Metonimia (from Greek. Metonymia - "renaming") - this is the transfer of the name on adjacentness, as well as the portable value itself, which occurred due to such a transfer. In contrast to the transfer of metaphorical, which necessarily implies the similarity of objects, actions, properties, metonimia is based on acceptance, arrangement of objects, concepts, actions, nothing like each other. For example, such different "subjects", as an industrial enterprise and employees of this enterprise, can be called the same word factory(Wed: "A new construction is built. factory"And" factoryfulfilled the plan "); in a word we call the country, the state and the government of the country, the state (Wed:" People France"And" Franceconcluded a contract "), etc.

Depending on which methods (concepts) are associated, the actions, the metonymy spatial, temporary and logical * are associated.

* The term "logical metonymy" is largely conditional, since a certain extent refers to all varieties of metonymy.

1) Spacemetonimia is based on the spatial, physical appointment of objects, phenomena. The most common occasion of the spatial metonymy is to transfer the name of the room (parts of the room), institutions, etc. on people living working, etc. In this room, at this enterprise. Wed, for example, "multi-storey house", "Spacious izba", "huge shop", "Testern editorial", "student hostel", etc., where words house, Izba, shop, editors, hostelused in the literal value for the naming of the room, enterprise, and "all housereleased on Saturday "," hisslept "," shopjoined the competition "," all editorialwas "for", " hostelimmersed in sleep, "where the same words, the name of people, act in the metonimical meaning. The spatial metonymy is also examples of the transfer of the vessel name, extended to its contents. So, saying" teapotalready boils "," samovarbubbles "," pansweep ", we mean, of course, not a kettle, samovar, frying pan, and the fact that it is nalo to the kettle, samovar, which is roasting (stewed) in a pan.

2) for temporally mixed objects, the phenomena are adjacent, "in contact" in the time of their existence, "appearance". Such a metonymy is the transfer of the title of action (pronounced nouns) on the result - to what occurs during the action process. For example: " editionbooks "(action) -" Luxury, gift edition"(action result);" The artist made it difficult picturedetails "(action) -" on a rock carved imagesanimals "(i.e. figures, which means, the result of action); similar metonymic portable values, which appeared on the basis of temporary adjacency, have words embroidery("Dress with embroidery")Set("have settools ") slicing("slicingerased ") transfer("Pass transferduring"), correspondence("Include in the publication correspondencewriter "), polishing("polishingscratched ") editorial("The text of the last editorialtale "), thread("Decorate thread"), Chakeanka("Collector Georgian chakeanka"), sewing("Old Russian sewing") and many others.

3) Very common and logical metonimia. To logical metonimia can be attributed:

a) transfer of the name of the vessel, the capacity of the volume of what is contained in the vessel, the container. Cf. "Break cup, plate, wineglass, jug", "Lose spoon", "Skip pans", "Tie bag", etc., where words cup, Plate, Wine, Jug, Spoon, Pan, Bagused in direct value as the name of the extension, and "try spoonjam "," drink two cask(tea) "," Eat the whole plateporridge ( panssoup) "," spend bagpotatoes, etc., where the same words have a portable metonymy value, calling the volume, the amount of the corresponding substance, content;

b) transfer of the name of the substance, material on the product: "Exhibition porcelain", "Won gold, bronze"(i.e. gold, bronze medals)," Collect ceramics", "Transmit the necessary paper"(i.e. documents)," split glass", "write watercolor", "blightsbrush Levitan "(" canvasSurikov ")," go to capronin fur" etc.;

d) transfer the title of action to the substance (object) or on people with which this action is carried out. For example: mascle, impregnation(the substance that makes the smelting, impregnation of something), suspension, clamp(adaptation for suspension, clamping something), protection, attack, change(a group of people acting - protection, attack, shift), etc.;

e) transfer the name of the action to the place where it occurs. For example: entrance, exit, detour, stop, transition, turn, pass, crossing(place of entry, exit, tramp, stop, transition, turn, passage, crossing, i.e. place of committing these actions);

e) Transfer of the name of the property, quality on the or that or who detects, has this property, quality. Wed: " tactlessness, rudenesswords "," stupidityman "," studentproject "," nettaactivitybehavior "," bucklereplica "," banalitycomments ", etc. (dedicated words denote an abstract property, quality) and" commit tactless"(tactless act)," speak rudeness, stupidity"(Rough, stupid words, phrases)," His surround notching"(Inductar people)," allow nettaactivity"(Nethatactic act or non -actic remark)," Allow yourself buckle"(stroke words, comments)," pronounce banality"(Banal words, phrases)," all of them talentsall of them poets "(B.K.);

g) transfer the name of the geographical point, the locality to the fact that they are produced, Wed. kininandali, Sapelli, Havana, Gzheletc.

Sitness of objects, concepts can cause and transfer the name of the feature expressed by the adjective. So, many qualitative adjectives except the direct value "possess some kind of quality" related to the living being (cf. " stupidhuman", " insidiousenemy "," braverider "," cleverwoman ", etc.), have both portable, metonimical meanings. An illustration of the use of adjective in the metonimical meaning can be such, for example, a combination, as" stupidphysiognomy "(i.e., the physiognomy of a stupid man). Restricting objects" man "and" physiognomy "served as the basis for transfer stupidwith a person on a physiognomy, as a result of a reduction in a combination: "Fully man's physiognomy" - "stupid physiognomy". Examples of metonimical use can be cited for other qualitative adjectives: " cusarsmile "(smile of a cunning man)," braveanswer, deed "(answer, act of a bold man)," clevercouncil "(Soviet of the smart person), etc. Similarly, i.e. due to the transfer of the definition on the basis of the adjacency of objects, metonimical values \u200b\u200bappeared in adjectives azure -"azuremorning "(i.e. morning with a clear azure sky) *, crazy"crazyhome "(i.e. house for crazy people) **, etc.

* Direct adjective azure - "Light blue" - performs in combination " azure Sea "," azure sky".

** direct value of adjective crazy Psychic Disorder: " crazy sick".

The adjective metonomic value may appear and otherwise, not by transferring the definition.

Consider adjectives in such combinations as " springvacations "(holidays, extinguishing spring)," roadsuit "(suit designed for the road);" winterhibernation "(hibernation in which in winter)," sadmeeting "* (Meeting, causing sadness). These adjectives cannot be said that in the above combinations they are the definition transferred from one adjacent subject to another, since it is quite obvious that such combinations are not a reduction in combination of" Vacation of the Spring Days "," Suit of the road time "," hiberna of winter pore "," Meeting of sad people "or the like (such combinations really do not really exist). Therefore, adjectives spring, Road, Winter,as well as many others (cf. acornin combination " acorncoffee", goldin " golden.glasses "," goldthe ring ", etc.) we can say that these adjectives in the metonimical meaning arose as if anewly, secondary (secondally compared to the same adjectives in their direct values) from that noun, calling one of the adjacent items from which to its The time was formed direct value. Wed: " springvacations "- Schools, existing (discharges are allocated adjacent items, concepts)," roadsuit "(Costume designed for Traders)," acorncoffee "(coffee, cooked from the spicy), etc. **

* The direct values \u200b\u200bof these adjectives act in such combinations as "Spring Days", " road dust "," winter it's time "," seem sad".

** Sometimes the authors of the works directly show how similar values \u200b\u200bappear. Wed., for example, in the Children's book B. Nodoka "visiting Winnie Puha": "And she doesn't let me walk me, because I seemed to cough. But it was biscuitful cough - I ate biscuits and coughed! "In the translation of the book of the English author A. Milna" Winnie the Pooh and all-all-all ", made by an approach, there is only a combination of" biscuit cough ", so in the above passage B. Skhodnos visual Demonstrated the process of the emergence of the metonymic value of the adjective, explained why this is so used this adjective. In another, also a children's book ("The Wizard of the Emerald City" A.M. Volkov) says that the family of the main character was " hurricane Cellar, "and explains that there the family was sitting off during hurricanes.

Finally, there is another pretty peculiar type of formation of the portable, metonymic value of adjectives (high-quality). We turn first again for example. I have M. Zoshchenko. The story "Weak Tara". Weakin this name - not "performed weak hands or a weak person", weakhere - "such that is weakly tightened, fastened, etc.". That is, adjective weakit turns out to be associated with no nouns, but with adverb ("weakly"). And if we talk about adjacentness, it is found between concepts, one of which is expressed by the nouns (in the example given example, this is "packaging"), the other - the verb or communion (in our example it is "tightened", "fastened").

Similarly, such combinations characteristic of the language of the modern newspaper are formed as " fastwater "," fastwalkway "," fastroute "," fastroutes "(where fast -"Such for which you can quickly swim, run, drive"), " fastseconds "( fasthere - "such that shows quickly running, floating, etc. Athlete"). And in these cases, the sequence of concepts expressed by noun ("water", "track", "second", etc.), on the one hand, and the verb or communion - on the other ("sailing", "run", " shows "etc.), and adjective fastin the metonimical meaning is clearly connected with their education with adverb *.

* All these different ways of formation of the metonymic values \u200b\u200bof adjectives are shown not so much to memorize the types of these values, as in order to help understand the entity of adjacency in relation to such a complex phenomenon, as the adjective metonymy.

Metonimic transfer of the name is characteristic and verbs. It can be based on suitability of objects (as in the two previous cases). Wed: " whip outcarpet "(carpet is absorbed by dust, which is dying)," pourstatue "(pour metal from which the statue is obtained); other examples:" boillinen "," to kotsword (nails) "," ridenecklace "(from beads, shells, etc.)," nightsUGRAD ", etc. Metonimic value may occur because of the adjacency of actions. For example:" Shop opens(\u003d Trading begins) at 8 o'clock "(the door opening serves as a signal starting signal).

Like metaphors, metonimies are different according to the degree of prevalence and expressiveness. From this point of view among metonimies, general-language inexpressive, general-ethical (overhangivers) expressive, generally ethical expressive (as a rule) and individual (author) expressive can be allocated.

Metonimia are generally announced casting, Silver, Porcelain, Crystal(in the meaning of "product"), work(what is done) mascle, impregnation(substance), protection, attack, factory, factory, change(when these words call people), entrance, exit, moving, crossing, turnetc. (in meaning a place of action), fox, mink, blessing, squirreletc. (as a sign, product) and much more *. Like general-language metaphors, metonimia themselves are absolutely incomprehensible, sometimes not perceived as portable values.

* Such metonymia are given in sensible dictionaries under numbers 2, 3, etc. or are given behind the sign // in any meaning of the word without litter .

General and ethical (outcut) expressive metonymias - this azure(About the cloudless blue sky): "The last cloud of scattered storms! One you walk on clear lazuri."(P.);" under the peaceful azureon the bright hill stands and is growing alone "(Tyutch); transparent: "There was a sunny, transparent and cold day" (KUPER.); "IN transparentthe cold was blindd by Dolos "(EU.); lead: "The slack of honor is merciless, close to he saw his end. On the fights solid, Colding, / meeting the Missile lead"(P.);" from whose hands leadthe deadly / poet heart ripped out ..? "(Tyutch.); blue: "Let sometimes whisper to me blueevening that you were a song and a dream "(EU.);" Crowds of beggars - and those broke into such blueday on the pellets under the bell ringing "(A.N.T.); youth: "Let be youthit grows fun, carelessly and happily, let her have one concern: learn and develop creative forces in themselves "(A.N.T.);" I sat in front of him youth,a little rude, straightforward, somehow disappointing is not good "(I. and p.) * et al.

* Some metonymia of this group are marked by intelligent dictionaries, such as, for example, youth (in the meaning of youth), others are missing as blue (Its value can be formulated approximately as follows: "Such when the sky or the sea, etc. Blue"). For the fact that bluein this meaning, it is not an individual consumption, the data of the pre-revolutionary (1913) dictionary "epithets of the literary Russian speech" of A. Zelenetsky, where the combinations are given " bluemorning "(KUPER.)," blue Evening "(Boon) and others. Wed. Also on this sample" blue CHTILL "Y K.G. POUSTOVA in the" Black Sea Sun ".

Outcommodationmens can be attributed to these words as white(cf. " whitestrada "," whiteolympiad "), fast("fastwalkway "," fastwater "," fastseconds "et al.), green("greenpatrol "," Green Harvest "), gold(cf. " goldjump "," goldflight "," goldblade "where golden -"Such as evaluated by a gold medal", or "such with the help of which the gold medal is conquered"), etc.

Examples of individual (copyright) metonymium: "Only Troika rushes with a ringing in snezhno-whiteforget "(bl.);" quiet fairy tale sleep, a fairy tale sleepyi will say "(bl.);" and in diamondsdreams Even the deceased of the mother-in-law seemed to him Miley "(I. and P.);" Among greensilence of the surgery summer are not all issues resolved. Not all are answered "(AC.);" From the cool woodenthe cleanliness of the house reluctantly came out to the street "(V.Sol.);" After all their menuin the mouth do not take "(ginryary);" and a strange stem that it is nested in the blade in the blade ... with a whistle silkovextract "(Matv.);" Our neighbors keysangry "(b.ahm.);" leaves twenty fifthto battle. Stepped into fire twenty-six.Froze at the edge of my - seventh"(N. Pozd.) (On recruits of 1925,1926 and born in 1927);" Delivered the pleasure of famously and accurately draw up a wisdom document, to answer, for example, some starexcellency "(V.Savch).

It is difficult to imagine a poetic or prosaic work, in which absolutely all words would be used in a direct value, which is fixed in the sensible dictionary.

Artistic literature is distinguished by the presence of paths that allow you to create unique images and enrich the author's style of presentation. One of them is metonymy. What is metonymy, how does it help brighter to express their thoughts and is it used in normal speech? About everything in order.

Wikipedia says that metonymy is a replacement of one word or phrase with another adjacent word. If you explain in a simple language, then when using metonimia, we replace the related concepts.

The meaning of the word metonimia (the emphasis drops on the third syllable) is hidden in Greek origin. The word is translated as "renaming" and serves for interchangeable words.

For clarity, such examples can be given:

  1. "All flags will visit us" - lines. In this phrase flags mean different countries. Therefore, the word "flags" can be replaced by the "states" and at the same time maintain the meaning of the proposal.
  2. "Table silver" - here it is not about the metal itself, but about the dining room, which is made of silver.
  3. "The applicant for the director armchair" means that a person is a challenge to the position of director, in the office of which the chair stands.

Using the replacement, the expressiveness of the language and its wealth occurs. This technique is widely used in rhetoric, lexicology, while adjusting the stylistics and writing poetic works.

Communications in Metonimia

Metonimia in the literature contributes to the establishment of links between objects. This is its main destination. In Russian, there are such verbal connections:

  • Instead, things actually call the material that was used for its production: "All in gold" instead of "all in gold jewelry".
  • Replacing a specific object with a certain distracted name: "My handsome man is beloved" - the words of a loved girl in love with a beloved man.
  • The content replaces the contents either talk about the owner instead of possessions: "drink at the last cup" - the name of a particular drink is lowered.
  • Instead of the name of the subject indicate its sign: "People in white" - there is no specific description of the clothing.
  • The name of the work is replaced by its author: "Read" instead of "read the novels of Dostoevsky".

All existing metonymic bonds have a division into types.

Varieties

Distinguish three main types of trail. They are determined depending on the connection, which will be used to replace concepts, actions and objects. Each species has its own specifics, so it should be understood in their features.

Metonimia and Sainpadoha

The following types of metonymy are distinguished:

Spatial

Under this term implies the spatial or physical location of objects or phenomena.

The most successful example of such a replacement is to transfer the title of a building or room to people who work in these rooms either live. For example, a five-storey house, a small edition, a spacious hospital, a sewing shop.

Words "Hospital", "House", "Shop", "Editorial" I have a direct meaning. With the use of Synekdi, the same words will be perceived in the portable meaning: with the entire editors left for a picnic, both hospitals went to Saturday, walked the whole house, the whole shop was tired.

Important! Under the concept of spatial replacement, the name of the vessel name does not fall into the fact that it is in it - boils a saucepan, that is, in a saucepan, pour liquid into it.

Temporary

This form comes in contact with objects in the time frame.

For example: the name of the action, acting by the nouns, as a result becomes the result of the action. "Edition of the book" is an action, and the "wonderful gift edition" is the result of action.

Logical

This type of communication is most used.

Communications in Metonimia

In Russian-speaking texts, examples have different transfer specifics:

  • The capacitance name is replaced by the contents of this container. For example: "break the glass", "wash a spoon", "put in a saucepan", "put a bag". In these phrases, the nouns are direct value and denote the product. When using metonimia, the same vessels will be applied in a figurative value, their task will be to designate the volume of the substance that contains: "Pour a spoonful of porridge", "pour two plates", "sell a bag of flour", "cook soup saucepan".
  • Transfer the name of the material for the subject made from this material. In such cases, the turnover is applied as follows; "Get gold" (get a gold medal), "wear silk" (silk clothes or underwear), "deal with paper" (documents).
  • Replacing the creations of their authors. For example: "Quote Lermontov" (works of Lermontov), \u200b\u200b"Love Vasnetsov" (paintings).
  • Transferring action for an object or a person who performs this action. For example, the "suspension" (jewelry), "duty" (a person who is on duty).
  • Transferring an action to the place of this action. It is often found on the road signs: "Rotate", "Entry", "Stop", "Transition" and so on.
  • Transfer properties to an object that has this property. As an example, it is possible to consider such phrases: "the knife of the expression", "human infurities", "the banality of the assessment". In these phrases, the words described abstract qualities. After applying, the syncdocha in phrases is transferred to the value: "Allow the knuckle", "it was surrounded by prissthood", "say banal things."

Types of metonymy

There are four main varieties: language metonymy, poetic, newspaper and individual-author.

Examples of metonymy

Language is the most common. Her people use so often that they do not notice. These are words and phrases that are used in everyday speech.

For example, the collection of porcelain (porcelain products), the plant participated in the competition (plant workers), mink hangs in the closet (mink coat).

Poetic metonymy in Russian is used in fiction. In poetry, you can meet such expressions: Parit in Lazuri (that is, in the sky), transparent cold, death lead (meaning the bullet), blue day (blue is metonimia).

The newspaper transfer and replacements include the words: "Fast" (fast water, fast minutes), "green" (green patrol). Such techniques are most often found in the texts of a journalistic style.

Differences from metaphor

The modern generation is inclined to confuse the metaphor with the metonymy. These two concepts have one significant difference, which has been impossible to confuse them.

The general-language metaphor connects non-adjacent concepts, and absolutely different items that combine only characteristics, a function or association. For example, Tanya is meek like Lan. In this case, the phrase "Tanya-Lan" and will be a metaphor.

Definition and types of metonymy

The trail has a more real bond between the object and the concept. It can also be eliminated or significantly limited the characteristic that is insignificant for the subject.

The method of constructing a metonimical and metaphorical trail is very similar. To create them, choose two objects with a common semantic element, with which you can reduce the description and save semantics.

When using the turn of the semantic element is emitted. It can be perceived only by the senses. In the case of metaphor, the meaningful bond is formed in consciousness using memory and associations.

Fiction is saturated with all sorts of varieties of this trail. Replacing is widely used in all types of speech, including in everyday. But the most significant role she plays in literary works.

Most often, the writers used metonimia in the first half of the 20th century. Especially common revisions were in authors engaged in constructivism and creating poems based on it.

When writing its works, poets often had to choose between metaphor and metonimia. Preference was preferably given the last.

Useful video

Let's summarize

The meaning of the word metonimia is easy to understand. It means use for the names of items, phenomena, people who do it not directly, and indirectly. The use of metonimia indicates the wealth of speech speaking and writing, as well as its high language culture.

In contact with

In this article you will find the answer to the question: "What is metonymy?" First of all, let us give the definition of this concept, after which I will talk about it. The term "metonymy" comes from an ancient Greek word meaning "renaming". Answering briefly on the question of what metonimia is, it can be said that this is the transfer by the adjacency of a certain name, as well as the resulting figurative value.

Feature metonimia

In contrast to the metaphorical, necessarily involving the similarities of properties, actions, objects, the metonimical transfer is based on adjacentness, adoption of objects, actions, concepts, nothing like each other. Metonimia, the definition of which was given above, can combine heterogeneous items. For example, an industrial enterprise and its employees, so different, it would seem, the concepts may be called the word "Plant" ("Plant fulfilled the plan", "Plant is built"). We also refer to the state of the state, the country and its government ("Russia has concluded a contract", "Russian people"), etc.

There are a logical, temporal and spatial metonymy, depending on the adjacency, which are associated with actions, concepts or objects.

Spatial metonimia

What is metonymy spatial? It is based on the physical, spatial adoption of phenomena, items. Transferring the name of the room (its parts), institutions, etc. On working or living in it, people are a common case of such a metonymy. For example, "close edition", "huge shop", "spacious hut", "Multi-storey house", "Student hostel". In these examples, the words "hostel", "editors", "shop", "Izba", "House" are used in the literal value. They denote the enterprise, the room. But other examples: "huts slept", "the whole edit was against", "the shop began a strike." In them, these words, denoting people, act in the meaning of the metonymic. Examples of transfer of the name of the container, the vessel on its contents can also be called a spatial metonymy. Speaking of "Frying Shot", "Samovar bubbles," "The kettle boils", we mean, naturally, not a samovar, a kettle or a pan, and the fact that they are nalito or fried on them.

Temporary metonymy

Phenomena and objects with temporary metonymia "come into contact", that is, they are adjacent to their appearance, existence. The name of some expressed noun action is transferred to the result, that is, what occurs in the process of this action. That's what is temporary metonymy. "Edition of the book" is an action, and the "Gift Edition" is its result. "The image of the details made it difficult for the artist" - action, and "images of animals are carved on the rock" - result. The words "Embroidery", "Set", "Cutting", "Translation", "Correspondence", "Polishing", "Editorial", "Thread", "Chakeanka", "Sewing" and many others have been kept the same metonymic meanings.

Logic metonymy

Metonimia is also very common. It can be attributed to it, for example, transfer of the title of the container, the vessel to the volume contained in it. Compare "Split a cup, jug, wineglass," lose a spoon "," tie a bag "," Space the saucepan ", where the nouns are used in the direct value, and" drink 2 cups "," try a spoon of jam "," eat a soup plate " , "Buy a bag of potatoes", where the same words have a metonimical, figurative meaning, calling the amount, the amount of content.

Another kind of variety is the transfer of the name of the material, the substance on the product made from it: "Won bronze, gold," "Porcelain exhibition", "collect ceramics", "smash the glass", "pass the paper" and others. This is the transfer of name Creator, the author of something on his creation: "use Ushakov", "reread Gogol", "Love Levitan" and others. All this is a logical metonymy (examples can be continued). Here, we note the transfer of the name of some action for the subject (substance) or people with which this action is carried out. "Impregnation", "Mascaza", "Suspension", "clamp", "Change", "Attack", "Protection" is also a logical metonymy. Examples of its above are not limited.

Metonimia of adjective

Concreation of concepts, items may also cause the pronounced characteristic characteristic name. For example, besides its direct value, many high-quality adjectives have metonimical. An example of using these words in a figurative value is the phrase "stupid physiognomy". The base for the transfer was the interviews of the objects "File" and "Man". Other similar examples: "Cunning smile", "brave act", "Smart Council", etc.

Metonimia verb

Answering the question of what metonimia is in Russian, it should be noted that the verbs are also characterized by the metonimical transfer. It can be based on the approaches of the item, for example: "to sculpt the carpet", "pour out the statue", "to kill the sword", "boil underwear", "to drive a necklace", "Having a snowdrift." Metronic value may occur and thanks to the arrangement of two actions. As an example, you can led the following sentence: "The store opens at 8 o'clock." Here, the opening of the door is a signal to start its work.

Synecdoche

A special occasion of the metonymy, when the name is transferred from the part to the whole, called syneclay. It is used to highlight various functions or sides of the object. Examples: Figure, face, personality when specifying a person ("Historical Figure", "Responsible person", "Personality"). However, the main function of the Sixieth is the identification of an object by specifying a particular feature, a detail characteristic of it. Therefore, it often includes definitions. Typichna for a syncdomy function of registered members (circulation, object, subject) Offers ("Hey, beard!"). Using it is situationally (pragmatically) or contextually due to. It is usually about some subject or something that is directly included in the speaker perception field. In order for a person to call the "hat", "cap" or "panama", you need to inform the addressee for its headdress. Thus, the syncdocha is anaphory, that is, oriented to the future. Therefore, it cannot be used in existing suggestions or analogues of them entering a certain subject in the world. We cannot say: "One red hat."

Metonimia in the work of Russian poets

Metonimical research was played by a prominent role in the work of Russian poets of the early 19th century. At this time, the traditions of classicist poetry were still stronger, in many ways. Including Metonimia is often found in the work of some romantic poets, such as K.N. Batyushkov and young Pushkin. Especially metonimic periphrazes were saturated with works that go to the "high" genres of classic poetry.

Using the metonymy Pushkin

It was not by chance that in the created Pushkin in 1817, the "liberty", the "law" and "liberty" as basic public values, is found a lot of metonymium. In addition, it is also possible to note the "Cyters of a weak Queen" - the peripherals metonimical, denoting to Venus, the goddess of love. In the same work, the words of "freedom of proud singer" are found, denoting a new muse, which the author wants to see. Metonimia is used by the Pushkin phrase "Warm Lear" and "Wreath", which should be disrupted from the poet who wrote so much about love.

Alexander Sergeevich also uses metonimical allegoric when he writes about quite ordinary subjects. This applies in particular to the well-known novel "Eugene Onegin". In it, the means of expressiveness of speech is metonimia (except for many others, naturally). The novel is permeated with hints and references to information, known readers ("Petrarki's language" - Italian, "Trading London" and others).

The use of metonimia in the future

Metonimia in the romantic poetry of Pushkin contemporaries was consumed significantly less often. It was incurred by their role with the role of metaphoric peripherals and metaphor in the artistic work. Metonimia no longer became ever in Russian poetry the leading means of expressiveness, as it was in the 18th and early 19th century. Allegoryrs, obtained with the help of this admission, many poets were further assessed as too reasonable, dry, schematic and abstract, associated their use with literary archaic.

Now you know what metonimia is in Russian. Of course, this technique is used not only in poetry. Metonimia in the literature is used, for example, in the title of the work "White Bim Black Ear" Gabriel Troypolsky.

"I ate three plates," says the character Basny I. A. Krylova "Demianova Ear." The word "plate" is used here as the designation of portions of the oces. The ear and the plate are not similar to each other, they are only associated with the fact that one is poured into another, linked purely external adjacency. Such a transfer on adjacency is called metonimia (in trans. From Greek. - "Renaming").

Metonimium Along with the metaphor - one of the ways to form new words in the language. For example, the word "paper" has acquired the value "Official Document" (as documents are written on paper). We are also resorting to the metonymic applications of words in their everyday speech: "I read Pushkin" (instead of the "works of Pushkin"), "the head" (instead of "headache"), "Brazil won in Spain" (instead of "Brazil's football team …") etc.

Here are the famous Pushkin Quarters:

"All mine," said Zlatto; "All mine," said Bulat. "I'll buy everything," said Zlato; "I'll take everything," said Bulat.

"Zlato" - the metonymy of wealth, "Bulat" - Metonimia of military force. The use of this technique in combination with sound repeat (gold-beam) makes artistic opposition to the highest degree of energetic.

Private case of metonymy - Synekdha. This technique is the name of the whole part ("All flags to visit us will be to us"), parts across the whole ("Golden, Durous Asia"), in the replacement of the only number of multiple ("We all look at Napoleon") or Multiple is the only one ("and heard was heard until the dawn, as the Frenchman looked.").

The boundary between the metonymy and the sync is sufficiently conditional, so as applied to the artistic literature you can talk about the metonymic type of imagery, including the syneccion.

Unlike a metaphor capable of rapprochement of the most remote items and concepts, Metonimia is dealing only with those connections and combinations that exist in life itself. But in this and the potential power of metonimia: it can achieve large emotional reliability, create the effect of the reader's presence in the artistic world. Metonimical details and details often serve as peculiar "real evidence" of the events and experiences described.

Here is a fragment from the poem A. A. Blok "on the islands":

I am a rite: it is easy to fill the cavity by a bearish on the fly. And, a thin mill hugging, cut, and rush into the snow and darkness, and remember the narrow shoes, falling in love with the cold fur ...

Women's images planted with light metonymic strokes are performed by special poetic mystery.

Metonimical imagery is widely used in artistic prose. Recall the episode from the story of F. M. Dostoevsky "Poor People": an elderly official Makar girl who made a mistake when rewriting important "paper", called to the head of the Department. At this time, a button is broken from the uniform a girl. It seems that this detail with the plot is linked purely by chance, but Dostoevsky metonimically builds on it the whole tragic-piercing situation: "My button - well, it's an intellishment that hung on me on a string," suddenly broke, bounced, jumped (I, It can be seen, it was inadvertently bored), rang, rolled and straight, so straight, damned, to the footsteps of His Excellency, and it is in the midst of universal silence! (...) Begun, I want to take a button, - rides, turns, I can not catch the word, and with respect to agility distinguished itself. Here I feel that the last power leave me that everything is all, everything is lost! The whole reputation is lost, the whole person disappeared! "

After that, "His Excellency" gives a girl a hundred rubles, but not a generous abuse gesture determines the artistic logic of the whole scene, namely the "button", transmitting the feeling of non-polliya pain and suffering.

The visual capabilities of the metonymy demonstrates the prose A. P. Chekhov, I. A. Bunin. In the Chekhovsky "Seagull" there is an episode when the novice writer Treplev, which is for the global symbols and exquisite metaphors, is forced to recognize the superiority of his colleague, building images and descriptions on simple, ordinary material: "Trigorin has developed a technique, it is easy ... he has a dam Blushes the neck of a broken bottle and black shadow from the mill wheel - so the moonlight night is ready ... "on the principle of syneforous (integer through part) painted verbal paintings and Chekhov himself.

The metonimically mastered "trifle" can sometimes tell the reader more than a pathetic appeal or a generalized period. Here is an example from the story of the modern Soviet Prosaika V. G. Popov, where the installer of Puntsov, a master of his business, is described: "And so nice, even just physically, felt the end of the wire - put it, stripped, on the yellow transparent rosin with a special, festive, fabulous , orange light in it and take the wiring soldering iron. " Through the combination of private metonymic details here, a holistic feeling of the joy of creative labor is transmitted.

Often there is a problem with the definition of certain trails found mainly in poetic texts. It is this problem that the article will be devoted. We will analyze we will give the definition of the term and consider in detail the cases of consumption in the literature.

What is metonymy?

So, consider the meaning of the word "metonymy". Metonimia is called the transfer of the word on adjacentness (kinship of concepts). The famous ancient Greek philosopher Mark Quintilian said, giving the definition of this concept that the essence of metonimia is manifested in replacing the cause described. That is, the replacement of related concepts.

We give an example of metonymia:

  • "All flags to visit us will be to us" (A. S. Pushkin), under flags mean different countries, while replacing the word "flags" to "states", then the meaning of the line will not change completely.
  • "Bronze Age" - it is understood that not an eyelid was made of bronze, and that this time was famous for the use of this material.
  • "The applicant for the director portfolio", that is, the applicant for the position of director, whose attribute is a portfolio.

Metonimia is used to enhance the expressiveness and wealth of the language. This technique is widespread in poetics, lexicology, stylistics, rhetoric. With it, you can continue to affect the public.

Communication in Metonimia

Metonimia in Russian has such a property as an adjacent connection between two objects. Actually, this is its main essence and purpose. So, there are the following metonymic connections:

  • Not to call the thing itself, but the material from which it was made: "I went to gold" instead of "walked in gold jewelry."
  • There is a replacement of a particular noun to the abstract. "My beloved beauty," says Love about the Issue.
  • Replaced content content or instead of possessions, the owner is indicated: "I will drink another cup" instead of the name of a particular drink.
  • The name of the subject is replaced by its sign: "Man in black" instead of giving a clear description of his clothes.
  • Replacing the action on the tool, which it is usually performed: "Feather his presence breathes" (A. Tolstoy) instead of "his poetry breathe mystics."
  • Calling works by the author's name: "Read Chekhov" instead of "read the works of Chekhov".
  • The replacement between the person and the place where he is: "It was quiet in the house" instead of "nobody noishes in the house."

All metonimical ties are divided into types.

Types of metonymy

Metonimia is divided into three main species, which are determined depending on which contractions will be associated with concepts, items, actions:

  • Spatial.
  • Temporary.
  • Logical.

We will analyze each of these species separately to understand the specifics of use and not mistaken in the future in practice.

Spatial

Such a metonimical transfer is based on the physical, spatial arrangement of phenomena or objects.

The most common example of the metonymy of this type is to transfer the name of the room (institutions, etc.) or its parts on persons working or living in a given home or enterprise. For example: Spacious shop, dark hill, close edition, multi-storey house. In these cases, the words "workshop", "Izba", "Editors" and "House" are used in direct values. Now consider such phrases: "The entire editors came to the subbotnik," "all the house I slept," "all the horses took part in the competition", "the whole shop was for". Here, the same words acquire the metonymy value and are perceived in a figurative value.

Also, the spatial metonimia is transferring the name of the container or vessel to its content. For example, the "kettle is boils", that is, it boils the liquid, poured into the kettle.

Temporary

This type of metonimical communication occurs when compared items come into contact with each other during the time frame.

An example of metonymy: When the name of the action, which is nouns, is transferred to its result (what should occur during the action). Thus, the action will be the "edition of the book", and the result of the action - "Beautiful Gift Edition"; "The artist had difficulties with the image of the details" - "on the bas-relief images of the dragons" (that is, the result of drawing).

Also, examples of a temporary type of transfer will be "shirt with embroidery", "to render the translation on time", "to be threaded", "ancient sewing", "collectible chasing", "polishing erased".

Logical

The logical metonymy is widespread. Examples in Russian similar type are not only extensive, but also differ among themselves the specifics of the transfer:

  • Transferring the name of the container or vessel to the volume of the substance contained in this subject. Consider the phrases: "break the plate", "find a spoon", "wash the saucepan", "unleash the bag". All nouns are used in the literal value and called the extension. Compare these examples with such ways to eat, how to "try a spoon of jam", "eat two plates", "buy a bag of sugar." Now the same nouns are already consumed in the portable value and serve to designate the volume of the substance, which contained.
  • Transfer of material name or substance on what is manufactured from it. The method of metonymy of this kind is used like this: "Win silver" (that is, a silver medal), "wear fur" (clothing from fur), "collect ceramics" (ceramic products), "shift paper" (documents), "Watercolor writing" ( draw watercolor paints).
  • Transferring the author to the creation created by him. For example: "reread Pushkin" (Pushkin's books), "Love Shishina" (Shishkin's paintings), "use Dalem" (in the dictionary edited by Daly).
  • Transferring the name of the action on people or the subject with which it is carried out. For example: "Suspension" (decoration), "Magnation" (substance to eliminate defects), "Change" (people who make up a certain group).
  • Transferring the name of actions to the place where it is committed. For example, signs with inscriptions "output", "entrance", "stop", "detour", "transition", "crossing", "turn", "pass", etc.
  • Transferring the name of quality (properties) on what has this property or quality. Consider the phrases of the "tactlessness of words", "the progress of a person", "non -actic behavior", "knife of expressions", "the banality of estimates". Used words indicate the abstract qualities and properties. Now compare: "Make a tactlessness", "chatting stupidity", "it was surrounded by prissthood", "say banality," "to allow quench". Here the metonimical transfer of value is already happening.
  • Transferring the name of the terrain to that material or substance that is produced there or produce. For example: "Harbor", "Gzhel".

Types of metonymy

Now list the main varieties of metonymy:

  • General-language.
  • General ethical.
  • Overall.
  • Individual-author.

Consider every kind of more.

General language

A variety of types of paths in Russian are used everywhere, and metonimia is one of the most common. Often people using it, do not even notice this. This is especially true of this type.

So, what will refer to the general-language metonymy:

  • The words "silver", "casting", "Crystal", "porcelain", when they denote products. For example, a "collector of porcelain", that is, a collector of porcelain products.
  • The words "impregnation", "mask" and other, denoting substance.
  • Words "Factory", "Change", "Plant", "Attack", "Protection", in the case when they indicate people. For example: "The plant took part in the competition", that is, the employees of the plant took part in the competition.
  • Words "Rotate", "Exit", "Entry", "Crossing", when indicate a place of action.
  • Words "Hare", "Mink", "Lysis", "Belichchi" and others when used instead of the product name. For example: "dressed in a mink", that is, in the product of Mink fur.

Common ethical

Perhaps the most expressive appearance is a general ethical metonymy. Examples from fiction refer to this group:

  • "Cloud / One You are on clear lazuries" (Pushkin). The word "azure" denoting the blue sky is here a metonymy.
  • "Transparent and cold day" (KUPRAN). "In transparent cold" (Yesenin). The word "transparent" - metonimia.
  • "In the fights ... meeting the death lead" (Pushkin). "Leaded a deadly poet heart ripped out" (Tyutchev). The word "lead" - metonimia.
  • "Whispering blue wind" (Yesenin). "In such a blue day" (A. Tolstoy). The word "blue" - metonimia.

Thus, the general ethical metonymy is a type of metonymy, which is characteristic of use in artistic (more often poetic) texts.

Outconducting

These metonimies include the following words: "fast" ("fast seconds", "fast water"), "green" ("green harvest", "Green Patrol"), "Golden" ("Golden Flight", "Golden Jump" ). That is, these are those metonymia techniques that are most often used in journalistic texts.

Individually author

Types of trails have a huge manifold, it is due to the fact that most of them have several types and types, and metonimia, as we see, did not exception.

Individually-copyright metonyms are called such metonimia, which are characteristic of creativity of some kind of writer and are not used everywhere. For example: "Quietly fairy tale sleep ... Tale Sleepy I will say" (block); "From the cool wooden cleanliness of the house" (V. Solovyov).

Synecdoche

Another common problem is the question of how to relate to each other in Synekdok and Metonimia. Often these two concepts are mistakenly perceived as completely separate, but it is not. Synekdoka is a type of metonymy and denotes the name of the name (title) from a part of the subject (substance, actions) to its integer. Usually, this subspecies is used when it is necessary to select some particular side or the object function. For example, take the words "Figure", "Person", "Personality" and apply them to a person: "Historical figure", "legally responsible person", "The role of personality in our victory."

But the main function of the synnefy is its ability to identify the object, using the instructions on its distinctive feature or the item characteristic only. Therefore, the composition of this trail is usually the definition. If we talk about the structure of proposals, the syncdocha will occupy the role of nominal members, that is, the object, subject or circulation. For example: "Hey, beard! And how to drive from here to plush? " (Gogol). The word "beard" is synecko. Knowledge of this feature can help in cases where you need to find a syseccode in the text.

Eating in the text Synepshoi contextually or situationally (pragmatically) is always due to: most often it will be about the subject, which either goes directly in the field of view of the speaker, or its characteristic was given in the text earlier. For example, if a person is called a "hat", "cap" or "kotelet", then the addressee is pre-given a description of his headmade: "Opposite the old man was sitting in Panama, and the painter - a woman in a flirty hat. Panama dreamed, and a flirting hat about something chirped with a young man ... "Thus, as we could make sure, Sainpadoch is always focused on the context, that is, anaphoric. Therefore, its use in the various kinds of existent offers (they first introduce readers with characters) is unacceptable. We illustrate such a mistake here's what an example: let's start a fairy tale by: "There was a red hat." This beginning would be misled by the reader, since the main heroine would not be a girl in a red hat, but the subject itself, that is, a hat, painted in red.

Metaphor and metonimia

Also questions arise in cases where such trails such as metaphor, methonymy, epithet should be disclosed in the text. And if the situation is quite easily with the epithets - this is an adjective that strengthens the expressiveness of the word, then with the metaphor and metonymia, it is much more difficult to figure out.

So, consider what a metaphor is. It serves as a link not for related concepts with common structural bonds in the real world (as metonymy), but to correlate completely different items combined only by the association, function or characteristic. Consider on the example of the two proposals: "Lera Krotkaya" and "Lan meek", from this we conclude that "Lera is the same meek, like Lan," the ultimate metaphor will be: "Lera-Lan."

The structure of construction of metaphors and metonimia is similar: two objects are taken, in which the general semantic element is distinguished, which reduces some description elements, but to maintain semantics. But in the case of the metonymy, the relationship (the semantic element) is always emitted and can only be perceived with the help of sense organs. When creating a metaphor, the semantic element is synthesized in our consciousness based on associations and memory.

Metaphors are inherently rolled comparison, which can be deployed when doing. For example, "Family Tree": if graphically depict related links, they will look like a tree.

The metaphor is based on a comparison, but not every comparison is suitable for its creation. Only logic structures that serve to combine heterogeneous (foreign, heterogeneous) phenomena can be used.

For explanation, we give an example: "Katya is also wise as Veronica." The metaphor in this case cannot be created, since the objects of the same kind are taken as the basis: the girl is compared with the girl (there would be no action, and if a person was compared with a person). But if you build a sentence: "Katya is also wise as a snake," the metaphor would have turned out, since the compared objects are heterogeneous (animal and man).

Despite the fact that the metaphor has a very abstract value, the basis (comparison) of the transfer is also easy to determine, as in the case of metonimia.

Thus, the metamium in comparison with the metaphor always has a more real connection between the concept and the subject, which replaces it, and it eliminates or significantly limits the features that are insignificant for the described phenomenon (subject).

Metonimia in literature

In this area, metonimia is very common. Examples from fiction so and die with all sorts of species of this trail. As noted above, the metonymy is widespread in all types of speech, including everyday. However, nowhere it plays such a significant role as in the literary work.

The trail used the first half of the twentieth century in particular popularity. Especially in those representatives that they were engaged in constructivism and created poems on the basis of this teaching. Metonimia and metaphor in their creations were opposed to each other, and preference was given first. They believed that only the text was the main meaning, and the reader should not interfere with its associations and memory, and therefore, metaphorical images could not be created.