The problem of garbage in Russia. Recycling and garbage - the main direction of ecology in the struggle for the purity of the planet of the problems of industrial and household waste in the city

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Introduction

Relevance of the research topic.

"We are all passengers of one ship named Earth, -
It means that it is simply nowhere to reconcile. "
Antoine de Saint-Exupery

(Presentation, Slide 2)

The snow melted and the streets of our city "shout" about this problem. Our present is huge garbage dumps around cities, poor ecological situation, contaminated territories. The citywide dumps, the garbage sites are filled with mixed garbage, up to 80% of which could be a high-quality redefusion, subject to its separate collection.

Waste, which in huge amounts accumulate in our homes, belong to the category of solid waste. In their education, we take the most direct participation. They affect the quality of the medium, are a source of environmental danger: spread the smell and are a medium for decomposing pathogenic bacteria, rodents - carriers of infectious diseases. Therefore, are a serious danger to public health.

The problem of waste has existed for a long time. More ancient people who inhabited in the caves arranged dumps of garbage outside their dwellings. Such waste was easily collapsed as a result of natural natural processes. The development of civilization spawned avalanche growth in the number of waste. The better we live, the more we consume various goods, which means that we produce more garbage. The number of garbage processing plants in Russia today is not enough. The number of solid household waste every year increases.

Purpose of work: Trace the path of household waste in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, to understand the reasons for environmental pollution. (Presentation, Slide 3)

Tasks of work:

1) to explore literature on the issue of household waste in Russia, in particular in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region;
2) to identify the items of the reception and processing of secondary raw materials in the Krasnogvardeisk district of St. Petersburg;
3) to explore and describe the garbage accumulated in the garbage basket of one family in one week;
4) study aspects of the formation of adolescent attitudes to the disposal of domestic garbage. Questioning of students, the study of the activities carried out on the environmental direction in the GBOU Gymnasium No. 196 of the Krasnogvardeisky district.
5) consider the options for reducing household waste.

Object research:ecology.

Subject of study: Household waste, garbage disposal problems, the possibility of recycling and processing.

Hypothesis Research:the problem of waste has become today one of the most important environmental problems with which humanity faced. After the appearance of artificial materials, our waste will remain in landfills dozens and hundreds of years, poisoning the earth, water and air. The question of separating waste and their processing is relevant.

Methods of workUsed in the study: Comparative-comparable analysis, systematization and generalization of the material obtained, logical outline of material, questionnaire.

Chapter 1. The current state of the problem

In ancient civilizations (Egyptian, Greek and Roman Empires), the utilization of garbage was organized very carefully. In ancient Greece, there was a law that garbage must be removed beyond the urban trail, the distance should be at least 1 km. As a result, after the publication of this decree, the sanitary condition of cities improved, the incidence of various infectious diseases decreased.

With the arrival of the Middle Ages, the garbage stopped being exported outside the city. Nobody was interested in this issue and did not do. In France, residents of Paris and other major cities threw their household waste from the window right outside. Very rarely for collecting and placeing garbage in some European cities, cesspools or ditches were organized, often, right on the squares, food waste was lying around and even waste from the toilet.

In the old days in Russia, questions with garbage cleaning were not allowed to self-slip. Depending on the locality, this garbage was called differently. But not only the garbage, but also the people who have been cleaning - the most dirty work. Every trash was called bastard (emphasis on the second letter O). Therefore, before in Russia, Musor paid attention, they collected it, unlike medieval Europe. (Presentation, Slide 4)

The Center for Environmental Policy and Law at the Yale University (Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy) published the results of the global study of the countries of the world in terms of environmental efficiency in 2016 (The Environmental Performance Index 2016).
The study of environmental efficiency measures the achievements of the country from the point of view of the state of ecology and management of natural resources based on 22 indicators in 10 categories, which reflect various aspects of the state of the environment and the viability of its environmental systems, the preservation of biological diversity, countering climate change, public health, practice economic activity and the degree of its workload on the environment, as well as the effectiveness of state policy in the field of ecology. In 2016, the study and its accompanying rating covers 180 countries.
This year, Finland became the world leader in terms of environmental efficiency. The top ten leaders also included: Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Slovenia, Spain, Portugal, Estonia, Malta and France. Russia ranked in ranking 32 place out of 180. Madagascar, Eritrea and Somalia are recognized as adverse countries from the point of view of environmental efficiency.

1.1. The impact of household waste on the environment

There are five degrees of impact of TBM:

5th degree of danger. Utilized TBW. The effect on the ecology is very low. The garbage is processed without significant impact on the environment. Examples - Ceramic tile fragments and dishes, brick fragments, food residues, wood chips.
4th degree of danger. Medium-graded MBO. This group includes all waste with a period of natural decay up to 3 years. Despite the fact that their presence violates environmental equilibrium in nature, the degree of danger of such TBS is defined as low. Examples - wood, waste paper, automotive tires, plastic.
3rd degree of danger. Hazardous waste. Impact on nature is a strong, entailing disruption of the ecological system. The restoration period of nature after the impact of such TBC is about 10 years, and the term is counted after the exposure source is eliminated. Examples - types of cement mortar, paints, acetone, metal objects.
2nd degree of danger. High danger. After exposure to the ecology, the full balance restoration is possible at least after 30 years. Examples - batteries with electrolytes and machine oils.
1st degree of danger. Extremely high danger. The impact of such MSW entails the complete destruction of nature without the possibility of its recovery. Examples - thermometers, batteries, luminescent lamps. (Presentation, Slide 5)

1.2. Waste processing methods

Currently there are such types of disposal as:

Natural decomposition in natural environment.
Burial on landfills.
Allocation of beneficial components and recycling (recycling). (Presentation, slide 6)

Natural decomposition in natural environment.

With this method, the expansion time may vary from several days to several decades. Here are some examples:

1. Food waste - 30 days decomposition

2. Newspaper paper - decomposition term of 1-4 months

3. Leaves, seeds, twigs - decomposition period 3-4 months

4. Office paper - decomposition period for 2 years

5. Iron banks - decomposition period of 10 years

6. Old shoes - decomposition date of 10 years

7. Brick and concrete fragments - decomposition period of 100 years

8. Foil - Defirusion term for more than 100 years

9. Electric batteries - decomposition term of 110 years

10. Rubber Tires - Defirusion term 120-140 years

11. Plastic bottles - decomposition period 180-200 years

12. Aluminum banks - decomposition period of 500 years (almost the most dangerous garbage) (Presentation, Slide 7)

Burial on landfills.

The burial is the most common way. It is suitable, only for garbage, which is not susceptible to self-burning. Nowadays, ordinary landfills are inferior to polygons equipped with engineering facilities system that impede the infection of ground and groundwater, atmospheric air. In developed countries, gas seals formed in the decomposition process are installed on landfills. It is used to obtain electricity, heating the premises and water heating. (Presentation, Slide 8)

Recycling.

The term "recycling" ("Recycling" - from English) is to bring spent raw materials, reagents in the working condition. This is a reuse or return on the turnover of waste or garbage waste. (Presentation, slide 9)

In Russia, in general, in St. Petersburg, in particular, the recycling is still a new concept, although the situation began to change - the state drew attention to the economic profit, which can be returned to the turnover of valuable waste components.

Recycling classes:

Mechanical recycling
Insenergy
Recycling Pyrolysis
Chemical recycling

Mechanical.

This class combines cutting and waste grinding operations, followed by using them as fillers for new materials. There are technologies that allow you to get high-quality and cheap raw materials.
However, it is not devoid of flaws. The main one is the possibility of self-burning materials during grinding.

Insenation.

The easiest class of recycling is the burning of waste in order to obtain energy. Its main advantage is a decrease in the volume of waste designed to export for landfills and polygons.
The main disadvantage of insurrection is the release of toxic gases and carcinogens into the atmosphere. In our region Insineaction is carried out on the incineration factories.

Pyrolysis.

The waste heating process occurs in an inert atmosphere (oxless combustion). The raw material is not lit, and gradually falls into simple elements with the release of a large amount of energy. Caloric pyrolysis products are superior to traditional fuels such as gasoline and petroleum fuel oil.

Chemical.

Its essence lies in the fact that homogeneous types of waste are treated with chemical reagents, resulting in raw materials, which goes to the production of windings for cables, paints and varnishes, road surfaces.

Chapter 2. The problem of waste disposal on the example of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region

Garbage, accumulating every year, is a serious problem of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. The power of the newest technologies is enough only for processing 5% of the regional and 15% of urban garbage. (Presentation, Slide 10) Life in the Leningrad region takes place annually with the formation of 4.3 million m3 garbage, 95% of which is burned and stored. Many polygons are in an antisanitarian state, which is discomfort in the residents in the adjacent territories. An example is the largest landfill in the Leningrad region in the Lomonosovsky district - the South Polygon.

Thanks to the "New Light" and "Red Bor" polygons, the Leningrad region in the ranking of ecologists across all over Russia ranked 83th place from the end of 85 possible.

Public organization "Green Path" published another environmental rating. In it, the Leningrad region took 83 place out of 85 regions. Worse than 47 regions were only Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, and the Pure region became the Tambov region, the coincided Republic of Altai.

Note that 2017 is proclaimed by the authorities of the Leningrad region.

In St. Petersburg with ecology, everything is not bad: the city fell into the top ten environmentally-clean regions and took the 9th place.
"This place for the Leningrad region on an ecological situation is quite natural, given that waste management policy is fully failed in the region. This is confirmed by countless unauthorized landfills and threatening nature of pirate polygons, such as the ONF dump found on the Volkhonskoye highway, Yaninskaya Recultivation and Much Another, which turned the suburban areas of the Leningrad region to the environmental disaster zone, "said Ecologist Sergey Mribaliev.
According to the expert, many licensed polygons are already on the verge of overflow, and the desire to increase them leads to people perturbations and, as in the case of the Gatchina Polygon "New Light", whose height will soon reach 72 meters.

2.1. Dumps as a method of recycling

Pros:

Decision of garbage occurs under the influence of bacteria. At the same time, the dumping gas - biogas formed as a result of anaerobic decomposition of organic municipal waste.
The dumping gas is collected, preventing the air pollution, and is used as fuel for the production of electricity, heat or steam.

Minuses:

Being on open areas, under the influence of atmospheric air, sun and precipitation, harmful substances are blurred and penetrated into the ground, in the soil and underground water pools, groundwater.
Waste on landfills slowly, but constantly burned - smooth. As is known, the degeneration is the incineration phase characterized by the greatest formation of persistent organic pollutants.
Food waste damage is practically not applied. Used to power various organisms.
Harm to man: rotting food waste - seatingman of microbes.
Ways of decomposition: used in food by different microorganisms.
On the map of the region and the city are landfills and polygons (Attachment 1)
The most "dirty" place on the map is the area of \u200b\u200bthe village of Serrtolovo.
(Presentation, slide 11-12-13)

2.2. Burning garbage

This disposal method is considered effective provided that the plant is equipped with high-tech equipment. Metals, batteries, as well as plastic, first remove from waste.
(Presentation, slide14 )

Advantages of incineration:

less unpleasant odors;
the number of harmful bacteria, emissions is reduced;
the resulting mass does not attract rodents and birds;
there is an opportunity when burning to get energy (thermal and electric).

Disadvantages:

expensive construction and operation of incineration plants;
construction takes at least 5 years;
when burning waste into the atmosphere, harmful substances fall;
the ash from the incineration is toxic and cannot be stored on ordinary landfills.

This requires special storage. Due to the shortage of urban budgets, inconsistencies with garbage processing companies and for other reasons in Russia and in St. Petersburg in particular, the production of garbageing plants has not yet been established.
The city has four factory, as a result of which dioxins are distinguished. In these factories, the scale sediment is burned from wastewater, the first one is located on the White Island, the second in Olgino, the third near is fitted on the territory of south-western sewage treatment facilities. Also since 2014, in Red Bor, there was a launch of a plant for burning toxic waste.

The combustion is a complex physicochemical process in which new chemical compounds are formed. Despite the fact that the technologies for the destruction of dioxins are used, when cooling gaseous emissions, their restoration occurs. Sources of dioxins can be both products and polyvinyl chloride packaging and other items that are contained in the garbage. Also, the incineration plants are characterized by emissions of metals. Their content is marked in a non-burning garbage, which is possible to sort before burning, and in a combustible garbage (such as mercury or copper), which cannot be separated from other waste.

2.3. Placing garbage and recycling
Currently, in St. Petersburg and the region, a huge amount (majority) of waste and, including household waste, the utilization of which occurs by the method of placement.
Waste placement is an ecological term that implies disposal and waste storage for further disposal.

St. Petersburg State Unitary Enterprise "Plant MPBO-2" - a processing plant in Yanino.

The waste recycling plant is in Yanino, but its capacity compared to the total volume of the exported "MBO" is very small. In the future, it is planned to build processing plants under the TWW, on which household waste disposal will be disposed of
The company provides services for the placement and disposal of waste, as well as disposal of waste at the "factory for mechanized processing of household waste"

Carried out:

Waste export.
Disposal and disposal of waste.
Environmental design.

An experienced plant for the mechanized processing of household waste (Volkhonskoye Highway 116, Krasnoselsky district of St. Petersburg) -the largest in the north-western region of Russia is a licensed environmental enterprise. Since November 2010, the plant has been exporting waste, for these purposes, modern automotive equipment (garbage trucks) and container fleet have been purchased. For the removal of garbage, the export of construction debris, garbage processing.

The main goal of the activity is to ensure the environmental safety of residents of St. Petersburg.

Main goals:

Uninterrupted neutralization and placement of population waste.
Environmentally friendly recycling of waste as a polygon burial alternative.
Removing secondary raw materials from incoming waste and preservation of natural resources. Removal of garbage, removal of construction garbage.

List of TBB polygons in St. Petersburg and Leningrad region ( Appendix 2.).

(Presentation, Slide 15)

Secondary use of waste - The most resource-saving way, but not always profitable both in economic and environmental terms. There are a number of problems here.

The first problem is that before the garbage is used, it must be sorted. Paper, glands, broken glass - should be separately. Obviously, stripping the garbage that has already arrived at the landfill, almost impossible - there are no such machines, and people work very slowly, and it is harmful to their health. Therefore, sort garbage is needed at the moment when it is thrown out. It means that every person must start separate vests for food waste, paper, plastics, etc. Such an approach is leaving in the villages, but in cities such ideas are difficult to implement. Although in some foreign countries, separate containers for different types of garbage have already appeared on the streets.
(Presentation, Slide 16)

Second problem - garbage delivery to the place of processing. If garbage and consumers of products of its processing are many, then both plants capable of processing waste of this type, you can view a lot. Then, for example, a broken glass collected from the surrounding dumps will be recycled on numerous glass facilities. And what about the electric light bulbs? Each light bulb contains several tens of milligrams of molybdenum and tungsten - rare and valuable metals. Recycling of these metals requires high temperatures. To maintain high temperatures, a large-volume reactor is required. Therefore, in each city, the plant producing electrical bulbs, and, accordingly, also processing molybdenum and tungsten, you will not build - it will take place. Thus, to utilize molybdenum and tungsten, you need to go around all the garbage, assemble on each of the discarded light bulbs and drive them for thirty lands. All this is needed gasoline - also notice and non-renewable raw materials, extrachariting toxic substances during combustion. This is what it turns out that the secondary processing of the bulbs with all its seeming attractiveness, the occupation of the overhead. For the same reason, it is not necessary to organize a centralized collection of garbage for recycling in villages and villages.

The most common secondary, tertiary, etc. Processing in a particular scale of materials such as glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, fabrics and various types of plastic.

The value of recycling.

FirstlyThe resources of many materials on Earth are limited and cannot be replenished in terms comparable over the time of the existence of human civilization.

SecondlyWhen entering the environment, materials usually become pollutants.

Thirdly, Waste and completed product life cycle are often a cheaper source of many substances and materials than natural sources.

Conclusions:

For recycling, all waste must be sorted.
For this you need to create conditions that can cause interest among citizens to waste sorting.
The use of secondary raw materials as a new resource base is one of the most dynamically developing directions for processing materials in the world. For Russia, it is relatively new.

Separate garbage collection in the Krasnogvardi district.

In the Krasnogvardeisk district:

1) at: ul. M.Tuhachevsky, D.31 is held a regular action "Separate collection" among the population to collect waste for recycling. As well as familiarizing the population with separate garbage collection.

The action is carried out by representatives of the environmental movement "Separate Collection".

2) Points of admission to the Krasnogvardeysky district, addresses (Appendix 3.).

List of redemptions from the population. Price for waste paper - from 1.00 rubles per kg - up to 2.00 rubles per kg. Bulletin, from 10 kopeck per piece - up to 20 kopeck per pc.

Glassware depending on the name - from 50 cop - to 1.20 rubles per pc.

The time of operation of receiving points for waste paper: from 9:00 to 18:00.

In the course of studying the surroundings of the Krasnogvardeisky district of special garbage collectors on separate garbage collection in the courtyards was not discovered.

For each type of raw material there is an appropriate processing technology.

Types of secondary raw materials:

Maculature, glass, scrap metal, chemicals, petroleum products, electronics, plastics, rubber, biological, wood, construction.

(Presentation, slide 17-18)

2.4. Disposal of spent batteries and energy-saving lamps

Why can batteries just throw in the trash? What to do with spent batteries?
(Presentation, Slide 19 - 20)

Dangerous batteries with their chemical composition. If the question arose how to store batteries, the answer is unequivocal - to hermetically pack and take a spent product to be used as soon as possible.

For completeness, the picture should describe in detail the two main pathways of nature poisoning, which concern humans:

Over time, the capacity of the element decomposes, which leads to the emission of toxic substances into the environment, that is, in the soil and air. And already through it, harmful components fall into groundwater, and then in the reservoir, from where the liquid goes to our homes.

Yes, in landfills, nutrition elements are subjected to the combustion procedure, however, smoke containing dioxins in this case does not disappear anywhere, it enters the air. All the vegetable and animal world absorbs this smoke, and through them the poison enters the human body.

Energy-saving lamps - what to do with them after working?

Energy-saving lamps (luminescent compact lamps) is an undoubted breakthrough and improving lighting technologies. In general, this is true, but there are certain nuances.

Their composition contains free mercury, the pairs of which fall into the atmosphere during the damage to the lamp. Therefore, even the most modern designs of the lamps with a reduced content of mercury after the deadline cannot be thrown out with other household waste. Like batteries, energy-saving lamps require special disposal. In St. Petersburg installed "Ecookes", Where you can pass dangerous waste - used batteries, mercury thermometers, energy-saving light bulbs.

In the Krasnogvardeisk district:

Central Stelohtinsky Ave., 50 Real Estate Management of the Krasnogvardeysky District

Lelokhtinsky Ave., 64 A Bank St. Petersburg

Etc. Energy, 59 fleet number 6 Spetstrans

Stakhanov PR, D. 17 RGMU, hostel №1

Lelokhtinsky Ave., d. 98 RGMU, Educational Corps

Etc. Metalist, d. 3 RGMU

Etc. Kosygin, d. 17, Corp. 1 residential building

Chapter 3.Practical part of research work

People do not care about the effect of health waste not only adults, but really contribute to the harmful effects on the health of their own children. In Appendix No. 4, a photo indicating this, on the territory of the playground, the garbage is scattered (in most plastic bags, banks).
(Presentation, slide 21-22)

Survey on the topic "Whether you think about the consequences before throwing garbage to the streets of the city" 8 out of 10 answered that they were not thinking. This suggests that only about 20% of humanity takes care of the environmental state of the planet.
To another question "would you change anything in the ecology of your city?" About 90% answered yes. People are waiting that the ecological state will change, but they themselves do nothing for this.

Sociological research in the family.

Table 2. The amount of garbage used by one family for 7 days.

Output: It is better not to collect all the trash in one pile, if possible, sort it by type, and plastic, if possible, take into special containers.

Ways to solve the problem: Separate collection and processing of plastic waste to obtain secondary polymeric materials.

Chapter 4. Research results, conclusions and suggestions

In the course of the study, we faced the following problem: environmental issues are worried about everyone, the state of life of a modern person depends on their solution, but few people think that the culprit of all these problems is most often the culprit and is.
In order not to exacerbate this problem today, not only the efforts of the authorities are needed. The garbage truck will not come to the forest or on the meadow to remove the empty plastic bottle behind you, the packaging from the chocolate. First of all, each person must comply with the purity itself, and then wait for it from others. The project will help to attract schoolchildren to the raised problem and adult population, contributes to the upbringing of environmentally competent young people, will allow to create a base for the formation of an active life position of children and adolescents, involvement of students in socially significant activities, the development of creative abilities and interest in scientific activities.
(Presentation, Slide 23)

4.1. How to reduce the amount of garbage as an ordinary person?

Planning the utilization of garbage, you can save and reduce your negative impact on the environment.

Method number 1.Reducing the number of waste

Try not to use or minimize the use of disposable things: plastic bags, aluminum, glass and plastic cans and bottles, packages, containers, as well as dishes, lighters, and the like.

Use tissue bags instead of plastic bags.
Buy products that are less packaged.
Instead of disposable containers optimally use reusable,
Do not buy drinks in bottles without need.
Reduce the use of paper.
Consider the transition option to more eco-friendly home care products.

Many containers used for storing cleaning products cannot be recycled. Replace them with natural facilities and you will create atmosphere free from chemicals for your family.

Method number 2.

Reuse and processing

Even disposable things most often can be used far from one time.

Rent things to charity organizations.
Use packing multiple times.
Separate collection of waste. Visit the website of your city to find out the details of the organization of garbage processing.
Throw garbage and hazardous waste correctly. Batteries, paints, televisions, computers and other electronics, lighting lamps.

Method number 3.

Compost

Do not throw off the arrangements and cut plants. These things are great for creating compost, turning them into a rich, nutritional basis for nutrition of your garden.
There are countless alternative solutions. It will become apparent as soon as you start looking, and you will be rewarded, seeing how your garbage will be significantly reduced.

4.2. Administrative violations related tounauthorized ejection of garbage

The main measures of combating unauthorized garbage emissions is the imposition of a fine. Authorized persons can be protocols and impose a penalty on the environmental safety violator.

Table 3 shows the main articles "Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and environmental management", imposing responsibility for not proper operation of waste.

Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and environmental management "

Table 3. The main articles "Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses.

Article	Fine for citizens	Fine for officials	Fine for legal entities
8.2. Failure to comply with environmental and sanitary and epidemiological requirements when handling production and consumption waste or other hazardous substances	from 1 thousand to 2 thousand rubles	from 10 thousand to 30 thousand rubles	from 30 thousand to 50 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 20 days
8.6. Damage to lands. 2. The destruction of the fertile soil layer, and equal to the damage of land as a result of the violation of the rules of treatment of pesticides and agrochemicals or other people's health and environmental substances and consumption	from 1.5 thousand to 2 thousand rubles	from 3 thousand to 4 thousand rubles	from 3 thousand to 4 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days
8.8. The use of land not by intended purpose, failure to comply with the obligations to bring lands to a state suitable for use on intended purpose	from 2 thousand to 2.5 thousand rubles	from 4 thousand to 5 thousand rubles	from 70 thousand to 100 thousand rubles
8.31. Violation of sanitary security rules in the forests. 2. Forest pollution by wastewater, chemical, radioactive and other harmful substances, production and consumption waste and (or) other negative impact on the forest	from 1 thousand to 2.5 thousand rubles	from 2 thousand to 5 thousand rubles	from 20 thousand to 100 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days.
8.41. Non-defined fees for negative impact on the environment		from 3 thousand to 6 thousand rubles	from 15 thousand to 100 thousand rubles

From the table, it is clear that the penalty imposed on legal entities is almost ten times higher than the penalty imposed on citizens, and 2 times more fine for officials. This indicates that some measures have been taken from the state for environmental pollution. (Presentation, Slide 24)

4.3. Environmental education and education of students of gymnasium No. 196 of the Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg

Solving environmental problems requires the association of all countries, all mankind. And above all, everyone needs participation.
School is our second home. Junior schoolchildren, behavioral motivation borrow from older schoolchildren. Education of the younger generation can not do without active propaganda of social values. Effective solution to the problems associated with education is impossible without the wide participation of school students themselves. In this regard, the gymnasium developed projects aimed at environmental education and education of students, to increase students' interest in joint creativity. That is why all the above reasons contributed to the development of the project of cooperation of the senior and junior school.

As part of environmental education in 2016 -2017, accelerations were held:

1. Monthly collection of waste paper. The action "Save the tree" - collecting waste paper.
2. Events devoted to energy saving issues. The action "Earth Hour", "Water Guardians" - All-Russian Ecurok about the water.
3. District view - Competition "Environmental Greeting" Dudi "on Lena".
4. Separate collection of MSW. The action "Save Hedgehog" collecting used batteries. Competition Crafts from plastic dishes "Unusual in the usual". All-Russian economies "divide with us" for schoolchildren 7 -11 CL. Competition www.beregivoda.rf - "Water of Russia".
5. From the year of the cinema - by the year of the ecology, the open city competition of films "In the Lens - Environment".
6. Cleaning the territory of the gymnasium and forest park as part of a citywide subbotnik.
7. Photo exhibition "My favorite pet."
8. The planned event - from 21.04 -26.04.2017 the project "Mobile Technologies for Ecology" in the framework of the Green Schools Program of the All-Russian Movement of EKA.

(Presentation, Slide 25 - 29)

Conclusion

Working on the topic of the project, we were convinced that the waste production and consumption represent a serious environmental danger, as to the scale of the whole country.

Conclusion: Our country and in particular the city of St. Petersburg is still poorly coping with the global garbage problem.
First of all, this is due to the fact that people do not realize the scale of the problem. No one thinks that we use a plastic bag 20 minutes, and it rotes 200 years.

Unfortunately, our state does not actively propaganda on this issue and does not support garbage processing organizations and does not contribute to a separate collection of garbage in the courtyards. No one will go with a garbage package in the next quarter to throw in a special garbage container.

Currently, household waste has found application not only as a reservoir for the production of new products. They are also used in aesthetic purposes. All over the world, various exhibitions occur around the world, contests for the manufacture of various items, sculptures, interior items from domestic waste are held. People began to use garbage (banks, bottles, old video tapes, pipes and more) for their manufacture. Such events are aimed at drawing the attention of the whole world to the problem of disposal and processing of all kinds of garbage.
(Presentation, Slide 30)

Bibliography

1. Voskonyan V.G. Ways to reduce environmental pollution with solid waste // Successes of modern natural science. - 2006. - № 9 - p. 30-34 Scientific Journal.
2. All about solid waste. Technologies of solid household waste. Current reviews. Magazine TBS! P. 42-45.
3. Rating of countries in the world in terms of environmental efficiency in 2016. [Electronic resource] // Center for Humanitarian Technologies. - 01/29/2016. 12:55. URL: http://gtmarket.ru/news/2016/01/29/7292.
4. Electronic resource - Greenpeace Russia - URL: http://www.greenpeace.org
Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and environmental management. "
6. Chizhevsky A. E. I will know the world. Ecology. Encyclopedia Astrel - 2005.
7. Federal Information Portal "Water of Russia", URL: http://voda.org.ru.
8. All-Russian economy "divide with us" Organizer Era, URL: http: //www. Selects ,.rf.

Back forward

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic.

"We are all passengers of one ship named Earth, -
It means that it is simply nowhere to reconcile. "
Antoine de Saint-Exupery

(Presentation, Slide 2)

Purpose of work: Trace the path of household waste in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, to understand the reasons for environmental pollution. (Presentation, Slide 3)

Tasks of work:

Object research:ecology.

Subject of study: Household waste, garbage disposal problems, the possibility of recycling and processing.

Methods of workUsed in the study: Comparative-comparable analysis, systematization and generalization of the material obtained, logical outline of material, questionnaire.

Chapter 1. The current state of the problem

1.1. The impact of household waste on the environment

There are five degrees of impact of TBM:

5th degree of danger. Utilized TBW. The effect on the ecology is very low. The garbage is processed without significant impact on the environment. Examples - Ceramic tile fragments and dishes, brick fragments, food residues, wood chips.
4th degree of danger. Medium-graded MBO. This group includes all waste with a period of natural decay up to 3 years. Despite the fact that their presence violates environmental equilibrium in nature, the degree of danger of such TBS is defined as low. Examples - wood, waste paper, automotive tires, plastic.
3rd degree of danger. Hazardous waste. Impact on nature is a strong, entailing disruption of the ecological system. The restoration period of nature after the impact of such TBC is about 10 years, and the term is counted after the exposure source is eliminated. Examples - types of cement mortar, paints, acetone, metal objects.
2nd degree of danger. High danger. After exposure to the ecology, the full balance restoration is possible at least after 30 years. Examples - batteries with electrolytes and machine oils.
1st degree of danger. Extremely high danger. The impact of such MSW entails the complete destruction of nature without the possibility of its recovery. Examples - thermometers, batteries, luminescent lamps. (Presentation, Slide 5)

1.2. Waste processing methods

Currently there are such types of disposal as:

Natural decomposition in natural environment.
Burial on landfills.
Allocation of beneficial components and recycling (recycling). (Presentation, slide 6)

Natural decomposition in natural environment.

With this method, the expansion time may vary from several days to several decades. Here are some examples:

1. Food waste - 30 days decomposition

2. Newspaper paper - decomposition term of 1-4 months

3. Leaves, seeds, twigs - decomposition period 3-4 months

4. Office paper - decomposition period for 2 years

5. Iron banks - decomposition period of 10 years

6. Old shoes - decomposition date of 10 years

7. Brick and concrete fragments - decomposition period of 100 years

8. Foil - Defirusion term for more than 100 years

9. Electric batteries - decomposition term of 110 years

10. Rubber Tires - Defirusion term 120-140 years

11. Plastic bottles - decomposition period 180-200 years

12. Aluminum banks - decomposition period of 500 years (almost the most dangerous garbage) (Presentation, Slide 7)

Burial on landfills.

Recycling.

Recycling classes:

Mechanical recycling
Insenergy
Recycling Pyrolysis
Chemical recycling

Mechanical.

Insenation.

Pyrolysis.

Chemical.

Chapter 2. The problem of waste disposal on the example of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region

Thanks to the "New Light" and "Red Bor" polygons, the Leningrad region in the ranking of ecologists across all over Russia ranked 83th place from the end of 85 possible.

Note that 2017 is proclaimed by the authorities of the Leningrad region.

2.1. Dumps as a method of recycling

Pros:

Minuses:

2.2. Burning garbage

This disposal method is considered effective provided that the plant is equipped with high-tech equipment. Metals, batteries, as well as plastic, first remove from waste.
(Presentation, slide14 )

Advantages of incineration:

less unpleasant odors;
the number of harmful bacteria, emissions is reduced;
the resulting mass does not attract rodents and birds;
there is an opportunity when burning to get energy (thermal and electric).

Disadvantages:

expensive construction and operation of incineration plants;
construction takes at least 5 years;
when burning waste into the atmosphere, harmful substances fall;
the ash from the incineration is toxic and cannot be stored on ordinary landfills.

St. Petersburg State Unitary Enterprise "Plant MPBO-2" - a processing plant in Yanino.

Carried out:

Waste export.
Disposal and disposal of waste.
Environmental design.

The main goal of the activity is to ensure the environmental safety of residents of St. Petersburg.

Main goals:

Uninterrupted neutralization and placement of population waste.
Environmentally friendly recycling of waste as a polygon burial alternative.
Removing secondary raw materials from incoming waste and preservation of natural resources. Removal of garbage, removal of construction garbage.

List of TBB polygons in St. Petersburg and Leningrad region ( Appendix 2.).

(Presentation, Slide 15)

Secondary use of waste - The most resource-saving way, but not always profitable both in economic and environmental terms. There are a number of problems here.

The most common secondary, tertiary, etc. Processing in a particular scale of materials such as glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, fabrics and various types of plastic.

The value of recycling.

FirstlyThe resources of many materials on Earth are limited and cannot be replenished in terms comparable over the time of the existence of human civilization.

SecondlyWhen entering the environment, materials usually become pollutants.

Thirdly, Waste and completed product life cycle are often a cheaper source of many substances and materials than natural sources.

Conclusions:

For recycling, all waste must be sorted.
For this you need to create conditions that can cause interest among citizens to waste sorting.
The use of secondary raw materials as a new resource base is one of the most dynamically developing directions for processing materials in the world. For Russia, it is relatively new.

Separate garbage collection in the Krasnogvardi district.

In the Krasnogvardeisk district:

The action is carried out by representatives of the environmental movement "Separate Collection".

2) Points of admission to the Krasnogvardeysky district, addresses (Appendix 3.).

List of redemptions from the population. Price for waste paper - from 1.00 rubles per kg - up to 2.00 rubles per kg. Bulletin, from 10 kopeck per piece - up to 20 kopeck per pc.

Glassware depending on the name - from 50 cop - to 1.20 rubles per pc.

The time of operation of receiving points for waste paper: from 9:00 to 18:00.

In the course of studying the surroundings of the Krasnogvardeisky district of special garbage collectors on separate garbage collection in the courtyards was not discovered.

For each type of raw material there is an appropriate processing technology.

Types of secondary raw materials:

Maculature, glass, scrap metal, chemicals, petroleum products, electronics, plastics, rubber, biological, wood, construction.

(Presentation, slide 17-18)

2.4. Disposal of spent batteries and energy-saving lamps

Why can batteries just throw in the trash? What to do with spent batteries?
(Presentation, Slide 19 - 20)

For completeness, the picture should describe in detail the two main pathways of nature poisoning, which concern humans:

Energy-saving lamps - what to do with them after working?

Energy-saving lamps (luminescent compact lamps) is an undoubted breakthrough and improving lighting technologies. In general, this is true, but there are certain nuances.

In the Krasnogvardeisk district:

Central Stelohtinsky Ave., 50 Real Estate Management of the Krasnogvardeysky District

Lelokhtinsky Ave., 64 A Bank St. Petersburg

Etc. Energy, 59 fleet number 6 Spetstrans

Stakhanov PR, D. 17 RGMU, hostel №1

Lelokhtinsky Ave., d. 98 RGMU, Educational Corps

Etc. Metalist, d. 3 RGMU

Etc. Kosygin, d. 17, Corp. 1 residential building

Chapter 3.Practical part of research work

Sociological research in the family.

Table 2. The amount of garbage used by one family for 7 days.

Output: It is better not to collect all the trash in one pile, if possible, sort it by type, and plastic, if possible, take into special containers.

Ways to solve the problem: Separate collection and processing of plastic waste to obtain secondary polymeric materials.

Chapter 4. Research results, conclusions and suggestions

4.1. How to reduce the amount of garbage as an ordinary person?

Planning the utilization of garbage, you can save and reduce your negative impact on the environment.

Method number 1.Reducing the number of waste

Try not to use or minimize the use of disposable things: plastic bags, aluminum, glass and plastic cans and bottles, packages, containers, as well as dishes, lighters, and the like.

Use tissue bags instead of plastic bags.
Buy products that are less packaged.
Instead of disposable containers optimally use reusable,
Do not buy drinks in bottles without need.
Reduce the use of paper.
Consider the transition option to more eco-friendly home care products.

Many containers used for storing cleaning products cannot be recycled. Replace them with natural facilities and you will create atmosphere free from chemicals for your family.

Method number 2.

Reuse and processing

Even disposable things most often can be used far from one time.

Rent things to charity organizations.
Use packing multiple times.
Separate collection of waste. Visit the website of your city to find out the details of the organization of garbage processing.
Throw garbage and hazardous waste correctly. Batteries, paints, televisions, computers and other electronics, lighting lamps.

Method number 3.

Compost

Do not throw off the arrangements and cut plants. These things are great for creating compost, turning them into a rich, nutritional basis for nutrition of your garden.
There are countless alternative solutions. It will become apparent as soon as you start looking, and you will be rewarded, seeing how your garbage will be significantly reduced.

4.2. Administrative violations related tounauthorized ejection of garbage

The main measures of combating unauthorized garbage emissions is the imposition of a fine. Authorized persons can be protocols and impose a penalty on the environmental safety violator.

Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and environmental management "

Table 3. The main articles "Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses.

Article	Fine for citizens	Fine for officials	Fine for legal entities
8.2. Failure to comply with environmental and sanitary and epidemiological requirements when handling production and consumption waste or other hazardous substances	from 1 thousand to 2 thousand rubles	from 10 thousand to 30 thousand rubles	from 30 thousand to 50 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 20 days
8.6. Damage to lands. 2. The destruction of the fertile soil layer, and equal to the damage of land as a result of the violation of the rules of treatment of pesticides and agrochemicals or other people's health and environmental substances and consumption	from 1.5 thousand to 2 thousand rubles	from 3 thousand to 4 thousand rubles	from 3 thousand to 4 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days
8.8. The use of land not by intended purpose, failure to comply with the obligations to bring lands to a state suitable for use on intended purpose	from 2 thousand to 2.5 thousand rubles	from 4 thousand to 5 thousand rubles	from 70 thousand to 100 thousand rubles
8.31. Violation of sanitary security rules in the forests. 2. Forest pollution by wastewater, chemical, radioactive and other harmful substances, production and consumption waste and (or) other negative impact on the forest	from 1 thousand to 2.5 thousand rubles	from 2 thousand to 5 thousand rubles	from 20 thousand to 100 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days.
8.41. Non-defined fees for negative impact on the environment		from 3 thousand to 6 thousand rubles	from 15 thousand to 100 thousand rubles

4.3. Environmental education and education of students of gymnasium No. 196 of the Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg

As part of environmental education in 2016 -2017, accelerations were held:

(Presentation, Slide 25 - 29)

Conclusion

Working on the topic of the project, we were convinced that the waste production and consumption represent a serious environmental danger, as to the scale of the whole country.

Bibliography

The problem of waste

Name the main causes of waste issues.

What are the methods of eliminating household waste (garbage)?

What substances relate to specialties? Give examples of things that are specialties.

Sort the sorting and analysis of household waste in your apartment. Offer a draft reduction in their volume and implementation.

Currently, each of the inhabitants of our planet accounts for an average of about 1 tons of garbage per year, and this is not counting millions of worn and broken cars. If the whole garbage accumulating over the year does not destroy and not recycle, but to pile into one pile, it would have formed a mountain with Elbrus height - the highest mountain peak of Europe.

You can call several reasons for increasing the number of garbage:

growth in the production of goods of mass consumption of disposable;

an increase in the amount of packaging;

improving the standard of living that allows us to replace new things that are suitable for use.

Garbage, despite the prohibitions, dump in absolutely not intended places. Such territories are not fenced, there are no specialists who lead the observation of the right placement of garbage. With these "wild" (unauthorized) dumps, the wind will pacify paper and other light waste. "Wild" landfills not only urgent landscape, but also pose a threat to people's health. Substances formed during waste decomposition pollute the atmospheric air. Rainwater flushes poisonous substances of decomposed waste; This leads to contamination and infection of open reservoirs and groundwater. Now known ways of destroying household garbage, which do not represent a serious threat to the environment.

The problem of waste in the city

Three ways of liquidation of garbage obtained the greatest distribution:

device of specially equipped landfills;

garbage composting;

recycling on garbage processing plants.

Composting garbage

Not anywhere can be arranged a specially equipped landfill. Specialists of different directions are involved in solving this problem: geologists, hydrologists, environmentalists, etc.. At the same time,

rose winds in the landfill area;

distance from populated areas, water protection and environmental zones;

the water permeability of the soil;

the area of \u200b\u200bthe territory assigned to the landfill (the area should be sufficient to receive garbage for a long time);

location, convenient for the entrance of transport, etc.

Specially equipped landfills are not the best way to get rid of garbage, although today it is not for them.

Composting garbage is a way to neutralize and use waste. Only organic substances can be processed in the case of composting, in the event of household waste, a little more than half of the garbage. Organic substances having a natural (vegetable and animal) origin, under the influence of bacteria and air oxygen decompose. When composting, as a rule, household waste is mixed with waste generated by wastewater treatment on sewage treatment facilities. Waste is overloaded and formed compost used as fertilizer. Similarly, they receive compost in agriculture, mixing manure with vegetable residues.

Table 7.

Comparative characteristics of various ways to eliminate garbage

The processing and recycling waste is becoming increasingly important, as it saves the raw material resources of our planet. American scientist A. Teller said: "We should not more consider waste as something to be destroyed; We must learn to see in them yet used sources of raw materials".

Every year in the cities of Russia, approximately 130 million m3 of solid household waste is formed, which is about 0.2 tons per person. In Russia, there are 7 incineration factories today, which processes about 3% of solid household waste, and 9% are exported from cities to more than 1000 polygons of household waste. The rest of the waste of waste goes to the landfill. In St. Petersburg, there are 2 incineration plants (Gorelovo, Yanino). One of the directions for solving the problem of waste is their initial competently organized sorting.

Especially dangerous for the environment and health of people, waste, which, for various reasons, cannot be destroyed together with household garbage, are called specialties to which approximately 600 specially hazardous substances are attributed. These include:

pesticides contained mainly in the production of plant protection chemicals;

radioactive waste generated at enterprises using radionuclides and atomic power plants;

mercury and its compounds - waste of the chemical industry;

arsenic and its compounds contained in the waste of metallurgical industries and thermal power plants;

the lead compounds, occurring particularly often in the waste of the oil refining and paint industry, etc.

Each of us every day enjoys a variety of things that, after their use, also become specialties, for example:

batteries;

unused medicines;

remnants of chemical means of protection of plants (pesticides);

residues of paints, varnishes, anti-corrosion products and adhesives;

cosmetics residues (eyelids, nail polish, lacquer removal fluid);

remnants of household chemicals (cleaning agents, deodorants, stained fiftesers, aerosols, facilities for furniture care);

mercury thermometers.

The liquidation (disposal) of liquid and solid specials is regulated by strict rules and norms. Part of the special flows are burned on special installations, part is placed on the polygons of special flows. Most of the special tracts have to be stored on the surface of the Earth, observing strict precautions. Waste is placed on a waterproof platform with a thickness of up to 3 m. All drains and soil waters are constantly monitored.

The problem of waste is complicated due to the fact that the natural decomposition of various materials requires a certain time. For example, paper decomposition is necessary from 2 to 10 years, a canning can of 90 years, filter from a cigarette of 100 years, a plastic bag 200 years, plastics 500 years, glass 1000 years.

Solid waste is used both as secondary resources, which gives a significant ecological effect. Thus, in the production of paper or cardboard from waste paper, emissions into the atmosphere are reduced by 85%, water pollution - up to 40%, compared with the production of said products from primary raw materials - wood. Waste disposal allows economically to spend natural resources.
It should be mentioned about the problem of disposal of huge amounts of worn out auto strokes in each country. Recycling them to the so-called dispersed state (in a rubber crumb with particle size from 0.63 to 5 mm), you can not only eliminate the mountains of the tires, but also make various rubber products from them. They are among them such as hydrotherproofing blocks used in construction.

Along with the growth of the population of the Earth, consumption levels inevitably increase. New products, technologies appear daily, produced production. All this leads to an increase in the mass produced by the civilization of waste: they are formed so much that the problem of garbage, in particular its disposal, has become one of the most important for the world community.

The concept of disposal includes the entire list of actions necessary for the maximum environmentally friendly exemption from the waste of the human life and the production sector:

collection, sorting and removal from human accommodation and working activities;
storage at landfills or burial in careers, on special polygons, as well as in insulators and underground storage facilities;
physical destruction with the help of modern technologies;
recycling of otvilsyryya in order to obtain new useful people of products and goods.

Popular methods for the destruction of waste are common incineration with different thermal modes and pyrolysis technology, when the expansion of the mass of raw materials occurs under the influence of very high temperatures in an oxygen-free medium.

Of course, the optimal exit for humanity is the secondary processing of the subtle, but unfortunately, only his small part is exposed today.

Types of waste and disposal problems

The garbage to be disposed of is divided into household - MSW (solid household waste) - and production.

Containers for collecting MSW are located in the yard of each residential building. Their main subgroups:

paper;
glass products;
residues of food and products;
plastic and all kinds of plastic species.

Production waste is divided into:

Biological. This, for example, belongs to the remains of the fabrics, organs of people and animals: animal corpses, garbage from the production of meat products, as well as biomaterials from hospital departments, microbiological laboratories and veterinary institutions.
. These are objects, fluids or gases containing radioactive substances in quantities above the installed safety standards.
Construction. Appear as a result of the construction of houses and other structures, repair and finishing, as well as during the production of building materials.
. All sorts of garbage activities of medical institutions.
Waste transport complex. There are as a result of the operation of motor transport enterprises, as well as places of repair, maintenance and long-term parking of automotive equipment.

Of course, only the main types of waste of economic and production activities are listed, but their complete classification is much more extensive.

The main problem of recycling is the need for impressive primary financing for the organization of the modernization of the extermination or processing or processing of the otvilsyry.

For example, the usual burning of many kinds of garbage leads to an emission of high-tech substances into the atmosphere, and therefore is prohibited. Due to lack of funds and qualified personnel, there are not enough processing enterprises (disposal) or resources for creating industries that independently carry out the secondary processing of the subwitch.

What danger to land are waste?

Ecologists of the whole world beat the alarm for a long time ago: our planet dies from the flooded poisonous garbage and emissions of harmful substances in the biosural.

Note! Being a natural part of the ecosystem, people are already obtaining negative results of planet poisoning by waste. A list of allergic, endocrine, viral and infectious diseases is growing every year.

Recycling of garbage in Russia

Unfortunately, the problem of environmentally friendly and legitimate disposal in our country remains acute, as violations of the current legislation are thrive in enterprises and irresponsible attitude to this problem by ordinary citizens.
For example, a system of separate garbage collection has been introduced now. For this site, residential buildings are supplied with special containers with appropriate marks: "Glass", "Plastic", "Paper", etc. For violations of the principles of such a sorting, in Europe, for example, the culprit will have to pay an impressive penalty. We have no rare cases when the tenants are ignored by these rules, or the contents of all containers unloads the same machine, and all the efforts of citizens are reduced to zero.

Official statistics reads:

Every year, up to four billion tons of waste are formed in Russia, of which more than two and a half billion - remnants of production activities, seven hundred million - manure, marked masses from the sphere of poultry farming and livestock complexes, up to forty million - TSW, about thirty million - wastewater and Three million tons of otvilsyryy from medical institutions.
More than eighty billion tons of waste has been accumulated in the country (of which at least one and a half billion are particularly dangerous, as they are toxic).

Today, huge areas stand out for landfills and for the burial of garbage. And at the same time in Russia there are hundreds of non-authorized landfills and "Mogilniks", the illegal emissions of harmful substances in the air and water are produced, soils are polluted, resulting in animal and vegetable world.

Waste disposal experience abroad

In the modern world community, there are many examples of a worthy level of waste management, including disposal to which you can and should be equal.

In the EU countries, a separate collection of waste from the population is put on the stream (paper, glass, plastic, etc. are divided), for violation of the rules when ejected garbage into sorting containers threatens an impressive fine.

In Europe stores selling goods for the house, the reception points work, where you can hand over the old and existing household appliances (from the battery to a large refrigerator), having received an impressive discount on the purchase of a new one.

For example, in Sweden, up to 80% of household waste is processed, about 18% is disposed of environmentally friendly methods. And only a small residue is exported for burial for the territory of the country.

All Swedish recycling enterprises in accordance with the law are equipped with special signal sensors controlling the level of concentration of harmful substances. In violation of the permissible norm, the signal comes directly into controlling organs, and the violator threatens the cash fine and administrative sanctions.

Journalists of Swedish television in Sweden are told about the unprecedented processing of garbage in Sweden in the next video.

From the countries of the East, a good example of waste management demonstrates Japan. According to statistics, almost half of all the resulting subtle, more than thirty-five percent is disposed of, more than thirty-five percent, and only the fifth part falls on landfills and landfills. And the authorities are constantly concerned about how to reduce this part to a minimum, because the territory of the country is too small to load it with landfills.

Even at the end of the 20th century, a law on mandatory recycling of all types of packaging and cans from beverage and food, which is respected by both enterprises and ordinary citizens, was adopted in Japan. As a result, Japan is considered to be a highly cultural and very "clean" country.

Of course, no way everywhere is so optimistic. Unfortunately, countries with an increased level of pollution of the natural environment, and according to the level of disease and mortality of people, much more in the world than the "islands of civilization". Today, among the most "dirty" plants of the planet India, China, Egypt, Iraq, etc.

Of course, the movement for preserving the purity of natural resources does not stand still. In Russia and the world, state and regional waste disposal programs are being developed and implemented. New recycling products are opening up, as well as items of its admission from the population.

However, the solution to the problem of waste management is possible only by joint efforts and state control bodies, and each individual citizen of the country and the world community.

Introduction
1. Characteristics of household waste
2. Classification of the main types of household garbage
3. METO disposal methods
Conclusion
List of sources used

Introduction

The problem of disposal of domestic garbage today is one of the most acute problems in the world. With an increase in the number of the population of the Earth, the number of trading debris is growing. The uncontrolled accumulation of waste can lead us to a global catastrophe. Now only in Russia there are several tens of thousands of crowded garbage dumps. Only the introduction of a program for recycling and disposal of waste will be able to solve this current problem. The problem of complete destruction or partial disposal of household waste is relevant, first of all, in terms of negative environmental impact.

In some countries, it has already been aware of the awareness of all the danger of pollution, and somewhere the situation keeps at the same level. The environmental problem of waste received a strong impetus due to technical progress. Undoubtedly, he gave mankind innumerable, but the situation with the utilization in the world worsened. New types of materials (for example, plastic) have been developed that are decomposed hundreds of years or not decompose at all. As a result, they rot on landfills, highlighting a whole bouquet of toxins.

For any city and settlement, the problem of removal or disposal of household waste is always primarily the problem of ecological. It is very important that household waste disposal processes do not violate the environmental safety of the city, the normal functioning of urban economy from the point of view of public sanitation and hygiene, as well as the living conditions of the population as a whole.

1. Characteristics of household waste

Waste can be classified as by origin: household, industrial, agricultural, etc. and properties. The most famous separation by properties adopted in the legislation of most countries is division into "dangerous" (i.e. toxic, caustic, ignited and so on.) And "non-hazardous" waste.

The composition and volume of household waste is extremely diverse and dependes not only from the country and the terrain, but also from the time of year and from many other factors. Paper and cardboard constitute the most significant part of the MSW (up to 40% in developed countries). The second largest category in Russia is the so-called organic, incl. food waste; Metal, glass and plastic are 7-9% of the total amount of waste. About 4% accounts for wood, textiles, rubber, etc. The number of municipal waste in Russia increases, and their composition, especially in large cities, is approaching the composition of MSW in Western countries with a relatively large proportion of paper waste and plastic.

In the cities and other settlements there are the most intensive accumulation of household waste, which, with improper and late removal and neutralization, can pollute the environment.

Seasonal changes in the composition of MSW are characterized by an increase in the content of food waste from 20 - 25% in spring up to 40 - 55% in the fall, which is associated with the greater consumption of vegetables and fruits in the diet (especially in the cities of the southern zone). In winter and autumn, the content of fine dropping (street estimation) is reduced from 20 to 1% in the cities of the southern zone and from 11 to 5% in the middle zone.

2. Classification of the main types of household garbage

Food waste

Damage to nature: practically do not apply. Used to power various organisms.

Harm to man: rotting food waste - seatingman of microbes.

The final product of the decomposition: the body of organisms, carbon dioxide and water.

Dispatch time: 1 - 2 weeks.

Maculatura

Material: Paper, sometimes impregnated with wax and covered with various colors.

Damage to Nature: the actual damage paper does not affect. However, the paint, which is covered with paper, can be released poisonous gases.

Harm to man: paint can allocate poisonous substances when decomposition.

Ways of decomposition: used in food by different microorganisms.

The final product of the decomposition: humus, body of various organisms, carbon dioxide and water.

Dispatch time: 2 - 3 years.

The method of recycling: processing on wrapping paper.

The least dangerous method of neutralization: composting.

Products formed during disposal: carbon dioxide, water, ash.

Products from fabrics

Fabrics are synthetic and natural. Everything written below belongs to natural tissues.

Damage to nature: do not apply.

Ways of decomposition: used in food with some microorganisms.

The final product of the decomposition: the humus, body of organisms, carbon dioxide and water.

Dispatch time: 2 - 3 years.

Method of recycling: Composting.

The least dangerous method of neutralization: incineration under conditions that ensure complete combustion.

Products formed during disposal: carbon dioxide, water and ash.

Cans

Material: galvanized or tin steel.

Damage to nature: zinc compound, tin and iron poisonous for many organisms. Sharp edges of cans injure animals.

Harm to man: wounded when driving barefoot. Water accumulates in banks in which the larvae of bloodsowing insects is developing.

Ways of decomposition: under the action of oxygen iron slowly oxidizes.

The final decomposition product: small pieces of rust or soluble iron salts.

The time of decomposition: on Earth - several decades, in fresh water - about 10 years, in salty water - 1-2 years.

The method of recycling: melting together with metal.

The least dangerous method of neutralization: burial after prior firing.

Products formed during neutralization: oxides or soluble salts of iron, zinc and tin.

Screw

Material: iron or cast iron.

Damage to Nature: Compounds of iron poisonous for many organisms. Slices of metals injure animals.

Harm to man: cause various injuries.

Ways of decomposition: under the action of oxygen dissolved in water or in the air, it is slowly oxidized to iron oxide.

End product decomposition: rust powder or soluble iron salts.

The rate of decomposition: on Earth - 1 mm in a depth of 10-20 years, in fresh water - 1mm deep in 3-5 years, in salty water - 1 mm deep in 1 - 2 years.

Products formed during neutralization: oxides or soluble salts of iron.

Foil

Material: aluminum.

Damage to nature: practically does not affect.

The time of decomposition: on Earth - several dozen years, in fresh water - several years, pilot water - 1-2 years.

The method of recycling: overpaid.

Beer and other beverages

Material: aluminum and its alloys.

Damage to Nature: Sharp edges of cans cause injuries in animals.

Harm to man: Water accumulates in banks, in which the larvae of bloodsowing insects are developing.

Ways of decomposition: under the action of oxygen slowly oxidized to aluminum oxide.

End product decomposition: oxide or aluminum salts.

The decomposition time: on Earth - hundreds of years, in fresh water - several decades, in salty water - several years.

The method of recycling: overpaid.

The least dangerous way of neutralization: burial.

Products formed during neutralization: aluminum oxide.

Glass station

Material: Glass.

Damage to Nature: Battered glassware can cause animal injuries.

Harm to man: broken glassware can cause injured. Water accumulates in banks in which the larvae of bloodsowing insects is developing.

Ways of decomposition: slowly cracks and crumbles from temperature drops; Glass gradually crystallizes and crumbles.

The final product of the decomposition: a small glass crumb, it looks indistinguishable from sand.

The decomposition time: on Earth - several hundred years, in calm water - about 100 years.

The method of recycling: use for a direct purpose or combination.

The least dangerous way of neutralization: export of landfill or burial.

Products formed during neutralization: glass crumb.

Products from plastics

Damage to Nature: prevents gas exchange in soils and reservoirs. May be swallowed by animals, which will lead to the death of the latter.

Harm to man: Plastics may allocate poisonous substances during decomposition.

End product decomposition: carbon dioxide and water.

Dispatch time: about 100 years, maybe more.

The method of recycling: overpaid.

Products formed during neutralization: carbon dioxide and water.

Food Packaging

Material: paper and various types of plastics.

Damage to nature: can be swallowed by animals.

Ways of decomposition: slowly oxidized by air oxygen. Slowly destroyed under the action of sunlight.

Dispatch time: dozens of years, maybe more.

The method of recycling: does not exist.

The least dangerous way of neutralization: burial.

Products formed during disposal: carbon dioxide and water, chloride, poisonous compounds.

Batteries

Very poisonous garbage!

Material: zinc, coal, manganese oxide.

Damage to nature: poisonous for many organisms.

Harm to man: poisonous for man.

Ways of decomposition: oxidized under the action of oxygen.

End product decomposition: zinc and manganese salts.

The decomposition time: on Earth - about 10 years, in calm water - several years, in salty water - about a year.

The method of recycling: zinc can be used in a school laboratory to produce hydrogen, manganese oxide - to obtain chlorine.

The least dangerous method of neutralization: export of landfill.

Some waste (for example, medical, pesticides, remains of paints, varnishes, adhesives, cosmetics, anti-corrosion products, household chemicals) are dangerous to the environment if they fall through the sewer drainage in the reservoirs or as soon as they are flushed from the landfill and fall into ground or surface water. Batteries and mercury-containing devices will be safe until the housing is damaged: the glass enclosures are easily frightened along the way to the landfill, and corrosion after some time the battery case after some time. Then mercury, alkali, lead, zinc will become elements of secondary contamination of atmospheric air, underground and surface water.

Household waste is characterized by multicomponentialness and inhomogeneity of the composition, low density and instability (driving ability).

Approximate composition of MSW in the Russian Federation

According to the latest data, the production of TBO ranges between 0.5 and 1.2 kilograms per person per day. These indicators tend to continuously increase, which is caused by the economic growth of countries. There are also periods when the production of MSW increases significantly. In this regard, we believe that the production indicator of MSW per person per day is 1 kg.

Currently, the most common way to destroy MBO is polygons. However, this simple method accompany the following problems:

- Excessively rapid overflow of existing polygons due to the large volume and low density of placed waste. Without prior compaction, the average density of TWW is 200-220 kg / m 3, which reaches only 450-500 kg / m 3 after sealing with the use of garbage trucks.

- negative environmental factors: infection of groundwater leached products, highlighting the unpleasant odor, waste spreading, spontaneous ignition of polygons, uncontrolled formation of methane and non-psychic species are only part of the problems that disturb ecologists and cause serious objections from local authorities.

- Lack of space suitable for placing polygons at a convenient distance from large cities. Expansion of cities displaces the polygons on an increasing distance. This factor in combination with the increase in land prices increases the cost of transportation of MSW.

3. METO disposal methods

Table 1. Waste warehousing

Dignity	disadvantages
Does not require constant and large capital investments.	The cost of combating the consequences of the destructive influence of landfills, i.e. For the protection of nature, health care, many times higher than the costs of the construction of TBM processing factories.
2. Waste warehousing sites may not be updated with decades	2. Under all the growing landfills, new huge areas are leaving. The number of landfills is continuously increasing.
3. Allow it to get rid of a large number of MBOs or industrial waste	3. The MSW and industrial waste in the dumps and industrial waste penetrate the soil, thereby infecting it. Poisonous evaporation pollute the air. The remains falling into the reservoirs of MSW disadvantageously affects the state of water, harm the flora and the fauna of these reservoirs. All these consequences negatively affect human health, violate metabolic processes in nature.
4. The results of the devastating influence of landfills in nature are not visible immediately.	4. The consequences of the destructive influence of landfills on nature may be irreversible in the future.

Table 2.Waste disposal

Dignity	disadvantages
Allows you to forget about the problem of waste disposal. Create visibility - if you jump so on, they will disappear.	1. In the soil, waste poisoning it, falling through groundwater in reservoirs, represent a huge danger to humans and animals.
2. No new huge areas are required.	2. Underground landfills are not noticeable, at first glance, but on the surface of the earth above them are soil poisoned and loosened, it is not suitable for construction, nor for agriculture, nor for grazing. Moreover, caustic substances often evaporate from the surface of the soil over landfills.
3. Does not require constant and large capital investments.	3. The cost of combating the consequences of the destructive influence of waste burials, i.e. For the protection of nature, health care, many times higher than the costs of the construction of TBM processing factories.

Table 3. Dumping waste into reservoirs

Dignity	disadvantages
1. Does not require large one-time investment	1. Press on water purification, filtering; Damage to the fishing industry, water transport many times exceeds the cost of building plants for the processing and disposal of MSW.
2. The fusion waste quickly spread over the surface of the water, quickly settled on the bottom, dissolve, creating the visibility of purity.	2. By the surface of the water, along the bottom of the water bodies, waste decomposition products are distributed to huge distances, poisoning the water management, making it unsuitable for fish life, for use in industry. Dissolved in water caustic, and sometimes toxic waste is extremely dangerous for animals and humans.
3. When blocking the places of waste of waste, poisonous substances are not distributed immediately and not noticeable.	3. Blocking places of waste of waste inspires peace of mind, dults vigilance, it leads to the fact that no one prevents the spread of poisonous substances

Table 4. Garbage burning

Recycling

Pretty many components of MBO can be recycled to useful products.

Glass Usually processed by grinding and mirroring (it is desirable that the starting glass is one color). Low quality glass battle after grinding is used as a filler for building materials (for example, the so-called "Glassfalt"). In many Russian cities, there are enterprises for laundering and reuse glassware. The same, definitely, positive practice exists, for example, in Denmark.

Steel and aluminum banks Complete in order to obtain the appropriate metal. At the same time, aluminum smelting from jackets for soft drinks requires only 5% of the energy required for the manufacture of the same amount of aluminum from ore, and is one of the most favorable types of "RESAYKLING".

Paper Wastemany dozens of years are used along with conventional cellulose for making pulp - raw materials for paper. From mixed or low-quality paper waste, you can make toilet or wrapping paper and cardboard. Unfortunately, in Russia only on a small scale there is a technology for the production of high-quality paper from high-quality waste (trimming of typography used paper for copier and laser printers, etc.). Paper waste can also be used in construction for the production of heat-insulating materials and agriculture - instead of straw on farms.

Plastic - Recycling plastic as a whole - more expensive and complex process. Of some types of plastic (for example, PET - two- and three-liter transparent bottles for soft drinks), it is possible to obtain high-quality plastic of the same properties, others (for example, PVC) after processing can only be used as building materials. In Russia, plastic processing is not produced.

The diagram shows the typical cost of recycling recycling

Conclusion

The processing industry is forgotten in Russia, a system for collecting secondary resources is not organized, not equipped in settlements of space for the collection of secondary resources (metal), the system of exporting waste generated, weak control over their formation is established everywhere. It entails the deterioration of the environment, negative impact on human health.

Obviously, no technology itself will solve the problem itself. And MSZ, and polygons are sources of emissions of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and other hazardous substances. The effectiveness of technologies can be considered only in the total chain of life cycle objects of consumption - waste. MSZ projects, on which public environmental organizations have spent a lot of strength, in the current economic situation may still remain projects for a long time.

Polygons for a long time will remain in Russia the main way to remove (recycling) MBC. The main task is to arrange the existing polygons, the extension of their life, reduce their harmful effects. Only in large and largest cities are effectively building MSZ (or garbage processing plants with preliminary sorting of MSW). Real exploitation of small MSZ for burning specific waste, hospital, for example. In different parts of the city, our methods of removal of MSW can and should be applied. This is due to the type of development, the level of income of the population, other socio-economic factors.

List of sources used

1. Bobovich B.B. and Devyatkin V.V., "Processing of waste and consumption waste", M2000g.
2. "Utilization of solid waste", ed. A.P. Tsygankova. - M.: Stroyzdat, 1982.
3. Gorbatovsky V.V., Rybalsky N.G. Environmental safety in the city. M., Rafia, 1996.
4. http://tenzor.math.rsu.ru/3_11.htm - Department of Industrial City Waste
5. http://www.asdg.ru/asdghtml/ssov/2006/06_11_11/05/cities/chita/p4.html - an investment project for the construction of a garbage processing plant and landfill for the disposal of MSW.
6. http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/ru/press/releases/976385 - Household waste - what is always with you!
7. http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/ru/843172/1108634 - how to handle household waste.
8. http://zhurnal.lib.ru/l/lapin_i_p/musor.shtml is the main factor in the pollution of nature.
9. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B - Waste's Free Encyclopedia article.

Essay on "Environmental problems. Household waste" Updated: November 27, 2017 by the author: Scientific articles.ru.