Military reforms of Peter I Completed by: Voronina Anna Borzenkova Yulia Biography of Peter I Purpose: 1. Characterize the military reforms of Peter I  2. Determine the causes and consequences of reforming the army  Plan Reasons for reforming the army  The main content of military reform  Results of military reforms  Conclusions  Reasons for reform army The military reform, which began in 1698-1699, was caused primarily by the fact that the rifle regiments could not cope with the task of defending the country from external and internal enemies. The beginning of military reform The beginning of the creation of a regular Russian army can be considered November 1699, and the legal basis is the royal decrees of November 8 and 17, which determined the sources of recruitment for new regiments. It was assumed that, first of all, the army would be formed from “willing people” - free subjects of various ranks. On August 19, 1700, Peter declared war on Sweden (Northern War 1700-1721). A war whose main goal was to consolidate Russia in the Baltic. The war began with the defeat of the Russian army near Narva in November 1700. However, this lesson served Peter well: he realized that the reason for the defeat was primarily in the backwardness of the Russian army, and with even greater energy he set about rearming it and creating regular regiments, first by collecting “dacha people”, and from 1705 by introducing conscription . The construction of metallurgical and weapons factories began, supplying the army with high-quality cannons and small arms. Along with the creation of a regular army, the construction of a navy took place, the life and activities of which were determined by the “Naval Charter”. For training in maritime affairs, instructions were drawn up: “Ship Article”, “Instructions and Military Articles for the Russian Navy”, etc. In 1715. The Maritime Academy was opened in St. Petersburg, training naval officers. In 1716, the training of officers through the midshipman company began. Military regulations written by Peter I. For the training of soldiers and officers, the “Military Regulations” were published, summarizing 15 years of experience in continuous armed struggle. For training officers back in 1698-1699. A bombardment school was founded at the Preobrazhensky Regiment, and at the beginning of the new century, mathematical, navigation, artillery, engineering, foreign languages and even surgical schools were created. In the 1920s, 50 garrison schools operated to train non-commissioned officers. Internships for young nobles abroad for military training were widely practiced. At the same time, the government refused to hire foreign military specialists. Results of military reform The creation of a combat-ready regular army, one of the strongest in the world, which gave Russia the opportunity to fight its main opponents and defeat them.  The emergence of a whole galaxy of talented commanders (Alexander Menshikov, Boris Sheremetev, Fyodor Apraksin, Yakov Bruce, etc.)  The creation of a powerful navy.  A gigantic increase in military expenses and covering them through the most severe squeezing of funds from the people.  Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov I sing to the wise Russian, the Hero That built new cities, regiments and fleets, From the most tender years he waged war with malice, Passing through fears, he lifted up his country, Humbled the villains inside and trampled the opposite outside, Overthrew the impudent and deceitful with his hand and mind , And the whole world was surprised with its deeds to the envy of it. Conclusion: The military reforms of Peter I resolved the issues of recruiting and organizing the army. Managing it both in peacetime and in wartime and providing everything necessary. As a result of the reforms carried out, the Russian army became the most advanced army in Europe. Sources of information: http://his.1september.ru/article.php?ID=2 00204203  http://his.1september.ru/article.php?ID=2 00902004  http://files.schoolcollection.edu .ru/dlrstore/edcd204f66d2-461d-a398221557ba1d69/Vydajushchiesyatxt.pdf  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLn7 JFcxm8Y 

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As a military leader, Peter I stands among the most educated and talented builders of the armed forces, generals and naval commanders in Russian and world history of the 18th century. The work of his whole life was to strengthen the military power of Russia and increase its role in the international arena. The military reform of Peter I included a set of government measures to reorganize the system of army recruitment and military command, create a regular navy, improve weapons, develop and implement a new training system and education of military personnel.

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Army reform The Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments, which grew out of the childhood fun of the young tsar, became the first regiments of the new Russian army, built with the help of foreigners according to the European model. Peter I introduced a new system of recruiting the regular army. In 1699, conscription was introduced, legalized by decree of Peter I in 1705. Its essence was that the state forcibly annually recruited a certain number of recruits into the army and navy from the tax-paying classes, peasants and townspeople. From 20 households they took one single person between the ages of 15 and 20. By the end of Peter’s reign, the number of all regular troops, infantry and cavalry, ranged from 196 to 212 thousand people.

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Creation of the Navy Along with the reorganization of the land army, Peter began to create a navy. By 1700, the Azov fleet consisted of more than 50 ships. During the Northern War, the Baltic Fleet was created, which by the end of the reign of Peter I consisted of 35 large battleships, 10 frigates and about 200 galley (rowing) ships with 28 thousand sailors.

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Military Administration Reform A reform of military administration was carried out. Instead of Orders, Peter I established a military collegium in 1718, which was in charge of the field army, “garrison troops” and all “military affairs”. The final structure of the Military College was determined by a decree of 1719. During the reform of the army, a unified system of military ranks was introduced, which was finally formalized in the Table of Ranks of 1722. The service ladder included 14 classes from field marshal and admiral general to warrant officer. The service and ranks of the Table of Ranks were based not on nobility, but on personal abilities. Paying much attention to the technical re-equipment of the army and navy, Peter I established the development and production of new types of ships, new types of artillery guns and ammunition. Under Peter I, the infantry began to arm itself with flintlock rifles, and a domestic-style bayonet was introduced.

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The government of Peter I attached particular importance to the education of the national officer corps. At first, all young nobles were required to serve as soldiers in the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky Guards regiments for 10 years, starting at the age of 15. Upon receiving their first officer rank, noble children were sent to army units, where they served for life. However, such a system of training officers could not fully satisfy the growing needs for new personnel, and Peter I established a number of special military schools. In 1701, an artillery school for 300 people was opened in Moscow, and in 1712 a second artillery school was opened in St. Petersburg. To train engineering personnel, two engineering schools were created (in 1708 and 1719). In 1715, the Maritime Academy was opened in St. Petersburg.

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Peter I forbade the promotion to officers of persons who had not received appropriate training at a military school. There were often cases when Peter I personally examined “minors” (children of the nobility). Those who did not pass the exam were sent to serve in the navy as privates without the right to be promoted to officers. Taking care of the morale of the troops, Peter I awarded distinguished generals with the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, established by him in 1698, and soldiers and officers with medals and promotions in ranks (soldiers also money). At the same time, Peter I introduced severe discipline in the army with corporal punishment and the death penalty for serious military crimes.

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The procedure for recruiting recruits The entire tax-paying population gave one recruit every year for a certain number of souls, first with 500, then with 300 and even with 100). At first it was decided to take only singles from 15 to 20 years old; later these age limits were not respected. They even took 45-year-olds. Military service was for life. Recruit - in the Russian army and navy (Armed Forces) from 1705 to 1874 - a person enrolled in the army under conscription, which was subject to all tax-paying classes (peasants, townspeople, etc.) and for whom it was communal and lifelong and they supplied a certain number of recruits (soldiers) from their communities. The recruitment of serfs into the army freed them from serfdom.

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The army began to be divided into types of troops Dragoons (cavalry) Infantry Artillery Mobile, well-armed cavalry became the core of the army. 30 dragoon regiments of 1,300 people each were formed

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He did a lot to standardize artillery, its technical re-equipment and reorganization. Abram Petrovich Hannibal, a favorite of Peter I, also began serving in the artillery at this time. An important component of the military reform was the creation of Russian artillery. One of the organizers of the Russian artillery was an associate of Peter I, Ya.V. Bruce. Creation of Russian artillery

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In 1696, a naval fleet was founded in Voronezh. By the end of the 90s. About 30 warships were built. With the beginning of the Northern War in Arkhangelsk, the construction of the Baltic Fleet began in the Baltic. In the 20s The Caspian Fleet was created in the Caspian Sea. In 15 years, a powerful military and merchant fleet was created in a completely land-based country - 48 battleships, 800 galleys with a crew of 28 thousand people. The beginning of the navy was laid

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The Russian armed forces now have a main symbol - the battle flag. These colors symbolized the ancient Russian understanding of the world: red color - the physical, earthly world; blue - heavenly, white - the divine world. The Russian armed forces now have a main symbol - the battle flag. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, the first warships sailed under white-blue-red banners with a double-headed eagle.

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two large gunpowder factories in St. Petersburg Okhta, as well as a complex of iron smelters in the center, north and Urals. During the reign of Peter I, domestic artillery was created. Domestic industry began to satisfy the army's needs for weapons and ammunition. Before the Northern War, artillery pieces came from Sweden. Now the needs of artillery were provided by two large arms factories in: Tula Sestroretsk,

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A system of professional military education has been established. In 1699, a bombardment school was opened at the Preobrazhensky Regiment. In 1701, an artillery school was opened in Moscow, in 1712 - in St. Petersburg. Then two military engineering schools were opened. The Preobrazhensky Semenovsky regiment became the base for officer training. Boyars and nobles began their service there. Then they were sent to other regiments as officers.

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Military science was emerging. Ultimately, by the 20s. Russia was able to fully provide the army and navy with its personnel of naval, infantry, artillery and engineering officers. To train lower officers, a huge network of garrison schools was organized. To train personnel for the fleet, a naval school, a naval academy for officer personnel, and a midshipman school (a midshipman is a future naval officer) were opened.

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Since 1705, Peter donated the St. Andrew's flag (a blue oblique cross on a white field) to the navy. The white-blue-red flag was transferred to merchant ships. Each regiment had its own banners using the symbols of the place where the regiment was recruited. St. Andrew's flag (blue oblique cross on a white field).

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The first in the Russian army was the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, established by Peter I on November 30, 1698. “To reward and reward some for loyalty, courage and various services rendered to the sovereign and the Fatherland, and to others to encourage all noble and heroic virtues,” wrote Peter I about his status. This order had the insignia: a gold cross, a blue ribbon over the shoulder, an eight-pointed star and a gold chain. The official awarding took place on March 10, 1699. It was received by the Tsar’s closest ally, Admiral General F. Golovin. Among those awarded this order are B. Sheremetev, A. Menshikov, F. Apraksin. The king himself became his 7th cavalier. Under Peter, a domestic award system began to take shape. The highest award for women was the Order of St. Catherine the Great Martyr, established by the Senate, which was awarded to the Tsar’s wife Catherine I in 1714, who showed steadfastness and courage in difficult days for the Russian army on the Prut. The order looked like a gold medallion in a diamond setting. The Latin inscription on the back reads: “By labor one is compared to one’s spouse.” This insignia was worn on a bow with the motto “For Love and Fatherland.”

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Peter also conceived the third Russian order - St. Alexander Nevsky. But its official approval took place after the death of the emperor - on May 21, 1725. In accordance with the motto “For Labor and the Fatherland,” it was awarded to both military and civilian ranks for exploits and faithful service. The ends of the cross on the order were decorated with ruby glasses, between which were golden double-headed eagles. In the center there is a white enamel medallion with the image of the prince-commander. On the reverse side there is the Latin monogram "A" (St. Alexander) under the princely crown. His first gentlemen were A. Menshikov, M. Golitsyn, A. Repnin and Ya. Bruce. Subsequently, this order was awarded to persons no lower than the rank of lieutenant general or the corresponding civilian rank. A more common award under Peter was medals. In allegorical form, with the help of certain symbols, they perpetuated the valor of Russian soldiers. One of the very first Peter’s medals is “Unprecedented Things Happen,” which was awarded to active participants in the battle at the mouth of the Neva in May 1703. The traditions of gold signs were also embodied in the award medals of Peter I. After the Battle of Poltava, he established medals - “For the Victory at Lesnaya” and “For the Poltava Victoria”. Medals of different sizes were minted in honor of Poltava.

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Reform of the army and military administration

Yakovleva Anastasia UP-1 group 1004

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Prerequisites for the military reforms of Peter I

Military affairs in pre-Petrine Russia was hopelessly backward, and by the time of the accession of Peter I it was in a state of complete collapse and desolation, the army was disorganized and incapable of combat. That is why Peter considered it necessary to completely put an end to the past and, after studying the European experience, introduce a regular army in Russia. At the same time, he strictly followed Western models in everything related to the structure, weapons, financing, and uniforms of the new army.

“Russian Military School”: Russian military art followed an independent path, developed in special conditions - on an exclusively independent basis.

Peter I in his military reforms was inspired primarily by the practical experience that the Russian army received during the Northern War. Indeed, in order for Russia’s foreign policy position to be equal to the European level, the obvious necessity was to expand the country’s territory in all directions. Accordingly, for expansion it was necessary to carry out military campaigns. The first military campaigns of Peter I turned out to be defeats, which forced him to carry out a number of military reforms.

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Peter gives a decree to build a flotilla. The flotilla created in one winter was carried along small rivers to Azov. The ships of this flotilla were built from frozen wood and, according to foreign experts, were only suitable for firewood. Peter did everything possible on his part to strengthen and develop the fleet; for this reason, English and Dutch masters, who were famous for their skill in this matter, were invited to replace the illiterate craftsmen.

Arsenals and port workshops emerged. Sailors and officers were quickly trained. General management of the fleet was established.

And already in 1710. Russian ships crossed the Black Sea.

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Particularly large construction took place in Voronezh, where the Admiralty was created. Over 26 thousand people were mobilized to harvest ship timber and build ships. At the same time, the fleet was being recruited with soldiers from the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments and recruits.

In just a few months, by the spring of 1696, the Azov Fleet was created, the basis of which was galleys. On October 20 (30), 1696, Tsar Peter I “indicated” and the Duma “sentenced”: “There will be sea vessels” - a state act that officially marked the beginning of the creation of a regular fleet. To gain a foothold on the Sea of Azov, in 1698 Peter began the construction of Taganrog as a naval base. For the period from 1695 to 1710

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After the war with Turkey for the possession of the Sea of Azov, the aspirations of Peter I were aimed at the struggle for access to the Baltic Sea. Peter I began building the Baltic Fleet. River and sea military vessels are laid down at the shipyards of the Syaz, Svir and Volkhov rivers; seven 52-gun ships and three 32-gun frigates are built at the Arkhangelsk shipyards. New shipyards are being created, and the number of iron and copper foundries in the Urals is growing. Casting of ship guns and cannonballs for them is being established in Voronezh

In 1704, the construction of an Admiralty shipyard began on the left bank of the Neva, which was destined to soon become the main domestic shipyard, and St. Petersburg - the shipbuilding center of Russia.

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During the Peter the Great period, the center of Russia's maritime trade moved from the White Sea from Arkhangelsk to the Baltic to St. Petersburg, which became the country's largest commercial port.

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Reform of the Streltsy army

The Streltsy took part in both Peter's campaigns against Azov. In the first campaign - 12 rifle regiments, in the second - 13 regiments. Streltsy took part in campaigns before, but then the matter was limited to the summer months, and in the winter they returned to Moscow to their usual activities of trade and crafts. After the capture of Azov, 6 soldier and 4 rifle regiments were left in the fortress. The total number of archers: 2659 officers and privates, 8 colonels and lieutenant colonels and 30 captains. They were entrusted with the responsibility not only to repel possible attempts by the Ottomans to return the fortress, but also to restore its bastions and build new ones.

In the summer of 1697, the archers, who spent the winter in Azov, were ordered to go to Moscow. But already on the way, a new order came: the regiments were to go to the Polish border - to Velikiye Luki. Instead of meeting with families, new trials lay ahead - living in a sparsely populated area, enduring hunger and poverty

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Rumors are spreading among the Streltsy that they have been taken out of Moscow forever and that the Streltsy army is in danger of death. The archers considered the boyars and foreigners to be the culprits of their troubles. Sagittarius go to Moscow without permission. But on the way they were met and defeated by regular troops under the command of Shein, Gordon, Koltsov-Mosalsky (a total of 3,700 warriors and 25 cannons)34. After this, Shein conducts an investigation and executes 722 rebels. Then Peter returned to Moscow, and more than 1,000 archers were executed. Only the archers aged 14 to 20 were spared their lives - they were beaten with a whip. This last Streltsy revolt further intensified Peter's real hatred and fear of the Streltsy. Therefore, the king decides to destroy them once and for all. In total, more than 1,700 archers were executed for participating in the riot, the rest were sent to different cities and enrolled in other regiments.

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The very way of life of the archers, who tended to succeed more in household concerns than in the military, contributed to their performance of police functions in the capital. But even as a police force, the archers showed themselves to be unreliable - because they turned into an instrument of palace intrigue. That is why the replacement of the Streltsy regiments with new military units seemed to Peter I an urgent measure. The Streltsy revolt of 1698 only accelerated the dissolution of the Streltsy regiments and their replacement. Their disbandment is unlikely to have weakened the country's defense capabilities.

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In 1699-1700 Peter I carried out a centralized recruitment of recruits for the infantry, which was a prerequisite for the final transition to the conscription system (introduced in 1705). Legally, the beginning of the regular army of Peter I was laid by the tsar’s decrees of November 8 and 17, 1699, where the sources of the formation of new regiments were determined: · the first source – “willing people” from among personally free subjects of various ranks who served for a high rank · the second source – “dating people”, i.e. actually the recruits themselves. According to the decree of November 17, the monastery peasants had to supply 1 recruit from 25 households; nobles in the civil service supplied 1 recruit from 30 households; from 50 households, 1 recruit was given by nobles who served in the army.

Recruit kits

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Recruitment was carried out as needed, as announced in special decrees. The number of recruits to be recruited was determined anew each time.

From 1705 to 1713, 10 recruitments were carried out, which gave the army 337,196 people, which fully satisfied the needs of the army in the rank and file. Until 1709, recruitment was carried out annually - the exhausting Northern War was going on. The extension of conscription to the largest segment of the population—the peasantry—extraordinarily expanded the army's recruitment base. At the same time, the service becomes lifelong and permanent. The new recruitment system gave the Russian army a great advantage over Western European ones. It made it possible to create an army with a homogeneous national composition.

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Recruitment sets took the best personnel from the national economy, because only healthy men aged 15 to 32 years old, not disgraced by any crimes, were recruited. For the leadership of the state and the army, the recruitment system was more convenient than the mercenary recruitment system. However, recruitment annually irrevocably took up to 40,000 able-bodied young men.

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Military training

In 1700, the first military school was established under the bombardment company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Future artillery officers were trained in elementary mathematics, artillery, shooting rules, and fortification (and the theory of shooting was supplemented by practical exercises). In 1716, the experience of the Russian regular army was summarized in the “Military Charter”. The important historical era of army reform was summed up, the organization of the regular army and the operational-tactical and strategic principles of warfare applied by them were consolidated. To encourage those who distinguished themselves in battle in 1700-1705. Peter I introduced orders and medals. They were received not only by generals and officers, but also by soldiers.

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Conclusion

Having become the ruler of Russia, Peter I carried out a radical reform of the army - he introduced conscription. Maintaining troops, where service is not a job, but an “honorable duty of a citizen,” was cheaper. Peter I did not have to create a new army from scratch. The regiments of the new system of Alexei Mikhailovich (and Mikhail Fedorovich) may well be considered as a prototype of Peter’s regular army. They have only one significant difference: the regiments of the new system under Mikhail Fedorovich and Alexei Mikhailovich were created for specific local wars and after their completion, most of the regiments were disbanded. Peter created a huge regular army, which was necessary for him personally and the state in the context of the new government policy.

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Slide captions:

Reforms of Peter I

“Some glorify Peter I, others curse him. For some he is a miracle, for others he is a monster.”

history teacher School No. 4 Nelidovo, Tver region.

Arestova G.I.

Lesson Plan

Central government reform.
Decree on unity of inheritance. Table of ranks.
Regional reform.
City government reform.
Church reform.
Opposition to reforms. "The Case of Tsarevich Alexei."
The meaning of Peter's transformations.

The purpose of the lesson

characterize the state reforms of Peter I;
determine the purpose and results of reforming central and local government;
comprehend the significance of Peter’s reforms for the history of Russia and their impact on the future fate of the country.

Lesson objectives:

show that the formation of absolutism in Russia occurred as a result of the strengthening of central and local authorities and administration;
developing the ability to work with documents and textbook paragraph material.

In class we must get acquainted with the most important reforms and determine how management changed under Peter I(problematic question)

At the beginning of the reign of Peter I, the state apparatus inherited from his father Alexei Mikhailovich was preserved.

Let's remember how Russia was governed in the 17th century

Zemsky Sobor

Boyar Duma

Patriarch

Prerequisites

Domestic

Features of the reforms

were carried out according to the European model;

carried out using harsh methods and at a fast pace;

there was no system in their implementation;

took place on the basis of the state system of serfdom;

covered all spheres of activity and life of society;

depended on foreign policy.

The main driving force behind Peter's reforms was war.

Central government reforms

To carry out reforms, Peter needed an effective government apparatus.

Purpose of the reform:

Centralization of power

Improving management

1699 - The Boyar Duma was replaced by the Near Chancellery. In 1708 it was renamed the “consultation of ministers”

1711 - creation of the Government Senate - the highest government institution.

Legislative,

administrative,

Judicial functions

Control of the state apparatus

Control was established over the activities of the Senate: in 1722, Prosecutor General P.I. Yaguzhinsky

Reform 1718–1720 abolished orders and introduced 11 boards

Reason: trend towards

absolutism demanded even more

centralization of power in conditions

Northern War.

Reform 1718–1720 Abolished orders and introduced 11 boards

Foreign Affairs - in charge of foreign policy

Military - land army

Admiralty - Collegium - Navy

Justic - Collegium - Civil and Criminal Court

Berg College - mining industry

Manufactory – collegium – manufacturing industry

The decisions were made collectively, i.e. collectively.

Each board was headed by a president, vice-president, and several advisors

College building

According to the plan of Peter I, the boards were supposed to replace the clumsy system of orders and introduce two new principles into management:

All state activities of Peter I can be conditionally divided into two periods: 1696-1715 and 1715-1725

The peculiarity of the first stage was haste and not always thought out, which was explained by the conduct of the Northern War. The reforms were aimed primarily at raising funds for the war, were carried out by force and often did not lead to the desired result.

In the second period, reforms were more systematic and aimed at the internal development of the state.

Senate under Peter

Tsar (emperor)

The secret chancellery occupied a central place in the control system. She obeyed the emperor.

Prosecutor General

collegium

The secret police occupied a central place in the control system. The Secret Chancellery was in charge of cases of state crimes. It was under the authority of the emperor himself.

Decree on unified inheritance

“... ancestral, honored and purchased estates and estates, as well as courtyards and shops, should not be sold or mortgaged... Whoever has sons... give one of them real estate... that will be the inheritance.; other children of both sexes will be rewarded with movable estates..."

Now there was no difference between noble and boyar land ownership. The nobility became a privileged class, having not only obligations to serve the sovereign, but also rights.

In 1717, Peter signed a decree on single inheritance, according to which the estates of the nobles were equated to boyar estates. The document was aimed at blurring the lines between the clan and the “new” (noble) nobility.

In 1722, the “Table of Ranks” appeared, which determined the procedure for public service. Service was divided into civil and military.

N A S L E D N O E

14 classes (ranks) of officials were defined:

in the civil service - from collegiate registrar to chancellor;

in the army from ensign to admiral general

Whoever received the rank of 8th grade became a hereditary nobleman. Ranks from 14 to 9 gave personal nobility without the right of inheritance. For their service, officials received land, peasants and salary

Such a system provided the opportunity for career growth to any service person, regardless of his origin.

Moscow

Smolenskaya

Azovskaya

Kyiv

Ingria

(Petersburg)

Kazanskaya

Arkhangelogorodskaya

Provinces

Regional reform of 1708.

In 1708, Russia was divided into 8 provinces: Moscow, Ingria (later St. Petersburg), Smolensk, Kyiv, Azov, Kazan, Arkhangelsk, Siberian.

The division of the entire territory contributed to a more efficient organization of general government administration and the accountability of the regions to the center. At the same time, the unity of judicial and military power was established in the hands of the governors.

1719 - instead of counties, 50 provinces appeared, led by governors.

Province

Counties

Provinces

The townsfolk population was removed from the jurisdiction of the voivodes and transferred to the Chamber of Burgomasters in Moscow, and in other cities to elected burgomasters.

Management was carried out by the Chief Magistrate, which was created in 1720 in St. Petersburg.

The townspeople were now divided into “regular” (higher) and “mean” (lower).

The regulars were divided into two guilds.

Urban reform contributed to the economic recovery of cities and ensured support for the autocracy from wealthy citizens

Chief Magistrate

Magistrates(burgomasters, ratmans)

townspeople

regular

vile

1guild

(rich merchants, doctors, pharmacists, artists)

2 guild

(artisans and traders)

What do you think contributed to the implementation of urban reform?

Significant growth in the urban population.

Urban population

Patriarch Andrian (copy from the 17th century parsuna)

Stefan Jaworski – locum tenens since 1700

Church reform

Creation of the Holy Synod, controlled by the Chief Prosecutor, as “the eye of the sovereign and solicitor on state affairs in the Synod”

1700 – ban on holding new elections of the patriarch

1721 – abolition of the patriarchate, creation of the Holy Governing Synod

The Emperor became practically the head of the Russian Orthodox Church. The actions of the Synod were controlled by the chief prosecutor appointed by the tsar.

By a special decree, Peter I ordered the priests to carry out an educational mission among the peasants.

This reform finally turned the church into the support of Russian absolutism.

Why do you think Peter I subjugated the church to his will?

For Peter there were no interests higher than the state ones, therefore, in his opinion, everything should have been subordinated to the state (including the church).

N.Ge. Peter I

interrogates the prince

Alexey Petrovich

in Peterhof.

Charter on the succession to the throne

“so that this is always in the will of the ruling sovereign, whoever wants it will determine the inheritance”

Peter's reforms gave rise to enormous discontent in the country, the clergy were especially dissatisfied. The opposition began to group around Alexei Petrovich. He did not want to participate in reforms.

In 1716 Alexey fled to Austria. P. Tolstoy was able to return him to Russia. In 1718, after torture, Alexey was killed. By decree of 1722, the emperor received the right to appoint an heir. However, Peter never had time to do this. Having caught a cold in January 1725, he died suddenly.

Craft workshops are being introduced, in factories there are not hired workers, but assigned peasants, enterprises work for the army

An increase in the number of manufactories (200), the construction of communications routes, shipyards, the country provides itself with metal.

Absolutism has not fully developed; the level of power of the monarch depends on his personal qualities

The power of the monarch is greatly enhanced. Since 1721 - Emperor. The state completely subjugates the church

For the bulk of the population, practically nothing has changed; the education system is in its infancy

Secular culture and European education spread among the nobility

There is no access to the Black Sea

The need to maintain an army and navy requires large funds

As a result of the Northern War, Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea.

Prerequisites and results of the transformations of Peter I

Prerequisites

Poor industrial development. Lack of skilled workers

The need to further strengthen the power of the monarch

The dominance of church culture, the absence of a system of higher and secondary education

Lack of access to the Black and Baltic Seas, which hampered economic growth

Lack of a regular army and navy, military education

Russia's lack of competitiveness in the international arena

Weakening of Russia's international position

Domestic

A powerful regular army and navy have been created, a military education system is being formed

Significant strengthening of Russia's international position

Russia is becoming an important player on the international stage, both politically and economically

Church reform, mainly consisted in the abolition of the patriarchate (acquired with such difficulty by the Russian tsars!) and the establishment of the “Holy Governing Synod”, to which the church began to submit. Peter did this in order, like Western kings, to get rid of the moral control of the church over himself. The abolition of the patriarch and the subsequent weakening of the participation of the church in the life of the country ultimately led to the collapse of the Russian Orthodox monarchy.

Military reform was a continuation of the changes started by Alexei Mikhailovich. But, while under Alexei Mikhailovich such changes were adjusted to Russian conditions, Petrine reforms drove the Russian army into Western forms, without taking into account their acceptability for the Russians. Rogues from all over the world flocked to serve in the Russian army.

Civil reform was to create a completely new system of governing the country. Instead of a Duma, a “Senate” was established; instead of orders - “collegiums”; The country was divided into 8 "provinces". Everything became similar to the Western system.

Reform on the status of estates radically changed the entire previous device. Since Peter fought a lot, military service or work in weapons production began to play a dominant role. A soldier who distinguished himself in war became an officer. Peter also sent Russians to study abroad.

Peasant reform led to the complete enslavement of Russian peasants. Peter did this for the convenience of governing the country: instead of dealing with millions of citizens, he had to deal with a limited number of landowners who received full power over the peasants. As the influence of the church weakened, the treatment of the peasants worsened and frequent peasant uprisings soon began.

Many historians believe that absolutism developed in the country during the Petrine era. In dictionaries this concept is characterized as follows:

1. ABSOLUTISM - A form of government in which supreme power belongs entirely to an autocratic monarch, an unlimited monarchy.

2. ABSOLUTISM (absolute monarchy), a form of feudal state in which the monarch has unlimited supreme power. Under absolutism, the state reaches the highest degree of centralization, an extensive bureaucratic apparatus, a standing army and police are created; the activities of class representation bodies, as a rule, cease.

Try to prove or disprove the statement that an absolute monarchy developed in Russia during this period.

As a result of the reforms, Peter received unlimited power, which relied on the bureaucratic apparatus and the army.

This form of government is called ABSOLUTE MONARCHY.

Conclusion

The government reforms carried out by Peter I were of great importance for the country.

Foreign policy problems have been resolved
Russia has joined the ranks of the great powers of Europe
Boyars and nobles became equal in position
The system of local government has been improved, elective principles have been introduced in city government
The Church submitted to the state
A regular army and navy were created, which strengthened the country's security

Major milestones

Decree on Education of 1706: boyar children must receive either primary school or home education.

Decree on estates of 1704: noble and boyar estates are not divided and are equated to each other.

Decree on sole inheritance of 1714: a landowner with sons could bequeath all his real estate to only one of them of his choice. The rest were obliged to serve. The decree marked the final merger of the noble estate and the boyar estate, thereby finally erasing the difference between the two classes of feudal lords.

“Table of Ranks” 1721 (1722): division of military, civil and court service into 14 ranks. Upon reaching the eighth grade, any official or military man could receive the status of hereditary nobility. Thus, a person’s career depended primarily not on his origin, but on his achievements in public service.

Decree on succession to the throne February 5, 1722: due to the absence of an heir, Peter I decides to issue an order on succession to the throne, in which he reserves the right to appoint an heir for himself (1724 - coronation ceremony of Peter's wife Ekaterina Alekseevna).

Homework § 15

Assessments of Peter's reforms are very varied. Using the material from paragraph 15, evaluate the epigraph of our lesson “Some glorify Peter 1, others send curses to him. For some he is a miracle, for others he is a monster.”

Please indicate which point of view you prefer. Give at least three facts and provisions that can serve as arguments confirming your chosen point of view.

Consolidation of the studied material. Relate concepts and definitions to them.

The document that determined the rank system and the procedure for promotion in public and military service?

The highest government agency created in 1711?

The name of the institution that governed the Russian Orthodox Church?

Unlimited power of the emperor?

Administrative-territorial unit?

New bodies created instead of orders?

A decree by which the estates of nobles were equated to boyar estates?

a) Provinces

c) Absolutism

d) Table of ranks

e) Decree on unified inheritance