Conducting an audit on the example of a real organization. Course work: Conducting an audit of financial statements using the example of OOO GrandServi. Name of the checked object

Practical lesson number7

« Complex tasks "

The dialogues indicate: A - auditor; P - checked.

It is necessary to formulate:

What hypotheses, for example, can the auditor put forward?

What questions can logically arise for the auditor based on the results of the dialogue?

What documents for verification of compliance may the auditor ask to show based on the results of the interview?

A: What do you think is the most important in quality policy?

P: For everyone to work well.

A: That's right! What other important points of politics do you remember?

P: Do you remember everything?

Most likely, the audited employee is either poorly familiar with the quality policy, or not at all, since the question was answered in general.

Please provide me with documentary evidence of familiarization with the quality policy?

Records of introductory lectures on quality policy.

A: Your organization has developed a QMS. Has anything changed since then?

P: They began to control delays more strictly, introduced fines for marriage.

Defective fines may result in the deliberate identification of defective products as good.

How are employees' compliance with job descriptions monitored? How do you manage non-conforming products?

Product test reports. Records of control activities for product testing.

A: Do you use any procedures in your work?

P: In what sense is it a procedure?

A: Well, these are descriptions of what and how to do it right.

P: We have technological maps.

A: Does it happen that experienced workers work on "their" regimes, which they consider to be more correct?

P: Yes, of course. For example, a turner….

There was mention of technological maps, but their actual use was not reflected. It is necessary to check their application. The work of the turner is subject to verification, since, most likely, he carries out his activities with deviations from the established procedures.

Please provide me with your job descriptions.

Work instructions, job descriptions. Technological maps

A: Do you have any quality records on your site?

P: Yes, we have a special notebook.

A: Show her, please. (He sees that the records are different in form).

A: Are there any instructions on how to make quality records?

P: We don't. Maybe somewhere in the department there is.

Personnel are not familiar with the rules for making quality records. On this site, there are no documents that establish the requirements for the design of quality records.

What quality information do you write in this notebook?

A: Your company wants to certify the quality system. What do you think it is for?

P: Customers are forcing, we ourselves would not need it.

Most likely, the management did not inform the employees of the importance of certification of the quality system and fulfillment of customer requirements.

What is the reason why customers put forward requirements for certification of your quality system? Are there any moments that do not suit customers?

Contracts with customers. Records of lectures on communicating to staff the importance of their activities in meeting customer requirements.

A: What is the narrowest, most problematic process on your site?

P: (Names).

A: Why?

P: There is the largest percentage of defects.

A: What is being done to reduce marriage?

P: Technologists think.

A: Are workers involved in thinking?

P: We have one - an "inventor", trying something.

There is a gap in the interaction between workers and technologists in the implementation of the principle of continuous improvement.

What is the reason why workers are not included in the process of solving marriage problems?

Analysis of the effectiveness of the QMS. Nonconformance protocols. Corrective and preventive actions. Records of the results of the measures taken.

A: (Turns to the shop technologist). Are the “owners” of the most important processes identified?

P: Do you mean shareholders?

A: No, people who are responsible for the processes from start to finish.

P: Everyone is responsible for their work.

There is no clear delineation of authority and, probably, no responsible employees have been assigned to carry out specific processes.

Is an employee responsible for the execution of the process appointed (here the name of the process)? How are employees communicated about their responsibilities and authorities?

Subdivision regulations. Job descriptions.

A: (Addresses to the deputy head of the shop). How do you provide training on quality issues, advanced training?

P: Two or three times in the past year we had talks - there were invited lecturers.

A: Does the management give lectures to employees?

P: In our workshop - no.

A: And what about professional development?

P: We have several people studying in the evening college and institute, people hand over to the category.

A: Do you have a professional development plan?

P: Of course, in the personnel department.

A: And what, the percentage of marriage decreases with increasing qualifications?

P: I don't understand ...

Specify the number of lectures. The management does not analyze the effectiveness of measures to improve the qualifications of personnel.

How is the analysis of the results of staff development carried out?

Certificate of qualifications of employees. Advanced training schedule. Analysis of the results of professional development.

Introduction

1.8.1 Current lease

Conclusion

Normative acts

Introduction

In the conditions of the formation of market relations, as well as the emergence of new forms of ownership and new types of business transactions (transactions related to trust management, lease, barter transactions, etc.), it became necessary to build an effective accounting system, including accounting for assets - fixed assets.

Currently, despite a fairly large number of regulations governing the accounting of fixed assets, there are methodological problems in accounting for fixed assets.

These include the problems of restoration and depreciation of fixed assets, the problems of harmonizing the Russian and international accounting systems for fixed assets, the lack of regulatory documents governing the accounting of reconstruction and modernization of fixed assets, etc.

Considering the problems of accounting for fixed assets at the macro level, it should be noted a high degree of depreciation of fixed assets, causing emergencies and low efficiency of their use.

Fixed assets are the material base and basis of any enterprise, and even more so production, in the process of which goods, products are created, works are performed and services are rendered. Fixed asset accounting occupies an important place in the accounting system of the enterprise. The reliability of the accounting of fixed assets allows you to correctly include their depreciation in costs and costs, to avoid errors in calculating the tax on the property of an enterprise, to accurately determine the amount of capital investments in the repair and construction of various objects, to take into account when reflecting other operations. The financial indicators of the organization's economic activity depend on the quality of management of fixed assets. In this regard, it is necessary to note the importance of accounting for fixed assets in the enterprise.

The reliability of accounting and reporting is confirmed as a result of audits. As a result of such checks, an audit report is drawn up, which may be interesting both for internal users at the enterprise (management, accounting, shareholders, etc.) and for external interested users (financial and credit institutions, business partners, tax inspectorate, etc.) ...

In addition, the availability of reliable information makes it possible to increase the efficiency of work in the capital market and makes it possible to realistically assess and predict the consequences of various economic decisions.

Thus, audits of fixed assets also play an important role in the economic life of an enterprise.

The object of the study of this course work is the company "Nord-Class". The subject of the research is the fixed assets of the enterprise.

The purpose of the study is to conduct an audit of the accounting of fixed assets using the example of the company "Nord-Klass" LLC.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

?to disclose the methodological basis for the audit of fixed assets;

?determine the goals, objectives and methodology for auditing fixed assets;

?to carry out planning procedures for an audit of fixed assets: drawing up a letter of commitment and an agreement for the provision of audit services; familiarization with the activities of LLC "Nord-Class"; study and assessment of the accounting system and internal control of fixed assets; calculation of the level of materiality and audit risk; audit plan and program;

?conduct an audit of operations on the movement of fixed assets: control procedures and procedures on the merits and their documentation;

?based on the results of the audit, give a written opinion and recommendations on improving the accounting and use of fixed assets.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the works of domestic and foreign scientists and specialists in the field of accounting for fixed assets, as well as the current regulatory documents governing this accounting section.

The research used the principles and methods of historical, logical and systemic analysis, methods of comparison, induction and deduction, as well as the accounting method and a number of its elements: accounts and double entry, valuation and calculation, documentation, inventory.

The information base was the data from the registers of synthetic and analytical accounting of consumer cooperation organizations. In the process of writing the thesis, normative and legislative, periodic, reference and educational materials on the topic under consideration were used.

The practical significance of this work lies in the fact that all the recommendations for improving the accounting and use of fixed assets, developed as a result of the audit, can be used in the activities of the Nord-Klass LLC enterprise.

This work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of used literature, regulations, contains 30 tables and 13 appendices.

1. Theoretical aspects of accounting for fixed assets

1.1 The concept of "fixed assets", classification. Accounting for the availability and movement of fixed assets

Fixed assets are means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, and their value is transferred to the manufactured products in parts as they wear out.

Fixed asset accounting is regulated by the following regulatory documents:

· Regulation on accounting "Accounting for fixed assets" PBU 6/01, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 30, 2001 No. 26n.

· Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 1, 2002 No. 1 "On the classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups", etc.

According to clause 4 of PBU 6/01, assets are accounted for as fixed assets if they:

· are used in the manufacture of products, in the performance of work or in the provision of services, or for management needs and for the provision of an organization for temporary use and possession;

· used for more than 12 months;

· in the future they will bring income to the organization;

· will not be sold for the foreseeable future.

According to clause 5 of PBU 6/01, fixed assets are: buildings, structures, workers and power machines, as well as equipment, measuring and control devices and devices, computers, vehicles, tools, working, productive and breeding cattle, perennial plantings, on-farm roads, etc.

Profitable investments in tangible assets are part of the property provided by the organization for a fee for temporary use in order to generate income. Thus, the objects of rent, rental, leasing are classified as fixed assets.

In addition, fixed assets include: capital investments in leased property, land plots and natural resources, as well as funds aimed at radical improvement of land.

Useful life is the period during which the use of an item of property, plant and equipment generates income for the organization or serves to achieve the objectives of the organization. In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 1, 2002 No. 1 "On the classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups", the property is combined into 10 groups:

) all short-lived property with a useful life of 1 to 2 years inclusive;

) property with a useful life of more than 2 years to 3 years inclusive;

) property with a useful life of more than 3 years to 5 years inclusive;

) property with a useful life of more than 5 years up to 7 years inclusive;

) property with a useful life of over 7 years to 10 years inclusive;

) property with a useful life of over 10 years to 15 years inclusive;

) property with a useful life of more than 15 years to 20 years inclusive;

) property with a useful life of over 20 years up to and including 25 years;

) property with a useful life of over 25 years up to and including 30 years;

) property with a useful life of over 30 years. The specified classification can be used for both accounting and tax accounting.

The unit of accounting for fixed assets is an inventory item. An inventory item of fixed assets is an object with all fixtures and fittings or a separate structurally separate item intended for certain independent functions. If one object has several parts with different useful lives, each such part is accounted for as an independent inventory object in accordance with clause 6 of PBU 6/1.

There are three types of valuation of fixed assets: initial, restoration, residual.

The initial (book) cost is added up at the time of the entry of fixed assets into operation.

The replacement cost of fixed assets is the reproduction cost of fixed assets based on current prices at the time of revaluation.

In the reporting, fixed assets are shown at their residual value, which is determined as the difference between the original cost and the amount of depreciation.

Thus, fixed assets are means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while retaining their natural form, and their value is transferred to the manufactured products in parts as they wear out. Fixed assets intended solely for the provision for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use for the purpose of generating income, are reflected in accounting and financial statements as part of profitable investments in tangible assets (account 03<#"justify">Account credit Debit Account 01 "OS" Credit Debit account Account 08C 1- the initial cost of own fixed assets at the beginning of the month The initial cost of fixed assets put into operation as a result of capital investments The initial cost of fixed assets put into operation, received as a contribution of the founders to the authorized capital of the enterprise The cost of objects put into operation, received free of charge Agreed value fixed assets transferred from a long-term lease to the ownership of the enterprise, the lessee The value of fixed assets identified as a result of the inventory Account 02 Amount of accumulated depreciation of retired fixed assets Account 08 Residual value of retired fixed assets Sub-account 91.2 Account 08 Account 03 Sub-account 91.1

1.2 Accounting for the receipt and disposal of fixed assets

Fixed assets enter the enterprise through the following channels:

· from the founders as a contribution to the authorized capital;

· as a result of construction;

· by purchasing for a fee;

· by donation;

· under a barter agreement.

Upon receipt of ownership of fixed assets in accounting on account 08<#"justify">audit accounting fixed asset

Table 2.

Typical accounting entries for the receipt and commissioning of fixed assets

No. Contents of the transaction DebitCredit1. Fixed assets received from the founders 1.1 Arrears of the founders' deposits have been formed 75-180 1.2 Fixed assets have been received as a contribution to the authorized capital 0875-12. Fixed assets built 2.1 by contract2.1.1 The cost of contract work has been generated 0860 2.1.2 The cost of contract work has been taken into account 0108 2.2 in a household way2.2.1 Written off materials for construction 08102.2.2 Salary accrued to employees engaged in construction 08702.2.3 Fixed assets item 01083 was put into operation. Fixed assets acquired 3.1 not requiring installation3.1.1 Accrued to the supplier on account 08603.1.2 Expenses for delivery are taken into account 0876,60,23. 3.1.3 The item of fixed assets was put into operation 0108 3.2 requiring installation3.2.1 Charged to the supplier for the equipment 07603.2.2 The equipment was transferred for installation 08073.2.3 The costs of installation were written off 0810,70,69. 3.2.4 Fixed assets item 01084 was put into operation. Fixed assets received free of charge 4.1 Fixed assets accepted for accounting (account 91) 01914.2 Fixed assets accepted for accounting (account 98) 0198-24.3 Depreciation of fixed assets was charged (account 98) 20 0298-2 915. Fixed assets received under an exchange agreement5.1 Materials sold under an exchange agreement 62915.2 The cost of materials was written off 91105.3 The fixed asset was capitalized 08605.4 The cost of materials and fixed assets was offset 6062

1.3 Revaluation of property, plant and equipment

Revaluation - clarification of replacement cost<#"justify">· what objects are subject to revaluation: all fixed assets or individual groups of homogeneous fixed assets;

· the methodology for reflecting the revaluation in the accounting accounts,

· persons responsible for revaluation.

The revaluation result is a markdown or revaluation of the property's value. After revaluation, the replacement cost is taken as the original cost<#"justify">No. Contents of the transaction DebitCredit1. The amount of the revaluation is credited to the additional capital 1.1 Increased the initial value of fixed assets 01831.2 Increased the accrued depreciation of fixed assets 83022. The amount of the revaluation is credited to operating income 2.1 Increased initial value of fixed assets 01912.2 Increased accrued depreciation of fixed assets 91023. The amount of the markdown is charged to retained earnings (uncovered loss) 3.1 The initial cost of fixed assets has been reduced 84013.2 The accrued depreciation of fixed assets has been reduced 02844. The amount of the markdown is attributed to the decrease in additional capital 4.1 Decreased the initial cost of fixed assets 830 14.2 Decreased the accrued depreciation of fixed assets 0283

1.4 Disposal (write-off) of fixed assets

Fixed assets are retired from the organization in the following cases:

.write-off due to unsuitability for further use

2.side sales

.donation

.transfers as a contribution to the authorized capital of another organization

.renting out property, leasing

.sales under barter agreements, etc.

The cost of an item of fixed assets that is retired or is not able to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future is subject to write-off from the accounting records.

According to the Instructions for the application of the Chart of Accounts<#"justify">No. Contents of the transaction DebitCredit1. Write-off of fixed assets for unsuitability 1.1 Write-off of initial cost 01-В011.2 Write-off of depreciation 0201-В1.3 Write-off of residual value 9101-В2. Sale of property 2.1 Write-off of the initial value 01-В012.2 Write-off of depreciation 0201-В2.3 Write-off of the residual value 9101-В2.4 The proceeds from the sale were received 62912.5 VAT from the sale was taken into account 91683. Gratuitous transfer of property 3.1 Write-off of the initial value 01-B013.2 Write-off of depreciation 0201-B3.3 Write-off of the residual value 9101-B3.4 Write-off of expenses related to the transfer 4. Transfer to the account of a contribution to the authorized capital 4.1 Write-off of the initial value 01-B014.2 Write-off of depreciation 0201-B4.3 Write-off of the residual value 9101-B4.4 Financial investments are taken into account 5891

For tax purposes, income and expenses from the liquidation of fixed assets are included in non-sale. In this case, the accounting of expenses from liquidation is carried out at a time (except for cases of losses).

The organization determines the profit (loss) from the sale or disposal of depreciable property on the basis of analytical accounting for each object at the date of recognition of income (expense). In this case, the profit received by the taxpayer must be included in the income from sales in the reporting period in which the property was sold. And the loss is reflected in the analytical accounting as other expenses of the organization in equal parts.

Disposal of fixed assets is documented in unified primary documents. When writing off an object for unsuitability, it is necessary to issue an Act on writing off the object of fixed assets (except for vehicles) in the form No. OC-4<#"center">1.5 Taxation of fixed assets

Value Added Tax (VAT)<#"justify">1.Fixed assets purchased for the implementation of activities subject to VAT

2.Fixed assets put into operation

3.There is a properly issued invoice for the acquired fixed assets<#"center">1.6 Accounting for depreciation of fixed assets

Depreciation of fixed assets is carried out in one of the following ways of calculating depreciation charges:

with the linear method - based on the initial cost of the item of fixed assets and the depreciation rate calculated based on the useful life of this item;

in the case of the decreasing balance method - based on the residual value of the fixed assets item at the beginning of the reporting year and the depreciation rate calculated based on the useful life of this item and the acceleration factor established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

in the case of the method of writing off the value by the sum of the number of years of the useful life - based on the initial cost of the object of fixed assets and the annual ratio, where the numerator is the number of years remaining until the end of the object's service life, and in the denominator is the sum of the number of years of the object's service life;

in the case of the method of writing off the value in proportion to the volume of production (work) - based on the natural indicator of the volume of production (work) in the reporting period and the ratio of the initial value of the fixed asset object and the estimated volume of production (work) for the entire useful life of the fixed asset object.

Let us give a brief description of the named methods.

With the linear method, depreciation is charged evenly over the years of operation:

A 2 = F b * H a / 100,

where A 2- annual depreciation charges; F b - the initial (book) cost of the object of fixed assets, thousand rubles; H a - the annual rate of depreciation deductions, years.

In this case, the annual depreciation rate is determined by the formula:

H a = 100% / T n. and

where T n. and - useful life of the object of fixed assets.

Useful life is the period of time determined by the entity to be profitable or to serve the purposes of the entity.

It is determined by regulatory deadlines or based on:

the expected performance or capacity of the used object of fixed assets;

expected physical wear and tear in accordance with the mode of operation (1-3 shifts), natural conditions, system of planned preventive maintenance;

regulatory and other restrictions on the use of the object of fixed assets (lease term).

With the method of reducing the balance, depreciation is calculated based on the residual value of the object of fixed assets at the beginning of the reporting year to the depreciation rates:

A i = (Ф 6i - Ai-1 ) * H a

where f 6i - residual value of the object of fixed assets at the beginning of the i-th year; A i-1 - the amount of depreciation deductions in the i-th year; H a - depreciation rate.

When using this method, the company can apply accelerated depreciation in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Amount of depreciation by years:

Year th - 120,000/8 x 2 - 30,000 rubles.

Year th - (120,000 - 30,000) / 8 x 2 = 90,000 / 8 x 2 = 22,500 rubles.

Year th - (90,000 - 22,500) / 8 x 2 - (67,500/8) x 2 = 19,275 rubles.

Year th - (67,500 - 19,275) / 8 x 2 = (48,225/8) x 2 = 12,056 rubles.

Year th - (48 225 - 12 056) / 8 x 2 = (36 169/8) x 2 = 9042 rubles.

Y year - (36 169 - 9042) / 8 x 2 - (27 127/8) x 2 - 6782 rubles.

Year th - (27 127 - 6782) / 8 x 2 - (20 345/8) x 2 = 5086 rubles.

Year th - (20 345 - 5086) / 8 x 2 = (15 259/8) x 2 - 3815 rubles.

Total accrued 108 566 rubles. This means that the company will continue to accrue depreciation even after 8 years.

The method of calculating depreciation based on the write-off of the cost by the sum of the number of years of useful life. With this method, the annual amount of depreciation is determined based on the book value of the object and the ratio of the number of years remaining until the end of the useful life to the sum of the natural series of the number of years of useful life.

Example. Calculate depreciation charges based on the number of years of useful life. The book value of the object is 120 thousand rubles, the useful life is 8 years, the sum of the natural series of the number of years of useful life:

2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 36.

Amount of depreciation by years:

year - 120,000 x (8/36) - 120,000 x 0.22 = 26,400 rubles.

year - 120,000 x (7/36) = 120,000 x 0.19 = 22,800 rubles.

year - 120,000 x (6/36) = 120,000 x 0.17 = 20,400 rubles.

year - 120,000 x (5/36) - 120,000 x 0.14 = 16,800 rubles.

year - 120,000 x (4/36) = 120,000 x 0.11 "13,200 rubles.

year - 120,000 x (3/36) = 120,000 x 0.08 = 9600 rubles.

year - 120,000 x (2/36) = 120,000 x 0.06 = 7200 rubles.

year - 120,000 x (1/36) - 120,000 x 0.03 = 3600 rubles.

Method of calculating depreciation in proportion to the volume of products produced (executed works). With this method, depreciation is charged over time in proportion to the share in the total, predetermined amount of work.

In order to create investment conditions for accelerating the introduction of scientific and technological achievements into production and increasing interest in accelerating the renewal and technical development of the active part of fixed assets, enterprises have the right to apply the method of accelerated depreciation.

Accelerated depreciation is a target method faster than the standard service life of fixed assets of the full transfer of their book value to the costs of production and circulation. Enterprises can apply the accelerated depreciation method in relation to fixed assets used to increase the output of computer technology, new progressive types of materials, instruments and equipment.

Small businesses, along with the use of accelerated depreciation to stimulate the renewal of machinery and equipment, can write off the first year of operation additionally as depreciation charges up to 50% of the book value of fixed assets with a service life of more than 3 years.

Example. A small enterprise purchased a metal-cutting machine worth 100,000 rubles. The depreciation rate is set at 15%. Then the company has the right to write off to production costs using the accelerated depreciation method:

* 2 * 15 =100

In addition, in the first year of operation, the enterprise also has the right to write off 50% of the cost of production, i.e.

* 50/100 = 50,000 rubles.

Thus, the estimated gross profit, and therefore the taxable profit, decreases in the first year by 80,000 rubles.

The organization has the right to choose the method of calculating depreciation. However, for tax purposes, depreciation on fixed assets is accrued in accordance with Articles 258 and 259 of Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (11):

depreciable property is divided into 10 groups in accordance with its useful life;

The taxpayer calculates depreciation using one of the following methods:

a) linear;

b) nonlinear.

The linear depreciation method is used for buildings, structures, transmission devices included in the eighth to tenth groups of depreciable property. For the rest of the depreciable property, the organization has the right to apply any of the two indicated methods of calculating depreciation.

Since 2009, the non-linear depreciation method has been changed in article 259.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The main news is that depreciation is not necessary for each object, but for depreciation groups.

Let's characterize the nonlinear method.

Depreciation should be calculated using the non-linear method every month - separately for each depreciation group. The formula is as follows:

A = B * k / 100,

where A is the amount of depreciation for the month for the corresponding depreciation group;

B - the total balance of the corresponding depreciation group;

k - depreciation rate for the corresponding depreciation group.

At the same time, in paragraph 5 of Article 259.2 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the following depreciation rates are established by groups:

the first group - 14.3;

the second group - 8.8:

the third group - 5.6;

the fourth group - 3.8;

the fifth group - 2.7;

the sixth group - 1.8;

seventh group - 1.3;

eighth group - 1.0;

ninth group - 0.8;

tenth group - 0.7.

Since depreciation must be charged monthly, the total balance must be determined on the 1st day of each month. Let's say depreciation for January is determined based on the total balance determined as of January 1, depreciation for February is determined based on the total balance as of February 1.

When determining the total balance for each 1st day of the month, the following should be taken into account.

New fixed assets or intangible assets that appeared in the last month and were put into operation must be included in the appropriate depreciation group. And accordingly, their initial cost will increase the size of the total balance on the 1st day of the month following the month of commissioning.

It is necessary to take into account the change in the initial cost of objects in the event of completion, retrofitting, reconstruction, modernization, technical re-equipment, partial liquidation.

If the company bought (or received as a contribution to the authorized capital or in the process of reorganization) a fixed asset that was in operation, then it must be included in the depreciation group in which it was registered with the previous owner. This rule is spelled out in clause 12 of the new edition of article 258 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

It is necessary to deduct from the total balance the residual value of fixed assets that are excluded from the composition of the depreciable property due to long-term conservation, reconstruction, modernization or due to transfer for free use (clause 3 of article 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). It is necessary to stop calculating depreciation on them from the 1st day of the month following the month when the object was excluded from the composition of the depreciable property (and 8 of Article 259.2).

In this case, the residual value of the objects will be determined by the formula:

Sn = S * (1 - 0.01 * k) n

where Sn is the residual value after n months after the object is included in the corresponding depreciation group;

S is the initial (or replacement) cost;

n - the number of full months from the day the object was included in the depreciation group until the day of exclusion from there (the calculation does not take into account the months when the object was excluded from the depreciable property on one of the grounds provided for in paragraph 3 of Article 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);

k - depreciation rate (taking into account the increasing or decreasing coefficient) applied to the corresponding depreciation group.

It is necessary to include this property back in the composition of the depreciable property from the 1st day of the month following the completion of the reconstruction, modernization, etc. (Clause 9, Article 259.2).

If the property has retired in the current month, then on the 1st day of the next month the total balance of the corresponding depreciation group must be reduced by the residual value of the retired object (clause 10 of article 259.2). The residual value is determined using the formula above.

Finally, the total balance should be reduced by the amount of depreciation charged in the last month.

If in the linear method the amount of depreciation for the month is determined by multiplying the initial cost of the object by the depreciation rate for this object, then in the nonlinear method - by multiplying the residual value of the object by the depreciation rate for the corresponding object.

Small enterprises, in accordance with the Federal Law "On State Support of Small Business" dated June 14, 1995, No. 88-FZ, can apply accelerated depreciation of fixed assets, which is two times higher than the norms established for the corresponding types of fixed assets. Along with the use of accelerated depreciation, small enterprises can write off additionally as depreciation deductions up to 50% of the initial cost of fixed assets with a service life of more than three years.

Thus, depreciation is calculated using one of the methods (methods) presented in Table 5.

Table 5.

The main methods of calculating depreciation

For accounting purposesFor tax accounting purposes, linear method; diminishing balance method; method of writing off the value by the sum of the number of years of useful life; method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works); linear nonlinear methods. In this case, the taxpayer has the right to include in the expenses of the period the expenses for capital investments in the amount of not more than 10% of the initial cost of fixed assets (except for those received free of charge). When calculating the amount of depreciation by the taxpayer, these capital expenditures are not taken into account.

Correspondence of depreciation accounts is presented in Table 6.

Table 6.

Basic depreciation operations

1.7 Accounting for the repair of fixed assets

In terms of the volume and nature of the repair work performed, the repair of fixed assets can be capital and current. They differ in complexity, volume and deadlines. Fixed assets can be repaired in an economic way, i.e. by the organization itself, or by contract (by third-party organizations).

In both cases, a list of defects is drawn up for each repaired object. It indicates the work to be performed, the timing of the beginning and end of the repair, the parts planned for replacement, the time norms for the work and the manufacture of the replaced parts, the estimated cost of the repair in the itemized section.

If the overhaul is carried out in an economic way, then on the basis of the list of defects in the department of the chief mechanic, orders-orders are issued. The first copy of the work order is transferred to the workshop - the manufacturer of the repair, the second - to the accounting department for analytical accounting for this order, and the third remains in the department of the chief mechanic to control the timing of the order. On the basis of the list of defects and the order-order, documents are issued to receive the necessary spare parts and materials from the warehouse, work orders for the manufacture, installation and restoration of individual parts and assemblies.

The cost of repairing fixed assets is charged to the production costs of the period in which they arise.

The actual costs associated with the performance or payment of work on the repair of fixed assets, organizations can be attributed directly to the accounts of production costs and circulation from the credit of the corresponding material, cash and settlement accounts (accounts 10 "Materials", 70 "Payments with personnel for wages" and etc.).

Organizations, especially organizations with seasonal production, can create a repair fund to accumulate funds for the implementation of repair work. To account for the repair fund, it is advisable to open a sub-account "Repair fund" on passive account 96 "Reserves for future expenses".

Deductions to the repair fund should be made on the basis of the planned cost estimate for all types of repairs.

Deductions to the repair fund are made out with the following accounting entry:

Debit account 25 "General production costs"

Credit account 96 "Reserves for future expenses".

When the repair fund is formed, operations on accounting for the repair of fixed assets carried out by an economic means, as a rule, are reflected, as a rule, in advance on the active synthetic account 23 "Auxiliary production".

The debit of this account takes into account the actual costs of capital and current repairs of own fixed assets, and the actual cost of repairs is written off from the credit at the expense of the repair fund. The balance on account 23 is debit and shows the costs of unfinished capital or current repairs of fixed assets. In the balance sheet, these costs are reflected in the item "Work in progress".

The posting of construction and other materials received during the repair of fixed assets is carried out according to the debit of the corresponding material accounts (10) and the credit of account 23 "Auxiliary production".

Acceptance of the repaired object from the overhaul is formalized by the act of acceptance and delivery of the repaired, reconstructed and modernized objects. Upon receipt of the act in the accounting department, a note is made on the work performed in the inventory card. In addition, the acceptance certificate serves as the basis for writing off the actual cost of capital repairs.

The write-off of the actual cost of repairs carried out in an economic way using account 23 is made out with the following entry:

The debit of account 96 "Reserves for future expenses"

Credit of account 23 "Auxiliary production".

For overhaul carried out by a contractor, the organization enters into an agreement with the contractor. Acceptance of the completed overhaul is formalized by the acceptance certificate. Completed capital works are paid to the contractor based on the estimated cost of their actual volume. For the cost of the completed capital work, the contractors submit invoices to the customer, the acceptance of which is made out with the following entry:

Debit of account 96 "Reserves for future expenses", subaccount "Repair fund"

Credit account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors."

The cost of major repairs carried out by a contract method can be written off from the credit of account 60 to the debit of the accounts of production and circulation costs.

At the end of the reporting year, the cost of repairing fixed assets should be written off to production or circulation costs in the amount of actual costs incurred.

In this regard, the amount of the provision exceeding the actual cost of repairs is canceled at the end of the year. If there is a shortage of the repair fund for the amount of the shortage, either an additional entry for accruals to the repair fund is made, or the specified amount is written off to production or circulation costs.

The balance on the "Repair fund" subaccount of account 96 "Provisions for future expenses", as a rule, should correspond to the costs of unfinished repair of complex objects.

Organizations can first take into account the costs of repairing fixed assets at the debit of account 97 "Deferred expenses" (from a loan of material, settlement and other accounts or account 23), and from this account during the year, as a rule, evenly write off to the accounts of production costs ( treatment). It is advisable to use this option for accounting for the costs of repairing fixed assets in those organizations of seasonal industries where the bulk of the costs of repairing fixed assets falls on the first months of the year, when the repair fund has not yet been created.

Depending on the chosen method of reflecting costs in accounting, operations for the repair of fixed assets are reflected in Table 7.

Table 7.

Typical transactions for the repair of fixed assets

No. Contents of the transaction DebitCredit1 Repair expenses are debited at a time20,25,26,4410,70,69,602. Formation and use of the repair fund 2.1 Monthly deductions to the repair fund 20,25,26,44962.2 Write-off of expenses at the expense of the repair fund 9610,70,69,602.3 Write-off of the amount of excess of actual costs 9710,70,69,602.4 Write-off of the amount of excess of the repair fund 20,25,26,44963. Allocation of costs to deferred expenses 3.1 The amount of actual costs for repairs is written off 9710,70,69,603.2 Monthly write-off of costs for the cost of production 20,25,26,4497

Reconstruction is the reorganization of existing fixed assets, associated with the improvement of production and an increase in its technical and economic indicators and carried out under the reconstruction project in order to increase production capacity, improve the quality and range of products.

Technical re-equipment is a set of measures to improve the technical and economic indicators of fixed assets based on the introduction of advanced equipment and technology, mechanization, production automation, modernization and replacement of obsolete and physically worn out equipment with new, more productive ones.

Simply put, modernization and reconstruction are carried out in order to improve the quality characteristics of fixed assets. The costs of their implementation are attributed to the increase in the initial cost<#"center">1.8 Accounting for lease transactions for property, plant and equipment

Lease as a type of entrepreneurial activity provides for the transfer by one party (lessor) to the other party (lessee) for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use of property in the form of non-current assets.

There are several options for classifying rental types. According to the economic sense, two types of lease are considered:

· Current lease

· Finance lease - leasing

Let's consider each type.

1.8.1 Current lease

The property is leased out under an appropriate agreement, according to which the lessor transfers the property to the lessee for use and charges the rent, while the ownership remains with the lessor. The lessor charges depreciation on the transferred property and repairs it on the terms specified in the contract. The accounting of fixed assets leased out is maintained by the lessor on the subaccount "Fixed assets leased" to account 01 "Fixed assets"<#"justify">No. The content of the business transaction Document DebitCredit12345In the account of the lessor1. Reflection of business transactions on account 911.1 Lease of fixed asset objects Acceptance - transfer act 01/201 / 11.2 Depreciation on leased fixed assets, security, provision of electricity, heating and other expenses Accounting calculation 9102/2, 10,60 1.3 Accrual of the rent amount (if the contract provides for a recurring fee) Agreement, accounting calculation62911.4 VAT accrued on lease payments Agreement, invoice9168L1DS1.5Calculation of property tax, from the value of the leasedCalculation of accounting9168 ​​/ Property tax1.6 Receipt of funds from the tenant Payment documents51,50,52622. Reflection of business transactions on account 902.1 Reflected the costs associated with the lease of property Accounting calculation 20, 23, 25, 26, 29,44602.2 VAT accrued as part of costs VAT amounts paid to suppliers of consumed resources that are related to the lease of property Invoice68 / VAT 192.5 Depreciation charges on property leased out are accrued Accounting calculations20, 23, 25, 26, 29.44022.6 Realization of services for the lease of property is reflected Invoice62902 .7 VAT accrued as part of the lease invoice 90682.8 The cost of rendered services for leasing property has been written down Accounting calculations 9020, 23, 25, 26, 29, 442.9 The financial result from property leasing (profit) has been determined. for rent Accounting calculation 9168 / Property tax 2.11 Received lease payments Payment documents 516 212 345

In the account of the tenant

3.1 Accounting for fixed assets received from the lessor at historical cost Act of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets 0013.2 The amount of rent for the reporting period has been charged Contract, invoice 25, 26, 4460 3.3 VAT has been allocated as part of the rental payment Invoice 1960 3.4 Accrual of the amount of rent in advance for future reporting periods VAT Contract, invoice 97, 1960, 603.5 Writing of rent for the reporting period Accounting calculation 25,26,44973.6 Transfer of rent Payment documents 6050,51,523.7 Deregistration of fixed assets, leased Act of acceptance - transfer of fixed assets 001

1.8.2 Finance lease - leasing

Leasing is: financial (direct) and operational.

Financial leasing provides for the repayment of the contractual value of the property during the term of the agreement, as well as the payment of interest for the use of the property. Depending on the nature of the transactions, finance leasing is subdivided into:

.Direct - after the end of the contract, the leased object becomes the property of the lessee

2.Returnable - the organization sells its property to the lessor and immediately as the lessee takes it back into a long-term lease (convenient in the case when it is necessary to receive free funds)

.Mixed - based on the equity participation of the lessor and the lessee in the acquisition of the leased object.

Operating lease means that after the end of the contract, the property is returned to the lessor.

In exchange for the right of ownership and use, the lessee pays lease payments to the lessor.

Lease payments - the total amount of payments under the lease agreement for the entire term of the agreement, which includes:

· reimbursement of the lessor's expenses for the acquisition and transfer of the leased asset to the lessee,

· reimbursement of costs associated with the provision of other services provided for by the contract,

· the lessor's income.

The total amount may include the redemption price of the leased asset if the contract provides for the transfer of ownership to the lessee. The lessor's accounting first reflects the acquisition of property intended to be leased. Further operations depend on whether the leased asset will be recorded on the lessor's balance sheet. By agreement of the parties, the leased asset is recorded on the balance sheet of the lessor or lessee.

Depreciation deductions are made by the one who has the leased asset on the balance sheet, while accelerated depreciation of the leased asset is possible. The accounting of transactions by the lessor and the lessee is presented in Table 9.

Table 9.

Leasing transactions accounting

Accounting with the lessor Accounting with the lessee Property on the balance sheet with the lessor When the property is transferred to the lessee, its value is not written off from the balance sheet, the operation is reflected by internal records on account 03<#"justify">If the property is subject to redemption, then the lessee reflects in the accounting the transfer of the leased property and the depreciation accrued on it to its own fixed assets.

1.9 Inventory of fixed assets

The inventory is carried out annually in accordance with the Methodological Guidelines for the Inventory of Property and Financial Liabilities and on the basis of a written order from the head (Form No. INV-22<#"justify">1.inventory cards, inventory books, inventories and other analytical registers;

2.technical passports or other technical documentation;

.documents for fixed assets leased or accepted by the organization for lease and storage.

During the inventory of fixed assets, the commission inspects the objects and enters them in the inventory (Form No. INV-1<#"justify">The results of the inventory should be reflected in the accounting and reporting of the month in which the inventory was completed, and for the annual inventory - in the annual accounting report.

The main operations for accounting for the inventory of fixed assets are presented in Table 10.

Table 10.

Correspondence of accounts for accounting results of inventory.

No. Contents of the transaction DebitCredit1. The identified surplus of fixed assets was taken into account 01912. Accounting for shortage of fixed assets 2.1 Write-off of initial cost 01-В012.2 Write-off of depreciation on fixed assets 0201-B2.3 Accounting for shortfalls at residual value 9401-B3. Writing off the shortage at the expense of the guilty persons 3.1 Residual value73-2943.2 Exceeding the market value73-2983.3 The amount received to cover the shortfall50.5173-23.4 The difference between the market and residual value was written off98914. Writing off the shortfall at the expense of the organization 9101

2. Methodology for auditing fixed assets accounting

2.1 Main legislative and regulatory documents

An audit of fixed assets is carried out on the basis of the following regulatory documents.

Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Tax Code of the Russian Federation, parts 1 and 2.

Law of the Russian Federation "On Accounting" No. 129-FZ dated November 21, 1996, as amended and supplemented.

On the classification of fixed assets included in depreciation groups (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 1, 2002 No. 1 with amendments and additions).

On uniform rates of depreciation deductions for the complete restoration of fixed assets of the national economy of the USSR (approved by Decree of the USSR Council of Ministers No. 1072 of October 22, 1990).

Regulation on accounting "Accounting policy of the organization" PBU 1/98 (approved by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 60n of December 9, 1998).

Accounting Regulations "Accounting for Agreements (Contracts) for Capital Construction" PBU 2/94 (approved by Order of the RF Ministry of Finance No. 167 of December 20, 1994).

Regulations on the accounting of long-term investments (approved by letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 160 dated December 30, 1993).

Regulation on accounting "Accounting for fixed assets" PBU 6/01 (approved by Order of the RF Ministry of Finance No. 26n dated March 30, 2001, with amendments and additions).

Methodical instructions on accounting of fixed assets (approved by Order of the RF Ministry of Finance No. 91n dated October 13, 2003, with amendments and additions).

Regulation on accounting "Organization's expenses" PBU 10/99 (approved by Order of the RF Ministry of Finance No. ЗЗн dated May 6, 1999 with subsequent amendments and additions).

Accounting Regulations "Accounting for Profit Tax Calculations" PBU 18/02 (approved by Order of the RF Ministry of Finance No. Ts4n dated November 19, 2002).

Methodical instructions for the inventory of property and financial obligations (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation No. 49 of June 13, 1995).

Chart of accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of enterprises and instructions for its application (approved by Order of the RF Ministry of Finance No. 94n dated October 31, 2000 with subsequent amendments and additions). %

On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for fixed assets accounting (Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation No. 7 dated January 21, 2003).

On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting of work in capital construction and repair and construction work (Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation No. 100 of November 11, 1999).

On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting for labor and its payment, fixed assets and intangible assets, materials, low-value and wearing out items, works in capital construction (Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation No. 71a dated October 30, 1997, with amendments and additions).

Rosstat Resolution "On Approval of Statistical Tools for Organizing Statistical Monitoring of Fixed Assets and Construction for 2008" No. 28 dated March 16, 2007

All-Russian classifier of fixed assets OK 01E * 94 (approved by the Resolution of the State Standard of the Russian Federation No. 359 of December 26, 1994 with amendments and additions).

2.2 Goals and objectives of the audit of fixed assets

The purpose of the audit of operations with fixed assets is to establish the reliability in all material respects of the reflection in accounting and reporting of operations for the acquisition, operation and disposal of fixed assets, as well as to form an opinion on the compliance of the accounting and reporting procedure with regard to the reflection of these operations.

The objectives of the audit of fixed assets are:

) study of the composition and structure of fixed assets;

) storage and operating conditions;

) confirmation of the initial assessment of the ICS and the accounting system;

) checking the correctness of registration and reflection in the accounting of transactions of the movement of fixed assets;

) assessment of the accrued depreciation and the reliability of its reflection in the accounting;

) establishment of the volume of the repair of fixed assets and the correctness of the reflection of the corresponding expenses in the accounting;

) confirmation of the results of the revaluation of fixed assets carried out in the reporting year;

) assessment of the quality of the inventory.

Thus, the main task of the audit of fixed assets is to confirm information about fixed assets in the financial statements, the auditor needs to study the entire set of submitted financial statements and establish that:

) data on the residual value of fixed assets at the beginning and end of the reporting period, entered in the balance sheet or the General Ledger, correspond to the data on line 120 "Fixed assets" of the Balance Sheet (form No. 1);

) data on the accrued amortization amount are included in line 020 "Cost of goods, products, works, services sold" of the profit and loss statement (form No. 2). On line 090 "Other income" of form No. 2, income from the sale of fixed assets must be shown, and on line 100 "Other expenses" the residual value of the sold assets should be reflected;

) line 210 of the cash flow statement (form No. 4) shows the proceeds from the sale of fixed assets, line 290 - the acquisition of fixed assets;

) the data in section II "Fixed assets" specified in the appendix to the balance sheet (form No. 5) correspond to the data of analytical accounting for accounts 01 "Fixed assets", 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets".

The auditor should study the composition and structure of fixed assets according to the data of analytical accounting registers (inventory cards for accounting for fixed assets, statements, etc.). In the process of studying, the correctness of the attribution of the considered objects to fixed assets, their classification, as well as the formation of inventory objects is determined.

2.3 Sources of information used in the audit of property, plant and equipment

The sources of information used in the audit of property, plant and equipment depend on the accounting policies adopted by the company. This is expressed in the choice of methods for calculating depreciation, commissioning of fixed assets, etc.

Fixed asset transactions should be formalized in unified interdepartmental forms of primary accounting documentation. The main sources of information required for an audit are:

· the act of acceptance and transfer of the object of fixed assets (except for buildings, structures) - f. No. OS-1;

· the act of acceptance and transfer of the building (structure) - f. No. OS-1a;

· act of acceptance and transfer of groups of fixed assets (except for buildings, structures) - f. No. OS-16;

· waybill for internal movement of fixed asset objects - f. No. OS-2;

· act of acceptance and delivery of repaired, reconstructed, modernized fixed assets - f. No. OS-3;

· the act of writing off the object of fixed assets (except for vehicles) - f. No. OS-4;

· vehicle write-off act - f. No. OS-4a;

· the act on the write-off of groups of fixed assets (except for vehicles) - f. OS-46;

· inventory card of the object of fixed assets - f. No. OS-6;

· inventory card of group accounting of fixed assets - f. No. OS-6a;

· inventory book of accounting of objects of fixed assets - f. OS-66;

· certificate of acceptance (receipt) of equipment - f. OS-14;

· certificate of acceptance and transfer of equipment for installation - f. OS-15;

· act of identified equipment defects - f. No. OS-16;

· order journals No. 13, 10 and 10/1 - for maintaining synthetic accounting of the movement of fixed assets and their depreciation (with a journal-order form of accounting), and when using computer information technologies - machine charts of debit and credit turnovers on account 01, 02;

·main book;

· Balance sheet (form No. 1);

· profit and loss statement (form No. 2);

· report on changes in equity (form No. 3);

· annex to the balance sheet (form No. 5);

· explanatory note;

· other documents, certificates, calculations, etc.

The work in the audit of fixed assets can be divided into two stages: preparatory and main.

At the preparatory stage, it is necessary to carry out the following actions:

.To get acquainted with the accounting policy of the enterprise in terms of organizing the accounting of fixed assets in the audited reporting period.

2.Get acquainted with the composition of the commission appointed by the head to control the movement and liquidation of fixed assets.

.Establish a circle of financially responsible persons, make sure that there are agreements with them on full financial responsibility.

.To get acquainted with the results of the last inventory (at the same time, check the signatures of all members of the inventory commission, clarify if there were any written objections to the acts of individual members of the commission).

The main stage includes audit procedures in relation to accounting for items of property, plant and equipment.

The main directions of the audit of fixed assets accounting should ensure:

· control over the availability and safety of fixed assets;

· the correctness of the assignment of items to fixed assets;

· the correctness of the valuation of fixed assets in the accounting;

· the correctness of registration and reflection in the accounting of transactions for the receipt and disposal of fixed assets;

· the correctness of accrual and reflection in the accounting of depreciation and repair of fixed assets;

· the correctness of the reflection of data on the availability and movement of fixed assets in accounting and reporting.

In accordance with the main directions and tasks of the audit of fixed assets, four areas of verification can be distinguished:

) audit of the availability and safety of fixed assets;

) audit of the movement of fixed assets;

) audit of the correctness of depreciation;

) checking the correctness of taxation on fixed assets.

An audit of the accounting of fixed assets is carried out on the basis of a general plan and an audit program for fixed assets. The general plan for checking fixed assets should take into account the named areas of audit of these areas. Let's consider each direction and give them a characteristic.

2.4.1 Checking the presence and safety of fixed assets

The auditor needs to check:

whether a commission has been created at the enterprise for the acceptance of fixed assets and the registration of its results;

whether sales and purchase agreements for fixed assets have been drawn up;

whether the protocols of the contract price have been drawn up;

whether the initial value of fixed assets is indicated correctly in the acceptance certificates;

whether the initial cost after completion, retrofitting, reconstruction or partial liquidation of objects is correctly reflected.

Based on the data of checking the state of control and accounting of fixed assets, the auditor will be able to conclude about the effectiveness of control.

An important condition for ensuring the safety of fixed assets is a high-quality inventory of them. Therefore, in the process of control, it is necessary to check its completeness and timeliness, as well as the correctness of the reflection of the results in accounting. This is necessary for the auditor in order to know how much you can trust the results of the inventory carried out in the enterprise in order to reduce the audit risk.

Checking the status of fixed asset accounting, you need to make sure that the organization of analytical accounting is correct.

In order to gain a deeper understanding of the control and accounting of fixed assets, the auditor needs to require the company to draw up a detailed list of all fixed assets owned by the company at the date of the report, broken down by type. This list must be accompanied by information on the reduction or revaluation of the value of fixed assets, information on fixed assets leased by the enterprise from other enterprises and organizations.

Fixed assets are reflected in the accounting not systematically, but as transactions are performed, which affects the correctness of depreciation and its inclusion in the costs of circulation and production.

Accumulated depreciation charges are calculated as at the reporting date. Despite the fact that the list of fixed assets contains extensive information about the availability of fixed assets, their movement during the year, the auditor also needs to obtain documents reflecting the receipt, disposal, movement of fixed assets. According to the documents and the accounting records in them, you can be sure how correctly the transactions on the movement of fixed assets were reflected on account 01 "Fixed Assets".

Confirmation of data on business transactions for fixed asset accounting is an extended procedure, since the bulk of the data is contained in external and internal documents. The involvement of such documents as invoices, contracts, lease agreements, insurance policies, marks (acts) of the tax office, will allow the auditor to obtain convincing information about the audited object. If auditors need more complete data than what can be extracted from ledgers, then they should consult letters addressed to landlords, insurance companies and government agencies.

Documentary confirmation of business transactions on fixed assets is the process of selecting an account item and tracking in the reverse order, i.e. search for source documents confirming the correctness of the account. For fixed assets, auditors can make a sample in order to establish the fact of receipt, disposal of fixed assets, as well as identify items of repair, on which significant funds were spent. You can also use a random sampling method. Thus, it is possible to establish the amounts of taxes and expenses for the insurance of fixed assets reflected in the accounting.

In the process of auditing fixed assets, a recalculation technique is widely used, which must be carried out when checking the depreciation and estimates of disposal and write-off of fixed assets. Accumulated depreciation exists as an arithmetic value, therefore, its reality can only be determined by recalculation.

2.4.2 Checking the accounting of the movement of fixed assets

Ways of receipt of fixed assets to the enterprise:

purchase for a fee from suppliers;

gratuitous receipt;

founders' contributions to the authorized capital;

redemption of leased fixed assets;

return of property (fixed assets) under a joint venture agreement.

The receipt of fixed assets is formalized by an act of acceptance and transfer of an object of fixed assets (form OS-1) with the attachment to it of technical documentation for this object.

Reasons for disposal of fixed assets at the enterprise:

liquidation of the object due to dilapidation and wear and tear, as well as due to force majeure;

liquidation in connection with re-equipment, modernization;

transfer of fixed assets to other organizations.

To determine the unsuitability of fixed assets at the enterprise, a special commission is created. The commission draws up the liquidation of objects with an act for the write-off of fixed assets (form OS-3), which is approved by the head of the enterprise. On its basis, the accountant puts in the card the date of disposal of the object, which is approved by the head of the enterprise. On its basis, the accountant puts in the card the date of disposal of the object and the number of the act.

In places where fixed assets are used (in the shops and departments of the enterprise), inventory lists of fixed assets (form OS-9) are kept, containing brief information about the objects of fixed assets in operation.

Inventory cards for incoming, outgoing and relocated fixed assets within the enterprise after the necessary records are not laid out until the end of the month, but are stored separately. This is necessary, since on their basis the calculation of depreciation of fixed assets (depreciation) is made monthly. In addition, at the end of the month, the cards with entries for the given month are grouped according to the classification types of fixed assets, then the turnovers on receipt and disposal for each type are summed up and recorded in the fixed asset movement accounting card.

It is necessary to check the correctness of the valuation of fixed assets, since an incorrect valuation can not only distort the overall picture, but also cause:

inaccurate calculation of depreciation;

incorrect reflection of fixed assets in the accounting (financial) statements.

When auditing transactions on the movement of fixed assets, you should pay attention to the following points:

when transferring fixed assets as a contribution to the authorized capital, a list of them must be provided with an indication of the initial cost, depreciation and the price of the agreement upon transfer. The list must be accompanied by the second copies of the acceptance certificates, certified by the seal of the transmitting party, and all technical documentation for the transferred objects;

when purchasing fixed assets, a purchase and sale agreement must be drawn up indicating the initial cost, depreciation and purchase price;

when purchasing fixed assets in a set (for example, office furniture), a decoding must be entered in the inventory card - a list of individual items included in the set;

when purchasing items of fixed assets for foreign currency, the initial cost of the item must be accounted for at the converted exchange rate in rubles at the time of acquisition;

capital construction objects that are in temporary operation, before they are put into permanent operation, are not included in the composition of fixed assets, but are accounted for as capital investments in progress;

fixed assets, taken into operation on the basis of the current lease, are accounted for on off-balance sheet account 001;

in case of gratuitous transfer, fixed assets are subject to VAT from the transferring party, except for the gratuitous transfer of fixed assets previously credited to fixed assets with VAT (for non-production sphere);

to determine the unsuitability of fixed assets, the impossibility or ineffectiveness of carrying out their refurbishment, as well as to draw up the necessary documentation for writing off at the enterprise, a permanent commission must be created by order of the head;

if the equipment is written off in connection with the construction of new, expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, then the list of this equipment must be indicated in the plan for the expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises;

all parts, assemblies and assemblies from disassembly and dismantling of equipment, suitable for further use, must be entered into the warehouse. This operation is reflected by an entry in accounting (D 10-K 01).

2.4.3 Verification of depreciation calculations

During the audit, it is necessary to establish whether all items of fixed assets are taken into account when calculating depreciation, whether it is charged taking into account the movement of fixed assets, whether the depreciation rates are applied correctly.

Depreciation is charged on all types of fixed assets, with the exception of land and natural resources on conservation, housing and external amenities, library funds, museum and art treasures, productive animals on the balance sheet of the enterprise.

For an item of fixed assets, depreciation deductions begin from the first day of the month following the month of accepting the item for accounting, and are charged until its value is fully paid off or written off from accounting in connection with the termination of ownership or other property rights.

Depreciation deductions for an item of fixed assets are terminated from the first day of the month following the month of full repayment of its value or write-off from accounting.

Depreciation charges for fixed assets are reflected in the accounting of the reporting period to which they relate, and are accrued regardless of the results of the organization's activities in the reporting period.

Depreciation charges for items of fixed assets are reflected in accounting by accumulating amounts on a separate account.

Currently, the following depreciation options can be applied:

) method of decreasing balance;

) the method of writing off the value by the sum of the number of years of the useful life;

) method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works).

During the reporting year, depreciation charges for items of fixed assets are charged monthly, regardless of the method of accrual used, in the amount of 1/12 of the annual amount.

Here it is important to establish the correctness of the classification of fixed assets to the corresponding group of depreciation deductions. To check the correctness of the attribution of depreciation to the accounts of costs or other sources, it is necessary to establish what type of fixed assets belong to - they are of production or non-production purpose.

When checking the accrual of depreciation, the auditor should pay special attention to the accrual of depreciation on fixed assets that are not related to industrial and production (for example, cultural objects), to establish whether it is included in the cost of production. This is done in order to reduce the cost of maintaining non-industrial facilities, and such cases are identified during inspections.

Due to the fact that at present many enterprises are idle or work in less than two shifts, are in reserve or are mothballed, an important element of the check is the uniformity of suspension of depreciation or the application of reduction factors to the existing norms (most of the norms for calculating depreciation are established on the basis of two-shift operation of equipment ).

It is important to check if depreciation continues to be charged on fixed assets that are already fully depreciated; Are there any mistakes in determining the depreciation rates, especially for those fixed asset items, in the documents of which the codes are not indicated.

When controlling the accrual of depreciation, it is necessary to take into account that some enterprises are allowed to use the method of accelerated depreciation of the active part of production fixed assets. Accelerated depreciation is applied and formalized by the company as an element of the accounting policy.

When checking the accrual of depreciation of fixed assets, you should check how depreciation is calculated by type and depreciation groups for tax purposes in accordance with Articles 257 and 258 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

If the auditor finds errors, it is necessary to bring information about them to the attention of the client, offer to correct them and make the necessary adjustments to the registers and reporting forms.

For all the facts of incorrect accrual of depreciation, the amounts of over-accrued or under-accrued depreciation are determined. They establish how this affected the cost of production and financial results, identify the causes of violations and those responsible for that, propose measures to prevent such shortcomings in the future.

2.5 List of audit procedures

The audit organization and the individual auditor must obtain appropriate audit evidence in order to formulate reasonable conclusions on which the auditor's opinion on the correctness of accounting and the reliability of accounting (financial) statements is based (See Appendix 13).

Audit evidence is obtained as a result of a set of tests of internal controls and the necessary substantive procedures.

When collecting audit evidence, the auditor can apply several types of audit procedures in accordance with federal rule (standard) No. 5 "Audit evidence". So, when checking the accounting of fixed assets, the following methods of obtaining evidence are used:

verification of arithmetic calculations of the audited entity (recount);

inspection;

observation;

the confirmation;

analytical procedures.

Checking arithmetic calculations is used to confirm the accuracy of calculations of the amounts of accrued depreciation

for fixed assets, tax calculations, reporting indicators, etc.

Inspection is a check of records and documents when checking the accounting and reflection of transactions on settlements on fixed assets.

Observation is the auditor's tracking of the process or procedure performed by others in accounting for transactions in fixed assets.

Confirmation is used to establish the actual transfer and acceptance of fixed assets contributions to joint activities, authorized capital of other organizations, etc.

Analytical procedures are used when comparing the availability of fixed assets in different periods, data from the statement of their movement, assessing the relationship between different items and reporting forms, etc.

In addition, the auditor must be present during the inventory of fixed assets or, if necessary, conduct it independently.

2.6 Typical violations in the accounting of transactions with fixed assets

There are the following typical violations in the accounting of fixed assets transactions.

Incorrect acceptance for accounting of assets as fixed assets.

Inaccurate fulfillment of the criteria for classifying property as fixed assets or assets in circulation.

Carrying out accounting of fixed assets by groups, and not by inventory objects.

Inaccurate determination of the initial cost of fixed assets when they are accepted for accounting.

Inaccurate reflection of changes in the initial value of fixed assets, in which they are accepted for accounting, in cases of completion, additional equipment, reconstruction, partial liquidation and revaluation of fixed assets.

Irregular revaluation of fixed assets.

Inaccurate reflection in the accounting of the amounts of markdown and revaluation.

8. Accrual of depreciation amounts higher than the cost of fixed assets.

9. Inaccurate determination of the useful life of an item of fixed assets when the item is accepted for accounting.

Suspension of the accrual of depreciation charges during the useful life of an item of fixed assets without sufficient grounds (for example, conservation of fixed assets).

Inaccurate reflection in the accounting of the restoration of an object of fixed assets carried out through repair, modernization and reconstruction.

The cost of an item of fixed assets that is retired or is not constantly used for the production of products, the performance of work and the provision of services, or for the management needs of the organization, is subject to write-off from the accounting records.

3. Carrying out an audit of the accounting of fixed assets on the example of the company "Nord-Klass" LLC

3.1 Organizational and economic characteristics of Nord-Klass LLC

Limited Liability Company "Nord-Klass" LLC, approved by the decision of the constituent assembly dated July 17, 1998, in accordance with Article 87-94 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Limited Liability Companies" No. 14-FZ dated 08.02.1998

The main activities provided for by the charter of OOO Nord-Klass:

?construction and reconstruction, including the construction of production and non-production facilities on a turnkey basis in a timely manner;

?repair work;

?production of mortar, concrete, the simplest reinforced concrete, metal, reinforcement and wood products.

The company also has the right to carry out any activity not prohibited by the legislative acts of the Russian Federation.

The enterprise owns, uses and disposes of the property assigned to it within the limits established by the Agreement on the consolidation of property, on the basis of full economic management .

The sources of the formation of the property and financial resources of the enterprise are:

?depreciation deductions;

?profit received from the sale of works, services, as well as from other types of economic activity;

?loans from banks and other lenders;

?other sources permitted by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The enterprise independently disposes of the profit received as a result of the enterprise's activities, remaining after paying taxes and other mandatory payments.

At present, LLC "Nord-Klass" submits quarterly and annual financial statements without fail (Appendices 1, 2, 3,4).

As of 01.01.2010, the residual value of the company's fixed assets amounted to 537 thousand rubles. In 2009, fixed assets were taken into account in the amount of 250 thousand rubles, retired - in the amount of 158 thousand rubles, the amount of accrued depreciation amounted to 102 thousand rubles.

The accounting policy of "Nord-Klass" LLC is formed in accordance with PBU 1/08 and is the main document governing accounting and tax accounting (Appendix 5).

3.2 Planning an audit at Nord-Class LLC

Before the start of the audit, the auditing organization draws up a letter of commitment to Nord-Klass LLC for consent to the audit (Appendix 6), and also concludes an agreement for the provision of this type of service (Appendix 7).

The audit begins with a study and assessment of the accounting system and internal control of the accounting of fixed assets on the basis of tests (see Table 11).

Table 11.

Tests for checking the state of internal control systems and accounting of operations with fixed assets of Nord-Klass LLC

No. Content of the question or object of research Content of the answer (result of verification) Conclusions and decisions of the auditor A. Internal control1 Is there an authorized person responsible for the preservation of documentation on fixed assets? Yes, Ch. the accountant appointed by the order The order meets the established requirements 2 Have conditions been created to ensure the safety of documents confirming the organization's right to a fixed asset? The room is equipped with an alarm system, documents are stored in a safe. Proper storage conditions are ensured. 5 Are the necessary details in the documents filled in completely? Some documents do not have a date, there are corrections, duplicates of numbers The risk of control is high. Pay attention to the execution of documents6 Is the circle of persons responsible for the safety of the OSD object defined? The control risk is low7How does the organization ensure non-disclosure of commercial secrets? Contract for non-disclosure of commercial secrets is concluded with employees? Accounting system 10 Are there any schemes for reflecting transactions with fixed assets on the accounts? Only a working chart of accounts has been defined, there are no charts Possible errors in the correspondence of accounts 11 Is there information on the valuation methods for fixed assets purchased for other than cash No Control risk is high 12 Is information about the useful life of fixed assets adopted by the organization disclosed (for individual groups) Yes, in orders to Accounting for an asset is possible Errors in calculating depreciation 13 Is information disclosed on the methods of calculating depreciation charges for certain groups of fixed assets Yes, in the accounting policy Low control risk14 Is information on the methods of reflecting depreciation charges on fixed assets disclosed in accounting Yes, in the accounting policy Is there a separate synthetic control risk? analytical accounting in the organization Yes Risk of control is low16 Are standard forms of analytical accounting of fixed assets used Yes Risk of control is low 17 Are all fixed assets reflected in analytical accounting Yes Risk of control is low18 Implementation Is there control over operations with fixed assets by the management of the organization No, control is carried out by the MOL and accounting department Risk of control is high19 Is the method of accelerated depreciation applied to individual fixed assets No20 Are all objects taken into account when calculating depreciation Yes Risk of control is low21 Is the movement of fixed assets taken into account when calculating depreciation Yes Risk of control is low22 No cases depreciation during the reconstruction No Risk of control is low 23 Are the estimates of capital repairs of fixed assets made correctly?

Calculation of the level of materiality and audit risk.

Federal rule (standard) No. 4 "Materiality in audit" establishes uniform requirements for the concept of materiality and its relationship with audit risk. The audit organization in the process of conducting an audit is obliged to assess materiality and its relationship with audit risk.

The level of materiality is understood as the maximum allowable amount of error (distortion) in the reporting of the audited entity, which will not mislead the user of the reporting regarding the information of interest.

The materiality level is calculated as follows (see Table 12).

Table 12.

Calculation of the materiality level

Name of the basic indicator The value of the basic indicator of the financial statements of the audited economic entity (thousand rubles) Share (%) The value used to find the level of materiality (thousand rubles) Balance sheet profit of the enterprise 2433551216.75 Gross sales volume excluding VAT 14000722800.14 Balance currency 420732841.46 Own capital 246,110,246.10 Total costs of the enterprise 205,752,411.50

The procedure for calculating the level of materiality.

In column 2 we write down the indicators taken from the financial statements of OOO Nord-Klass. The indicators in column 3 should be determined by the internal instructions of the audit firm and applied on an ongoing basis.

Column 4 is obtained by multiplying the data in column 2 by the figure in column 3 divided by 100%.

The arithmetic mean of the indicators in column 4 is:

(1216.75 + 2800.14 + 841.46 + 246.1 + 411.5) / 5 = 1103.19 thousand rubles.

The smallest value differs from the average by:

(1103.19 - 246.10) / 1103.19 x 100 = 77.69%.

The largest value differs from the average by:

(1103.19 - 2800.14) / 1103.19 x 100 = 153.82%.

Since the value of 2800.14 thousand rubles. differs from the average more significantly than the value of 246.10 thousand rubles. and, in addition, the second largest value of 411.5 thousand rubles. is very close in value to 246.10 thousand rubles, we decide to discard the largest value in further calculations, and leave the smallest value. The new arithmetic mean is:

(1216.75 + 841.46 + 246.1 + 411.5) / 5 = 543.16 thousand rubles.

The resulting value can be rounded up to 545 thousand rubles. and use this quantitative indicator as the value of the materiality level. The difference between the materiality level before and after rounding is:

(545 - 543.16) / 543.16 x 100 = 0.34%, which is within 20%.

Audit risk - means the likelihood of not revealing significant errors with a positive auditor's report and, conversely, with a negative auditor's report, the client's reporting does not have material errors.

Audit risk includes on-farm risk (ICR), control risk (RR), risk of non-detection (RN). Imagine audit risk as the following model:

PAR = VHR * RK * RN, where

PAR - Acceptable Audit Risk - expresses a measure of the auditor's willingness to recognize that the client's financial statements may contain material errors after the audit has already been completed and the auditor's report has been issued.

VHR - expresses the existence of an error exceeding the permissible value before checking the ICS.

RK - shows the likelihood that an existing error exceeding the permissible value will neither be prevented nor detected in the on-farm control system.

RN - means the likelihood that the applied audit procedures and the evidence to be collected will not allow to detect errors exceeding the allowable value.

The auditor believes that the chemistry is 80%, the RK is 50% and the PH is 10%. Then:

PAR = 0.8 * 0.5 * 0.1 = 0.04 or 4%

If the auditor has come to the conclusion that the PAR should be no more than 4%, then he can consider the plan acceptable.

When calculating the audit risk, it is advisable to monitor the controls used in Nord-Klass LLC when accounting for intangible assets. Monitoring is carried out in two stages:

) general acquaintance with the means of control and their initial assessment;

) confirmation of the validity of the assessment of controls.

stage. General acquaintance with the means of control and an initial assessment of its reliability. At the beginning, you should get a general idea of ​​the specifics and scale of the activity of an economic entity and the system of controls. Acquaintance with the system of means of control at the preliminary stage is carried out on the basis of an oral survey, viewing the necessary documents, processing and evaluating information about the parties to the economic activity of the audited economic entity. To assess the reliability of controls, the following gradation scale is used (See Table 13).

Table 13.

Scale for assessing the degree of reliability of the internal control system

Interval Degree of reliability Less than 60% Low 60 to 80% Medium More than 80% High

The results of this familiarization are presented in Table 14.

Table 14.

Introduction to controls

Issues of testing the control system Answer There is a permanent inventory commission + Is there a commission for the acceptance of fixed assets - Are there persons responsible for the safety of fixed assets + Is there control over the safety of fixed assets + Are there persons responsible for maintaining accounting of fixed assets -Are there persons in charge who are responsible for the document flow for accounting for the movement of fixed assets + Is there a limited circle of persons who have access to the use of fixed assets +

Conclusions from table 14: after a general acquaintance with the system of controls over the accounting of intangible assets of Nord-Klass LLC, we can say that the efficiency and reliability of the control system is assessed as average and amounts to: 5/7 × 100% = 71.43% .

stage. Confirmation of the assessment of the essential elements of in-process control. The second stage of verification is a procedure for confirming the reliability of the assessment of funds identified in the previous stages. The procedure is carried out on the basis of studying, analyzing and evaluating information about the following aspects of the economic activity of the audited entity (See Table 15).

Table 15.

Assessment of essential elements of in-house control

Essential elements of intra-production control Meaning Answer (+/-) Is the separation of the functions for the implementation of real commercial and financial and economic activities from the functions for accounting. This approach ensures objectivity and independence of accounting and creates the basis for true intra-production control. + Is there a division of accounting functions Provides higher control over the correctness and timeliness of accounting operations + Is the personal responsibility of each employee of the enterprise established? -Is the circle of officials who have the right to sign documents determined? The number of persons who have the right to sign documents should be limited? + Use of unified forms of primary accounting documentation Increases the quality and level of accounting + Is there a means of protection? The likelihood of theft and loss of relevant documents is reduced with proper organization of security , the use of signaling devices, the establishment of safes, the restriction of access to valuables and funds. + Whether sudden inspections are carried out Business activities should be periodically monitored by the accounting service, the audit commission, the internal audit service, an independent auditing organization, persons authorized by the board or directorate - Personnel qualifications documentation in accordance with the provisions and requirements of the current economic legislation. -

Conclusions from table 15: the essential elements of the in-house control of OOO Nord-Klass are assessed as average and amount to: 5/8 × 100% = 62.5% .

In general, for the enterprise, it should be noted that the system of means of control is average and amounts to (71.43 + 62.5) / 2 = 66.97%.

Based on these data and conclusions, the auditor should plan the audit procedures, but should not absolutely trust this assessment.

Audit plan and program.

The general plan of the audit of the accounting of fixed assets is as follows:

?to study the composition and structure of fixed assets according to the data of primary documents and accounting registers;

?confirm ownership of fixed assets;

?checking the correctness of documentary registration of operations with fixed assets;

?establish the correctness of reflection in the accounting of transactions with fixed assets;

?to confirm the accuracy of the accrual and reflection in the accounting of depreciation on fixed assets;

?assess the quality of the inventory;

?checking the correctness of reflection in the reporting of information on fixed assets.

The audited organization is Nord-Class LLC.

Audit period - from 05.10.2010 to 15.10.2010.

The number of man-hours is 80.

Head of the audit group - Dmitriev D.A.

Audit team members: T.V. Krylova

Planned audit risk - 4%.

Planned level of materiality:

) Qualitatively - compliance with regulations;

) Quantitatively - 565 thousand rubles.

The audit program is shown in Table 16.

Table 16.

Audit program for fixed asset accounting operations at Nord-Klass LLC

No. List of procedures Sources of information Selective control of fixed assets (OS) a) check the documents for ownership and the correctness of attribution of the object to OS Contracts, invoices, acts of acceptance and transfer, acts of commissioning, invoices, etc. Checking the data of accounting registers of fixed assets and reconciling them with accounts of the General Ledger; Inventory cards of accounting of fixed assets, order journals, General ledger. Preparation of the list of receipt of fixed assets: a) confirm the presence and correctness of the relevant visas and details on the documents; b) check the correctness of the definition and completeness of reflection in the accounting of the initial cost of the fixed assets. Contracts, invoices, waybills, acts of acceptance and transfer, acts of write-off, inventory cards of fixed assets, General ledger. Checking the OS inventory data and comparing its results with accounting data Inventory lists, OS inventory cards. Checking the correctness of allocation and refund of VAT on incoming fixed assets, accrual of VAT and other taxes on sales and other disposals Settlement and payment documents, tax calculations, acts of acceptance and transfer, acts of write-off Analysis of the correctness of the accrual of depreciation of fixed assets Accounting policy, statements of depreciation accrual Checking the correct assignment of depreciation charges to the corresponding accounts for the accounting of costs, etc. Sheets of the distribution of depreciation deductions. Calculation and reconciliation of analytical accounting data of the accrued depreciation of fixed assets with the data of accounts in the general ledger Checking the correctness of the reflection of fixed assets in the reporting General ledger, financial statements

3.3 Conducting an audit of property, plant and equipment - substantive procedures

Since there are more than 50 items of fixed assets on the balance sheet of Nord-Klass LLC, it is advisable to carry out an inspection in a selective way. This decision was influenced by a number of factors:

?depreciation of fixed assets, especially the active part, is very high;

?the enterprise has not sufficiently revalued, the fixed assets of the enterprise are predominantly accounted for in prices of 1998-2000.

?average age of fixed assets at the end of 2009 was 7 years old.

In a sample check, the auditor must first subdivide (stratify) the entire set of fixed assets so that elements of all subsets can be selected for checking with equal probability.

The set of fixed assets of the organization was divided into sub-populations according to the following criteria:

stage: classification in reporting. If, in the reporting, fixed assets are classified into several groups, for example, land plots, buildings and structures, machinery and equipment, it is necessary that the sample includes fixed assets reflected for each item. The auditor may decide not to check the elements for any of the items of the classification of fixed assets if it is significantly less than the materiality level and possible violations will not affect the reliability of the financial statements of the organization as a whole;

stage: classification by depreciation groups. If the fixed assets of an organization are divided into several depreciation groups, the sample should include fixed assets from different depreciation groups.

3.4 Conduct and document control procedures, substantive procedures

Accounting in Nord-Klass LLC is carried out in an automated form using the 1C: Enterprise 8 program according to the standard configuration of edition 5.4.

The cost of items of property, plant and equipment is redeemed through depreciation on a straight-line basis. According to the accounting policy, the initial cost of fixed assets, worth more than 20,000 rubles. per unit is repaid through depreciation. Fixed assets, the cost of which does not exceed 20,000 rubles. are written off in accounting as expenses at a time after commissioning.

Checking the availability of fixed assets and the correctness of their documentation.

Checking the creation of a commission for the acceptance of fixed assets.

During the audit, the order on the creation of a commission for the acceptance of fixed assets was not found. However, this commission is created as the fixed asset is received at the enterprise and, as a rule, it includes:

?Executive Director;

Ch. engineer;

Accountant.

The composition of this commission also depends on which structural unit of the enterprise the object will enter.

Further, the data of the fixed assets accounting registers is checked and reconciled with the accounts of the General Ledger, as well as the completeness and correctness of the disclosure of information on fixed assets in the reporting. Working paper # 1 is being prepared (Table 17).

Table 17.

Working paper # 1

Indicator name Balance at the beginning of 2009 Debit turnover Credit turnover Balance at the end of 2009 Analysis of accounts 012035350.00250000.00158010.002127340.00Analysis of accounts 021534147.56158010.00101811.722127340.00 56158010,00101811,721590345,84 The residual value of fixed assets according to the auditor's calculations

Checking the discrepancies between the data of the fixed assets accounting registers, the General Ledger and the auditor's calculations did not reveal. The data on fixed assets are fully reflected in the financial statements, information on the intangible assets of Nord-Klass LLC, Severomorsk, is correctly disclosed in the statements.

Verification of the correctness of the purchase and sale agreement is reflected in the working document No. 2 (Table 18).

Table 18.

The results of checking the execution of the sale and purchase agreement for fixed assets on formal grounds (working paper No. 2)

No. IndicatorsCheck1Presence of original signatures + 2Presence of original seals + 3Presence of requisites of the contracting parties + 4Presence of a mark of the body authorized to register rights +

Checking the sales and purchase agreements on formal grounds showed that all the details of the agreement were filled in in accordance with the requirements contained in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Checking the availability of information and the completeness of its reflection in the acts of acceptance - transfer. On the day of acceptance, an act of acceptance - transfer of an object of fixed assets (except for buildings and structures) (form No. OS-1) is written out on the balance sheet of the enterprise in one copy (Appendix 8.9). Verification of acceptance and transfer acts on formal grounds is necessary in order to check the completeness of the reflection of information in this document and to identify shortcomings in the design of unified forms of primary documentation. The results of this review are presented in Working Paper # 3 (See Table 19).

Table 19.

The results of checking the completeness of the reflection of information in the acceptance certificate OS-1 (working paper No. 3)

No. of p / p Contents Check result 1 document name + 2 date of preparation of the document + 3 name of the organization on whose behalf the document was drawn up + 4 content of the business transaction + 5 measuring instruments of the business transaction in kind and in monetary terms + 6 Useful life + 7 Initial cost as of the date of acceptance for accounting + 8 Method of depreciation + 9name of the positions of the persons responsible for the performance of the business transaction and the correctness of its registration + 10personal signatures of the indicated persons and their decryption +

Checking the acts of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets according to formal criteria revealed the following:

?All the considered forms are fully filled out in terms of official information - all the required details are indicated in accordance with the Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated January 21, 2003 No. 7 "On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for fixed assets accounting."

?All the documents under consideration have been drawn up in accordance with and on the basis of Federal Law dated November 21, 1996 No. 129 - FZ "On Accounting". In accordance with which the primary accounting documents are drawn up in the form contained in the albums of unified forms of primary accounting documentation, and the documents, the form of which is not provided for in these albums, contain mandatory details.

?the act fully reflects all the information on the objects included in the sample.

Fixed assets enter the organization by purchasing them on the basis of sales contracts and invoices. Let's check the correctness and completeness of the information in them. The results are reflected in Working Paper # 4 (See Table 20).

Table 20.

The results of checking consignment notes for formal characteristics (working paper No. 4)

No. IndicatorsCheck 1 Serial number and date of discharge + 2 Name, address and identification numbers of the taxpayer and the buyer + 3 Name and address of the consignor and the consignee + 4 5 the number (volume) of goods (works, services) supplied (shipped) under the invoice, based on the units of measurement accepted for it (if possible, indicating them) + 6 price (tariff) per unit of measurement (if possible, indicating it) under the agreement (contract) ) excluding tax, and in the case of the application of state regulated prices (tariffs), including tax, taking into account the amount of tax + 7 the cost of goods (works, services), property rights for the entire amount of goods supplied (shipped) under the invoice (executed works, services rendered), transferred property rights without tax + 8 tax rate + 9 the amount of tax charged to the buyer of goods (works, services), property rights, determined based on the applicable tax rates + 10 the cost of the total amount of goods supplied (shipped) on the invoice (work performed, services rendered), transferred property rights, taking into account the amount of tax + 11 Signatures of the head and chief accountant +

As a result of the check, it was revealed that all the mandatory details in the consignment notes were filled in in accordance with the requirements of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Since LLC "Nord-Klass" is a VAT payer, when purchasing fixed assets according to the invoice, VAT is allocated, which, when the object is accepted for accounting, is deducted (reduces the taxable base for this tax). Therefore, it is necessary to check the correctness of the VAT reflection. Working paper # 5 is being prepared (See Table 21).

Table 21.

We will verify the reflection of value added tax in the invoice (working paper No. 5)

Name of the goodsAccording to invoice dataAccording to inspection dataDeviationCost of goods, total, excluding taxTax amountCost of goods, total, including taxCost of goods, total, excluding taxAmount of tax 00118000.00100000.0018000.00118000.00-Autonomous electric generator250000.0045000.00295000.00250000.0045000.00295000.00-Heat gun60000.0010800.0070800.0060000.0010800.0070800.00-Gazelle car377118.6467881.36445000.00377118.6467881 , 36445000,00-

According to the verification of the correctness of the VAT reflection in the invoice, no violations were found. All positions are reflected in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents.

Checking the correctness of the formation of the cost of fixed assets by the methods of their acquisition.

A prerequisite for the correct formulation of fixed assets accounting is uniformity in their valuation system. The principle of unity and reality of the assessment of this type of property is a determining factor in the organization of accounting for fixed assets.

Of those fixed assets that were included in the audit sample in 2009, Nord-Klass LLC was acquired: an autonomous electric generator.

Both of these objects were purchased by the company for a fee from the Suppliers, which is confirmed by the executed sales contract. The initial cost is formed in the amount of actual costs reflected in the debit of account 08, which is indicated in the balance sheet for account 08 (Appendix 10).

According to the accounting policy of OOO Nord-Klass, the revaluation of fixed assets is not performed. During the inspection in this area, violations of the requirements of regulatory documents were not revealed.

Verification of the consistency in the application of accounting policies for property, plant and equipment. Based on the results of this procedure, working paper No. 6 is drawn up (See Table 22).

Table 22.

Analysis of the accounting policy of OOO Nord-Klass (working paper No. 6)

Accounting area Accounting object Approved version of accounting policy Normative document Commentary Fixed assets accounting Depreciation accrual Linear method PBU 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets" Formation of residual value upon disposal Account plan and instructions for its application Needed Accounting for repair of fixed assets Reserves for repair of fixed assets - do not create RF Tax Code, Art.260; PBU 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets" The procedure for revaluation of fixed assets Revaluation is not carried out PBU 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets" consider the value of values ​​transferred or to be transferred by the organization. PBU 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets" The procedure for conducting an inventory of fixed assets PBU 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets" Needed

The accounting policy of the LLC "Nord-Klass" company meets the requirements contained in PBU 1/08 "Accounting policy of the organization", completeness, timeliness, discretion, priority of content over form, consistency, rationality. Order "On the accounting policy of the enterprise" No. 278-osn dated December 30, 2008, the accounting policy for accounting for 2009 was approved.

It is formed by the chief accountant. This document discloses the accounting methods adopted in the formation of the accounting policy. Significant accounting methods are disclosed in the explanatory note, which is part of the organization's annual financial statements for the reporting year. The order No. 2789-osn dated December 30, 2009 "On the accounting policy of the enterprise" is accompanied by a working chart of accounts of accounting, containing synthetic and analytical accounts, which are necessary for maintaining accounting in accordance with the requirements established by law. The company records business transactions in accounting with standard primary documents approved by law and forms that are developed by the company independently.

From the data given in the table it can be seen that the accounting policy of the enterprise does not reflect all the elements for accounting for fixed assets, which must be reflected in accordance with the Regulation on accounting 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets". In accordance with Article 12 of the Federal Law "On Accounting", in order to ensure the accuracy of accounting data and financial statements, an enterprise is obliged to take an inventory of property and liabilities in order to verify and documentary evidence of their presence, condition, which is also not reflected in the accounting policy. Among the elements of the accounting policy of the enterprise, the methods of control over the performance of business transactions established in the organization, the procedure for their registration by the employees of the enterprise are not indicated.

Verification of compliance with the conditions necessary for the acceptance of assets in accounting as fixed assets is carried out by the testing method. Working paper # 7 is being prepared (See Table 23).

Table 23.

Testing compliance with the conditions for accepting objects as a fixed asset (working paper No. 7)

Question #QuestionAnswer1 Are products used in production in the performance of work or in the provision of services, or for the management needs of the organization? Yes2 Are they in use for a long time, that is, useful lives over 12 months or a normal operating cycle over 12 months? Yes3 Is the organization expected to resell these assets at a later date? Yes4 Is it able to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future? Yes

When referring objects to fixed assets in Nord-Klass LLC (in particular the Gazelle truck), 4 mandatory conditions were met:

.The vehicle is designed to deliver materials to construction sites.

2.It is intended for use over a long period of time (the useful life is set at 96 months), which exceeds 12 months.

.The company does not plan to resell this vehicle.

.In the future, this vehicle will bring economic benefits to the company.

Audit of the movement of fixed assets.

Checking the correctness of the reflection of the receipt of fixed assets.

Upon receipt of fixed assets, it is necessary to check the existence of an act of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets (f. OS-1). When checking the order of receipt of fixed assets, it was found that all fixed assets of OOO Nord-Klass were purchased for a fee. Upon receipt of fixed assets, the following documents were checked:

-the act of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets;

-contract of sale;

-invoice and waybill for the received fixed asset;

During the audit, it was found that in 2009 the company received the following fixed assets:

?autonomous electric generator.

Applying analytical procedures, it was discovered that in 2009 a tool for veneering the stone was also purchased.

To summarize information about the costs of LLC "Nard-Klass" in objects that will be accepted for accounting as fixed assets, account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" is intended.

The following sub-accounts are opened on this account:

?08-3 "Construction of property, plant and equipment"

?08-4 "Purchase of individual items of property, plant and equipment".

The balance sheet for the debit of account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" reflects the actual costs included in the initial cost of the acquired fixed assets. Acceptance of fixed assets for accounting is reflected in the debit of account 01 "Fixed assets" in correspondence with account 08 "Investments in non-current assets".

The amounts on the credit of account 08 in the analysis of account 08 coincide with the amount reflected in the debit of account 01 in the analysis of account 01 (working paper No. 8, Table 24).

Table 24.

Verification of the initial cost of fixed assets (working paper No. 8)

Name of the object Costs for the acquisition of objects Deviation According to documents Reflected on account 08 According to accounting data According to the inspection data Gazelle 377118,64377118,64377118,64-Cart

Based on the results of checking the timeliness of capitalization of fixed assets, working paper No. 9 is drawn up (See Table 25).

Table 25.

Checking the timeliness of capitalization of fixed assets (working paper No. 9)

Name of the object of fixed assets Date of the invoice Date of drawing up the act of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets Date of capitalization of fixed assets in the registers of accounts. of deviation (+, -) Autonomous electric generator 03/19/2009 03/19/2009 03/19/2006 07/20/2006 07/20/2006-Concrete mixer 01/26/2007 01/26/2007 01/26/2007-Lifting crane 07/30/2008 07/30/2008 30.07.2008-Gazelle 15.02.200715.02.200715.02.2007-

This verification procedure did not reveal any deviations. All objects are accepted as fixed assets on time and in full.

Checking the correctness of the write-off of fixed assets.

The primary document for writing off property from the balance sheet is an act of writing off an object of fixed assets (form No. OS-4) or an act for writing off vehicles (form No. OS-4a).

In 2009, no fixed assets were written off for reasons of unsuitability for further operation.

For the objects to be written off, acts for the write-off of fixed assets are drawn up. In the balance sheet for account 01 "Fixed assets" the debit reflects the amount of write-off of the initial cost of fixed assets, and on the credit of this account - the amount of written-off depreciation. The amounts reflected on the credit of account 01 "Fixed assets" in the analysis of the account coincide with the data in the analysis of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets".

In the act on the write-off of vehicles (form OS-4a), the write-off costs, as well as the cost received from the disassembly, are not reflected in section 5 "Information on the costs associated with the write-off of vehicles from accounting, and on the receipt of material assets from writing them off ". The data of the results of the write-off is recorded in the inventory card. The residual value in all cases is written off to account 91 "Profits and losses" subaccount "Other expenses". As a rule, the property being written off is fully amortized, therefore it has no residual value.

Let's conduct a test for compliance with the correctness of reflection in the accounting of transactions on the movement of fixed assets - working paper No. 10 (See Table 26).

Table 26.

Test for compliance with the correctness of reflection in the accounting of transactions on the movement of fixed assets (working paper No. 10)

№ p / p Contents Answer 1 All operations on receipt of fixed assets are reflected on account 08 "Investments in non-current assets"? Yes2 Is the formation of the initial value provided on account 08 "Investments in non-current assets"? Yes3 Is it used to reflect transactions account 07 "Equipment for installation"? No 4 Is there a generalization of information on the availability and movement of fixed assets in operation on account 01? Yes5 Is depreciation accrued reflected on account 02? Yes

This procedure for checking the facts of violations did not reveal.

Checking the reflection in the reporting of the movement of fixed assets.

In the balance sheet (form No. 1), fixed assets are shown at their residual value (line 120).

LLC "Nord-Klass" uses an automated accounting system. Therefore, it is advisable to check the entries in the statements of debit and credit turnovers for accounts 01 "Fixed assets" (final balance according to the balance sheet according to account 01) and 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" (final balance according to the balance sheet according to account 02) ... The residual value of fixed assets indicated in the balance sheet is equal to the difference between the initial value recorded on account 01 "Fixed assets" and the amount of depreciation accumulated on account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets".

Since the company does not carry out revaluation of fixed assets, therefore, the result of revaluation of fixed assets is not shown in Section I "change in capital" of form No. 3 "Statement of changes in capital".

More complete information about fixed assets is given in Form No. 5 "Appendix to the Balance Sheet". With regard to the classification of fixed assets by their groups, the section "Fixed Assets" discloses information on their availability and movement in the reporting year. Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost. This form also provides information at the beginning and end of the reporting period on the amount of accrued depreciation.

The section "Expenses for ordinary activities (by cost element)" shows the depreciation amount as an element of production costs. The check is documented in working paper # 11 (See Table 27).

Table 27.

Checking the movement of fixed assets (working paper # 11)

Name According to form No. 5 According to the auditor Deviation At the beginning of the reporting year, thousand rubles At the end of the reporting year, thousand rubles At the beginning of the reporting year, thousand rubles At the end of the reporting year, thousand rubles Buildings --- Structures and transmission devices --- Machinery and equipment inventory 447,450.00 289,440.00 447,450.00 289,440.00 Other types of fixed assets 53,782.0053782.0053782.0053782.00 Land and natural resources - Total 2,035,350.002127340.002035350.002127340.00

As a result of checking the data of the initial cost of fixed assets and the amount of accumulated depreciation according to the data of form No. 5 and the auditor's calculations, deviations were revealed:

?The Gazelle car is reflected in the form No. 5 in the line "machinery and equipment", while it should have been reflected in the line "Vehicles". It is recommended to take this note into account when preparing the reporting for 2010, as well as provide explanations and clarifications on this fact to the Inspectorate of the Federal Tax Service for the city of Murmansk.

In general, in the appendix to the balance sheet, the amounts of fixed assets received and disposed of are also reflected correctly. These amounts coincide with the data given in the analysis of accounts 01 and 02. The amounts of accrued depreciation for the reporting period, reflected in the Appendix to the balance sheet by groups, coincide with the auditor's data.

All indicators in terms of fixed assets, reflected in the financial statements, are interconnected, which is presented in working paper No. 12 (See Table 28).

Table 28.

Interconnection of indicators of reporting forms (working paper No. 12)

Interrelation No. 5 Form No. 1 Form No. 5 Line 120 Column 3 Fixed assets (column 3) minus depreciation of fixed assets (column 3) Present At the beginning of the year, thousand rubles. 501 At the end of the year: 2035-1534 = 501 Line 120 Column 4 Fixed assets (column 6) minus depreciation of fixed assets (column 4) Present At the beginning of the year, thousand rubles 537 End of year: 2127-1590 = 537

Audit of amortization accrual.

Checking the determination of the useful life

The useful life of fixed assets is determined on the basis of the Classification of fixed assets included in the depreciation groups approved by the RF Government Decree of January 1, 2002 No. 1. So, according to this classification, the Gazelle car purchased by the enterprise is classified as depreciation group 5:

Object name OKOF Classification name Car Gazelle 15 3410270 Medium and large buses up to 12 m long inclusive

?Depreciable assets are allocated to depreciation groups according to their useful lives.

According to the inventory card, the Gazelle car has a useful life of 96 months or 8 years and belongs to the 5th depreciation group (Appendix 11).

Checking the correctness of monthly depreciation on fixed assets for accounting purposes.

Depreciation of fixed assets in LLC "Nord-Klass" for accounting purposes is carried out by calculating depreciation charges on a straight-line basis. The essence of the linear method is that the repayment of the initial assessment of an object is determined by its service life, regardless of the efficiency of its use. A feature of this method is a uniform increase in the accumulated wear over the years of service. The same tendency, but of the opposite nature, is characteristic of the residual value of the object, which decreases evenly until it reaches the liquidation value. Depreciation is calculated within a group of similar objects over the entire useful life. In synthetic accounting, depreciation is reflected in passive account 02 "Depreciation of Fixed Assets". The amount of amortization accrued for the reporting period is reflected in the balance sheet for account 02.

Hydraulic crane, inv. No. 1010645874 was transferred for paid use - lease to another organization. Therefore, depreciation is charged with the transfer of its amount not to expense accounts, but to other expenses:

D 91 K02 - 9064.32 rubles. - monthly depreciation amount has been charged

The audit showed that the depreciation charge for fixed assets newly put into operation is correctly calculated from the first day of the month following the month of their commissioning.

The autonomous steam generator was accepted for accounting on March 18, 2009. Therefore, depreciation began on April 1, 2009. In the report of fixed assets for the first quarter of 2009, only its book value without depreciation was indicated, since depreciation began in the second quarter. In the report of fixed assets for 2009, the book value of the object and the amount of accumulated depreciation for 9 months are shown.

Based on the results of the audit, working paper No. 13 is drawn up (See Table 29).

Table 29.

Checklist for checking the correctness of the depreciation of fixed assets (working paper No. 13)

Fixed asset item The amount of depreciation per month Deviations (+, -) According to the statement of depreciation According to the auditor's calculation Book value Useful life, months Amount of depreciation per month Cart 50,000.00120416.67416.67-Lifting crane315000.001202625.002625.0012083310038000 , 33-Concrete mixer200 000,001201666,671666,67-Gazelle car 377118,64963928,323928,32-

This verification procedure did not reveal any violations.

Depreciation on retired fixed assets ceases from the first day of the month following the month of retirement. For fully depreciated fixed assets, depreciation ceases from the first day of the month following the last month in which the cost of these assets is fully transferred to the cost of work, which is also reflected in the statement of fixed assets.

The final procedure is to check the correctness of the operations of reflection of operations on the movement of fixed assets in the accounting accounts. Based on the results of this procedure, a working paper # 14 is drawn up (See Table 30).

Table 30.

Working Paper # 14

Operation Reflection in accounting according to the organization's data Reflection in accounting in the opinion of the auditor Remarks DebitCredit DebitCredit Object of fixed assets purchased08600860 No Reflected expenses for delivery08760860.76 No Reflected expenses for installation and installation08760860.76 No Reflected expenses for installation and installation08760860.76 No Reflected108606.70860.76 No Reflected108606.70876 , 23,26,44,9102 No Reflected expenses for the repair of fixed assets

3.5 Information of the auditor to the management of Nord-Klass LLC based on the results of the audit

LLC "Nord-Klass" is a construction organization, therefore it is characterized by the presence of a large number of specialized fixed assets.

However, as of January 1, 2010. the share of fixed assets in the total amount of the balance sheet amounted to 1.28%. This is due to the high proportion of depreciation of fixed assets - 74.75% on the same date.

Since the accounting of fixed assets is a form of reporting, it is strategically important for the LLC "Nord-Klass" company to effectively use them, so that it would be noticeable after a short period of time, for example, a year.

For the effective use of existing fixed assets at the "Nord-Klass" LLC it is necessary to carry out the following activities:

.When conducting an audit, pay attention to the presence, safety and integrity of all inventory items related to fixed assets;

2.Monitor the rate of depreciation of fixed assets, find and eliminate the consequences of their incorrect use;

.Introduce new ways of working with fixed assets based on reducing costs and overall enterprise costs;

.Calculate the efficiency of using fixed assets based on the total profitability indicators for the current period, take into account the useful life of fixed assets;

.Conduct a regular technical check of the OS (it is advisable to carry out before the start of the audit);

.Regularly reassess the value of fixed assets.

Carrying out these activities at the "Nord-Klass" LLC is necessary in view of the fact that:

?in the conditions of the global financial crisis, the company "Nord-Klass" is interested in minimizing costs, which can be achieved by adequately assessing the existing OS, preventing their "bloat". Getting rid of unnecessary fixed assets will reduce the company's expenses (including corporate property tax) and introduce these funds, for example, into a sales promotion program

?the use of the income and cost method in assessing fixed assets at the Nord-Klass LLC enterprise will allow creating a complex document that allows managers to see not only the level of income coverage by expenses, but also the cost of all items, which will allow to adequately assess the availability of a particular operating system for a given enterprise in conditions of limited funds. In addition, they are quite easy to use, so the calculation of indicators does not take much time, saving it for analyzing the situation and making the right decisions.

?the application of new effective methods of using the OS will improve the qualifications of personnel and thus increase the volume of production and sales at the LLC "Nord-Klass" enterprise.

Thus, we can conclude that the accounting of fixed assets in Nord-Klass LLC is carried out in accordance with the law and does not contain any errors or violations. In connection with the audit of only one area of ​​accounting, namely, fixed assets, an auditor's report will be issued on a special audit assignment (Appendix 12).

Conclusion

The transition of Russia to market relations revealed the need to create new independent economic institutions capable of giving an objective assessment of the reliability of the data contained in accounting and reporting. In this regard, in Russia in recent years, a certain amount of work has been carried out to establish the institution of auditing. The normative documents on the regulation of audit activity in the Russian Federation were approved, the procedure for attestation for the right to carry out audit activities and the procedure for issuing licenses to carry out audit activities were determined, the subjects that should be subject to mandatory audit were determined.

The audit can be carried out both in all areas of accounting, as well as in its individual areas. In particular, the audit of fixed assets is very relevant.

The main purpose of the audit of fixed assets is to verify the correctness of the formation of the composition, completeness and reality of accounting for fixed assets and the reliability of their depreciation.

The main tasks of fixed assets accounting are the correct documentation and timely reflection in the accounting registers of the receipt of fixed assets, their internal movement and disposal; correct calculation and reflection in the accounting of the amount of depreciation of fixed assets; accurate determination of the results in the liquidation of fixed assets; control over the costs of repairing fixed assets, over their safety and efficiency of use.

During the audit at Nord-Klass LLC, the key issues of the audit of fixed assets were considered.

As a result of the audit, no facts were found from which it could be concluded that the internal control system of the enterprise in question does not correspond to the scale and nature of its activities. The chairman of the PC and the chief accountant are responsible for the organization and state of internal control.

Also, no serious violations of the established accounting procedure were found that could significantly affect the reliability of the data on fixed assets reflected in the financial statements. During the audit, the issues of the availability of fixed assets, their movement and depreciation were considered.

When checking the availability of fixed assets and the correctness of their documentation, no order was found to create a commission for the acceptance of fixed assets, which is mandatory. When analyzing the consistency of the application of accounting policies in relation to property, plant and equipment, some of the elements were not reflected, which requires BU 6/01. This may lead to errors in the reflection of fixed assets in accounting.

When checking the reflection of the movement of fixed assets in the statements, the audit was planned and carried out in such a way as to obtain sufficient confidence that the financial statements in terms of fixed assets do not contain material distortions. The audit included checking, on a sample basis, the confirmations of the numerical data contained in the accounting statements of the enterprise, namely in Forms No. 1 "Balance Sheet" and No. 5 "Appendix to the Balance Sheet".

As a result of the check, there were no cases of discrepancies in the entries in the balance sheets, analysis of accounts and primary documents, which gives grounds to express an opinion on the reliability of the financial statements in terms of fixed assets.

In this work, the following tasks were solved:

?disclosed the methodological basis for the audit of fixed assets;

?determined the goals, objectives and methodology for auditing fixed assets;

?performed planning procedures for an audit of fixed assets: prepared letters of commitment and contracts for the provision of audit services; familiarized with the activities of "Nord-Klass" LLC; studied and assessed the systems of accounting and internal control of fixed assets; calculated the level of materiality and audit risk; reviewed the audit plan and program;

?performed an audit of operations on the movement of fixed assets: control procedures and substantive procedures and their documentation;

?based on the results of the audit, they gave a written opinion and recommendations on improving the accounting and use of fixed assets.

The solution of these problems made it possible to realize the main goal of the work - they conducted an audit of the accounting of fixed assets on the example of the company "Nord-Klass" LLC.

Normative acts

1.Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part four of 18.12.2006 No. 230-FZ / Reference and legal system "Consultant-Plus".

2.Regulation on accounting "Accounting for fixed assets" 6/01. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of March 30, 2001 No. 26n / Reference and legal system "Consultant-Plus".

.Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation. Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 29, 1998 N 34n / Reference and legal system "Consultant-Plus".

4.Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Part two of 05.08.2000 No. 117-FZ / Reference and legal system "Consultant-Plus".

5.Federal Law No. 121-FZ of 22.07.2008 "On Amendments to Article 218 of Part Two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation".

6.Federal Law of 30.12.2008 No. 307-FZ "On Auditing Activity" / Reference and Legal System "Consultant-Plus".

Bibliography

.Andreev, V.D. Practical audit (reference manual) / V.D. Andreev. - M .: Economist, 2005 .-- 366 p.

2.Depreciation or depreciation in non-profit organizations // Glavbuh. - 2008. - No. 5. - S. 59-61.

3.Belikova, T.N. Accounting from zero to balance / T.N. Belikova. - SPb .: Peter, 2007 .-- 256 p.

.Bychkova, S.M., Itygilova, E.Yu. Audit: Textbook / S.M. Bychkova, E.Yu. Itygilova. - M .: Magister, 2009 .-- 463 p.

5.Bychkova, S.M. Practical audit / S.M. Bychkova, T.Yu. Fomin. - M .: Eksmo, 2009 .-- 176 p.

6.Changes to the Classification of Depreciable Fixed Assets // Glavbuh. - 2009. - No. 6. - p.16.

7.Zhirnova, I. Yu. Change in accounting of fixed assets // Glavbuh. - 2006. - No. 8. - S.42-47.

8.Zaitseva, O. P. Audit of fixed assets: principles of formation and basic verification procedures / O.P. Zaitseva, B.A. Amanzholova // Audit statements. - 2008. - No. 7. - P.15-25.

9.Karpov, V.V., Lukina, N.V. Accounting and reporting of organizations / V.V. Karpov, N. V. Lukina. - M .: Economics and Finance, 2006 .-- 592 p.

10.Kozlova, E.P., Babchenko, T.N., Galanina, E.N. Accounting in organizations / E.P. Kozlova, T.N. Babchenko, E.N. Galanin. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Finance and statistics, 2003. - 752 p .: ill.

.Kondrakov, N.P. Self-study book on accounting / N.P. Kondrakov. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: INFRA-M, 2002 .-- 504 p.

12.Makarova, L.G. Development of information and methodological support for audit (for example, audit of fixed assets) / L.G. Makarova // Audit statements, 2009. - №5. - P.22-25.

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Tags: Carrying out an audit of the accounting of fixed assets on the example of the company "Nord-Klass" LLC Diploma Accounting, management accounting

The need for internal audits has already become commonplace for medium and large organizations. Small companies do not always conduct audits due to the smaller volume of work processes, but some of them could benefit from such control. Read about improving the process of conducting, planning and preparing it in this article. Here you will also find information on conducting an internal audit at an enterprise using an example.

Internal audit program and schedule

Scheduling an audit is one of the most important preparation steps. At this time, it is necessary to assess the total scope of work, determine the schedule and timing of the audit, draw up a control program, choose the appropriate methodology and first identify the most disadvantaged units. Also at the planning stage, it is advisable to try to take into account potential external factors of influence.

The internal audit program is prepared in conjunction with the plan. Most often, the program has a personal form that takes into account the most important aspects that are subject to control in a particular company. This document describes all the nuances of the auditor's activities and includes the following items:

1. The main purpose of the internal audit.
2. Application area.
3. Definitions and abbreviations.
4. Data on additional documents.
5. List of persons responsible for the application.
6. Description of the audit process.
7. Schedule and frequency of control checks.
8. Preparation of a detailed audit plan.
9. Preparation of the necessary documents.
10. The sequence of collecting information.
11. The nuances of preparing the final reporting.

Internal audit order (sample)

Internal audit order - 1

Internal audit order - 2

When an internal audit is conducted by a third party company, an agreement must be added to the order. Only on the basis of this document is it possible to sign an agreement for conducting an IA.

The rules and procedure for conducting internal audit are described below.

The internal audit of the QMS in order to comply with ISO 9001 is shown in this video:

rules

There are certain international and Russian standards for internal audit. At the same time, it is not prohibited by law to develop its own in-house rules for VA. The main part of federal standards concerns the activities of third-party auditors, regulating their work to ensure the quality of the services provided.

At the same time, internal audit standards created by a particular company cannot contradict federal and international rules. Regardless of the level of the rules, they are all divided into several blocks. Of these, 3 are required:

1. Block No. 1 reflects the nuances of the organizational and economic activities of auditors.
2. Block No. 2 specifies the responsibilities of the auditors, how control evidence is obtained, and how conclusions are drawn.
3. Block No. 3 contains rules for the choice of techniques, documentation, work instructions.

It is important to understand that in order to obtain reliable audit data, it is necessary to have an audit structure with clear rules. Only systematized activity according to certain standards is able to demonstrate a clear result.

Step by step

At first glance, conducting an internal audit is fairly straightforward. This procedure includes only 3 stages:

1. Preliminary preparation.
2. Collecting audit evidence.
3. Registration of test results.

These stages are often referred to as preparatory, working, and final. The cancellation or dismissal of any of the stages deprives the internal listening of any meaning.

• At the stage of preparation, it is necessary to plan and collect the necessary data, documents and various information about the object of control.
• The working stage involves the direct application of the selected control methods, conducting tests, seeking evidence and documenting the actions taken.
• At the final stage, the results of the audit are summed up, the analysis of the audit is carried out and the preparation of documentation is completed.

Implementation results

• All IA results must be in documentary form for further study. Most often, documents mean or its smaller forms. It contains not only information about the detected deficiencies, but also the proposed ways to eliminate them. Also, the results of internal audit necessarily reflect potential ways to improve the efficiency of work processes.
• In addition to drawing up reports and other audit documentation, another procedure is required. It is important to clarify in advance the criteria for the effectiveness of the inspectors and, upon completion of the internal audit, to analyze the quality of the control carried out.
• Often, such criteria are compliance with the stated framework of the verification time frame, the presence of complete and intelligible comments on all the items studied, an indication of potential problems in the future. It is also necessary to analyze the activities of auditors for compliance with the inspection regulations and the correct use of various control methods. Another criterion is the availability, completeness and timeliness of the submission of documentation on the audit carried out.

When conducting an internal audit, an important role is assigned to its preparation (and do not forget about it!). Without a properly conducted preparatory part, quality work of the inspectors is impossible. There is no single audit system, each company independently combines control methods, so it is worth paying special attention to the preparation, and the verification itself, and the analysis of work efficiency.

The internal audit of the management system is described in this video:

During the audit interview, the auditor interviews employees about the work they perform. The effectiveness of the survey is largely determined by the questions asked by the auditor. Typically, the auditor presents the main questions in a questionnaire. The questionnaire is created so that the auditor can draw up an audit script and, in the course of conversations with employees, took into account all the necessary elements to check the employee's work. In addition, the questionnaire allows you to find out and clarify the information that the auditor received by studying the documentation before the audit interviews.

During the interview, the auditor asks questions from the questionnaire to the audited staff. In order to get the necessary information from the employee, these questions should be asked in such a way that the employee tells about his work as fully as possible.

There are not so many questions that force employees to answer them in detail - there are only six of them. Therefore, the main rule when conducting a survey is to start formulating your questions with one of these six questions.

These issues include:

• when,
• why,

When answering questions, employees refer to certain facts or evidence of job performance. It can be both documents, records, and the results of their work. Therefore, a mandatory and very important addition to these issues is the auditor's request to show in practice what the audited employee is talking about.

It is the correct wording of the question and the request to show evidence of job performance that makes it possible to understand whether the employee is really doing his job as he says.

Questions that require a detailed answer from the employee refer to the "correct" questions.

Besides them, there are also "wrong" questions.

These “wrong” questions include closed-ended questions, leading questions, and double-load questions:

• Closed questions- these are such questions that employees do not have to give a detailed answer. They can get by with a short answer like yes or no. If you ask such questions, then the auditor will not receive the necessary information for analysis.
• Suggestive questions- these are questions that contain the answer in advance. If the auditor uses such questions, then the employee will not have to tell how and what he does in his workplace. The auditor will tell everything for him. At the same time, the objectivity of the audit will be low, since the auditor will formulate leading questions based on his understanding of the employee's work.
• Double loading issues are phrases that contain two questions at once. When asked such questions, the employee will answer one of these questions. Moreover, if the answer is long enough, then, most likely, both the auditor and the employee will forget about the first part of the question. In addition, by formulating questions of a double load, the auditor allows the employee to choose the most convenient question for him to answer, deliberately ignoring the other.

During the audit interviews “Wrong” questions should be avoided. These questions, of course, can be asked, but they should be asked with a specific purpose. For example, you can ask a leading question to steer the conversation in the direction that the auditor wants. To get a clear confirmation (or refutation) of any action, you can ask a closed question. However, such questions should be followed by questions that require a detailed answer from the checked employee.

Audit Conversation Rules

The purpose of each audit interview is to obtain objective evidence that work has been performed in accordance with established requirements. To achieve this goal, audit interviews must be conducted according to certain rules. These rules include the rules of conduct for the auditor and the rules for conducting a conversation.

The main rules of conduct that the auditor should adhere to during the performance of inspections in departments are as follows:

• The auditor must be a careful listener, but at the same time he must ensure that the audit process does not suffer too much from the lengthy statements of the interviewed staff. One of the conditions for an effective audit is the auditor's ability to talk to the audited employee - but having talked to the employee, it is necessary to maintain a balance of audit goals, time and attitude of the employee. If the employee's conversations begin to deviate from the topic and from the questions asked by the auditor, it is necessary to gently but persistently return the employee to the topic of the question.
• The auditor should remain calm even in extreme situations, not succumb to provocations (show the proper reaction in disputes with emotional intensity). During the course of an audit, different situations occur and employees may feel differently about the questions being asked. Therefore, it is very important on the part of the auditor not to provoke with his behavior and emotions inappropriate reactions from the audited employees.
• The auditor should conduct the conversation diplomatically. During the conversation, you should not ask trap questions, because this can lead to the fact that the audited employee will try to answer the questions in monosyllables. Also, one should not play on the weaknesses of the interlocutor, avoid hints and judgments about the competence of the interlocutor, his knowledge and experience.
• The auditor should not engage in discussion during the audit, this is possible only during the final conversation. During the audit, the auditor should not discuss any extraneous issues with the audited employee and indulge in disputes and disputes. This reduces the audit time, which is already limited.
• The auditor should not make premature conclusions, but should only find out the actual state of affairs - i.e. during the audit, the auditor should act as an impartial recorder of the facts or evidence that he finds in the workplaces of employees without any conclusions and conclusions.

The basic rules for conducting an audit interview are as follows:

• At the beginning of the conversation, it is necessary to explain the purpose of the conversation - compliance with this rule is necessary to establish normal contact with the employee being checked.
• During the conversation, you should look at the interlocutor, maintain eye contact - observing this rule will convince the employee that you are sincerely interested in his work and everything that he says. Of course, you do not have to look eye to eye for this and not come off. It is enough to periodically meet with the checked employee's eyes.
• At each moment of the conversation, it is necessary to discuss only one issue - this is one of the main rules. You cannot ask your interlocutor several questions at once or move from question to question without listening to the answer to the previous question.
• Do not interrupt the interlocutor's answer to the question posed. Ask the next question only after the interlocutor answers the question - this rule is related to the previous one. If you interrupt the answers of the interlocutor, then on the one hand, this will prevent the auditor himself from obtaining the most complete information on the issue of interest to him, and on the other hand, it can knock the interlocutor off the topic.
• If the auditee does not understand or is concerned about the issue, the question needs to be re-framed. The questions asked by the auditor are not always clear to employees, especially when the auditor uses the terminology of quality system standards in matters.
• It is necessary to ask open-ended questions requiring a detailed answer.
• Questions should be purposeful and have a business, substantive basis - during the audit conversations there is no need to approach the topic of interest from afar. All questions should be asked about a specific topic or specific subject. No need to ask abstract or rhetorical questions.
• Questions should be clearly formulated. You need to repeat them only for a specific purpose - during the audit interviews, try not to repeat the same question. Anyway, don't repeat it in the same wording. The repetition of the question is necessary only if the employee did not hear something or it is clear that the employee deliberately avoids the question posed.