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Black sea coast

A narrow strip of the Black Sea coast, in the center of which the city of Sochi is located, and the mountain slopes up to an altitude of 500-600m belong to the zone of subtropical forests, or subtropics. Fast streams flow down from the mountains. Trees, shrubs and grasses are thriving.

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Subtropical weather

The winter is warm. It rains often. Snow rarely falls and melts quickly. Summers are moderately hot. Spring and autumn are very warm. The coast is between the sea and the mountains. The coast is protected from cold and sultry winds.

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Rest on the Black Sea coast

The inanimate nature of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is surprisingly rich. Moderately hot summers and warm winters, at the same time sea and mountain air, curative mud, curative mineral waters.

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Vegetable world

The flora of this zone is rich and varied. On the slopes of the mountains at an altitude of 500-600m, broad-leaved forests are spread, where oak, hornbeam, ash, linden, maple, chestnut grow.

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Parks of the Caucasus

In the parks there are evergreens: Pitsunda pine, cypress, magnolia, thuja, palm, laurel.

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The Arboretum contains plants from different countries with warm climates. These are Australian eucalyptus, Lebanese cedar, Japanese quince, flowering cacti, bamboo, sequoia.

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From cultivated plants in the parks you can find grapes, figs, walnuts, apricots, peaches, pears, apple trees, ornamental flowering plants.

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Animal world

The most remarkable and largest animals of the protected areas are bison, roe deer, wild boars, Caucasian goats, deer, lynxes, bears.

The peculiar nature of deserts determines the use of their main areas as seasonal and year-round pastures. In the northern half of the deserts of the temperate zone, meat-tallow, smushkovo and semi-fine fleece sheep breeding, meat and dairy cattle breeding (cattle) are developed. In the south of this zone and in the subtropical deserts, the main place belongs to karakul breeding, meat and wool sheep breeding and camel breeding. In irrigated oases, cotton growing, horticulture, viticulture, and rice cultivation are widely represented here. Central Asia provides the overwhelming majority of the cotton harvested in the USSR. The large number of hours of sunshine is a favorable factor for the industrial use of solar energy. The climatic resort Bayram-Ali located in the Karakum Desert is widely known.

On the territory of the deserts in the Soviet years, a huge amount of work was done to irrigate the land and water the pastures. Large reservoirs have been created on many rivers, and canals have been dug. The fund of lands suitable for irrigation in the deserts of Central Asia is far from being exhausted. However, the further development of irrigated agriculture is limited here not by soils, but by fresh water reserves. The area of ​​irrigated land in desert and semi-desert zones can be increased by more than 5 million hectares, and with the transfer of the waters of Siberian rivers - much more. The increasing withdrawal of water from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya threatens the existence of the Aral Sea, which has already split into several shallow water bodies and is rapidly continuing to dry up. In the future, maintaining it at the current level will only be possible if its water reserves are replenished with the waters of Siberian rivers, but this will lead to a major environmental disaster in our country. As we see today, the area of ​​the Aral Sea is rapidly decreasing and in the future it will completely disappear.

Some commercial animals of the deserts are of economic interest. Large numbers of corsac fox, sandy gopher and muskrat, perfectly acclimatized along the swampy shores of lakes and rivers, are hunted here.

The wealth of minerals opens up great prospects for the industrial development of desert zones. Here oil, gas, brown and bituminous coals, polymetals, iron, copper, manganese, phosphorites, mirabilite are mined. If we add to the above that the neighboring mountainous regions of the Pamirs and Tien Shan have large reserves of water energy, which can be successfully used by industrial centers on the plains, then it is difficult to overestimate the possibilities of further economic growth of these regions.

Which largely depends on the local characteristics of the territory. Subtropics are typical for the south of Australia, north and extreme south of Africa, the coast of the Balkans, but they also exist in Russia.

Subtropical zone

The climate on Earth is not the same. In some places it is unbearably hot, others are covered with eternal ice and penetrate with cold, in others there is a lot of heat and moisture. Based on the peculiarities of weather conditions, several climatic zones are distinguished on our planet.

The subtropical belt is present in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It stretches from 30 degrees north latitude to 40 degrees south, and is transitional between the tropical and temperate zones. They study the features of the subtropical zone in grade 4.

Belt conditions are determined by two dominant air masses replacing each other. In winter, they come from the temperate zone, bringing with them coolness and precipitation; in summer, the wind comes from the tropics, saturating the air with warmth.

Winters in this zone are usually mild, with an average temperature of +4 .. + 5 degrees. Serious cold snaps are extremely rare, and frosts usually do not exceed -10 degrees. Summer in the subtropical zone is hot, sunny and dry. The average temperature is +20 degrees.

Variety of subtropics

Despite the similarities, the zones in different regions are different. In addition to seasonal winds, it is influenced by local landscapes, as well as the presence or absence of nearby seas and oceans. So, inside the belt, humid, semi-humid and arid areas are distinguished. They differ in the amount of precipitation and are present on each of the continents.

In the interior of the continents, there are regions with an arid climate throughout the year. Within their limits there are zones of deserts, semi-deserts and steppes with light forests, shrubs and grasses.

In the east and southeast of the continents, humidity is increased in summer, winters are dry, and there is practically no seasonal temperature difference. The subtropical natural zones of the eastern part are represented by mixed forests with bamboos, magnolias, pines, oaks, firs, palms; deciduous semi-deciduous forests - hemigileia, with ferns, bamboos and lianas.

On the west side there are regions of semi-humid subtropics with a Mediterranean climate. It has wet winters and dry summers. Zones of hard-leaved forests with evergreen oaks, pines, firs, junipers, olives and other plants prevail.

Subtropical zone of Russia

For Russia, subtropics are not typical. Most of its territory lies in the temperate zone, and in the north it covers the subarctic and. But there are also warmer regions, where temperatures are often above zero even in winter.

The subtropical zone of Russia occupies a very small area and stretches along the Black Sea coast. Such conditions from Sochi to Anapa were formed thanks to the mountains and the sea.

The Caucasian ridge is a natural shield, a kind of barrier that does not allow cold, harsh winds from the east and north to pass through, and in summer it detains the sea air masses, preventing them from passing further to the continent.

The Caucasus Mountains form the border between the temperate zone to the north of them and the subtropical zone from the southern slopes. Moving from east to west, this difference becomes stronger due to the increase in the height of the mountains.

Climate and vegetation of the subtropics of Russia

The natural conditions of the Black Sea coast of Russia vary from dry steppe regions to highly humid areas. From Taman to arid, steppe. There are marshes and estuaries, so the vegetation is mostly aquatic.

The subtropics start from Anapa. Approximately to Tuapse, the climate is Mediterranean. There is a lot of rainfall in winter. Average annual temperatures range from +12 to +14 degrees. Olives, juniper woodlands, Crimean pines, wild pistachios grow in this part of the coast. The climate is similar to the coast of the Balkans or the southern coast of Crimea. In the mountains, vegetation also changes with elevation. Where the mountains are not very high, cold streams from the continent still find loopholes. They meet with the warm sea air of the coast, forming local winds, bora. When the bora blows, tornadoes, tornadoes and hurricanes often occur.

A zone of humid subtropics begins from Tuapse, similar to the climate of the coast of Georgia, Abkhazia, and Colchis. In this area, the mountains are higher, so the wind barrier is more reliable. The western slopes receive up to 3000 mm of precipitation throughout the year. This is the wettest place in the European part of the world.

There is also a lot of precipitation on the coast - up to 2000 mm / year. The region is home to multi-tiered evergreen forests. In the lower reaches grow beech, oak, hornbeam, entwined with vines and with a green underbrush. Fruits, chestnuts, hazelnuts, strawberry trees, silk acacias grow in the foothill areas. Citrus fruits, figs, and pomegranates are grown in the gardens. In mountainous areas, the vegetation corresponds to the altitudinal belt.

Lesson objectives: to get acquainted with the climatic conditions of the subtropical zone; familiarize yourself with the climatic conditions of the subtropical zone; learn about the peculiarities of the flora and fauna of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus; learn about the peculiarities of the flora and fauna of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus; about the activities of people; about the activities of people; learns to work with a herbarium, additional literature learns to work with a herbarium, additional literature








Some get water from great depths with their long roots, the length of which reaches m.




Large representatives of the animal world also live in arid places. These are camels and antelopes. Antelopes are good runners and run great distances in search of water. And the camel stores fat in the tissues of its body, when spent, water is released.








The subtropics in our country occupy a small area. The main subtropical region is located on the coast. On the one hand - the Caucasus Mountains, and on the other - the Black Sea. The main subtropical region is located on the coast. On the one hand - the Caucasus Mountains, and on the other - the Black Sea. Tropics heat zone located on both sides of the equator Tropics heat zone located on both sides of the equator What does the word "subtropics" mean? What does the word "subtropics" mean?


The climate in the subtropics is much warmer than in the temperate zone. Summer is very long and quite hot. Summer is very long and quite hot. Winter is short and not cold. During the winter, temperatures remain above freezing almost all the time. Winter is short and not cold. During the winter, temperatures remain above freezing almost all the time.






The flora of this zone is rich and varied. On the slopes of the mountains at a height of m there are broad-leaved forests, where oak, hornbeam, ash, linden, maple, chestnut grow.


































Sturgeon Refers to valuable fish species. Reaches a length of 2 m and a kg of weight. Fishing is currently prohibited. The mouth of the sturgeon is located on the lower surface of the head and is devoid of teeth. It feeds on worms and larvae living at the bottom. Most of the sturgeon's life is spent in the sea. For spawning, it enters the Don and Kuban rivers.






One of the most remarkable and striking phenomena for the observer in the Black Sea is its glow. This usually happens in August. It is caused by the smallest organisms, the main role among which is played by flagellates. They look like a small fish egg. You can admire for hours, sitting on the seashore at night, as a wave running onto the shore flares up with bright sparks. Most of the inhabitants of the Black Sea can be seen in aquariums in the Arboretum and New Matsesta


Man by the sea Growing valuable crops: tea, lemon, tangerine, grapes, pomegranate, etc. The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus as a resort area. Fishing, crabs, shrimps. Breeding of mussels (in special pools with clean water) The use of wild plants of the subtropics by humans (wood, medicinal raw materials, building material)






TEST "Black Sea coast of the Caucasus." 1. The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is located…. a) in the forest zone of the country b) in the subtropical zone of the country c) in the steppe zone of the country 2. The subtropics of Russia is a) a vast zone in the center of the country b) a vast zone in the east of the country c) a small zone on the Black Sea coast 3. On the slopes mountains in the subtropics, the following trees are often found: a) beech, chestnut b) larch, lingonberry c) alder, linden


4. The Black Sea coast is inhabited by: a) cicadas, praying mantises, locusts b) filly, darkling beetles c) speed beetle, water striders 5. The Black Sea is inhabited by: a) crocodiles, anacondas, seals b) jellyfish, dolphins, flounder c ) sharks, fur seals, turtles 6. In the subtropical zone: a) moderately hot summers and warm winters b) hot summers and moderately cold winters c) moderately warm summers and cold winters.



All natural zones have long been mastered by man. He is actively engaged in economic activities, thereby changing the characteristics of natural areas. How does human economic activity differ in natural zones?

Polar deserts

These are the most unsuitable regions of Russia for the economy. The soil here is permafrost and covered with ice. Therefore, neither animal husbandry nor crop production is possible here. There is only fishing here.

Arctic foxes live in coastal areas, whose fur is highly valued in the world. Arctic foxes are actively hunted, which can lead to the extinction of this species.

Rice. 1. The most unsuitable for farming natural zone - the Arctic desert

Tundra and forest-tundra

Natural conditions are not much better than in the polar deserts. Only indigenous people live in the tundra. They are engaged in hunting, fishing, reindeer herding. What changes did the person make here?

The soil of these areas is rich in gas and oil. Therefore, they are actively mined here. This leads to significant environmental pollution.

Forest zone

This includes taiga, mixed and deciduous forests. The climate here is temperate, characterized by cold winters and relatively warm summers. Due to the large number of forests, flora and fauna are widespread here. Favorable conditions allow various types of human economic activities to flourish. A large number of factories and plants have been built in these regions. They are engaged in animal husbandry, agriculture, fishing, woodworking industry. This is one of the most human-modified natural areas.

Rice. 2. There is active deforestation in the world

Forest-steppe and steppe

These natural and economic zones are characterized by a warm climate and insufficient rainfall. The soil here is the most fertile, and the fauna is very diverse. In these areas, agriculture and animal husbandry are the most thriving. Various varieties of vegetables and fruits, cereals are grown here. Coal and iron ore are actively mined. This leads to distortion of the relief and the destruction of some species of animals and plants.

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Semi-deserts and deserts

It is not the most favorable conditions for human economic activity. The climate is hot and dry. The soil is deserted, not fertile. The main economic activity in the deserts is animal husbandry. The population here breeds sheep, rams, horses. The need to graze animals leads to the final disappearance of vegetation.

Rice. 3. Animal husbandry in the desert

Subtropics and tropics

This region has been the most heavily modified by human activity. This is due to the fact that it was here that civilizations originated and the use of these areas has been going on for a very long time.

Subtropical and tropical forests are practically cut down, and the territory is occupied by agricultural plantings. Huge areas are occupied by fruit trees.

What have we learned?

A person is engaged in economic activities in almost all natural areas of the world. This leads to their significant modification, which, ultimately, can lead to the extinction of some species of animals and plants.

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