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The computer quickly entered our life. A few years ago, it was rare to see a personal computer - they were, but they were very expensive, and even not every company could have a computer in its office. And now? Now in every third house there is a computer, which has already deeply entered the life of a person.

Modern computers represent one of the most significant achievements of human thought, the impact of which on the development of scientific and technological progress can hardly be overestimated. The fields of application of computers are constantly expanding.


Computer in human life
Computer in institutions
Computer - design assistant
Banking operations using computers
Computers in agriculture
Computer in medicine
Computer and disabled
Computer in education
Computers on guard of the law
Computers in art
Home computers
Computers as a means of communication between people About information, informatization and information protection

Electronic computers in self-service stores

Imagine that it is 1979 and you. You work part-time as a cashier in a large department store. When shoppers put their selected purchases on the counter, you must read the price of each purchase and enter it into the cash register. It happens that on some product the price is not indicated, and then you have to ask the controller for it. This, of course, slows down the buyers' checkout process ... Now let's get back to our days. You still work as cashiers in the same department store. But how much has changed here. When shoppers now put their purchases on the counter, you pass each one through an optical scanner that reads the universal code on the purchase. A universal code is a series of dots and numbers by which the computer determines which product is purchased; the price of this product is stored in the computer's memory and displayed on a small screen so that the buyer can see the value of his purchase. As soon as all the selected items have passed through the optical scanning device, the computer immediately outputs the total value of the purchased items. In this case, the final settlement with customers is much faster than using a cash register.

The use of a computer not only makes it possible to significantly speed up the settlement with customers, but also makes it possible to keep under control the amount of goods sold and available in stock at all times.

It is obvious that in the not too distant future computers will play an even greater role in the life of supermarkets and their customers. There are already supermarkets in Japan, where modern technology is used to perform most of the operations that have always been performed by people. So, robots control the parking of cars in a special parking lot near the supermarket, greet customers at the entrance to the store (6 thousand people a day) and inform them about the ongoing sale at reduced prices. Even the meat department has its own robot that fulfills the wishes of customers in less than a minute. Calculators are built into the grocery carts so that the buyer can quickly find out how much he has selected the products. The computer regulates the dedication and air conditioning in the supermarket. The optical scanning device speeds up the settlement with the buyer and keeps track of sold and remaining in stock. The supermarket also has a room where the kids can watch videos while their parents shop.


About computer professions

How it used to be

Electronic computers appeared in the middle of the 40s of our century. The first in the world is ENIAC, created in 1946 in the United States. In the Soviet Union, the first machine began work in 1951, it was called MESM (Small Electronic Counting Machine). The honor of its creation belongs to the group of S. A. Lebedev, later a famous academician, who is called the father of domestic computer technology.

The first computers were unique installations, and the circle of specialists who knew how to make them solve complex computational problems remained very limited. Programming was carried out at the level of machine instructions, that is, the machine needed a detailed and detailed list of operations that had to be performed by all of its nodes. Commands were encoded with numbers represented in octal, hexadecimal or binary systems. The programmer was required not only to know many details related to the device of the machine, but also to have great intuition, resourcefulness of mind, in order to squeeze into the Procrustean bed of the very modest, according to modern concepts, capabilities of an electronic machine.

The process of coding programs was very slow, a large number of errors appeared, and the programmer's class was determined by his ability to quickly find his own mistakes. At that time, two kinds of specialists arose - algorithms and programmers-encoders. The task of the algorithmist included an exact description of the chosen method of computation, the task of the programmer was to encode the algorithm in a digital language understandable by the machine. It soon became clear, however, that the last operation was a technical work, if, of course, the algorithm was detailed and accurate. The idea arose to make the electronic machine do the job itself.

Translators - specialists in programming systems

Today, representatives of a wide variety of professions, students and even schoolchildren, are engaged in writing programs for computers. This became possible thanks to the emergence of special languages ​​in which we give commands to the computer. Machine languages ​​are created by representatives of a new profession - specialists in programming systems, or, as they are also called, translators.

To put it simply, there are two types of computer languages: machine dependent and machine independent. The first (assemblers, or autocode languages) are used to communicate with the machine in its own language. Assemblers are still used by highly qualified specialists.

Fortran is considered the ancestor of machine-independent programming languages. This name is an abbreviation of two English words FORmula TRANslation. It is close to the generally accepted mathematical notation.

Then other languages ​​appeared (Basic, Prolog, C family). It is by mastering these machine-independent languages ​​that a philologist or accountant can write a specific application program. But for a machine to work with it, a translator is needed - a program that translates what is written into the computer language. The creation of a computer language and translators requires highly qualified specialists. In addition, many problems arise in this area that require theoretical resolution.

A new direction of research and a new specialty appeared - theoretical programming. It is based on such branches of mathematics as the theory of algorithms, mathematical logic, algebra, theoretical foundations of approximate computation methods, theoretical foundations of search methods, graph theory, theory of formal languages ​​and grammars. That is why these disciplines are of great importance at the faculties of computational mathematics.

In the mid-80s, the mass production of personal computers began. At first, several hundred thousand computers were produced a year, then several million, and now - about thirty million computers annually.

The problem of a simple and accessible form of communication with a computer for every person - a friendly interface, is said to have acquired a different social meaning. Therefore, the tasks of system programmers have expanded and qualitatively changed. Indeed, in order to navigate through the multitude of columns with English abbreviations, a certain amount of preparation is required, and a junior schoolchild can also "click" on an icon or on a clear inscription.

The user-friendly interface is based on the idea of ​​interactive human-machine interaction. In such a dialogue, the computer is assigned the role of a guide along the roads of its unique capabilities and an unobtrusive leader of the user's actions. The user is required to correctly formulate his requests and choose further steps from the options offered by the computer.

In general, we can say that the professional baggage of a system programmer includes programming languages, translators, methods of building programs from ready-made pieces, debugging programs in terms of high-level languages, libraries of ready-made blanks.


Operators - operating system developers

Operating systems are the heart of all computer software. They control the input into the machine of information coming from the keyboard or from disks, the placement of input and output data in storage devices and the manipulation of them. These programs include translators, loaders, search for the necessary library programs, are responsible for the operation of the monitor, displaying the necessary information, and much more.

The complexity of operating systems is increasing every year, because the requirements of the mass user, and the needs of science and technology, are also growing. Therefore, a new specialty, as it were, spun off from the specialty of system programming - the developers of operating systems, operating systems, as they are called.

With the advent of multiprogramming (the simultaneous solution of several tasks on a computer at different stages of execution), the functions of operating systems have become especially sharply complicated and several complex problems have arisen.

The first problem is related to the strategy of allocating machine resources between programs competing with each other in the dynamics of the computation. If the distribution strategy is chosen unsuccessfully, then the efficiency of the machine will significantly decrease and the user will have to wait a long time for results, losing valuable time and sometimes money. With a good strategy, users can save both. The second problem is to exclude the influence of some tasks on the solution of others that are simultaneously in work. The third problem is the distribution of RAM between independent tasks. Naturally, all these problems are hidden from the ordinary user, and he should not take into account that many others are in the machine simultaneously with his task.

A lot of new puzzles were brought to the operators by the remote multi-thermal access mode. Such a mode arises when terminals are connected to the central computer, allowing several independent users to work simultaneously on the machine. Terminals are a keyboard for typing data and a monitor located at a great distance from a computer, in another room or even a city. Terminal access mode is a kind of forerunner of networking.


Networkers - developers of networking programs

The unification of computers and the creation of local and global networks required operating systems to perform new functions. Relatively recently, a new specialty of network programmers has emerged.

The entire computer network, from the point of view of its management, is subdivided into interconnected levels. Programs that implement control algorithms at these levels are called network programs. The rules of work here are strictly standardized by special protocols of the corresponding levels. Therefore, specialists who develop network programs must know well the system of protocols adopted in this network, the rules for forming addresses of network points, methods of transporting information, etc.

At present, global computer networks, the most famous of which is the Internet, are capable of transmitting to their subscribers not only text information, but also audiovisual information. Their property is called "multimedia". The development of programs that control it is quite complex. The fact is that the transmission of codes of images and sounds requires a high speed and, generally speaking, leads to a large load of communication lines. Therefore, programs are needed that can "compress" text and audio-visual information at the input and decrypt it at the output. In addition, at all levels of the network, there are ways to control the correctness of transmission, ways to protect information from accidental and deliberate distortion. So there was a need for specialists in protecting information from unauthorized access. In this area, closely related to the theory of coding and encryption, there are their own approaches, their own methodology and their own techniques.


Basic Scientists - Database Specialists

The main meaning of the development of global networks is to create a single information space that does not have state borders and distance limits. This means that each subscriber of the network should be given the opportunity to access the knowledge accumulated by mankind and located in numerous institutions in different countries and continents. This information is stored in special databases.

Previously, computer databases contained mainly alphanumeric information. Currently, there is audio-visual and other information in encoded form, for example, formulas of chemical compounds, tables of integrals, information about physical processes, software products, etc.

A network subscriber is not interested in how this or that database works, he needs to get an answer to his request to the network. For example, he is interested in in which libraries a rare book can be found. A search system responding to this kind of queries must turn to all the libraries' databases available on the web and formulate for each of them a query that meets the requirements of a particular model. It is the basic scientists, the database specialists, who create these systems. This is quite difficult, because the search system must determine how this or that database works and how to access it.


Machine Graphics - Virtual Reality Specialists

The natural desire to give those things that we see on a computer display, a familiar look led to the need to study optical effects in translucent bodies and other subtleties associated with a realistic vision of scenes displayed on the display. The results of these studies are embodied in algorithms and computer graphics programs.

Here we should mention computer games in which the actions of the player and the objects of the game are of paramount importance. Many people condemn the hobby for computer games, but as for computer graphics, its development was largely stimulated by the popularity of computer games.

Distinguish between two-dimensional graphics, which creates images of flat figures, and three-dimensional graphics, projecting spatial images on the screen. Work is underway to create holographic pictures using a computer that create the effect of spatial reality.

Since the 70s, computer-controlled simulators have been widely developed. Before a person's gaze there is a large screen on which the external situation is displayed by means of computer graphics. It changes depending on the actions of a person or at the will of a computer that creates the situations necessary for training. For example, a simulator that teaches the rules of takeoff and landing simulates what the pilot should see from his cockpit during the flight.

At the will of the developers' imagination, a world of its own is created in the bowels of the computer, inhabited by objects and creatures capable of acting and communicating. The computer enables a person to interact with an imaginary world. This scientific and technical direction is called virtual reality.

I note that many scientists believe that immersion of a person in such an artificial world can have a very harmful effect on the psyche.

But virtual reality has an important and useful purpose. Its tools allow you to explore and study the phenomena of the real world, physical and biological processes. You can "see" what is happening inside the body, inside the cell, see "from the inside" how a jet engine works, "walk" on the Moon or on Mars.

Virtual reality systems require colossal computing power, special sophisticated equipment such as stereoscopic screens, and various simulators of sensory influences. To solve problems related to virtual reality, the performance of a single machine is not enough. Such tasks have to be parallelized and use multiprocessor supercomputers.

New specialties will appear tomorrow

Computer specialties can be compared to multiple shoots that a single root gave. We only talked about professions that require serious mathematical training, and we saw how one after another new specializations spun off from systems programming.

The same thing happens in other areas related to computers. Physicists and philologists, chemists and biologists, economists and social scientists today create applied programs.

Service specialists appeared who can install the necessary programs on the computer, set the modes of its use, network administrators, specialists in protecting computers from viruses, etc.

Therefore, we can only say in general terms about the specialties in demand today, but there is no doubt that more and more computer professions will be required tomorrow.

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences

L. KOROLEV.

PROFESSION - USER


Despite the ever-increasing popularity of personal computers (PCs) and the abundance of information regarding their use, there is a belief that you can become a professional computer technician only if you know a programming language well or have thoroughly studied the PC device. In fact, thanks to the reliability and ease of mastering the PC and the multitude of ready-made programs, professions that can be combined with the term "user" are increasingly coming to the fore today. These are the professions where the computer has become not the basis of work, but only a tool, a means. Almost in any ad "Looking for a job" ("Offering a job"), you can find a mention of the PC. Even when it comes to the post of secretary, who is entrusted with preparing and sending letters, the candidate is required to know a computer and be able to work with a printer. In the near future, at least minimal skills of a PC user in any profession will become as necessary as the ability to read and write today.

Modern typists

Typing is perhaps the most common use of a PC, and at the same time the simplest. For a typesetter, it is enough to learn how to turn on the computer, start one or another text editor, learn the basic commands used in it (see Science and Life, No. 7, 1998) and, perhaps, master the operation of a printer. Of course, a specific skill will not be superfluous - the ten-finger method of working with the keyboard, without which it is difficult to achieve high typing speed. But here only desire and perseverance are required, since there are enough teaching methods, literature and training computer programs today.

Ease in training a profession (or in retraining - if you lose your previous job), on the other hand, reduces the prospects of finding a customer, especially when working "in free flight". If earlier typists were required by almost any writer or scientist to prepare manuscripts for publication, not to mention the publishing houses in which these manuscripts were submitted, today most of the works are created by authors directly on the PC. In addition, OCR software for handwriting and voice input to PCs is becoming more common. All this substantially "undermines the monopoly" of the human typesetter.

Computer layout

In the same way that typing became a continuation of the old typescript, computer typesetting marks the transition from old linotypes to desktop publishing systems. They are, firstly, a hardware complex: a PC with the necessary peripherals (laser printer, scanner, less often - a photo output device), and secondly, a software package that provides the ability to convert and print text with polygraphic quality. Accordingly, the knowledge, skills and abilities of a computer layout designer have two main components: "user" (somewhat more complicated than when typing) and "polygraphic", which involves knowledge of printing formats and standards (what used to be part of the profession "technical editor ") plus some design skills.

You can acquire minimal knowledge of computer layout on your own. This applies to not very complex texts and not too strict requirements for execution. For example, when typesetting brochures "for official use" or printing texts for a personal library. But to become a professional layout designer, you will need to attend special courses or work under the guidance of an experienced mentor.

Computer accounting

Previously, the typical accountant was presented as a melancholic-looking man with oversleeves, immersed in a sea of ​​documents and papers behind the bastions of thick ledgers. The current accountant is primarily a personal computer user who works with special programs. There are separate packages of financial transactions that automate the execution of various postings and deductions, and complex packages for managing the activities of the entire enterprise, which, in addition to purely accounting, also include modules for accounting for goods in the warehouse, making purchases and much more. Such hardware and software systems are already installed in many stores: you just need to enter the code of the product of interest, and the computer itself will check if there is such a product in the warehouse, write a check (or invoice) and print it in the required number of copies. And when you pay for the purchase, it will carry out all the necessary financial transactions.

As a rule, modern accounting programs are a fairly complete imitation of traditional ledgers (more precisely, the structure of entries in them). And to get this profession, first of all, you need the knowledge and skills of an ordinary accountant, while the user aspect here is not more significant than when typing.


Computer artists

The computing power of a modern PC and high image quality both on the screen and in "hard copy" (printout on a printer or plotter) make the computer an indispensable assistant in a dozen professions, in one way or another, related to drawing, drawing and even video filming.


Web design

D. USENKOV.


Based on materials
magazines "PC-WEEK" and "Internet".

TICKET number 11

Forms and norms for drawing up a plan-outline of a computer science lesson in elementary school

Abstract(from Lat. "review", "presentation") - a brief sequential presentation of the content of the book, article, work. Reflects not only the main provisions of the text, but also the connection between them, as well as a brief justification or specification of the main provisions. A synopsis is a synthesizing form of writing, it can include a plan, and extracts, and abstracts.

Types of abstracts : outline, textual (quotation), free, thematic, schematic.

Lesson outline comprises:

THEME: The title of the topic is taken from the curriculum book, from the standard or lesson planning you have developed.

LESSON NO ..: the serial number of the lesson and its name are written out from your lesson planning.

LESSON TYPE: is determined based on the goals and objectives of the lesson. There can be: a combined lesson, a lesson in consolidating new material, a repetitive-generalizing lesson, etc.

LESSON OBJECTIVES: briefly lists the content of educational, developmental and educational tasks.

1. Educational task:

· Knowledge (concepts, phenomena, quantities, formulas, laws, theories, etc.);

a) special (problem solving, measurements, etc.);

b) general educational: mastery of the techniques of written and oral, monologue and dialogical speech; various methods of working with educational and additional literature (highlighting the main thing in the form of a simple and complex plan, memos and algorithms,
abstracts, synopses, diagrams); mastery of the main types of answers (retelling, thematic answer, comparative characteristics, message, report); the ability to build a definition of concepts, comparisons, proofs, to determine the purpose of the work, to choose rational ways of doing the work; possession of methods of control and mutual control, self- and mutual assessment; the ability to work collectively; manage the work of the team, etc .;

· Skills (skills brought to automatism, when teaching physics, the formation of skills is not provided).

2. Educational task:

· Moral and aesthetic ideas, a system of views on the world, the ability to follow the norms of behavior, to comply with laws;

Individual needs, motives of social behavior, activities, values ​​and value orientation, worldview

3. Developing task:

· Development of speech, thinking, sensory (perception of the external world through the senses) spheres of personality, emotional-volitional (feelings, feelings, will) and need-motivational areas;

· Mental activity (perform operations of analysis, synthesis, classification, the ability to observe, draw conclusions, highlight the essential features of objects, goals and methods of activity, put forward hypotheses, build an experimental plan).

EQUIPMENT FOR LESSON: equipment and devices for demonstrations, laboratory work and workshops, a list of technical teaching aids (TCO); didactic material and visual aids.

LESSON PLAN: written in a concise form for the main stages of the lesson; it is recommended to present the plan in synopses in the form of tables with the following content:

If you are preparing an open lesson outline, then in the text of the outline you must make references to the literature used, and at the end of the text attach a list of it.

The use of a computer in human activities

The use of methods and means of informatics is possible in all those areas of human activity in which there is a fundamental possibility registration and processing of information. Among the most significant areas of application of data processing tools should be highlighted:

1. Military science, for example, missile defense systems, space systems. 2. Simulation of physical phenomena and study of constructed models. 3. Processing of specific experimental data during mathematical, physical, chemical, biological, sociological and other studies. 4. Solving problems of meteorological forecast. 5. Automated workstations (AWP) of a specialist,

6. Automatic design systems to support the work of the design engineer7. Management of the work of individual machines (machine tools with numerical control), robots, robotic lines, workshops and automatic factories.

8. Automated systems for planning and production management. 9. Obtaining images of the inner parts of opaque bodies, including in medicine - computed tomography. 10. Queuing systems and information and reference systems. 11. Serving major sporting events. 12. Databases of legal information. 13. Banking and stock exchange computer systems.



14. Bibliographic computer systems. 15. Preparation of various documents, reports and other printed materials, advertising. 16. Computer layout and preparation for the publication of newspapers, magazines, books. 17. Arrangement of musical compositions, color music. 18. Sculpture and architecture. 19. Computer design of the devices and premises being developed. 20. Computer animation and animation

21. Machine translation from various natural languages. 22. Linguistics, decoding of unknown languages. 23. Cryptography - encryption and decryption of documents, access to the cat. Limited. 24. Computer geodesy and cartography. 25. Teaching, testing and monitoring programs 26. Digital audio and video recording.

27. New means of communication based on local and global networks.

Human information activity

Human information activity is an activity associated with the processes of receiving, transforming, accumulating and transmitting information.

All people in their lives are engaged in informational activities (receive letters, read books, store photo and video archives, talk on the phone, solve problems, solve crosswords, etc.); for many, she is professional.

For thousands of years, material objects have been the objects of human labor. All tools from the stone ax to the first steam engine, electric motor or lathe were associated with the processing of matter, the use and conversion of energy. At the same time, mankind has always had to solve the problems of management, accumulation, processing and transmission of information, experience, knowledge. There were groups of people whose profession was connected exclusively with informational activity. In ancient times, these were, for example, priests, chroniclers, then scientists, etc.

With the development of society, the circle of people whose professional activities were associated with the processing and accumulation of information constantly expanded. The volume of human knowledge and experience was constantly growing, and with it the number of books, manuscripts and other written documents. It became necessary to create special repositories of these documents - libraries, archives. The information contained in books and other documents had to not only be stored, but organized, systematized. This is how library classifiers, subject and alphabetical catalogs and other means of systematizing books and documents arose, the professions of librarian and archivist appeared.

As a result of scientific and technological progress, mankind has created ever new means and methods of collecting (recording sound information using a microphone, camera, movie camera), storing (paper, photographic film, gramophone records, magnetic tape), transmitting information (telephone, telegraph, radio, television, satellites). But the most important thing in information processes - processing and purposeful transformation of information - was carried out until recently exclusively by humans.

At the same time, the constant improvement of technology and production has led to a sharp increase in the amount of information that a person has to operate in the process of his professional activity.

In the second half of the 20th century, the release of scientific and technical printed materials became like a growing avalanche. Neither an individual, nor special organizations created to process the incoming information, could not only master the entire information flow, but also quickly find in it what was required for certain works. There was a paradoxical situation when, in order to obtain the necessary information, it was easier and cheaper to conduct the research again than to find it in the scientific literature. The paper-based information system has outgrown its capabilities. An information crisis is ripe, that is, a situation where the information flow has increased so much that it has become unavailable for processing at an acceptable time.

We can say that we, who live at the turn of the century and millennium, are lucky to witness tremendous changes on our home planet. And the result of these changes was the acceleration of the emergence of knowledge. The flow of information literally falls upon us. If the first doubling of the total amount of knowledge on Earth occurred during the period from the turn of our era to 1750, then the second doubling happened already in 150 years, by the beginning of the twentieth century, and the third - in 50 years - by 1950.

Subsequently, the volume of knowledge doubled at an even more rapid pace: until 1970 - for 10 years, after 1970 - every 5 years, and since 1991 - annually! In fact, we live in a society where the power of any country is determined by its information potential and the ability to quickly provide necessary and reliable information to everyone who is interested in it.

A way out of this situation was the invention of electronic computers (computers) and personal computers, the creation of a telecommunications infrastructure (databases and networks of various types).

But modern technical means of working with information include not only computers, but also other devices that ensure its transmission, processing and storage:

network equipment: modems, cables, network adapters;

analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters;

digital photo and video cameras, digital voice recorders;

recording devices (CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-RW, etc.);

printing equipment;

digital music studios;

medical equipment for ultrasound and tomography;

scanners in archives, libraries, shops, examinations and polling stations;

TV tuners for feeding a TV signal to a computer;

plotters and various printers;

multimedia projectors;

flash memory, also used in players and cameras;

mobile phones.

In addition to personal computers, there are powerful computing systems for solving complex scientific, technical and defense problems, processing huge databases, and the operation of telecommunication networks (Internet):

multiprocessor systems for parallel data processing (control of complex technological processes);

servers in the global computer network that manage work and store a huge amount of information;

special computers for design and construction work (design of aircraft and spaceships, bridges and buildings, etc.).

All of the above technical means and systems are designed to work with information resources (IR) in various sectors of the economy. Nowadays, computers have firmly entered the life of a modern person, and are widely used in manufacturing, design and construction work, business and many other industries.

Computers in production are used at all stages: from the construction of individual parts of a product, its design, to assembly and sale. The computer-aided manufacturing system (CAD) allows you to create drawings, immediately get a general view of the object, control machines for the production of parts. A flexible manufacturing system (FPS) allows you to quickly respond to changes in the market situation, quickly expand or curtail the production of a product or replace it with another. The ease of transferring the conveyor to the release of new products makes it possible to produce many different product models. Computers allow you to quickly process information from various sensors, including from automated security, from temperature sensors to regulate energy consumption for heating, from ATMs that record customers' money consumption, from a complex tomograph system that allows you to "see" the internal structure of human organs and correctly place diagnosis.

A computer is on the desktop of a specialist in any profession. It allows you to connect with any part of the world, connect to the funds of large libraries without leaving your home, use powerful information systems - encyclopedias, learn new sciences and acquire various skills with the help of training programs and simulators. He helps the fashion designer to design patterns, the publisher to compose text and illustrations, the artist to create new paintings, and the composer to music. An expensive experiment can be completely calculated and simulated on a computer.

The development of methods and methods for presenting information, technology for solving problems using computers, has become an important aspect of the activities of people of many professions. There are several main areas where information activities are related to computers.

Information is subject to legal regulation.

Historically, the traditional object of property rights is a material object. Information itself is not a material object, but it is fixed on material carriers. Initially, information is in the memory of a person, and then it is alienated and transferred to material carriers: books, disks, cassettes and other drives designed to store information. As a consequence, information can be replicated through the distribution of a tangible medium. The movement of such a material medium from the owner entity, which creates specific information, to the user entity, entails the loss of ownership of the information owner.

The intensity of this process has increased significantly in connection with the total spread of the Internet. It's not a secret for anyone that very often books, music and other products of human intellectual activity, without any consent of the authors or publishers, are posted on various sites without links to the original source. The intellectual product created by them becomes the property of many people who use it free of charge, and at the same time the interests of those who created it are not taken into account.

Legal regulations

Taking into account that information practically does not differ from any other object of property, for example, a car, house, furniture and other material products, we should talk about the presence of the same property rights to information products.

^ Ownership has three important components: disposal, ownership, and use.

The right to dispose is that only the subject-owner of the information has the right to determine to whom this information may be provided.

The right of ownership should provide the subject-owner of information with the storage of information in an unchanged form. No one but him can change it.

^ The right to use grants the subject-owner of the information the right to use it only in his own interests.

Thus, any subject-user is obliged to acquire these rights before using the information product of interest to him. This right should be regulated and protected by public infrastructure and relevant laws. As with any property, such an infrastructure consists of a chain:

legislative power (laws)? the judiciary (court)? executive power (punishment).

Any property law must govern the relationship between the owner and the user. Such laws should protect both the rights of the owner and the rights of the legal owners who acquired the information product legally. Protection of information property is manifested in the fact that there is a legal mechanism to protect information from disclosure, leakage, unauthorized access and processing, in particular copying, modification and destruction.

At present, the world community has already developed a number of measures on this problem, which are aimed at protecting property rights to an intellectual product. The normative and legal basis of the necessary measures is formed by legal documents: laws, decrees, regulations, which ensure civilized relations in the information market. So, in the Russian Federation a number of decrees, resolutions, laws have been adopted.

^ Law of the Russian Federation No. 3523-I "On the Legal Protection of Computer Programs and Databases" gives a legally precise definition of the concepts associated with the authorship and distribution of computer programs and databases. It determines that copyright applies to the specified objects, which are the result of the creative activity of the author. The author has the exclusive right to release programs and databases, their distribution, modification and other use.

For the current state of our society, it is the issues related to the violation of copyright and property rights that are most relevant. Much of the software used by individuals and even organizations is obtained through illegal copying. This practice interferes with the formation of a civilized market for computer software and information resources.

This issue has become especially relevant for our country in the process of Russia's accession to international organizations and unions - for example, to the World Trade Organization. Non-observance of rights in the field of ownership of computer software has become the object of criminal prosecution in practice.

^ Law of the Russian Federation No. 149-F3 "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection" regulates relations arising from:

the exercise of the right to search, receive, transfer and produce information;

application of information technology;

ensuring the protection of information.

In 1996, for the first time, the section “Crimes in the field of computer information” was included in the Criminal Code. He determined the punishment for some types of crimes that have become common:

illegal access to computer information;

creation, use and distribution of malicious programs for computers;

deliberate violation of the rules for the operation of computers and networks.

In 2006, Law No. 152-0F3 "On Personal Data" came into force, the purpose of which is to ensure the protection of the rights and freedoms of a person and citizen when processing his personal data (with or without the use of automation tools), including protection of the rights to immunity privacy.

Legal regulation in the information sphere, due to its rapid development, will always lag behind life. As you know, most happily lives not the society in which all actions of people are regulated, and punishments for all bad deeds are prescribed, but the one that is guided, first of all, by considerations of an ethical order. This means in this case that information is not stolen, not because there is a punishment for it, but because a person considers theft to be a low act that defames himself. It is to such a relationship between the state and the individual, as well as between individual members of society, that we should strive for.

Currently, the solution to the problem of legal regulation in the field of the formation and use of information resources is in Russia at an early stage. It is extremely important and relevant to adopt such legal acts that could provide:

protection of the rights of producers and consumers of information products and services;

protection of the population from the harmful effects of certain types of information products;

the legal basis for the functioning and application of Internet information systems, telecommunication technologies.

From the point of view of distribution and use, software is divided into closed (non-free), open and free:

^ Closed (non-free) - the user receives limited rights to use such a software product, even by purchasing it. The user has no right to transfer it to other persons and is obliged to use this software under the license agreement. A license agreement generally covers the purpose of use, for example, for education only, and the place of use, for example, for a home computer only. It is impossible to distribute, view the source code and improve such programs, which is fixed by the license agreement. Violation of the license agreement is a violation of copyright and may result in legal action. For violation of copyright for software products, Russian law provides for civil, administrative and criminal liability.

^ Open source software - has an open source code that allows anyone to judge the methods, algorithms, interfaces and reliability of a software product. Open source does not imply free distribution of the program. The license stipulates the conditions under which the user can change the program code in order to improve it or use fragments of the program code in his own development. Liability for violation of the terms of the license agreement for open source software is similar to closed (nonfree) software.

^ Free software - grants the user the rights, or, more precisely, freedom for unlimited installation and launch, free use and study of the program code, its distribution and modification. Free software is also legally protected and subject to copyright laws.

The principles of free software were first formulated in the 70s of the last century.

Free software is widely used on the Internet. For example, the most common Apache web server is free, Wikipedia is powered by MediaWiki, which is also a free project.

Free software, in any case, can be freely installed and used on any computer. The use of such software is free everywhere: in schools, offices, universities, on personal computers and in all organizations and institutions, including commercial and government ones.

Control questions

  • 1. What is the human information society?
  • 2. Methods of collecting information
  • 3. What rules do you know governing the property rights of information technology?
  • 4. What legal categories is the software divided into?

Human activities associated with the processes of receiving, transforming, accumulating and transmitting information are called information activities.

Currently, computers are used to process not only numbers, but other types of information as well. Thanks to this, computers have firmly entered the life of a modern person, are widely used in production, design and construction work, business and many other industries.

But to modern technical means working with information includes not only computers, but also other devices that ensure its transmission, processing and storage:

· Network equipment: modems, cables, network adapters.

· Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters.

· Digital photo and video cameras, digital voice recorders.

· Recording devices (CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-RW, etc.).

· Printing equipment.

· Digital music studios.

· Medical equipment for ultrasound and tomography;

· Scanners in archives, libraries, shops, exams and polling stations;

· TV tuners for feeding a TV signal to a computer.

· Plotters and various printers.

· Multimedia projectors.

· Flash memory, also used in players and cameras.

· Mobile phones.

In addition to personal computers, there are powerful computing systems for solving complex scientific, technical and defense problems, processing huge databases, and the operation of telecommunication networks (Internet):

· Multiprocessor systems for parallel data processing (control of complex technological processes).

· Servers in the global computer network that manage work and store a huge amount of information.

· Special computers for design and construction work (design of aircraft and spaceships, bridges and buildings, etc.).

All of the above technical means and systems are designed to work with information resources (IR) in various sectors of the economy.

There are several main areas where information activities are related to computers.

1. Scientific research. Calculations and calculations are an indispensable element of those scientific research where it is required, on the basis of an experiment, to construct a hypothesis about the laws manifested in it. Special automated systems for scientific research are being created. Computational operations on a computer are performed not only by mathematicians, mechanics, physicists, astronomers, but also by specialists in the field of economics. Literary critics use special programs for analyzing the texts of works, creating various dictionaries.

2. Creation of new products. Some stages of creating new products can be automated, and therefore, it is not surprising that a computer has found a place here too. Computer-aided design (CAD) systems are used in all design and engineering organizations. After all, it turned out to be possible to design an integrated circuit thanks to the computer itself and its software. The designer enters the technical task into the CAD system, and the use of databases, calculation blocks, expert systems, and a simulator allows obtaining technical documentation according to which prototypes will be made.

3. Management. The theory of automatic control by the time of the creation of computers was a well-developed exact engineering science, so it became possible to use computers for control purposes. Automatic control systems (ACS) can control processes for which mathematical models and methods for their solution have been developed. Machine tools with numerical control (CNC) have a specialized computer with an operator panel, display and keyboard, as well as a control program. It indicates everything necessary to make a part from the workpiece, the dimensions and shape of which are determined by the drawing. Automatic washing machines, microwave ovens, sewing and embroidery machines, etc., operate according to special programs.

4. Information systems (IS), databases (DB). The basis of the IS is a data bank, which stores a large volume of information about any area of ​​human knowledge. This can be information about the infrastructure of the city (transport, map, phones, organizations, etc.). The use of the Internet makes information from IP available to a large number of users. Currently, Moscow schools get access to the Internet and can use information from various ISs to carry out projects in various fields (geography, history, literature, biology, ecology, etc.). IS or DB of institutions, schools, libraries, etc. allow you to perform searches, queries, changes and additions quickly, with a small amount of errors and human resources.

5. Training. Computers are widely used in the field of education. One of the most important goals of creating a system of educational portals is to explicitly and with the participation of specialists to form a professional zone and mechanisms for searching for high-quality educational information.

6. Computers in the publishing industry. The computer can be used by the author at the very first stages of creating literary, journalistic and other works. Then the editor of the publishing house works with this text.

7. Automated workstation (AWP). Currently, this is an employee's place, equipped with a computer and other technical means (printer, scanner, audio speakers or headphones, microphone, video camera, electron microscope, etc.). The AWS can also have access to the Internet, which allows you to quickly find the necessary information in the field of its activity, receive and send e-mails, make purchases on the Internet, order e-tickets, etc.

Information resources that provide some professional activity are concentrated in arrays of documents, which in the modern version are prepared for automatic processing and are stored in databases (DB), knowledge bases (KB), which, in turn, are part of some information system.

Let us try in the following table to describe the types of professional informational activity of a person and the accompanying technical and informational means.