Presentation on the topic: Current state and protection of vegetation. Abstract: Rational use and protection of vegetation. Presentation on the topic: Current state and protection of vegetation

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The current state and protection of vegetation Prepared by the 11th grade student Kirilenko Oksana

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The existence of the animal world, including humans, would be impossible without plants, which determines their special role in the life of our planet. Of all organisms, only plants and photosynthetic bacteria are capable of accumulating the energy of the sun, creating, through it, organic matter from inorganic substances; the plants extract CO2 from the atmosphere and release O2. It was the activity of plants that created the atmosphere containing O2, and by their existence it is maintained in a state suitable for breathing.

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Plants are the main, defining link in the complex food chain of all heterotrophic organisms, including humans. Land plants form steppes, meadows, forests and other plant groupings, creating the landscape diversity of the Earth and an endless variety of ecological niches for the life of organisms of all kingdoms. Finally, with the direct participation of plants, soil arose and is formed.

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As of the beginning of 2010, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), about 320 thousand plant species were described, of which about 280 thousand species of flowering plants, 1 thousand species of gymnosperms, about 16 thousand bryophytes, about 12 thousand species of higher spore plants (Plauniform, Papor-otnikiform, Horsetail). However, this number is increasing as new species are constantly being discovered.

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Forest Of all the plant resources of the Earth, forests are the most important in nature and human life. They suffered the most from economic activity and became the object of protection earlier than others.

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Forests, including those planted by humans, occupy an area of about 40 million km2, or about 1/3 of the land surface. The planet has 30% coniferous and 70% deciduous forests. Forests influence all components of the biosphere and play a huge environmental role.

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The wood is used in various sectors of the national economy. It serves as a source of chemicals obtained during the processing of wood, bark, pine needles. The timber supplies raw materials for obtaining over 20 thousand products and products. Almost half of the timber produced in the world is used for fuel, and a third is used for the production of building materials. Wood shortages are acutely felt in all industrialized countries. In recent decades, forests of recreational and sanitary-resort areas have acquired great importance.

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Deforestation Deforestation began at the dawn of human society and increased as it developed as the demand for timber and other forest products increased rapidly. Over the past 10 thousand years, 2/3 of the forests have been cleared on Earth. Over the course of historical time, about 500 million hectares have turned from forests to barren deserts. Forests are being destroyed so quickly that the areas of felling significantly exceed the area of tree planting. To date, in the zone of mixed and deciduous forests, about 1/2 of their original area has been reduced, in the Mediterranean subtropics - 80%, in the zones of monsoon rain - 90%.

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On the Great Chinese and Indo-Gangetic Plains, forests have survived only 5% of their former distribution. Tropical rainforests are being cleared and shrinking at a rate of about 26 hectares per minute, with fears that they will disappear in 25 years. Felled areas of tropical rainforest are not restored, and unproductive shrub formations are formed in their place, and with severe soil erosion, desertification occurs. In connection with deforestation, the water content of rivers decreases, lakes dry up, the level of groundwater goes down, soil erosion increases, the climate becomes more arid and continental, and droughts and dust storms often occur.

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Protection of vegetation Protection and restoration of forests. The main task of forest protection is their rational use and restoration. It is important to increase the productivity of forests, to protect them from fires and pests.

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1. With proper forestry management, felling in some areas should be repeated after 80-100 years, when the forest reaches full maturity. In many central regions of European Russia, they are forced to return to re-felling much earlier. The excess of felling norms has led to the fact that in many regions forests have lost their climate-forming and water-regulating importance. The share of small-leaved forests has significantly increased.

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2. Part of the wood is lost during timber rafting. In some years, rivers carry so many logs into the northern seas that in the Scandinavian countries there are special vessels for catching them and an industry for processing them. Currently, irrational rafting of logs without combining them into rafts on large rivers is prohibited. Plants for the production of furniture from wood fiber boards are being built near the enterprises of the woodworking industry.

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3. The most important condition for the conservation of forest resources is timely reforestation. Only a third of the forests cut down in Russia annually are restored naturally, the rest require special measures to restore them. At the same time, on 50% of the area, only measures to promote natural regeneration are enough, on the other, sowing and planting of trees is necessary. Weak reforestation is often associated with the cessation of self-seeding, destruction of undergrowth, soil destruction during forest felling and timber transportation. The restoration of forests is positively affected by clearing them from plant debris, branches, bark, needles remaining after felling.

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4. An important role in the reproduction of forests is played by drainage reclamation: the planting of trees, shrubs and grasses that improve the soil. This promotes faster tree growth and improved wood quality. The productivity of forests increases due to the sowing of perennial lupine in the aisles of plantings of pine, spruce, oak.

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6. Among the measures for the protection of forests, fire fighting is important. The fire completely or partially destroys the forest biocenosis. A different type of vegetation develops on forest burned-out areas, the population of animals changes completely. Fires cause great damage, destroying plants, game animals, other forest products: mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants. The main cause of fires is the negligent handling of fire by a person: fires, matches, cigarette butts.

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7. Protection of economically valuable and rare plant species consists in rational, standardized collection, excluding their depletion. Under the direct and indirect influence of man, many plant species have become rare, many are threatened with extinction. Such species are included in the Red Data Books. The Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (1983) contains 533 species, including the following: water walnut, lotus, toothed oak, Colchis boxwood, pitsundekai pine, mainland aralia, yew berry, holly, ginseng, zamaniha. All of them need strict protection, it is forbidden to collect them, cause any other damage (trample, graze livestock, etc.).

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Listing a species in the Red Book is a signal of a danger threatening its existence. The Red Book is the most important document containing a description of the current state of rare species, the reasons for their plight and the main measures for rescue.

Lesson outline on the topic: « State of the art and protection of vegetation "And" Rational use of animals "

Purpose:

Find out the current state of the surrounding world

Find out the importance of flora and fauna for humans

Tasks:

Educational:

1) to form students' understanding of the current state of the environment;

2) to generalize and consolidate knowledge about the rational use of plant and animal resources;

3) develop the ability to see, compare, generalize and draw conclusions;

Developing:

1) Continue the formation of the ability to work independently with the student.

2) Develop the intellectual characteristics and speech of students.

Educational:

1) Continue the moral, ecological, aesthetic education of students through the rational organization of the active cognitive activity of all students in the lesson.

Lesson type: Combined or traditional

Methods: verbal (story with elements of conversation), visual, partial search

Basic concepts: Deforestation. Reforestation. Proper forest management. Biological methods of forest pest control. Red Book. Direct and indirect human impact on animals. Anthropogenic landscapes. Rare and endangered species. Acclimatization. Reaclimatization. Reserves and sanctuaries. Environmental expertise and forecast.

Materials and equipment: textbook "Ecology" Grade 10-11 NM Chernov, VM Galushin, VM Kostantinov.

Lesson structure

Organizational moment -1 min.

Knowledge update - 23 min.

Learning new material - 15 min.

Consolidation of knowledge - 5 min.

5.Homework -1 min.

During the classes:

Lesson content:

Teaching methods and tools:

Time:

1.Organizational moment

Traditional

1 min.

2.Knowledge update

Cards

23 minutes

3. Learning new material:

Verbal, visual method. Textbook.

15 minutes.

Current state of vegetation

5 minutes

Rational use of animals

Storytelling with elements of conversation. Writing in a notebook.

5 minutes

Protection of flora and fauna.

Storytelling with elements of conversation. Writing in a notebook. Student survey.

5 minutes

4. Consolidation of knowledge

Interview.

5 minutes

5 homework

p. 39-40

1 min

1.Organizational moment: Hello! Today we will get acquainted with the rational use of plant and animal resources and their protection.

2.Knowledge update: Didactic material. Cards: 6.5 and 8.9

3. Learning new material:

Plants play an essential role in nature. Thanks to photosynthesis, they ensure the existence of life on Earth.

Of all the plant resources of the Earth, forests are the most important in nature and human life. They suffered the most from economic activity and became the object of protection earlier than others.

Forests have an impact on all components of the biosphere, play a huge environmental role (Fig. 127).

What role do forests play in nature?

(they purify the air, create habitats for animals, protect the soil from erosion, delay precipitation, create a favorable microclimate for agricultural plants, fix sands, prevent water pollution)

Timber is used in various sectors of the national economy (Fig. 128). It serves as a source of chemicals obtained during the processing of wood, bark, pine needles. The timber supplies raw materials for obtaining over 20 thousand products and products.

What products are made from wood? (work on figure 128)

Deforestation began at the dawn of human society and increased as it developed, as the demand for timber and other forest products increased rapidly. Over the past 10 thousand years, 2/3 of the forests have been cleared on Earth. Forests are being destroyed so quickly that the areas of felling significantly exceed the area of tree planting. To date, in the zone of mixed and deciduous forests, about 1/2 of their original area has been reduced, in the Mediterranean subtropics - 80%, in the zones of monsoon rain - 90%.

Protection and restoration of forests.

The main task of forest protection is their rational use and restoration. It is important to increase the productivity of forests, to protect them from fires and pests. (writing in a notebook)

Another important conservation measure is wood loss control. The greatest losses occur during timber harvesting. Many branches and needles remain at the felling sites, which can be used to prepare coniferous flour - the basis of vitamin and protein concentrates for livestock. This waste is promising for the production of essential oils.(writing in a notebook)

The most important condition for the conservation of forest resources is timely reforestation. Only a third of the forests cut down in Russia annually are restored naturally, the rest require special measures to restore them. At the same time, on 50% of the area, only measures to promote natural regeneration are enough, on the other, sowing and planting of trees is necessary. Weak reforestation is often associated with the cessation of self-seeding, destruction of undergrowth, soil destruction during forest felling and timber transportation. The restoration of forests is positively affected by clearing them from plant debris, branches, bark, needles remaining after felling.(writing in a notebook)

An important role in the reproduction of forests is played by drainage reclamation: the planting of trees, shrubs and grasses that improve the soil. This promotes faster tree growth and improved wood quality. The productivity of forests increases due to the sowing of perennial lupine in the aisles of plantings of pine, spruce, oak.(writing in a notebook)

Among the measures for the protection of forests, fire fighting is important. The fire completely or partially destroys the forest biocenosis. A different type of vegetation develops on forest burned-out areas, the population of animals changes completely.

The main cause of fires is the negligent handling of fire by a person: fires, matches, cigarette butts.

Agricultural burns, fire cleaning of cutting areas, flames and sparks from the exhaust pipes of tractors and cars, pipes of diesel locomotives pose a great danger to the outbreak of fires. Up to 97% of forest fires are caused by humans. Therefore, among fire fighting measures, an important place should be taken by fire-prevention propaganda among the population.

How is a forest fire extinguished? (When eliminating forest fires, aviation brigades are used, sometimes military units and the entire population are mobilized to fight the fires.)

The use of bacteria has become widespread. As bacterial drugs in our country they useentobacterin and dendrobacillin. The first is based on bacteria isolated from the bee moth caterpillars.It causes the death of many forest pests. The second is prepared from a spore culture of bacteria,obtained from the caterpillars of the Siberian silkworm. It is specifically designed to combat this pest. Both drugs are used in dry powder form.

Protection of economically valuable and rare plant species. The protection of economically valuable and rare plant species consists in a rational, standardized collection that excludes their depletion. Under direct and indirect human influence, many plant species have become rare, many are threatened with extinction. Such species are included in the Red Data Books.

Why did some plant species begin to be included in the Red Book?

( Listing a species in the Red Book is a signal of a danger threatening its existence. The Red Book is the most important document containing a description of the current state of rare species, the reasons for their plight and the main measures for rescue.)

For humans, animals serve as a source of protein nutrition and fat, as a supplier of raw materials for the leather and fur industry.

What do you think is the direct and indirect impact of humans on animals?

Direct: The direct impact (persecution, extermination, resettlement, breeding) is experienced by game animals, which are hunted for fur, meat, fat, etc. As a result, their number decreases, some species disappear.

To combat agricultural pests, a number of species are relocated from one area to another. At the same time, there are often cases when migrants themselves become pests. For example, the mongoose, brought to the Antilles to fight rodents, began to harm land-nesting birds and spread rabies among animals.

Direct human impacts on animals include their death from pesticides used in agriculture, and from poisoning by industrial emissions.

Indirect: The indirect influence of humans on animals is manifested due to changes in the habitat during deforestation, plowing of steppes, drainage of swamps, construction of dams, construction of cities, villages, roads, etc.

The negative impact of humans on animals is increasing, and for many species it becomes threatening. One species (or subspecies) of vertebrates perishes annually; more than 600 bird species and about 120 mammal species are in danger of extinction. For such animals, special measures are needed to preserve them.

What measures are being taken to conserve endangered species? (entry into the Red Book, transportation of animals to nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, etc .; a ban on hunting rare species)

The main task of protecting rare and endangered species is to achieve such an increase in their number by creating favorable habitat conditions that would eliminate the danger of their extinction.

What types of animals are included in the Red Book? Their habitats?

In our country, in order to preserve rare and endangered species, they organize nature reserves, sanctuaries, animals are resettled in the areas of their former distribution, they are fed, they create shelters and artificial nests, they are protected from predators and diseases. With very low numbers, animals are bred in captivity (nurseries and zoos), and then released into conditions suitable for them.

What nature reserves in Russia do you know? (Barguzinsky nature reserve, Ussuriysky nature reserve)

The preservation and restoration of the number of game animals is of particular importance. As you know, the value of game animals lies in the fact that they live off natural food that is inaccessible or unsuitable for domestic animals; they do not need to be specially taken care of. Among game animals, fish, birds and animals are of the greatest importance.

The system for the protection of wild animals consists, on the one hand, of measures to protect the animals themselves from direct extermination, death from natural disasters, and on the other, of measures to preserve their habitat. The protection of the animals themselves is carried out by hunting laws. They provide for a complete ban on hunting for rare species and limiting the timing, norms, places and methods of catching other commercial species.

Rational use of stocks of game animals does not contradict their protection, if it is based on knowledge of their biology.

The protection of hunting grounds is based on knowledge of the habitat conditions necessary for the life of commercial species, the availability of shelters, suitable places for nesting, and the abundance of food. Often the optimal places for the existence of species are reserves and sanctuaries.

Reacclimatization of a species is its artificial dispersal in areas of its former distribution. It is often successful, as the species occupies its former ecological niche.The acclimatization of new species requires a lot of preliminary preparation, including making forecasts of their impact on the local fauna and their possible role in biocenoses. Acclimatization experience testifies to many failures.

An example of acclimatization: The importation of 24 rabbits to Australia in 1859, which after tens of years gave birth to multimillion-dollar offspring, led to national disaster. The bred rabbits began to compete for food with local animals. By settling on pastures and destroying vegetation, they caused enormous damage to sheep breeding. Fighting rabbits took a lot of effort and time. There are many such examples. Therefore, the resettlement of each species should be preceded by a thorough study of the possible consequences of introducing the species into a new territory on the basis of an ecological expertise and forecast.

4. Consolidation of knowledge:

1. How can insectivores and birds of prey be attracted to city parks and squares? Do I need to do this and why? Are there any restrictions on attracting birds?

2. Why are forest fires dangerous and what are the measures to combat them?

3. What do you know about the harm caused by insects to the forest, and what are the measures to combat them?

4. Why is it necessary to conserve rare and endangered plant species and how is it done?

5. What kind of animal welfare measures do you know?

The existence of the animal world, including humans, would be impossible without plants, which determines their special role in the life of our planet. Of all organisms, only plants and photosynthetic bacteria are capable of accumulating the energy of the sun, creating, through it, organic matter from inorganic substances; in this case, plants extract CO 2 from the atmosphere and release O 2. It is the activity of plants that created the atmosphere containing O 2, and by their existence it is maintained in a state suitable for respiration.

Plants are the main, defining link in the complex food chain of all heterotrophic organisms, including humans. Terrestrial plants form steppes, meadows, forests and other plant groupings, creating the landscape diversity of the Earth and an endless variety of ecological niches for the life of organisms of all kingdoms. Finally, with the direct participation of plants, soil arose and is formed.

As of the beginning of 2010, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), about 320 thousand species of plants were described, of which about 280 thousand species of flowering, 1 thousand species of gymnosperms, about 16 thousand bryophytes, about 12 thousand species of higher spore plants (Plauniform, Papor-otnikiformes, Horsetail). However, this number is increasing as new species are constantly being discovered.

On the Great Chinese and Indo-Gangetic Plains, forests have survived only 5% of their former distribution. Rainforests are being cleared and are shrinking at a rate of about 26 hectares per minute, with fears that they will disappear in 25 years. Felled areas of tropical rainforest are not restored, and unproductive shrub formations are formed in their place, and with severe soil erosion, desertification occurs. In connection with deforestation, the water content of rivers decreases, lakes dry up, the level of groundwater decreases, soil erosion increases, the climate becomes more arid and continental, and droughts and dust storms often occur.

1. With proper forestry, felling in some areas should be repeated after years, when the forest reaches full maturity. In many central regions of European Russia, they are forced to return to re-felling much earlier. The excess of felling norms has led to the fact that in many areas forests have lost their climate-forming and water-regulating importance. The share of small-leaved forests has significantly increased.

3. The most important condition for the conservation of forest resources is timely reforestation. Only a third of the forests cut down in Russia annually are restored naturally, the rest require special measures to restore them. At the same time, on 50% of the area, only measures to promote natural regeneration are enough; on the other, sowing and planting of trees is necessary. Weak reforestation is often associated with the cessation of self-seeding, destruction of undergrowth, soil destruction during forest felling and timber transportation. The restoration of forests is positively affected by clearing them from plant debris, branches, bark, needles remaining after felling.

7. Protection of economically valuable and rare plant species consists in rational, standardized collection, excluding their depletion. Under direct and indirect human influence, many plant species have become rare, many are threatened with extinction. Such species are included in the Red Data Books. The Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (1983) contains 533 species, including the following: water walnut, lotus, toothed oak, Colchis boxwood, pitsundekai pine, mainland aralia, yew berry, holly, ginseng, zamaniha. All of them need strict protection, it is forbidden to collect them, cause any other damage (trample, graze livestock, etc.).

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State of the art and protection of vegetation

Prepared by a student of grade 11 Kirilenko Oksana

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Deforestation

Deforestation began at the dawn of human society and increased as it developed, as the demand for timber and other forest products increased rapidly. Over the past 10 thousand years, 2/3 of the forests have been cleared on Earth. Over the course of historical time, about 500 million hectares have turned from forests to barren deserts. Forests are being destroyed so quickly that the areas of felling significantly exceed the area of tree planting. To date, in the zone of mixed and deciduous forests, about 1/2 of their original area has been reduced, in the Mediterranean subtropics - 80%, in the zones of monsoon rain - 90%.

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Vegetation protection

Protection and restoration of forests. The main task of forest protection is their rational use and restoration. It is important to increase the productivity of forests, to protect them from fires and pests.

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Plants play an essential role in nature. Thanks to photosynthesis they provide for existence life on the ground. how producers Plants form organic matter from inorganic matter. Photosynthesis in plants on Earth is ubiquitous, so its total effect is colossal. According to rough estimates, terrestrial vegetation assimilates 20–30 billion tons of carbon annually, and the phytoplankton of the oceans consume about the same amount. For 300 years, the plants of our planet assimilate as much carbon as it contains in total atmosphere and in the water. At the same time, plants annually form about 177 billion tons organic matter, and the annual chemical energy of the products of photosynthesis is 100 times higher than the energy production of all power plants in the world. All oxygen in the atmosphere passes through living organisms in about 2,000 years, and plants use and decompose all the water on our planet in about 2 million years.

Of all plant resources Forests are the most important land in nature and human life. They suffered the most from economic activity and became the object of protection earlier than others.

Forests, including those planted by humans, cover an area of about 40 million km 2, or about 1/3 of the land surface. The planet has 30% coniferous and 70% deciduous forests. Forests affect all components biosphere, play a huge environmental role (Fig. 1).

Fig. one. The role of the forest in nature: purifies the air (in the center);
the top row from left to right - creates habitats for animals, protects the soil from erosion, reduces surface water runoff;
bottom row from left to right - creates a favorable microclimate for agricultural plants, fixes sands, prevents water pollution