>> International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

5.6. International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today are inextricably linked with the implementation of military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces.

As you know, the starting point of the beginning of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 16, 1997 "On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure." On July 31, 1997, the President approved the Concept for the development of the Armed Forces for the period up to 2000.

The military reform is based on a solid theoretical basis, the results of calculations, taking into account the changes that took place in the early 90s. in the geopolitical situation in the world, the nature of international relations and the changes that have taken place in Russia itself. The main goal of the military reform is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state from military aggression from other states.

At present, in order to prevent war and armed conflicts in the Russian Federation, preference is given to political, economic and other non-military means. At the same time, it is taken into account that, while the non-use of force has not yet become the norm in international relations, the national interests of the Russian Federation require military power sufficient for its defense.

In this regard, the most important task of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is to ensure nuclear deterrence in the interests of preventing both nuclear and conventional large-scale or regional war.

The national interests of the state presupposes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. At the same time, the Armed Forces must ensure that the Russian Federation carries out peacekeeping activities both independently and as part of international organizations. The interests of ensuring Russia's national security predetermine the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world.

The long-term goals of ensuring Russia's national security also determine the need for Russia's broad participation in peacekeeping operations. The implementation of such operations is aimed at preventing or eliminating crisis situations at the stage of their inception.

Thus, currently Military establishment the country's leadership is seen as a deterrent factor, as a last resort used in cases where the use of peaceful means did not lead to the elimination of a military threat to the country's interests. Fulfillment of Russia's international obligations to participate in peacekeeping operations is seen as a new task of the Armed Forces to maintain peace.

The main document that determined the creation of the peacekeeping forces of Russia, the principles of their use and the procedure for their use is the Law of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for providing the Russian Federation with military and civilian personnel to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security" (adopted by the State Duma on May 26, 1995 .).

To implement this law, in May 1996, the President of the Russian Federation signed Decree No. 637 "On the formation of a special military contingent of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security."

In accordance with this decree, a special military contingent with a total strength of 22 thousand people was formed in the Russian Armed Forces, consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 paratrooper battalions.

In total, until April 2002, one thousand military personnel from the peacekeeping units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation performed tasks of maintaining peace and security in two regions - the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova and Abkhazia.

The military contingent in the conflict zone in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova was introduced on June 23, 1992 on the basis of the Agreement between the Republic of Moldova and the Russian Federation on the principles of peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova. The total number of the peacekeeping contingent was about 500 people.

On March 20, 1998, negotiations on the settlement of the Transnistrian conflict were held in Odessa with the participation of the Russian, Ukrainian, Moldovan and Transnistrian delegations.

The military contingent entered the conflict zone in South Ossetia (Georgia) on July 9, 1992 on the basis of the Dagomys agreement between the Russian Federation and Georgia on the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. The total number of this contingent was more than 500 people.

The military contingent entered the conflict zone in Abkhazia on June 23, 1994 on the basis of the Agreement on a Ceasefire and Separation of Forces. The total number of this contingent was about 1600 people.

Since October 1993, the 201st motorized rifle division of the RF Armed Forces has been part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the Republic of Tajikistan in accordance with the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The total number of this contingent was more than 6 thousand people (insert, photo 36).

Since June 11, 1999, Russian peacekeepers have been on the territory of the autonomous region of Kosovo (Yugoslavia), where at the end of the 90s. a serious armed confrontation arose between Serbs and Albanians. The number of the Russian contingent was 3600 people. A separate sector occupied by the Russians in Kosovo equalized the Russian Federation in rights in resolving this interethnic conflict with the five leading NATO countries (USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy).

The recruitment of command and control bodies, military units and subdivisions of a special military contingent is carried out on a voluntary basis according to the preliminary (competitive) selection of servicemen undergoing military service by contract. The training and equipping of the peacekeeping forces is carried out at the expense of the federal budget allocated for defense.

While serving in a special military contingent, military personnel enjoy the status, privileges and immunities that are accorded to UN personnel during peacekeeping operations in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, adopted by the UN General Assembly on February 13, 1996, the Convention on UN Security Council of December 9, 1994, Protocol on the Status of Groups of Military Observers and Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS of May 15, 1992 No.

The personnel of the special military contingent is equipped with light small arms. When performing tasks on the territory of the CIS countries, personnel are provided with all types of allowances according to the standards established in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Preparation and education The military personnel of the peacekeeping contingent are carried out at the bases of a number of formations of the Leningrad and Volga-Ural military districts, as well as at the Higher officer courses "Shot" in the city of Solnechnogorsk (Moscow region).

The CIS member states concluded an Agreement on the training and education of military and civilian personnel for participation in collective peacekeeping operations, determined the procedure for training and education and approved training programs for all categories of military and civilian personnel assigned to the collective peacekeeping forces.

The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include holding joint exercises, friendly visits and other events aimed at strengthening common peace and mutual understanding.

On August 7-11, 2000, a joint Russian-Moldovan exercise of the peacekeeping forces "Blue Shield" was held.

Questions and tasks

1. The significance and role of the international activities of the Russian Armed Forces in carrying out military reform.
2. The legal framework for the peacekeeping activities of the Russian Armed Forces.
3. The status of a member of the Russian peacekeeping force contingent.

Smirnov A.T., Fundamentals of Life Safety: Textbook. for students of grade 11 general education. institutions / A. T. Smirnov, B. I. Mishin, V. A. Vasnev. - 3rd ed. - M.: Education, 2002 .-- 159 p. - ill.

Help for the student online, OBZhD for grade 11 download, calendar-thematic planning

Lesson content lesson outline support frame lesson presentation accelerative methods interactive technologies Practice tasks and exercises self-test workshops, trainings, cases, quests home assignments discussion questions rhetorical questions from students Illustrations audio, video clips and multimedia photos, pictures, charts, tables, schemes humor, jokes, jokes, comics parables, sayings, crosswords, quotes Supplements abstracts articles chips for the curious cheat sheets textbooks basic and additional vocabulary of terms others Improving textbooks and lessonsbug fixes in the tutorial updating a fragment in the textbook elements of innovation in the lesson replacing obsolete knowledge with new ones For teachers only perfect lessons calendar plan for the year methodological recommendations of the discussion program Integrated lessons

The Russian Federation today is inextricably linked with the implementation of military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces.

As you know, the starting point of the beginning of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 16, 1997 "On the first-priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure." On July 31, 1997, the President approved the Concept for the development of the Armed Forces for the period up to 2000.

The military reform is based on a solid theoretical base, the results of calculations, taking into account the changes that took place in the early 90s. in the geopolitical situation in the world, the nature of international relations and changes that have taken place in Russia itself. The main goal of the military reform is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and state from military aggression from other states.

The protection of the national interests of the state assumes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. At the same time, the Armed Forces must ensure the implementation of peacekeeping activities by the Russian Federation, both independently and as part of international organizations. The interests of ensuring Russia's national security predetermine the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world.

Thus, at present, the country's leadership considers the Armed Forces as a deterrent factor, as an extreme measure used in cases when the use of peaceful means did not lead to the elimination of a military threat to the country's interests. The fulfillment of Russia's international obligations to participate in peacekeeping operations is viewed as a new task for the Armed Peacekeeping Forces.

The main document that determined the creation of the peacekeeping forces of Russia, the principles of their use and the procedure for their use, is the Law of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for providing the Russian Federation with military and civilian personnel to participate in activities to maintain or restore international peace and security" (adopted State Duma on May 26, 1995).

In accordance with this decree, a special military contingent with a total number of 22 thousand people was formed in the Russian Armed Forces, consisting of 17 motorized rifle and 4 paratrooper battalions.

The military contingent in the conflict zone in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova was introduced on June 23, 1992 on the basis of the Agreement between the Republic of Moldova and the Russian Federation on the principles of the peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova. The total number of the peacekeeping contingent was about 500 people.

On March 20, 1998, negotiations on the settlement of the Transnistrian conflict were held in Odessa with the participation of the Russian, Ukrainian, Moldovan and Transnistrian delegations.

The 201st motorized rifle division of the RF Armed Forces has been part of the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the Republic of Tajikistan since October 1993 in accordance with the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The total number of this contingent was more than 6 thousand people (insert, photo 36).

The recruitment of command and control bodies, military units and divisions of the special military contingent is carried out on a voluntary basis according to the preliminary (competitive) selection of servicemen undergoing military service under the contract. The training and equipping of the peacekeeping forces is carried out at the expense of the federal budget allocated for defense.

While serving in a special military contingent, military personnel enjoy the status, privileges and immunities that are accorded to UN personnel during peacekeeping operations in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, adopted by the UN General Assembly on February 13 1996, the UN Security Convention of December 9, 1994, the Protocol on the Status of Groups of Military Observers and the Collective Peacekeeping Forces in the CIS of May 15, 1992.

The personnel of the special military contingent is equipped with light small arms. When performing tasks on the territory of the CIS countries, personnel are provided with all types of contentment according to the standards established in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The training and education of the military personnel of the peacekeeping continent is carried out at the bases of a number of formations of the Leningrad and Volga-Ural military districts, as well as at the Higher officer courses "Shot" in the city of Solnechnogorsk (Moscow region).

On August 7-11, 2000, a joint Russian-Moldovan exercise of the peacekeeping forces "Blue Shield" was held.

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan

MBOU SOSH village Staropetrovo

Subject: Fundamentals of Life Safety.

Grade: 11

Topic №3.4

International (peacekeeping) activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Developed by:

Teacher-organizer of OBZH

Yanzeev A.M.

Time: 1 hour

Location: OBZh cabinet

Method of carrying out: verbal, reproductive.

Lesson type:a lesson in learning new material; Forms of organizing cognitive activity: frontal, group.

The purpose of the lesson:

Familiarization of students with the peacekeeping activities of the RF Armed Forces; fostering patriotism, a sense of responsibility and pride for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, standing in the defense of the Fatherland and peace on Earth.

Used Books:

Textbook: Fundamentals of Life Safety Grade 11. V.V. Markov, V.N. Latchuk, S.K. Mironov, S.N. Vangorodsky. - M., "Bustard", 2007, § 3.6 chapter 3 "A soldier is a defender of the Fatherland. Honor and Dignity of the Soldier of the Armed Forces ”section II.

Smirnov A.T., Fundamentals of life safety: Textbook for students of grade 11. educational institutions / A. T. Smirnov, B. I. Mishin, V. A. Vasnev. - 3rd ed. - M., Enlightenment

Study questions:

1. Peacekeeping activities of the RF Armed Forces

2.Participation of Russia in UN peacekeeping operations

During the classes:

1. A survey based on the materials of the previous lesson.

2. Presentation and short recording of lesson materials:

1. Peacekeeping activities of the RF Armed Forces

2.Participation of Russia in UN peacekeeping operations

The practical participation of Russia (USSR) in UN peacekeeping operations began in October 1973, when the first group of UN military observers was sent to the Middle East.

Since 1991, Russia's participation in these operations has intensified: in April, after the end of the Gulf War, a group of Russian UN military observers was sent to the Iraq-Kuwait border area, and in September to Western Sahara. Since the beginning of 1992 the scope of activity of our military observers extended to Yugoslavia, Cambodia and Mozambique, and in January 1994. - to Rwanda. In October 1994. the UN RVN group was sent to Georgia, in February 1995. - to Angola, in March 1997. - to Guatemala, in May 1998. - in Sierra Peone, in July 1999. - to East Timor, in November 1999. - to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Currently, 10 groups of Russian military observers and UN headquarters officers with a total strength of up to 70 people participate in UN peacekeeping operations. Russian military observers can be found in the Middle East Lebanon, on the Iraqi-Kuwait border, in Western Sahara, in the former Yugoslavia, in Georgia, in Sierra Leone, in East Timor, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The main tasks of military observers are to monitor the implementation of agreements on a ceasefire and ceasefire between the warring parties, as well as to prevent, through their presence without the right to use force, possible violations of the agreements and agreements of the conflicting parties.

The selection of candidates for UN military observers on a voluntary basis is carried out from among the officers who speak foreign languages, know the rules for maintaining standard UN documents and have experience in driving. The peculiarities of the UN military observer service, requiring him to have qualities that allow him to make compromise decisions in the most unexpected situations and in the shortest possible time, determine a special procedure for the selection and training of these officers. The requirements of the UN for a candidate military observer officer are very high.

Since 1974, the training of UN military observers for participation in UN peacekeeping operations has been carried out on the basis of the former 1st Higher Officers' Course "Shot", now it is the Training Center for retraining and advanced training of officers of the Combined Arms Academy. Initially, the courses were held once a year for 2 months. In connection with the expansion of the participation of the USSR and Russia in UN peacekeeping operations, since 1991, courses have been held 3 times a year. In total, from 1974 to 1999, over 800 officers were trained at the UNO courses to participate in the UN PKO.

In addition to training UN military observers, staff officers and military police officers (organized since 1992), the courses were actively involved in the implementation of the provisions of the Treaty on the Limitation of Armed Forces and Conventional Arms in Europe. In 1990-1991, the course trained more than 250 inspector officers to monitor the reduction of armed forces and conventional weapons in Europe.

The practice of the participation of Russian officers in UN missions has shown that in terms of the level of professional training, moral and psychological state, and the ability to make the most appropriate decision in extreme situations, they fully meet the requirements. And the experience accumulated by Russian military observers is being actively used in organizing work to prepare for participation in new peacekeeping operations and to improve the methods of their training.

The high level of training of officers of the RF Armed Forces to participate in UN peacekeeping operations, the harmonious training programs and rich experience in improving the educational process at the courses of UN military observers are of interest from foreign specialists and organizations.

Since 1996 the courses provide training for foreign military personnel. In 1996-1998, 55 officers from Great Britain (23), Denmark (2), Canada (2), Norway (2), USA (17), Germany (5), Sweden (4) were trained at 1 VOK "Shot" ...

In October 1999. 5 foreign students studied at the courses (Great Britain - 2, Germany, Canada, Sweden - one each).

Training camps for the training of UN military observers are held three times a year according to a two-month program. The timing of the training camp is coordinated with the schedule of replacement of specialists participating in the UN peacekeeping operations (PKO). The annual curriculum also provides for one month training camp for UN PKO headquarters officers.

Scheduled training sessions under the UNDP training program are carried out with the involvement of teachers from the main cycles of the training center, as well as seconded instructor officers with practical experience of participation in UN peacekeeping operations. Training of foreign military personnel is carried out according to a one-month program together with Russian military personnel, starting from the second month of each training camp.

Teaching tactical-special and military-technical disciplines is conducted in Russian with the help of an interpreter. Special training classes, in English, are conducted by instructor officers.

The training and material base provided by the training center for conducting training sessions of UN military observers includes:

- equipped classrooms;

- automotive and other equipment;

- technical training aids;

- polygon;

- a hotel for students to stay.

The available educational and material base allows the following categories of specialists to be trained in English for participation in the UN PKO:

- UN military observers;

- officers of the headquarters of the UN peacekeeping forces (MS);

- commanders of logistics and technical services of the UN ICS;

- UN military police officers;

- UN civilian police officers.

In April 1992, for the first time in the history of peacekeeping activities in Russia, on the basis of UN Security Council Resolution No. 743 and after completing the necessary domestic procedures (the decision of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation), a Russian infantry battalion of 900 men was sent to the former Yugoslavia. reinforced by personnel, armored personnel carriers BTR-80 and other weapons and military equipment.

In accordance with the political decision of the Russian leadership, part of the forces of the Russian contingent of the UN forces in February 1994. was redeployed to the region of Sarajevo and transformed, after a corresponding reinforcement, into the second battalion (up to 500 people). The main task of this battalion was to ensure the separation of the parties (Bosnian Serbs and Muslims) and to monitor compliance with the ceasefire agreement.

In connection with the transfer of powers from the UN to NATO in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the battalion of the "Sarajevo" sector in January 1996. stopped carrying out peacekeeping tasks and withdrawn to the territory of Russia.

In accordance with the decision of the UN Security Council on the completion of the UN mission in Eastern Slovenia on January 15, 1998, the Russian infantry battalion (up to 950 people), which was carrying out tasks to separate the sides (Serbs and Croats), was withdrawn in January of this year. from Croatia to the territory of Russia.

In June 1995. a Russian peacekeeping unit appears on the African continent. A Russian military contingent consisting of seven Mi-8 helicopters and up to 160 servicemen was sent to Angola to solve the tasks of air support for the UN Control Mission in Angola (UNAVEM-3). Russian aviators coped with the assigned tasks in the most difficult tropical conditions in Africa.

In March 1999. The Russian aviation group of the UN Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA) was withdrawn to the Russian Federation in connection with the termination of the UN mission.

In August 2000, a Russian aviation unit was again sent to the African continent as part of the UN peacekeeping mission in Sierra Leone. This is a Russian aviation group consisting of 4 Mi-24 helicopters and up to 115 personnel.

However, Russia bears the main material costs with the participation of a special military contingent of the RF Armed Forces in maintaining international peace and security in the zones of armed conflicts on the territory of the former Yugoslavia and the CIS member states.

The former Yugoslavia. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation have been participating in the operation of the multinational forces since April 1992. in accordance with UN Security Council Resolutions N 743 of February 26, 1992 and of June 10, 1999 1244. Currently, the Russian military contingent is taking part in peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and in the autonomous province of Kosovo of the Federal Republic Yugoslavia. The main tasks of the Russian peacekeepers:

- preventing the resumption of hostilities;

- creation of security conditions for the return of refugees and displaced persons;

- ensuring public safety;

- supervising mine clearance;

- support, if necessary, an international civil presence;

- fulfillment of responsibilities for the implementation of border control;

- ensuring the protection and freedom of movement of its forces, the international civilian presence and personnel of other international organizations.

Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova. The military contingent entered the conflict zone from 23.07. until 31.08.1992 on the basis of the Moldovan-Russian agreement on the principles of the peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova dated 21.7. 1992 year

The main task is to monitor compliance with the terms of the ceasefire and contribute to the maintenance of law and order.

South Ossetia. The military contingent entered the conflict zone on 9.7.1992 on the basis of the Georgian-Russian Dagomys agreement of 24.6. 1992 on the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict.

The main task is to ensure control over the ceasefire, the withdrawal of armed formations, the dissolution of the self-defense forces and the maintenance of the security regime in the control zone.

Abkhazia. The military contingent entered the zone of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict on June 23, 1994 on the basis of the Agreement on a Ceasefire and Separation of Forces of May 14, 1994.

The main tasks are blocking the conflict area, monitoring the withdrawal of troops and their disarmament, protecting important facilities and communications, escorting humanitarian supplies, and others.

Tajikistan. 201 honey with means of reinforcement entered the CIS Collective Peacekeeping Forces in October 1993 on the basis of the Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan on cooperation in the military field of May 25, 1993, the Agreement of the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States on Collective Peacekeeping Forces and joint measures for their material and technical support.

The main tasks are assistance in normalizing the situation on the Tajik-Afghan border, protecting vital facilities and others.

The status of military personnel taking part in UN peacekeeping operations

The legal status of UN military personnel is governed by a set of legal principles and norms that belong to different legal systems and have a different legal nature.

The legal status of military personnel reflects its specificity, first of all, as an integral link of the functional interstate mechanism - an international organization. The main legal basis for regulating the activities of international organizations and their employees is the international legal basis, the form is international legal principles and norms. In this regard, the status of the staff is primarily international in nature and limited by the functional framework.

A specific feature of the legal status of servicemen taking part in UN peacekeeping operations is that they do not enter the service of the United Nations, they do not become UN personnel as such. Military personnel are temporarily assigned to a UN peacekeeping mission.

After the secondment of citizens of one state to serve in an organ of an international organization located on the territory of another state, accordingly, legal relations between the servants and these states remain and arise. Servicemen remain and become participants in legal relations that are governed by the norms of the respective national legal systems.

In addition, an international organization, whose activities are subject to the will of the member states, is endowed with a certain independence by the member states in order to achieve its goals. The independence of an organization is embodied in functional legal personality and materializes through functional competence, in particular, in the creation of legal norms, including those regulating the activities of personnel. These norms have unconditional legal binding, however, they are not international legal, they have a special legal nature and sources.

It follows from the foregoing that all norms and principles governing the legal status of personnel can be divided according to the nature of their sources and belong to:

1) to the norms of international law contained in the charters of the UN and its specialized agencies, in special agreements, in acts of organizations and other international legal acts;

2) to the norms that have an intrastate nature of sources contained in the domestic authorities of the host country, transit, business trip.

3) to the norms of the internal law of the United Nations, created and applied within the organization;

4) to the norms that have an intrastate nature of the sources contained in the acts of certain domestic bodies.

The heterogeneous nature of the legal regulation of the status of military personnel taking part in UN peacekeeping operations reflects the legal status of such military personnel as a special category of participants in international legal relations. This specificity led to the determination of the sources of norms on the legal status of personnel and thereby the peculiarities of its regulation in various legal spheres.

At present, the active participation of Russian citizens in the peacekeeping efforts of the world community requires the development of a “Status of a Participant in Peacekeeping Operations” that meets international legal norms, which would define legal rights and obligations and provide social guarantees for all participants in this process.

Conclusion: Consolidation of the passed material.

Homework:- Textbook: Fundamentals of Life Safety Grade 11. V.V. Markov, V.N. Latchuk, S.K. Mironov, S.N. Vangorodsky. - M., "Bustard", 2007, § 3.6 chapter 3 "A soldier is a defender of the Fatherland. Honor and Dignity of the Soldier of the Armed Forces ”section II.

The international activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation today are inextricably linked with the implementation of military reform in our country and the reform of the Armed Forces.

Military reform is based on solid theoretical base, the results of the calculations, taking into account the changes that took place in the early 90s. in the geopolitical situation in the world, the nature of international relations and the changes that have taken place in Russia itself. The main goal of the military reform is to ensure the national interests of Russia, which in the defense sphere are to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state from military aggression from other states.

The protection of the national interests of the state presupposes that the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation must ensure reliable protection of the country. At the same time, the Armed Forces must ensure that the Russian Federation carries out peacekeeping activities both independently and as part of international organizations. The interests of ensuring Russia's national security predetermine the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world.

Thus, at present, the country's leadership considers the Armed Forces as a deterrent factor, as an extreme measure used in cases when the use of peaceful means did not lead to the elimination of a military threat to the country's interests. Fulfillment of Russia's international obligations to participate in peacekeeping operations is seen as a new task of the Armed Forces to maintain peace.

maintenance or restoration of international peace and security ”(adopted by the State Duma on May 26, 1995).

On March 20, 1998, negotiations were held in Odessa on settlement of the Transnistrian conflict with the participation of Russian, Ukrainian, Moldovan and Transnistrian delegations.

The recruitment of command and control bodies, military units and subdivisions of a special military contingent is carried out on a voluntary basis according to a preliminary (competitive) selection of servicemen undergoing military service under a contract. Prepare

peacekeeping forces are supplied and equipped per the account of the federal budget allocated for defense.

The training and education of the military personnel of the peacekeeping contingent is carried out at the bases of a number of formations of the Leningrad and Volga-Ural military districts, as well as at the Higher officer courses "Shot" in the city of Solnechnogorsk (Moscow region).

On August 7-11, 2000, a joint Russian-Moldovan exercise of the peacekeeping forces "Blue Shield" was held.

Questions and tasks

1. The significance and role of the international activities of the Russian Armed Forces in carrying out military reform.

2. The legal framework for the peacekeeping activities of the Russian Armed Forces.

3. The status of a member of the Russian peacekeeping force contingent.

Literature

Great Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M .: Scientific publishing house "Great Russian Encyclopedia"; SPb .: Norint, 1997.

Vasnev V.A., Chinenny S.A. Fundamentals of preparation for military service: Book. for the teacher. - M .: Education, 2002.

Bulletin of military information. - Agency "Voeninform" of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the Russian information agency "Novosti". - 1998-2000.-№ 1-12.

Military doctrine of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of military information. - 2000. - No. 5.

Military psychology and pedagogy: Textbook. allowance / Under total. ed. Colonel-General V.F.Kulakov.- Moscow: Perfection, 1998.

Military legislation of the Russian Empire (code Russian Military Law) .- M .: Military University, 1996.

Military encyclopedic dictionary.-M .: Military publishing house, 1983.

Healthy family / Per. from English M. G. Lunko, D. A. Ivanova.- M .: Kron-Press, 1994.

Constitution of the Russian Federation.-Any edition.

The concept of national security of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of military information. - 2000. - No. 2.

Brief Medical Encyclopedia: In 2 volumes / Chief ed. Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences V. I. Pokrovsky. - M .: Scientific and Practical Association "Medical Encyclopedia", Kron-Press, 1994.

In the service of the Fatherland: On the history of the Russian state and its armed forces, traditions, moral, psychological and legal foundations of military service: A book for reading on the social and state training of soldiers (sailors), sergeants (foremen) of the RF Armed Forces / Ed. V. A. Zolotareva, V. V. Marushchenko.-3rd ed. -M .: Rus-RKB, 1999.

LIFE SAFETY FUNDAMENTALS. Fundamentals of life safety: Educational-methodical journal.- M .:

Publishing house "Russian Journal" .- 1998-2000.-№ 1-12,

General military regulations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. M .:

Military Publishing House, 1994.

Petrov S.V., Bubnov V.G. First aid in extreme situations:

A practical guide. - M .: Publishing house NTs EIAS, 2000.

Family Code of the Russian Federation. - Any edition.

Smirnov A.T., Mishin B.I., Izhevskiy P.V. Fundamentals of medical knowledge and healthy lifestyle. - 2nd ed. - M .: Education, 2002.

Tupikin E. I., Smirnov A. T. Basics of life safety:

Test control of the quality of knowledge of high school students. 10-11 grades. - M .: Education, 2002.

The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. - The latest edition.

Federal Laws "On the Status of Servicemen", "On Military Duty and Military Service" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation: Official Edition. - M., 1998.

Physical culture: Textbook. for 10-11 cl. general education. institutions. - 4th ed. - M .: Education, 2001.

Tsvilyuk G.E. The basics of personal security. - M .: Education, 1997.

Educational edition

Smirnov Anatoly Tikhonovich Mishin Boris Ivanovich Vasnev Victor Alekseevich

State Committee of the Russian Federation

of Education

Abstract on life safety on the topic:

“Peacekeeping activities of the RF Armed Forces. UN Peacekeeping Operations. "

11b class

Khrisanova Maria

Moscow, 2001

Introduction ................................................. .... 3

Chapter I. Peacekeeping activities of the RF Armed Forces

1.The first Soviet peacekeepers ..................... 5

2. Russia's participation in UN peacekeeping operations and activities to maintain peace and security in the zones of armed conflicts in the territories of the former Yugoslavia and the CIS member states ...................... ...................................eight

3.On the status of military personnel taking part in UN peacekeeping operations ...................................... .................14

Chapter II. UN peacekeeping operations.

1.What are UN peacekeeping operations? ................................. 17

2.What is the scale of UN peacekeeping operations? .................................. 21

3 Who Provides Leadership? ................. 21

4.What does it cost? .............................. 22

5. What compensation do peacekeepers receive? ........................................... 22

6.Who provides staff and property? .......................................... ... 23

7 Why do UN peacekeeping operations continue to be important? ..................................... ........... 23

Conclusion ............................................... 25

List of references ..................................... 27

Introduction.

In our time, the state of relations between the leading states gives rise to some optimism in the low probability of a global nuclear conflict and another world war. However, the constantly arising small and large military conflicts in Europe and Asia, third world countries, the claims of many of them for possession of nuclear weapons, the instability of political systems in many of these states do not exclude the possibility of events developing according to an unpredictable scenario, including a large one. military tragedy. Unresolved disputes and contradictions, as well as the armed conflicts arising on their basis, affect the vital interests of each state and pose a real threat to international peace and security. In the course of conflicts, often turning into civil wars, massive grave crimes are committed against civilians, the destruction of villages and the destruction of cities, which are a flagrant violation of international conventions. According to official UN data, by the mid-90s, during the major post-war conflicts, the death toll exceeded 20 million people, more than 6 million disabled, 17 million refugees, 20 million displaced persons, and these numbers continue to grow.

From the foregoing, it is clear that at the present stage the world community is faced with a serious danger of being drawn into the element of numerous, unpredictable in their consequences, hard-to-control armed conflicts on various bases, which is a destabilizing factor in the progress of society and requires additional efforts of states in the field of domestic and foreign policy. because any conflict, in its essence, poses a threat to any states and peoples. In this regard, international peacekeeping activity has moved forward in recent years in a number of priority areas of foreign and domestic policy of many states.

All of the above makes us think about measures to ensure the protection of society from outside military encroachments.

The history of human development knows many examples of the creation of interstate organizations, one of the tasks of which is the maintenance of international peace and security. Practice has shown that particular attention was paid to solving this problem after the end of large-scale wars. Thus, at the beginning of the twentieth century, after the First World War, the League of Nations was formed, which laid the foundation for the creation of more civilized and multifunctional organizations for ensuring peace and security. At the end of the Second World War, in connection with the actual cessation of the activities of the League of Nations, a new international organization was created, which united almost all the states of the world - the United Nations Organization (UN) for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security.

As for Russia, it has never been and will never be a "purely" European country. Its duality was well expressed by the Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky, who emphasized that Russia is a transitional country, a mediator between two worlds. Culture inextricably linked it with Europe; but nature put on her features and influences that always drew her to Asia, or attracted Asia to her. And therefore, Russia, even if it wants to lock itself on purely internal problems, cannot refuse to participate in the creation of a peaceful order in any way due to its geopolitical position in the center of Eurasia. There is no one to replace it. Stability in the middle zone of Eurasia guarantees stability throughout the world, and this is in the interests of the entire world community. And therefore, an integral part of the modern international policy of the Russian state is its carefully weighed consistent actions aimed at preventing possible aggression, preventing threats of the outbreak of wars and armed conflicts, strengthening security and stability on a regional and global scale.

It should be noted that the most important condition for the defense capability of the state is the readiness of citizens to defend the interests of their state. The main guarantee of this protection is the achieved balance in the nuclear forces, the military might of the state, which consists of national and military defense capability and the readiness of citizens to defend the interests of their state, including with arms in hand.

Thus, it is clearly visible the need for all members of society, and especially representatives of the younger generation, to understand the importance of mastering military knowledge, methods of armed protection, their preparedness to fulfill the tasks of protecting the interests of the state, including service in the Armed Forces.

The first Soviet peacekeepers.

They appeared a quarter of a century ago.

Today, the participation of Russian military personnel in UN peacekeeping operations is commonplace. Currently, our soldiers and officers as military observers under the auspices of the UN can be found in many hot spots of the planet. But few people know how the participation of Soviet troops in UN peacekeeping operations began. In October 1973, by decision of the government of the USSR, in accordance with a UN Security Council resolution, the first group of our officers was sent to the Middle East. They were to monitor the ceasefire in the Suez Canal zone and in the Golan Heights after hostilities ended here. The group was headed by Colonel Nikolay Belik. The commander of the first detachment of domestic “blue berets”, the president of the Interregional Public Organization of Veterans of the UN Peacekeeping Missions of the Russian Federation, recalls: “The group was formed very quickly. it included officers of the company, battalion level of only twenty-five people. The commander of the troops of the Moscow Military District, General of the Army Vladimir Govorov, said that by the decision of the military council I was approved as the commander of a special group of officers who will act as UN military observers in the Middle East.

At the General Staff, General of the Army Nikolai Ogarkov, then still the Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR, gave instructions, noting that the peace that came after the end of the 1973 Arab-Israeli war is rather fragile and that our group has a special responsibility, since the Soviet For the first time, military personnel are participating in UN peacekeeping operations.

In Cairo, senior Egyptian officials were closely watching us. It was explained by another flare-up of tension in Arab-Israeli relations. In their settlement, much depended on Moscow. The urgent arrival of our group in Cairo made it clear that the Kremlin would not allow further escalation of the conflict.

Serious attention was paid to acquaintance with the new region, the history of the country. on one of November days, namely on the 25th, a solemn ceremony was held to present us with blue berets and blue scarves - an indispensable attribute of the uniform of UN servicemen. each of us received a special certificate confirming the status of UN military observers. The day of the ceremony can be considered the starting date for the beginning of the participation of Soviet military personnel in UN peacekeeping operations.

Soon some of the officers left for Syria. The rest were to serve in Egypt. It should be noted that in accordance with the resolution adopted by the UN Security Council on October 22, 1973, as well as not without the efforts of the Soviet government, hostilities in the Middle East were suspended.

The first months of 1974 were especially memorable. They were the most difficult for us. We had to participate in a number of major peacekeeping operations. One of them - "Omega" - was held from February 5 to March 31. During Omega, 173 search operations were carried out for the remains of servicemen who died during the recent October military conflict, each of which lasted several days. Operation "Line Alpha" (defining the border between the buffer zone and the zone of a limited number of Egyptian troops) was carried out in an equally difficult situation, since for almost a month they had to operate on a terrain that represented a continuous minefield.

I cannot but say that my comrades in arms were in no way inferior to the experienced "blue berets" from the battalions of the peacekeeping forces of other states. We not only served together, but also were friends, showing the most real internationalism that was necessary to maintain peace. On behalf of the UN Secretary General, the participants of peacekeeping organizations, upon expiration of a certain period of service, were awarded medals “In the Service of Peace”. Together with military observers from a number of other countries, we, Soviet officers, also received this award. "

Russia's participation in UN peacekeeping operations and activities to maintain peace and security in the zones of armed conflicts in the territories of the former Yugoslavia and the CIS member states.

The practical participation of Russia (USSR) in UN peacekeeping operations began in October 1973, when the first group of UN military observers was sent to the Middle East.

Since 1991, Russia's participation in these operations has intensified: in April, after the end of the Gulf War, a group of Russian military observers (RVN) of the UN was sent to the Iraq-Kuwait border area, and in September to Western Sahara. Since the beginning of 1992, the scope of our military observers has expanded to Yugoslavia, Cambodia and Mozambique, and in January 1994 to Rwanda. In October 1994, a UN RVN team was sent to Georgia, in February 1995 - to Angola, in March 1997 - to Guatemala, in May 1998 - to Sierra Peone, in July 1999 - to East Timor, in November 1999 - to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Currently, ten groups of Russian military observers and UN headquarters officers with a total strength of up to 70 people participate in peacekeeping operations conducted under the auspices of the UN. Russian military observers can be found in the Middle East (Lebanon), on the Iraqi-Kuwait border, in Western Sahara, in the former Yugoslavia, in Georgia, in Sierra Leone, in East Timor, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The main tasks of military observers are to monitor the implementation of agreements on a ceasefire and ceasefire between the warring parties, as well as to prevent, through their presence without the right to use force, possible violations of the agreements and agreements of the conflicting parties.

The selection of candidates for UN military observers on a voluntary basis is carried out from among the officers who speak foreign languages (in most UN missions this is English), who know the rules for maintaining standard UN documents and have experience in driving. The peculiarities of the UN military observer service, requiring him to have qualities that allow him to make compromise decisions in the most unexpected situations and in the shortest possible time, determine a special procedure for the selection and training of these officers. The requirements of the UN for a candidate military observer officer are very high.

Since 1974, the training of UN military observers for participation in UN peacekeeping operations has been carried out on the basis of the former 1st Higher Officers' Course "Shot", now it is the Training Center for retraining and advanced training of officers of the Combined Arms Academy. Initially, the courses were held once a year for 2 months (from 1974 to 1990, 330 people were trained). In connection with the expansion of the participation of the USSR and Russia in UN peacekeeping operations (PKO), since 1991, courses have been held 3 times a year. In total, from 1974 to 1999, over 800 officers were trained at the UNO courses to participate in the UN PKO.

The high level of training of officers of the RF Armed Forces to participate in UN peacekeeping operations, the harmonious training programs and rich experience in improving the educational process at the courses of UN military observers are of interest from foreign specialists and organizations.

Since 1996, the courses have been training foreign military personnel. In 1996-1998, 55 officers from Great Britain (23), Denmark (2), Canada (2), Norway (2), USA (17), Germany (5), Sweden (4) were trained at 1 VOK "Shot" ...

In October 1999, 5 foreign students studied at the courses (Great Britain - 2, Germany, Canada, Sweden - one each).

Training camps for the training of UN military observers are held three times a year according to a two-month program. The timing of the training camp is coordinated with the schedule of replacement of specialists participating in the UN peacekeeping operations (PKO). The annual curriculum also provides for one month training camp for UN PKO headquarters officers.

Teaching tactical-special and military-technical disciplines is conducted in Russian with the help of an interpreter. Special training classes, in English, are conducted by instructor officers.

The training and material base provided by the training center for conducting training sessions of UN military observers includes:

Equipped classrooms;

Automotive and other equipment;

Technical teaching aids;

Polygon;

A hotel for students to stay.

The available educational and material base allows the following categories of specialists to be trained in English for participation in the UN PKO:

UN Military Observers;

UN Peacekeeping Force (MF) Headquarters Officers;

The commanders of the logistics and technical services of the UN ICS;

UN military police officers;

UN civilian police officers.

In April 1992, for the first time in the history of Russian peacekeeping, on the basis of UN Security Council Resolution N743 and after the necessary domestic procedures (decision of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation) were completed, a Russian infantry battalion of 900 people was sent to the former Yugoslavia, which in January 1994 reinforced by personnel, armored personnel carriers BTR-80, anti-tank weapons and other weapons and military equipment.

In accordance with the political decision of the Russian leadership, part of the forces of the Russian contingent of UN forces in February 1994 was redeployed to the region of Sarajevo and, after a corresponding reinforcement, was transformed into a second battalion (up to 500 men). The main task of this battalion was to ensure the separation of the parties (Bosnian Serbs and Muslims) and to monitor compliance with the ceasefire agreement.

In connection with the transfer of powers from the UN to NATO in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the battalion of the Sarajevo sector in January 1996 stopped carrying out peacekeeping tasks and was withdrawn to Russian territory.

In accordance with the decision of the UN Security Council on the completion of the UN mission in Eastern Slavonia from January 15, 1998, the Russian infantry battalion (up to 950 people), which was carrying out tasks to separate the sides (Serbs and Croats), was withdrawn in January of this year. from Croatia to the territory of Russia.

In June 1995, a Russian peacekeeping unit appears on the African continent. A Russian military contingent consisting of seven Mi-8 helicopters and up to 160 servicemen was sent to Angola to solve the tasks of air support for the UN Control Mission in Angola (UNAVEM-3). Russian aviators coped with the assigned tasks in the most difficult tropical conditions in Africa.

In March 1999, the Russian aviation group of the UN Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA) was withdrawn to the Russian Federation in connection with the termination of the UN mission.

In August 2000, a Russian aviation unit was again sent to the African continent as part of the UN peacekeeping mission in Sierra Leone. This is a Russian aviation group consisting of 4 Mi-24 helicopters and up to 115 personnel.

However, Russia bears the main material costs with the participation of a special military contingent of the RF Armed Forces in maintaining international peace and security in the zones of armed conflicts on the territory of the former Yugoslavia and the CIS member states.

The former Yugoslavia. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation have been participating in the operation of the multinational forces since April 1992 in accordance with UN Security Council Resolutions N 743 of February 26, 1992 and of June 10, 1999 ¹ 1244. Currently, the Russian military contingent is taking part in peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and in the autonomous province of Kosovo in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The main tasks of the Russian peacekeepers:

Preventing the resumption of hostilities;

Creation of security conditions for the return of refugees and displaced persons;

Ensuring public safety;

Supervision of mine clearance;

Support, if necessary, an international civil presence;

Carrying out border control duties as required;

Ensuring the protection and freedom of movement of its forces, the international civilian presence and personnel of other international organizations.

Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova. The military contingent entered the conflict zone from 23.7 to 31.8.1992 on the basis of the Moldovan-Russian agreement on the principles of peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova dated 21.7. 1992 year

The main task is to monitor compliance with the terms of the ceasefire and contribute to the maintenance of law and order.

South Ossetia. The military contingent entered the conflict zone on 9.7.1992 on the basis of the Georgian-Russian Dagomys agreement of 24.6. 1992 on the settlement of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict.

The main task is to ensure control over the ceasefire, the withdrawal of armed formations, the dissolution of the self-defense forces and the maintenance of the security regime in the control zone.

Abkhazia. The military contingent entered the zone of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict on June 23, 1994 on the basis of the Agreement on a Ceasefire and Separation of Forces of May 14, 1994.

The main tasks are blocking the conflict area, monitoring the withdrawal of troops and their disarmament, protecting important facilities and communications, escorting humanitarian supplies, and others.

Tajikistan. 201 honey with means of reinforcement became part of the CIS Collective Peacekeeping Forces in October 1993 on the basis of the Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan on cooperation in the military field of May 25, 1993. Agreement of the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States on Collective Peacekeeping Forces and joint measures for their material and technical support.

The main tasks are assistance in normalizing the situation on the Tajik-Afghan border, protecting vital facilities and others.

On the status of military personnel taking part in UN peacekeeping operations.

The legal status of military personnel taking part in UN peacekeeping operations is complex. It is governed by a set of legal principles and norms that belong to different legal systems and have a different legal nature.

A specific feature of the legal status of servicemen taking part in UN peacekeeping operations is that they do not enter the service of the United Nations, they do not become UN personnel as such. Military personnel are temporarily assigned to a UN peacekeeping mission.

It follows from the foregoing that all norms and principles governing the legal status of personnel can be divided according to the nature of their sources and belong to:

1) to the norms of international law contained in the charters of the UN and its specialized agencies, in special agreements, in acts of organizations and other international legal acts;

2) to the norms that have an intrastate nature of the sources contained in the acts of certain domestic authorities of the host country, transit, business trip, and so on.

3) to the norms of the so-called internal UN law, created and applied within the organization;

4) to the norms that have an intrastate nature of the sources contained in the acts of certain domestic bodies.

The heterogeneous nature of the legal regulation of the status of military personnel taking part in UN peacekeeping operations reflects the specifics of the legal status of such military personnel as a special category of participants in international legal relations. This specificity led to the determination of the sources of norms on the legal status of personnel and thereby the peculiarities of its regulation in various legal spheres.

At present, the active participation of Russian citizens in the peacekeeping efforts of the world community requires the development of a “Status of a Participant in Peacekeeping Operations” that meets international legal norms, which would define legal rights and obligations and provide social guarantees for all participants in this process.

UN Peacekeeping Operations.

Regional wars and armed conflicts in a number of areas are increasingly threatening peace and stability, and are becoming protracted and difficult to manage. The responsibility for their prevention, containment and termination was assumed by the United Nations.

What are United Nations peacekeeping operations? 1998 marked the 50th anniversary of United Nations peacekeeping operations. The United Nations has pioneered peacekeeping operations as a means of maintaining international peace and security. In general, United Nations peacekeepers, often referred to as “blue helmets,” are military personnel provided on a voluntary basis by their respective governments to rebuild and maintain peace through military discipline and training. In recognition of their services, the 1988 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to United Nations peacekeepers.

Governments of states are increasingly turning to the United Nations for assistance in resolving ethnic and ethnic conflicts that have erupted in many parts of the world since the end of the Cold War. While 13 operations were established in the first forty years of United Nations peacekeeping, 35 new operations have been deployed since 1988. During the peak period in 1993, the total number of United Nations military and civilian personnel deployed in the field from 77 countries reached more than 80,000. The complex missions, involving the simultaneous political, military and humanitarian activities, have drawn on the experience gained from the conduct of “traditional” United Nations peacekeeping operations, which tend to focus primarily on military tasks. such as observing a ceasefire, disengaging opposing forces and creating buffer zones.

Civilian police officers, election observers, human rights monitors and other civilian professionals joined the military serving as United Nations peacekeepers. The range of their tasks is wide - from providing security during the delivery of humanitarian aid and its delivery itself, to providing former adversaries with assistance in the implementation of complex peace agreements. United Nations peacekeepers are recruited to assist in the disarmament and demobilization of ex-combatants, assist in the training of civilian police officers, monitor their activities, help organize and monitor elections. Working with United Nations agencies and other humanitarian organizations, peacekeepers have helped refugees return to their homes, ensure human rights monitoring, defuse landmines and initiate reconstruction efforts.

Typically, peacekeeping operations are established by the Security Council, the United Nations organ with primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The council determines the scope of the operation, its overall objectives and time frame. Since the United Nations does not have its own military or civilian police force, it is up to Member States to decide whether to participate in a particular mission and, if so, what personnel and equipment they are willing to provide.

The success of peacekeeping operations depends on the clarity and feasibility of their mandate, effective command from Headquarters and in the field, continued political and financial support from Member States and, perhaps most importantly, the cooperation of the parties to the conflict.

The mission is established with the consent of the government of the country where it is deployed and, as a rule, of the other parties involved, and it can in no way be used to support one side to the detriment of the other. The most effective “weapon” of peacekeepers is their impartiality and legitimacy because they represent the international community as a whole.

Military personnel serving in United Nations peacekeeping operations carry light weapons and are entitled to the use of minimum force in self-defense or when armed individuals seek to prevent them from performing their assigned duties. Civilian police officers are usually unarmed. The specificity of the service of military observers is that they carry out their mission virtually without weapons, relying only on knowledge and experience in making decisions, and often only on intuition.

Peacekeepers of the United Nations cannot impose peace when peace does not exist. However, when parties to conflict seek a peaceful resolution of their differences, a United Nations peacekeeping operation can stimulate peace and provide respite to create a more stable and secure environment in which a lasting political solution can be found and pursued.

United Nations peacekeeping operations must be distinguished from other forms of multinational military intervention, including “coercive” measures. On a number of occasions, the Security Council has authorized Member States to use “all necessary means”, including the use of force, to respond to armed conflict or threats to peace. Acting on the basis of such a sanction, the member states formed military coalitions - in the Korean conflict in 1950 and in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in the 1990s. Multinational operations were deployed in addition to United Nations operations in Somalia, Rwanda, Haiti and in Bosnia and Herzegovina, In 1997, the Mt. Council authorized a “coalition of the willing” in relation to the situation in Albania. It also authorized the deployment of a multinational peacekeeping force in the Central African Republic, which in March 1998 was replaced by the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA) ...

What is the scale of United Nations peacekeeping operations? Since 1948, the United Nations has conducted 48 peacekeeping operations. Thirty-five peacekeeping operations were established by the Security Council between 1988 and 1998. Currently, 16 operations are under way, involving some 14,000 peacekeepers. More than 750,000 military and civilian police personnel and thousands of other civilian professionals have served in United Nations peacekeeping operations; ill 1,500 people died in the line of duty as part of these missions.

The most significant of the special missions and peacekeeping operations are: a special mission in Afghanistan, a verification mission in Angola, a good offices mission in Burundi, a UN military liaison group in Cambodia, an observation mission in El Salvador, a special envoy and a military observer group in Georgia, Iraq -kuveit mission, special envoy to Tajikistan and a number of others.

Who provides guidance? Peacekeeping missions are established and assigned by the fifteen member States of the Security Council, not the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Charter of the United Nations specifically states that the Council bears the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. Each of the five permanent members of the Security Council - China, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the United States and France - can veto any decision related to peacekeeping operations.

Military and civilian police personnel in peacekeeping operations remain within their national formations, but serve under the operational control of the United Nations and are required to conduct themselves in a manner consistent with the highly international nature of their missions. Mission members wear their country uniform and are identified as United Nations peacekeepers with blue berets or helmets and United Nations insignia. Civilian personnel are seconded from the United Nations Secretariat, United Nations agencies or governments, or work on a contract basis.

What does it cost? The estimated cost of United Nations peacekeeping operations for the period July 1997 to June 1998 is approximately $ 1 billion. This figure is down from the $ 3 billion in 1995, which reflected the cost of United Nations peacekeeping operations in the former Yugoslavia. All Member States are contributing to the cost of peacekeeping operations in accordance with the formula they have developed and agreed upon. Nonetheless, as of February 1998, Member States owed the United Nations approximately $ 1.6 billion in contributions due for the current and prior periods for peacekeeping operations.

How much compensation do peacekeepers receive? Peacekeeping forces are paid by their respective governments in accordance with their welfare and salary scales in the national armed forces. The costs of countries voluntarily contributing personnel to peacekeeping operations are reimbursed by the United Nations at a flat rate of approximately $ 1,000 per military personnel per month. The United Nations will also reimburse countries for the cost of the equipment provided. At the same time, the payment of reimbursements to these countries is often delayed due to a shortage of cash caused by non-payment of contributions by Member States.

Who provides staff and property? All Member States are responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security. Since 1948, more than 110 countries have contributed their personnel at various times. As of early 1998, 71 Member States provide military and civilian police personnel for ongoing missions. Almost all countries provide civilian personnel.

Why do United Nations peacekeeping operations continue to be important? Armed conflicts continue to arise for a variety of reasons:

· Inadequate political structures in countries disintegrate or fail to ensure an orderly transfer of power;

• a disaffected population is taking sides, often on the basis of ethical affiliation, on the side of ever smaller groups that do not always respect national boundaries;

· The struggle for control over scarce resources is exacerbated by the anger and frustration of the population caught in the grip of poverty.

These factors create a fertile ground for violence within or between states. Violence is fueled by a vast array of virtually all types of weapons readily available throughout the world. As a result, the suffering of people, often becoming massive, threats to international peace and security in a broader sense, and the collapse of the economic and social life of the population of entire countries.

Many of today's conflicts may seem distant to those not directly in the firing line. However, the nations of the world must balance the risks of action with the obvious dangers of inaction. The failure of the international community to take measures to curb conflicts and resolve them peacefully can lead to an expansion of conflicts and an increase in the number of participants. Recent events have shown how quickly civil wars between parties in one country can destabilize neighboring countries and spread to entire regions. Only a few contemporary conflicts can be considered truly "local". They often give rise to a range of problems - such as the illicit arms trade, terrorism, drug trafficking, refugee flows and environmental damage - whose consequences are felt far beyond the immediate zone of conflict. Addressing these and other global challenges requires international cooperation United Nations peacekeeping operations, backed by half a century of experience in this area, are an indispensable modus operandi. They are unique in their legitimacy and universality, owing to the very nature of their activities carried out on behalf of a worldwide organization of 185 member states. United Nations peacekeeping operations can open doors to peacekeeping and peacebuilding efforts towards a lasting peace that could remain closed without them.

For countries in which United Nations peace imitation operations are deployed, their legitimacy and universality are:

¨ limits the implications for national sovereignty that other forms of foreign interference may have;

¨ can stimulate discussions between the parties to the conflict that might not otherwise be possible;

¨ can draw attention to conflicts and their consequences that might otherwise go unnoticed.

For the broader international community, United Nations peacekeeping operations:

¨ can serve as a starting point for mobilizing international efforts to demonstrate to the parties that the international community is committed to peace and can limit the proliferation of alliances and opposing alliances that can exacerbate conflicts;

¨ enable many countries to share the burden of managing and resolving conflicts, resulting in improved humanitarian, financial and political performance.

Conclusion.

Summing up the above, we can conclude that in modern conditions the greatest threat to international peace and security, both at the regional level and on a global scale, is represented by armed conflicts, which must be resolved primarily by political means and only, as a last resort, by conducting operations to keeping the peace. However, it should be noted that not a single peacekeeping action will bring the desired result if there is no political will and desire of the opposing sides to resolve the contradictions that have arisen themselves.

As for the prospects for Russia's participation in peacekeeping activities, they are eloquently evidenced by the fact that, in the first 40 years of its existence, the UN conducted 13 peacekeeping operations, then since 1988, 28 new operations have been initiated.

The organization of peacekeeping activities with the CIS member states should be especially noted. The Commonwealth, as a regional organization that has assumed the functions of ensuring international peace and security, has opened up new horizons for the development of peacekeeping.

For the newly formed states that emerged from the former USSR, peacekeeping is becoming one of the main forms of policy for resolving conflicts in the post-Soviet space. Unresolved national, territorial and other problems, mutual claims, disintegrated processes have led to the development of well-known events in the Dnieper region, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Tajikistan. North Ossetia.

In these difficult conditions, it is precisely the appeal to the experience of the UN and other international and regional organizations (such as the OSCE) in resolving interstate and other disputes and conflicts that can serve as the basis for the formation in the CIS countries (with the active participation of Russia) of their own concept of peacekeeping activities.

Will the world learn lessons from its centuries-old past or confirm Hegel's famous aphorism: "Nations and governments have never learned anything from history and did not act according to the teachings that could be learned from it" ... At least we need to help them in this.

Bibliography:

1. Fundamentals of life safety: Moscow textbook Part II 10-11 / Ed. V.Ya. Syunkova. - M., 1998;

4. Headquarters for the Coordination of Military Cooperation of the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States - Collection of documents and theoretical materials on peacekeeping activities in the Commonwealth of Independent States. - M., 1995;

5. Vartanov V.N. and others. Main Directorate of International Military Cooperation of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (1951-2001). - M., 2001;

6. Ivashov L.G. Evolution of Russia's Geopolitical Development: Historical Experience and Lessons. - M., 1999;

Despite the tough position of the UN, primarily James Baker, supported by Kofi Annan, regarding the need to tighten measures to resolve the dispute over Western Sahara, the UN Mission for the referendum in this territory, represented by its head and the UN Secretary General's Special Representative, continued rather intensive contacts with conflicting parties, solving urgent ...

Threats of International Terrorism 3.1 UN Peacekeeping Operations at the Present Stage In the early years of the 21st century, United Nations peacekeeping expanded to an unprecedented scale, which improved the prospects for end-of-conflict and raised new hopes for peace in war-torn countries. By the end of 2006, the number ...