serves as a place of attachment
mimic and chewing
muscles
In the skull are distinguished:
Cerebral
Department
Facial
Department

Human skeleton

Scull
cerebral skull:
Unpaired bones:
1. frontal,
2. occipital,
3. wedge-shaped,
4. lattice
Paired bones:
1. parietal
2. temporal
facial skull:
Paired bones:
1. nasal,
2. lacrimal,
3. maxillary,
4. cheekbones,
5. palatine,
6. inferior nasal
shells
Unpaired bones:
1. Coulter
2. Mandibular
3. sublingual

Human skeleton

Scull

Trunk skeleton: spine and
rib cage
Spine: 33-34 vertebrae
The structure of the spine
Neck section -
7 vertebrae
Thoracic -
12 vertebrae
S-shape - 4 bends:
2 anteriorly - lordosis (cervical,
and lumbar), 2 posterior bends
- kyphosis (thoracic and
sacral)
Value - depreciation,
upright posture and
head balancing.
Lumbar -
5 vertebrae
sacral department -
5 fused vertebrae
(sacrum)
Coccygeal department -
4-5 fused vertebrae

Rib cage
Ribs:
True
(1-7 pairs)
False (8-10 pairs)
Wavering (1112 pairs)
12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs
ribs and sternum form
chest
Rib cage
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Upper limb skeleton =
the skeleton of the shoulder girdle and the skeleton of the free VC
1.
2.
Shoulder girdle includes:
two spatulas
two clavicles, each
which is connected to
sternum, shoulder blade and
shoulder bone of the hand.
1.
2.
3.
Skeleton top loose
limbs:
shoulder - humerus
forearm - elbow and
radius
hand - wrist bones (8),
metacarpus (5) and phalanges (14)
fingers.
shoulder
forearm
brush

The skeleton of the lower extremities consists of
pelvic girdle
And
Lower limb belt =
pelvic bones, form the bottom
abdominal cavity
free limbs
1.
2.
3.
Skeleton lower loose
limbs:
thigh - femur (forms
hip joint)
lower leg - patella, fibula
and tibia
foot - tarsus (7), metatarsus (5) and
14 phalanges of fingers. Arched foot -
upright cushioning
hip
shin
foot
Foot skeleton:
1 - calcaneus
2 - talus
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Connection of bones

Fixed and semi-movable joints of bones
Connection of bones in the skeleton
motionless
Semi-movable connection
bones - connection between
by itself through cartilage
The connection provides
relative mobility
semi-movable
mobile
Fixed connection
bones - seam
Seam connection
skull bones
semi-movable
edge connection
and sternum
semi-movable
compound
vertebrae
Fixed and semi-movable connections are non-permanent connections.

Connection of bones

Movable joints - joints
Discontinuous, mobile connection -
joint - bones are separated from each other
other joint space (intermittent
compound)
hip joint
1-2 - articular
surface,
3 - internal
bunch,
4 - ring
bunch,
5 - articular
cavity,
6 - external
bundles
Joint mobility
provided by the form
articular
surfaces,
articular cartilage and
joint fluid
Joint strength
ensured
joint bag,
ligaments and low
pressure inside
joint
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Differences of the human skeleton

Regarding upright posture:
S-shaped spine
chest expanded into
sides.
- lower limbs are longer
more massive than the upper ones;
the pelvis is expanded, cup-shaped;
The foot is arched, massive calcaneal
bones;
In connection with labor
activities
Development of the frontal lobes, no
superciliary ridge
hand with opposite
thumb;
and speech development
enlarged cranial region
There is a chin protrusion.
Less massive jaws

Posture - the habitual position of a relaxed standing
or seated person
Scoliosis: curvature to the side;
Lordotic: increase
lumbar lordosis
Kyphotic (stooped):
posterior curvature of the chest
department more than normal (stoop);
Flat feet: flattened arch
feet.
The reason is low muscle tone,
wrong landing
wrong shoes
Bad posture leads to:
To shift the center of gravity
to displacement or compression
internal organs
blood circulation is disturbed
external forms change

Muscle structure

Microscopic structure of skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscles
made up of bundles
striated
muscle fibers
The fibers contain
(myofibrils), from
protofibrils - proteins
actin and myosin

Muscle structure

Macroscopic structure of muscles
Most muscles are
abdomen (1) and 2 tendons
The abdomen is made up of bundles
muscle fibers
With the help of tendons (from
dense connective
tissue), the muscle is attached to
periosteum of the bone
Muscle shapes: 1- spindle-shaped, 2- single-pinnate, 3 -
two-pinnate, 4 - two-headed, 5 - wide, 6 - multi-pinnate,
7 - digastric, 8 - ribbon-like
tendon, which
attached to immobile
bones - head (3), and to
mobile bones (2) - tail

Movements in the joints: with muscle contraction
pulls on a movable bone and causes movement in
joint or fixes the position in it
Opposite movements
perform different muscles:
Flexors - extensors;
Leading - Leading
turning inwards -
outside
Sphincters-dilators
Muscles of the opposite
actions are called
antagonists
Muscles that act in
one direction,
synergists
Shoulder flexors and extensors
1 - tendons of the head of the biceps muscle of the shoulder,
2 - body of the biceps muscle, 3 - tail of the biceps
muscles, 4 - radius, 5 - ulna,
6 - tail of the triceps muscle of the shoulder,
7 - humerus, 8 - abdomen of the triceps muscle,
9 - scapula, 10 - head of the triceps muscle of the shoulder
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human musculature

Muscles of the head and neck

Meaning:
Chewing
facial expressions
Speech

Trunk muscles

Meaning:
Breath
Maintenance
posture
movements
torso
Maintenance
front wall
abdomen (abdominal
press)
movements
shoulder girdle and
shoulder

Muscles of the upper limb

Muscles of the lower limb

motor unit
The muscle fiber is capable of
shrink after receiving
nerve impulse from the CNS
executive (motor)
neuron
One motor neuron and
associated muscle
fibers - motor unit
The force of muscle contraction depends
on the number of muscle fibers
and muscle diameter
With prolonged contraction
motor units
work in succession
each other: at first one group,
then another, then a third.
Motor (executive)
neuron connected to
muscle fibers

Energy of muscle contraction
The nervous system gives impulse to
start and end of work
given muscle group of fibers
The energy that makes
contraction of muscle fibers
stands out as a result
biological oxidation
organic matter,
contained in the fiber itself
The main energy substance
- glucose. Under heavy load
- substances of the cell membrane
After work on vacation
substances is restored
more than was spent.
Muscle fatigue:
Fatigue is temporary
decrease in performance.
Rest is needed (better -
active)
When muscles contract, they
are doing the job.
Maximum work - at
average load at average
rhythm of contractions (I.M.
Sechenov)

The work of skeletal muscles and their regulation

Regulation of antagonist muscles
Let's see how they interact
nerve centers during flexion and
extension of the arm at the elbow joint
If the biceps comes from
excitatory nerve center
signals, the triceps muscle
relaxes, does not interfere with flexion
If the triceps contracts
muscle, then the biceps relaxes,
does not interfere with arm extension
Movement is coordinated
not in the muscles themselves, but in the nerves
muscle control centers.
If you need to fix your hand in
desired position, then
nerve centers are stimulated
all muscles involved in movement
this joint
Muscles contract
at the same time, the bones become
immovable relative to each other
friend.
When fixing
joint muscle antagonist,
become
synergists

Dynamic and static work
Dynamic work is associated with the movement of a body or load
Static work is associated with holding a certain posture.
or cargo
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Posture

Posture disorder

Posture

Degrees of violation of posture
With I degree of violation of posture:
deviations are weakly expressed
deviations disappear if a person
trying to stay upright
controls himself
With II degree of violation of posture:
deviations are stable
associated with muscle dysfunction
apparatus, corrected by medical
physical education and corrective
gymnastics
With III degree of violation of posture:
curvature affecting the skeleton
violations of treatment and correction
give in with difficulty.
How to prevent curvature
spine:
sit properly at the table
choose the right height
desktop (low - leads to
stoop, high - to the side
curvature)
alternate hands when wearing
weights (not symmetrical load
on muscles, permanent wear
weights in only one hand,
leads to distortion
spine).
Correct
landing
at the desk

Causes and prevention of flat feet

flat feet
Causes and prevention of flat feet
flat feet - painful
foot changes that
flattened her vault
For flat feet:
muscle and
foot ligaments
the foot is flattened, swollen
there are pains in the foot, lower leg,
thigh and even in the lower back
Arch of the foot. Footprints with different arch heights:
1 - high, 2.3 - normal, 4 - flat vault
The cause of flat feet can
become:
ill-fitting shoes
prolonged walking or standing
overweight.
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bruises
The purpose of first aid
injuries -
provide a gentle
transportation of the patient to
emergency room
relieve pain
rule out infection
A serious injury will be treated by a doctor!
Timely and correct
assistance provided
delay the development of severe
consequences of injury and alleviate
follow-up treatment
Contusion - damage to tissues and
organs without violating the integrity
skin
Bruises are light, medium and
heavy
For minor injuries:
small hemorrhages occur
with bruising
Every person must be able to
provide the victim
first aid.
For medium bruises:
more significant hemorrhage
bruising
For severe injuries:
life-threatening internal
bleeding.

First aid for bruises, broken bones and dislocations of joints

bruises
Injuries may result in injury
only superficial tissues, but also
internal organs - liver, kidneys
and etc.
Concussion is especially dangerous when
brain injury
short term loss
consciousness, vomiting after injury
requires immediate treatment
to the doctor (deliver such
victim to the emergency room
stretcher).
First aid measures
bruises are aimed at
reduction of pain and internal
bleeding:
cold water bladder or
ice wrapped in cloth
apply to the victim
place of the body.
Facial injury

First aid for bruises, broken bones and dislocations of joints

fractures
Fracture - complete or partial
violation of the integrity of the bone
Closed fracture - skin and
muscles at fracture
violated
Open fracture - cutaneous
integuments and muscles at a fracture
violated
Fracture signs:
sharp pain when trying
change position
damaged body part
the appearance of mobility in those
places where it shouldn't be.
For an open fracture:
stop bleeding and
treat the wound
bandage
you can not try to give the bones
their natural position
give the affected part of the body
immobility, fix it
For fixing use
special medical tires
or improvised means -
boards, cardboard
the tire should cover not
less than two adjacent joints
the tire is applied from the side
uninjured area

First aid for bruises, broken bones and dislocations of joints

fractures
put a splint on the naked body
it is forbidden
bandaging the tire is not very
tightly, it should not put pressure on
damaged surface
With a fracture of the bones of the shoulder,
forearms and hands, the arm is bent
in the elbow and in addition to the splint
fix the hand with a scarf or
hollow jacket
1-2 commit
scarf
3 - fixation
hollow jacket
With a hip or bone fracture
shins are splinted
along the outstretched leg
In extreme cases, you can
bandage the injured leg
healthy.
With a fracture of the chest
cells (ribs, sternum) splint
cannot be imposed
a tight bandage is applied.

fractures

Closed fracture
hips
Open fracture
shins
Multiple
closed
arm fractures

First aid for bruises, broken bones and dislocations of joints

fractures
Sprain
For spinal injuries
the victim is placed on a flat
decking face down
Sit in a sitting position
the victim cannot
For skull trauma:
the victim is placed on his back
the head is fixed with a roller
clothes or blankets (in the form of
horseshoes)
the victim's face must be
turned to the side, in case
vomiting
You can't put your head on a pillow.
Sprain - the result
careless movement
Signs of a sprain:
Slight pain at first, then
it grows
Bruising around the joint
First aid:
apply a tight adhesive
bandage
apply to the affected area
cold
When twisting the leg, the foot
fixed to the shin - bandaged
figure eight perpendicular
shins.

First aid for bruises, broken bones and dislocations of joints

Dislocations of the joints
Dislocation of the joint - persistent
displacement of the articular bones,
in which the head of one bone,
emerges from the glenoid fossa
If the head exit is not complete -
subluxation
Signs of a dislocated joint:
there is swelling of the joint
lack of movement in the joint due to severe pain.
Set the bones that came out of
the joint itself cannot:
you can get a pain shock with
loss of consciousness
can damage joints
ligaments articular bag.
Dislocation of the knee joint
Back to content

1 slide

Topic: Musculoskeletal system Tasks: To study the structure, types and connection of bones, bones of the human skeleton; structure of muscle tissue and muscles Pavlenko S.E.

2 slide

Bone tissue The composition of bone tissue includes organic (ossein and osseomucoid) and inorganic substances (salts of calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium). Organic substances give elasticity. If they are burned, the bone crumbles into small solid particles. Inorganics give hardness, if you remove the inorganic substances by keeping the bone in acid, then the bone becomes elastic and can be tied into a knot. Bone tissue is represented by bone tissue cells - osteocytes and intercellular substance. The structural element is the osteon - a system of bone plates, located in concentric circles around the Haversian canals containing nerves and blood vessels. Between them are insert plates.

3 slide

The structure and types of bones Distinguish between a compact substance of bone tissue (bone body) and spongy substance (in the heads of bones). The structure and types of bones: The bone is covered with periosteum, articular surfaces - with cartilage. The periosteum performs protective, trophic (contains blood vessels and nerves) and bone-forming functions. On the inner side of the periosteum are osteoblasts that ensure the growth of the bone in thickness. On the border with the bone cavity are osteoclasts - cells that destroy bone tissue. The heads of the bones covered with cartilage are called the epiphyses, the places of attachment of the tendons are the apophyses, the body of the bone is the diaphysis, the area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis is the metaphysis.

4 slide

The structure and types of bones Osteons form crossbars, if the crossbars are located tightly, then a compact substance is formed, if loose - a spongy substance. The structure and types of bones: The bone is covered with periosteum, articular surfaces - with cartilage. The periosteum performs protective, trophic (contains blood vessels and nerves) and bone-forming functions. On the inner side of the periosteum are osteoblasts that ensure the growth of the bone in thickness. On the border with the bone cavity are osteoclasts - cells that destroy bone tissue. The heads of the bones covered with cartilage are called the epiphyses, the places of attachment of the tendons are the apophyses, the body of the bone is the diaphysis, the area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis is the metaphysis.

5 slide

In the metaphysis there is a layer of osteoblasts, for the division of which the bone grows in length. Bone growth stops by the age of 23-25 ​​in men, by 18-20 years in women. The epiphyses consist of a spongy substance, in the cells - red bone marrow. Inside the diaphysis is a canal with yellow bone marrow. Types of bones: There are four groups of bones: tubular (long - humerus, short - phalanges of the fingers); spongy (long - ribs, short - bones of the wrist, tarsus); flat (shoulder blades); mixed (base of the skull, vertebrae). The structure and types of bones

6 slide

They are divided into two main groups: continuous and intermittent. Continuous can be of three types - connection with connective tissue - fibrous connection (fontanelles in the skull of a newborn), with the help of cartilaginous tissue (intervertebral discs), bone fusion (skull bones). In intermittent (joints) there are articular surfaces, articular bag, articular cavity with synovial fluid. The pressure is negative. There are also semi-joints - compounds that have a slit-like cavity (pubic fusion) in the thickness of the cartilage. Connection of bones.

7 slide

ODS performs: mechanical functions associated with support, movement and protection of internal organs; metabolic functions are associated with participation in mineral metabolism; hematopoietic function is associated with hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells. Sections of the skeleton. The human skeleton has more than 200 bones and consists of: 1. Skull. 2. Trunk skeleton (vertebral column and chest). 3. The skeleton of the limbs (the skeleton of the belts and the skeleton of the free upper and lower limbs). Functions and structure of the ODS

8 slide

The skull includes 23 bones. The composition of the brain section includes: paired bones - temporal and parietal; unpaired bones - frontal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid. The occipital bone has a large foramen magnum. The facial skull consists of paired and unpaired bones. Paired - maxillary, nasal, lower nasal concha, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine. Unpaired bones - vomer, lower jaw, hyoid. Scull

9 slide

At birth, the bones of a child are very flexible (a lot of organic matter), the bones of the skull are not fused, there are large fontanelles between them - a connective tissue membrane. In older people, the bones become brittle due to the large amount of inorganic substances. Scull

10 slide

The skeleton of the trunk consists of the skeleton of the spine and the skeleton of the chest. The spinal column consists of 33-34 vertebrae, which form five sections. Cervical - from 7 vertebrae, thoracic - from 12, lumbar - from 5, sacral - from 5 merged, coccyx from 4-5 fused vertebrae. In the vertebrae, there are: body, arc, unpaired spinous process, paired upper and lower articular. Torso skeleton

11 slide

12 slide

The first vertebrae in the cervical region are called the atlas and epistrophy. The atlas has the appearance of a ring with two condyles, the body of the atlas has passed to the epistrophy and formed the odontoid process. Torso skeleton

13 slide

The skeleton of the chest is formed by the thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum. The first seven pairs of ribs are called true, the next three pairs are false ribs, their costal cartilages are connected not to the sternum, but to the overlying rib; the last two pairs of ribs are wandering. In the sternum, the handle, body and xiphoid process are distinguished. Torso skeleton

14 slide

The skeleton of the upper limb: consists of the skeleton of the free upper limb: the humerus, the bones of the forearm - the ulna and the radius, the wrist (8 bones), the metacarpus and phalanges of the fingers. The skeleton of the shoulder girdle: consists of paired shoulder blades and clavicles. Skeleton of limbs and limb girdles

15 slide

16 slide

The skeleton of the lower limb: consists of the skeleton of the free lower limb - the femur, the bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula), the bones of the foot (tarsus - 7 bones, metatarsus and phalanges of the fingers). The skeleton of the pelvic girdle: consists of two pelvic bones, each formed by the fusion of three bones - the ilium, ischium and pubis. Skeleton of limbs and limb girdles

17 slide

In connection with upright posture: - the human foot has an arched shape, - massive calcaneal bones; - the lower limbs are more massive than the upper ones; - the pelvis is expanded, cup-shaped; - The S-shaped spine has bends - two lordosis (bends directed forward - cervical and lumbar) and two kyphosis (bends directed backward - thoracic and sacral); - the chest is expanded to the sides. In connection with labor activity and the development of speech: - a hand with an opposed thumb was formed; the brain part of the skull increased and a chin appeared. Skeleton of limbs and limb girdles

18 slide

Scoliosis: curvature of the spine to the side; Lordosis: forward curvature of the lumbar is greater than normal; Kyphosis: posterior curvature of the thoracic region is greater than normal (stoop); Flat feet: Flattening of the arch of the foot. Violations in the formation of the skeleton

19 slide

What is indicated in the figure by the numbers 1 - 10? What is a diaphysis? Epiphysis? Metaphysic? Apophysis? What properties of bone tissue give organic and inorganic substances? Where are the cells that make the bone grow in length and thickness? What are their names? Repetition

20 slide

1. Three types of continuous connection of bones? 2. Two types of discontinuous connection of bones? 3. What is indicated by the numbers 1 - 10? 4. What parts of the bone are not covered by the periosteum? 5. What is the pressure inside the joint? 6. What is the name of the fluid inside the joint? Repetition

21 slide

What types of bones are shown in the picture? What bones form the brain region of the skull? What types of bones form the facial part of the skull? Repetition

22 slide

In an adult, they make up 40% of body weight, there are about 600 skeletal muscles. In the muscle, a thickened middle part is distinguished - the abdomen, the muscle is attached with the help of a tendon head to the fixed part of the skeleton, and with the tendon of the tail - to the moving part of the skeleton. muscles

23 slide

Muscles and muscle groups are surrounded by connective tissue membranes - fascia (epimysium). Groups of muscle fibers are surrounded by perimysium, the connective tissue between the fibers is endomysium. Nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels are like muscles. The shape of the muscles is diverse: there are long, short, wide, biceps, triceps and others. muscles

24 slide

Antagonist muscles provide movement in the joints (flexors and extensors, adductors and abductors, rotators). Muscles that move in one direction are synergists. muscles

25 slide

Skeletal muscles are made up of striated muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle fiber has the shape of a cylinder up to 40 mm long, up to 0.1 mm in diameter. Outside covered with sarcolemma, the cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm. It has a lot of mitochondria and a network of internal membranes - the sarcoplasmic reticulum containing Ca2 +. An average of 2500 myofibrils stretch along the muscle fiber. muscles

26 slide

Myofibrils are composed of many thousands of sarcomeres separated by Z-discs, to which are attached actin filaments, between which are myosin filaments. Each myosin filament is surrounded by 6 actin filaments. When myofibrils contract, the filaments themselves do not shorten, the actin filaments slide between the myosin filaments. This idea is called the gear theory. The sarcomere can contract up to 30% of its length. muscles

28 slide

Muscles of the upper limb: deltoid, biceps, triceps, muscles of the forearm, hand. Muscles of the lower limb: gluteal, quadriceps femoris, tailor, gastrocnemius, foot muscles; Major muscle groups

29 slide

Muscle fibers are isolated from neighboring ones, while they contract according to the "all or nothing" principle, i.e. the fiber contracts with the maximum force for it if the excitation has reached the threshold level. The strength and degree of contraction depends on the number of contracted fibers. When the arm is bent at the elbow joint, excitation to the biceps muscle comes from the motor zone of the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemispheres, is transmitted via descending pathways to the corresponding segments of the spinal cord, then along the motor neurons to the neuromuscular junctions and the flexor muscle contracts. Muscle work

30 slide

In this case, the motor neurons of the extensor muscle are inhibited, and the triceps muscle relaxes. The mediator that causes skeletal muscle contraction is acetylcholine. There are dynamic muscle work, when contraction alternates with relaxation, and static work, for example, when holding a load in one position. Static leads to faster fatigue. Fatigue is a temporary decrease in performance that occurs as a result of work. The leading role in fatigue is played not by the fatigue of the muscles themselves, but by the fatigue of the motor neurons. Muscle work

31 slide

It has been established that for a faster recovery of working capacity, not complete rest is more favorable, but intensive work of another muscle group. Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov called it "active recreation." He also studied the dependence of fatigue on rhythm and load and laid the foundations of science - occupational health. To achieve the maximum amount of muscle work, it is necessary to choose the optimal rhythm and load. Muscle work